自考英语词汇学 第五 章课件
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现代英语词汇学概论chapter5
• E.g. ‘go, goes, went, gone, going’ possess different grammatical meaning. But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement.
– bow-wow or woof-woof , miaow , baa-baa moo , roar, coo, hiss, hum , quack; 阿嚏！ 布谷！boom, crack, clang , clash, bang, rumble
11
• Morphological motivation
-- Eric Partridge
7
Conventionality
Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense/meaning. • Conventionality: the arbitrariness between a sound and its meaning. • Most words in any human language conventional. e.g. English house French mansion
词的理据（motivation）指的是事物和现象获得名称的依据，说明词 义与事物或现象的命名之间的关系。
9
• Motivation can arise in three major ways
– Phonetic motivation – Morphological motivation – Semantic motivation
– bow-wow or woof-woof , miaow , baa-baa moo , roar, coo, hiss, hum , quack; 阿嚏！ 布谷！boom, crack, clang , clash, bang, rumble
11
• Morphological motivation
-- Eric Partridge
7
Conventionality
Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense/meaning. • Conventionality: the arbitrariness between a sound and its meaning. • Most words in any human language conventional. e.g. English house French mansion
词的理据（motivation）指的是事物和现象获得名称的依据，说明词 义与事物或现象的命名之间的关系。
9
• Motivation can arise in three major ways
– Phonetic motivation – Morphological motivation – Semantic motivation
词汇学 第五章
They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. categories. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Concept is universal to all men alike mind. regardless of culture, race, language and so on. on. But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring use. expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in world. the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words. words.
4. What is sense语义? sense语义? The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词 语相对的位置。
4. What is sense语义? sense语义? The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词 语相对的位置。
夏洋邵林主编英语词汇学教程unit5
蟋蟀、蜘蛛、葡萄、蜈蚣、人、天 人民、机器、不吃 扩音机、水仙花、三轮车
Morpheme vs. Character 词素与字
▪ “X帝”是词素还是语素？ ▪ 词素对于汉语分类是一个关键问题。如果解决汉语中的词素问题，即发现词素的表征特点，这对于汉语词类 研究应该有很重要的作用。 ▪ In Chinese, a morpheme is usu. a character. ▪ I. one character may be correspondent to more than one morphemes.一个汉字代表着几个不同的词素。 如：“副”这个字就起码代表三个词素——“副1”：表示“第二的、次级的”的意思；“副2”：表示“相配、相称”的意 思；“副3”：表示某种事物的计量单位。 ▪ II. One morpheme may be represented by more than one character.同一词素可以同时由不同的汉字来表示 如：“来吧”的“吧”也可以写成“罢”。 ▪ III. One character may involve two morphemes.一个汉字可以包含两个词素。
eg1: Give the noun forms of the following words. invent describe justify decide
Allomorph
key: invent + ion justify + cation
describe + tion decide + sion
re + act + ion act + ion re + act act
base
Practቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱce
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第五章
第五章 Reference （领会） – the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference， a speaker indicates which things in the world （including persons） are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. Although reference is abstract， yet with the help of context， it can refer to something specific. Concept（领会） – which beyond language is the result of human cognition reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It isn’t affected by language. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language， so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are language in the world. Sense （领会） – denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. It is also abstraction. Motivation——accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent. Most words are non-motivated. The connection of the sign and meaning dose not have a logical explanation. Onomatopoeic Motivation – the words whose sounds suggest their meaning. （Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning）. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example， bang， ping-pang， crow by cocks， etc. Such echoic words are also conventional for the sounds we say in English may not be the same in other language. Morphological Motivation ——Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. （Indicate the relationship between word meaning and each morpheme meaning）. For instance， airmail means to “mail by air”， miniskirt is “a small skirt”。
英语词汇学chapter5
� Review Chapter 5 � Exercises in Chapter 5 � Preview Chapter 6
Assignment
Extension of Meaning
It is also called widening of meaning or generalization. It’s a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.
� …almost every word we use today has a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century ago… (Quirk) � Shakespeare is perhaps more difficult to understand than more recent writings because many of his words were used in different sense from what they have now in contemporary dictionaries. � Eg. “the rivals of my watch, bid them make haste.” (partner) � “How pregnant sometimes his replies are.” (meaningful)
3) Elevation
4) Degeneration
� The meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning is called degeneration or pejorative change. For example “lust” (desire in general).
英语专业本科词汇学教师ppt课件chapter 5
• chamber/room, respond/answer
• Collocative meaning: the association a word
acquires in its collocation.
• pretty, handsome (girl, boy, woman, man, flower,
Main Typmeaning: Grammatical meaning refers
to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.
denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.
• mother • white
• Connotative meaning: Connotative meaning refers to
the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.
Word Meaning and Semantic Features
• Collocative meaning: the association a word
acquires in its collocation.
• pretty, handsome (girl, boy, woman, man, flower,
Main Typmeaning: Grammatical meaning refers
to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.
denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.
• mother • white
• Connotative meaning: Connotative meaning refers to
the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.
Word Meaning and Semantic Features
英语词汇学PPT全
1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE
1) OE Dialects 方言 2) OE Vocabulary 词汇 3) OE Spelling 拼写 4）OE Pronunciation 发音 5) OE Inflections 屈折形式 6）Loan Words 外来语
1) OE Dialects 方言
West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语
2) OE Vocabulary 词汇
Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -
hood, -ship, - ness, -th, -ish.
sounds capable of a given grammatical use.
lexicon (词汇):
the vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge,
eg. the size of the English lexicon
8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?
9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.
10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?
denotative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation
自考英语词汇学
Generally
speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. 一般说来，‘意义’的意义也 许就是“语义” 。不像所指，“语义”表示 语言内部的关系。 Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 有意义 的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所 指。
5.3.2 Conceptual meaning and Associative eaning 概念意来自和关联意义
Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 概念意义（也称 为外延意义）是字典给出的意义，并且构成了词义的核心。 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 关联想意义 是附加于概念意义之上的第二重意义。 It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.它与概念意义的区别在于 其开放性和不确定性。 It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.概念意义易受文化、经历、 宗教、 地域、阶级背景、教育等因素的影响， Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. 关联想 意义包括 4 种类型：内涵意义、文体意义、感情意义和搭配 意义。
speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. 一般说来，‘意义’的意义也 许就是“语义” 。不像所指，“语义”表示 语言内部的关系。 Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 有意义 的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所 指。
5.3.2 Conceptual meaning and Associative eaning 概念意来自和关联意义
Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 概念意义（也称 为外延意义）是字典给出的意义，并且构成了词义的核心。 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 关联想意义 是附加于概念意义之上的第二重意义。 It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.它与概念意义的区别在于 其开放性和不确定性。 It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.概念意义易受文化、经历、 宗教、 地域、阶级背景、教育等因素的影响， Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. 关联想 意义包括 4 种类型：内涵意义、文体意义、感情意义和搭配 意义。
英语词汇学教程课件第5章English Lexicology 5上
Inflection and Derivation
Inflection results in the formation of alternative grammatical forms of the same word, while derivation creates new vocabulary items.
Irregular inflections are those that do not follow this pattern and which usually apply to only one or a small number of members of the word class concerned.
For example, the following nouns form their plurals irregularly: datum – data, fish fish, goose – geese, man - men, mouse mice, tooth – teeth, woman - women.
words.
For example, the addition of prefixes and suffixes such as mis-, -ness, and –ist, has given English such words as misunderstand, correctness, and economist.
Moreover, the addition of the possessive suffix fits the inflected noun for use in syntax as noun modifier. The noun with the possessive marker can be used as a modifier of another noun, never as a head or main element in a given structure.
自考英语语言学课件chapter
02 03
Phonology
Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns in language, including the organization of sounds into meaningful units such as phones, vegetables, and words
Phonetic changes and evolution
• Phone Change: Phone change refers to the ways in which speech sounds change over time This can be due to various factors such as language contact, social factors, and sound changes within the language itself
The Development and Current Situation of Linguistics
Linguistics has one significant development since its establishment as a discipline in the 19th century, with the emergence of various subfields such as phonetics, physiology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
The research objects of linguistics include phonetics, grammar, semantics, pragmatics, and other aspects of language.
英语词汇学第5章
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。的来出象抽中物事类同从是 �的括概度高是。的成俗定约是又�的意任 是系 关称 指 种 这的 物 事界 外 与词 .noitcartsba dna noitazilareneg fo tluser eht si noitcennoc sihT .lanoitnevnoc dna yrartibra si egaugnal eht edistuo gniht a ot drow a fo ecnerefer ehT 。义意得获 才号符个这� 系联种某立建间之等人、象 现、体物---物指所与号符言语当有只�之言 换.lufgninaem emoceb ngis eht seod .cte ,nosrep a ,nonemonehp a ,tcejbo na ,.e.i ,tnerefer a dna ngis citsiugnil eht neewteb dehsilbatse neeb sah noitcennoc a nehw ylno ,sdrow rehto nI
rohpateM � ymynoteM � .drow eht fo esnes evitarugif dna esnes laretil eht neewteb noitcennoc eht snialpxe tI .drow a fo gninaem lautpecnoc eht yb detseggus snoitaicossa latnem eht ot srefer tI 据理义语noitavitoM citnameS .3
英语词汇学教程课件第5章English Lexicology 5下
The criterion of stress applies only to nominal compounds, and the distinction between compound and idiom becomes fuzzy for verbs and other nominal categories.
Compounding
Compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.
Compounds are stems consisting of more than one root, e.g. bedside, blackbird, by-effect, rainbow, waste paper basket. Compounding is a very common and frequent process for enlarging vocabulary.
However, in addition to the semantic criterion, we may also use involving order.
In a verb plus adverb compound like forthcoming, there is a clear difference in order between the phrases from which they derive (e.g. come forth) and the resultant compound.
From the root ced (and its variant form cess), ‘go, yield,’ are derived abscess, accede, accessory, ancestry, antecedent, cease, cede, concession, decease, exceed, excessive, incessant, intercede, precede, predecessor, proceed, recede, recess, succeed ….
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❖ Therefore, a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words. 因此，世界上有多少种语言， 一个概念就有不同的表达法。甚至同一种语言，相同的概念 可以用不同的词表示。
英词汇学
Chapter 5 Word Meaning
词义
5.1 The Meaning of ‘meaning’ 词义的意义
❖ 5.1.1 Reference 所指关系
❖ Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. 词只是符号，许多词 只有获得所指关系后才有意义.
5.1.3 Sense 语义
❖ Generally speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. 一般说来，‘意义’的意义也许就是“语 义” 。不像所指，“语义”表示语言内部的 关系。
❖ It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. 概念对所 有人类都一样，没有文化、种族、语言等方面的区别，而意 义只属于语言范畴，所以仅限于语言的使用中。
5.2.3 Semantic Motivation语义理据
❖ Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. ：语义理据是指由词的概念意义所暗 示的联想意义。这种理据解释词的字面意义 与比喻义之间的联系
❖ Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 有意义 的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所 指。
5.2 Motivation 理据
❖ Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理据解释的是语言符号和词义联系。
❖ Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. 了解这些词的 语音意味着理解其意义。
5.2.2 Morphological Motivation形态理据
❖ Compounds and derived Words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. Quite often, if one knows the meaning of each morpheme, namely affix or stem, one can figure out the meaning of the word. ：复 合词和派生词是多语素词，而且其中大多数 词的意义是组合词素的总和。情况往往是， 假如一个人知道每一词素的意义，即词缀或 词干，他便能推导出该词的意义。
5.1.2 Concept 概念
❖ Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. 概念是语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果， 是客观事物在人脑中的反映。
5.2.1 Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据
❖ In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises 在现代英语中，人们可能会发现有些词的声 音暗指了其意义。因为这些词是通过模仿自 然声音的方式创 造出来的。.
❖ Reference is the relationship between language and the world. 。所指关系是指 语言与周围世界的关系.
5.1.2 Concept 概念
❖ Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. 意义与概念有紧密的 联系，但并不等同。他们都直接与所指对象 相关，都是词的概念，但属于不同的范畴。
英词汇学
Chapter 5 Word Meaning
词义
5.1 The Meaning of ‘meaning’ 词义的意义
❖ 5.1.1 Reference 所指关系
❖ Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. 词只是符号，许多词 只有获得所指关系后才有意义.
5.1.3 Sense 语义
❖ Generally speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. 一般说来，‘意义’的意义也许就是“语 义” 。不像所指，“语义”表示语言内部的 关系。
❖ It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. 概念对所 有人类都一样，没有文化、种族、语言等方面的区别，而意 义只属于语言范畴，所以仅限于语言的使用中。
5.2.3 Semantic Motivation语义理据
❖ Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. ：语义理据是指由词的概念意义所暗 示的联想意义。这种理据解释词的字面意义 与比喻义之间的联系
❖ Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 有意义 的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所 指。
5.2 Motivation 理据
❖ Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理据解释的是语言符号和词义联系。
❖ Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. 了解这些词的 语音意味着理解其意义。
5.2.2 Morphological Motivation形态理据
❖ Compounds and derived Words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. Quite often, if one knows the meaning of each morpheme, namely affix or stem, one can figure out the meaning of the word. ：复 合词和派生词是多语素词，而且其中大多数 词的意义是组合词素的总和。情况往往是， 假如一个人知道每一词素的意义，即词缀或 词干，他便能推导出该词的意义。
5.1.2 Concept 概念
❖ Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. 概念是语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果， 是客观事物在人脑中的反映。
5.2.1 Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据
❖ In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises 在现代英语中，人们可能会发现有些词的声 音暗指了其意义。因为这些词是通过模仿自 然声音的方式创 造出来的。.
❖ Reference is the relationship between language and the world. 。所指关系是指 语言与周围世界的关系.
5.1.2 Concept 概念
❖ Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. 意义与概念有紧密的 联系，但并不等同。他们都直接与所指对象 相关，都是词的概念，但属于不同的范畴。