MATLAB关于FFT频谱分析的程序
matlab自行编写fft傅里叶变换
傅里叶变换（Fourier Transform）是信号处理中的重要数学工具，它可以将一个信号从时域转换到频域。
在数字信号处理领域中，傅里叶变换被广泛应用于频谱分析、滤波、频谱估计等方面。
MATLAB作为一个功能强大的数学软件，自带了丰富的信号处理工具箱，可以用于实现傅里叶变换。
在MATLAB中，自行编写FFT（Fast Fourier Transform）的过程需要以下几个步骤：1. 确定输入信号我们首先需要确定输入信号，可以是任意时间序列数据，例如声音信号、振动信号、光学信号等。
假设我们有一个长度为N的信号x，即x = [x[0], x[1], ..., x[N-1]]。
2. 生成频率向量在进行傅里叶变换之前，我们需要生成一个频率向量f，用于表示频域中的频率范围。
频率向量的长度为N，且频率范围为[0, Fs)，其中Fs 为输入信号的采样频率。
3. 实现FFT算法FFT算法是一种高效的离散傅里叶变换算法，它可以快速计算出输入信号的频域表示。
在MATLAB中，我们可以使用fft函数来实现FFT 算法，其调用方式为X = fft(x)。
其中X为输入信号x的频域表示。
4. 计算频谱通过FFT算法得到的频域表示X是一个复数数组，我们可以计算其幅度谱和相位谱。
幅度谱表示频率成分的强弱，可以通过abs(X)得到；相位谱表示不同频率成分之间的相位差，可以通过angle(X)得到。
5. 绘制结果我们可以将输入信号的时域波形和频域表示进行可视化。
在MATLAB 中，我们可以使用plot函数来绘制时域波形或频谱图。
通过以上几个步骤，我们就可以在MATLAB中自行编写FFT傅里叶变换的算法。
通过对信号的时域和频域表示进行分析，我们可以更好地理解信号的特性，从而在实际应用中进行更精确的信号处理和分析。
6. 频谱分析借助自行编写的FFT傅里叶变换算法，我们可以对信号进行频谱分析。
频谱分析是一种非常重要的信号处理技术，可以帮助我们了解信号中所包含的各种频率成分以及它们在信号中的能量分布情况。
Matlab关于用FFT作谱分析
Matlab关于用FFT作谱分析中文摘要：matlab是一种用于算法开发、数据可视化、数据分析以及数值计算的高级技术计算语言和交互式环境。
本文利用matlab的强大计算功能和信号数据处理功能，用FFT对连续信号和时域离散信号进行谱分析。
英文摘要：matlab is used in algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis and numerical calculation of high-level technical computing language and interactive environment.。
In this paper, matlab powerful computing capabilities and signal data processing functions, using FFT of a continuous signal and the time-domain discrete signal spectrum analysis.关键词：FFT、连续信号、时域离散信号、matlab一、引言本文研究在matelab中用FFT对连续信号和时域离散信号进行谱分析的方法，了解可能出现的分析误差及其原因。
除了数字信号变换和滤波的功能外，matlab还具有很强大的图像处理功能，数学计算功能等。
而且不光是在物理学方面，在数学，化学，生物学，经济学，甚至是社会学也有很多应用。
二、傅立叶变换1、离散傅立叶变换（DFT ）离散傅立叶级数变换是周期序列，有N 个独立的数值，所以他的许多特性可以通过有限长序列沿拓来得到。
对于一个长度为N 的有限长序列x （n ），也即小（n ）只在0～（N-1）各点上有非零值，即⎩⎨⎧-≤≤=其他,010),()(N n n x n x 把序列x （n ）以N 为周期进行周期沿拓得到周期序列)(~n x ，则有 ⎩⎨⎧-≤≤=其他,010),(~)(N n n x n x 所以，有限长序列x （n ）的离散傅立叶变换（DFT ）为∑-=--≤≤==1010,)()]([)(N n knN N k W n x n x DFT k X逆变换为∑-=--≤≤==1010,)(1)]([)(N n kn N N k W k X N k X IDFT n x编制信号产生子程序，产生以下典型信号供谱分析：()()n R n x 41=1+n ， 30≤≤n()=n x 2 n -8， 74≤≤n 0 ， 其它nn -4， 30≤≤n()=n x 3 n -3， 74≤≤n， 其它n()n n x 4c o s 4π=()n n x 8s i n 5π=()t t t t x πππ20cos 16cos 8cos 6++=应当注意，如果给出的是连续信号()t x a ，则首先要根据其最高频率确定采样速率s f 以及由频率分辨率选择采样点数N ，然后对其进行软件采样(即计算()()nT x n x a =，10-≤≤N n )，产生对应序列()n x 。
实验三用FFT对信号进行频谱分析和MATLAB程序
实验三用FFT对信号进行频谱分析和MATLAB程序实验三中使用FFT对信号进行频谱分析的目的是通过将时域信号转换为频域信号，来获取信号的频谱信息。
MATLAB提供了方便易用的函数来实现FFT。
首先，我们需要了解FFT的原理。
FFT（快速傅里叶变换）是一种快速计算离散傅里叶变换（DFT）的算法，用于将离散的时间域信号转换为连续的频域信号。
FFT算法的主要思想是将问题划分为多个规模较小的子问题，并利用DFT的对称性质进行递归计算。
FFT算法能够帮助我们高效地进行频谱分析。
下面是一个使用MATLAB进行频谱分析的示例程序：```matlab%生成一个10秒钟的正弦波信号，频率为1Hz，采样率为100Hzfs = 100; % 采样率t = 0:1/fs:10-1/fs; % 时间范围f=1;%正弦波频率x = sin(2*pi*f*t);%进行FFT计算N = length(x); % 信号长度X = fft(x); % FFT计算magX = abs(X)/N; % 幅值谱frequencies = (0:N-1)*(fs/N); % 频率范围%绘制频谱图figure;plot(frequencies, magX);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('振幅');title('信号频谱');```上述代码生成了一个10秒钟的正弦波信号，频率为1 Hz，采样率为100 Hz。
通过调用MATLAB的fft函数计算信号的FFT，然后计算每个频率分量的幅值谱，并绘制出信号频谱图。
在频谱图中，横轴表示频率，纵轴表示振幅。
该实验需要注意以下几点：1.信号的采样率要与信号中最高频率成一定比例，以避免采样率不足导致的伪频谱。
2.FFT计算结果是一个复数数组，我们一般只关注其幅值谱。
3.频率范围是0到采样率之间的频率。
实验三的报告可以包含以下内容：1.实验目的和背景介绍。
基于Matlab的DFT及FFT频谱分析
基于Matlab的DFT及FFT频谱分析基于Matlab的DFT及FFT频谱分析一、引言频谱分析是信号处理中的重要任务之一，它可以揭示信号的频率特性和能量分布。
离散傅里叶变换（DFT）及快速傅里叶变换（FFT）是常用的频谱分析工具，广泛应用于许多领域。
本文将介绍通过Matlab进行DFT及FFT频谱分析的方法和步骤，并以实例详细说明。
二、DFT及FFT原理DFT是一种将时域信号转换为频域信号的离散变换方法。
它将信号分解成若干个正弦和余弦函数的叠加，得到频率和幅度信息。
FFT是一种高效的计算DFT的算法，它利用信号的对称性和周期性，将计算复杂度从O(N^2)降低到O(NlogN)。
FFT通过将信号分解成不同长度的子序列，递归地进行计算，最终得到频谱信息。
三、Matlab中的DFT及FFT函数在Matlab中，DFT及FFT可以通过内置函数进行计算。
其中，DFT使用函数fft，FFT使用函数fftshift。
fft函数可直接计算信号的频谱，fftshift函数对频谱进行频移操作，将低频移到频谱中心。
四、Matlab中DFT及FFT频谱分析步骤1. 读取信号数据首先，将待分析的信号数据读入到Matlab中。
可以使用内置函数load读取文本文件中的数据，或通过自定义函数生成模拟信号数据。
2. 时域分析通过plot函数将信号数据在时域进行绘制，以观察信号的波形。
可以设置合适的坐标轴范围和标签，使图像更加清晰。
3. 信号预处理针对不同的信号特点，可以进行预处理操作，例如去除直流分量、滤波等。
这些操作可提高信号的频谱分析效果。
4. 计算DFT/FFT使用fft函数计算信号数据的DFT/FFT，并得到频谱。
将信号数据作为输入参数，设置采样频率和点数，计算得到频谱数据。
5. 频域分析通过plot函数将频谱数据在频域进行绘制，观察信号的频率特性。
可以设置合适的坐标轴范围和标签，使图像更加清晰。
6. 结果解读根据频谱图像，分析信号的频率成分、幅度分布和峰值位置。
MATLAB信号频谱分析FFT详解
MATLAB信号频谱分析FFT详解FFT（快速傅里叶变换）是一种常用的信号频谱分析方法，它可以将信号从时域转换到频域，以便更好地分析信号中不同频率成分的特征。
在MATLAB中，使用fft函数可以方便地进行信号频谱分析。
首先，我们先介绍一下傅里叶变换的基本概念。
傅里叶变换是一种将信号分解成不同频率成分的技术。
对于任意一个周期信号x(t)，其傅里叶变换X(f)可以表示为：X(f) = ∫(x(t)e^(-j2πft))dt其中，X(f)表示信号在频率域上的幅度和相位信息，f表示频率。
傅里叶变换可以将信号从时域转换到频域，以便更好地分析信号的频率特征。
而FFT（快速傅里叶变换）是一种计算傅里叶变换的高效算法，它通过分治法将傅里叶变换的计算复杂度从O(N^2)降低到O(NlogN)，提高了计算效率。
在MATLAB中，fft函数可以方便地计算信号的傅里叶变换。
使用FFT进行信号频谱分析的步骤如下：1. 构造信号：首先，我们需要构造一个信号用于分析。
可以使用MATLAB中的一些函数生成各种信号，比如sin、cos、square等。
2. 采样信号：信号通常是连续的，为了进行FFT分析，我们需要将信号离散化，即进行采样。
使用MATLAB中的linspace函数可以生成一定长度的离散信号。
3. 计算FFT：使用MATLAB中的fft函数可以方便地计算信号的FFT。
fft函数的输入参数是离散信号的向量，返回结果是信号在频率域上的复数值。
4. 频率换算：信号在频域上的复数值其实是以采样频率为单位的。
为了更好地观察频率成分，我们通常将其转换为以Hz为单位的频率。
可以使用MATLAB中的linspace函数生成一个对应频率的向量。
5. 幅度谱计算：频域上的复数值可以由实部和虚部表示，我们一般更关注其幅度，即信号的相对强度。
可以使用abs函数计算出频域上的幅度谱。
6. 相位谱计算：除了幅度谱，信号在频域上的相位信息也是重要的。
MATLAB中FFT的使用方法(频谱分析)
说明：以下资源来源于《数字信号处理的MATLAB实现》万永革主编一.调用方法X=FFT(x)；X=FFT(x，N)；x=IFFT(X);x=IFFT(X,N)用MATLAB进行谱分析时注意：（1）函数FFT返回值的数据结构具有对称性。
例：N=8;n=0:N-1;xn=[4 3 2 6 7 8 9 0];Xk=fft(xn)→Xk =39.0000 -10.7782 + 6.2929i 0 - 5.0000i 4.7782 - 7.7071i 5.0000 4.7782 + 7.7071i 0 + 5.0000i -10.7782 - 6.2929iXk与xn的维数相同，共有8个元素。
Xk的第一个数对应于直流分量，即频率值为0。
（2）做FFT分析时，幅值大小与FFT选择的点数有关，但不影响分析结果。
在IFFT时已经做了处理。
要得到真实的振幅值的大小，只要将得到的变换后结果乘以2除以N即可。
二.FFT应用举例例1：x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t)。
采样频率fs=100Hz，分别绘制N=128、1024点幅频图。
clf;fs=100;N=128; %采样频率和数据点数n=0:N-1;t=n/fs; %时间序列x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t); %信号y=fft(x,N); %对信号进行快速Fourier变换mag=abs(y); %求得Fourier变换后的振幅f=n*fs/N; %频率序列subplot(2,2,1),plot(f,mag); %绘出随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=128');grid on;subplot(2,2,2),plot(f(1:N/2),mag(1:N/2)); %绘出Nyquist频率之前随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=128');grid on;%对信号采样数据为1024点的处理fs=100;N=1024;n=0:N-1;t=n/fs;x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t); %信号y=fft(x,N); %对信号进行快速Fourier变换mag=abs(y); %求取Fourier变换的振幅f=n*fs/N;subplot(2,2,3),plot(f,mag); %绘出随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=1024');grid on;subplot(2,2,4)plot(f(1:N/2),mag(1:N/2)); %绘出Nyquist频率之前随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=1024');grid on;运行结果：fs=100Hz，Nyquist频率为fs/2=50Hz。
MATLAB 频谱分析(FFT FT定义法)
X2=zeros(N/16,1);%只采样64点
for n=1:N/16
for m=1:length(X1)/2 %数据量太大显示太慢只取一半作分析
X2(n,1)=X2(n,1)+X1(m,1)*exp(-j*n*m);%将w与n同步以便于计算存储，w，n关系也可以变
subplot(244);
plot(f(1:N/2),ph(1:N/2));
xlabel('频率/Hz'),ylabel('相角'),title('录音信号相位谱');
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%录音信号FFT后频谱
subplot(245);
plot(y1)%采样后信号的FFT频谱图
title('录音信号FFT频谱图')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%录音信号FFT后幅度
subplot(246);
plot(f(1,N/2)abs(y1(N/2)))%采样后信号的FFT幅度谱，不指定横坐标无意义请注意
title('录音信号FFT幅度谱')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%录音信号随频率变化的相位
ph=2*angle(y1(1:N/2));
ph=ph*180/pi;
subplot(247);
plot(f(1:N/2),ph(1:N/2));
xlabel('频率/Hz'),ylabel('相角'),title('录音信号FFT相位谱');
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%由定义得出的FT
MATLAB的一个FFT程序
MATLAB的⼀个FFT程序FFT信号流图：程序实现是这样：程序流程如下图：⾸先进⾏位逆转，其实很简单，就是把⼆进制的位逆转过来：Matlab的位逆转程序：function a=bitreverse(Nbit, num)%Nbit = 4;%num = 8;a = 0;b = bitshift(1,Nbit-1);for i = 1:Nbit;if((bitand(num,1)) == 1)a = bitor(a,b);endnum = bitshift(num,-1);b = bitshift(b,-1);end;说明：Nbit是逆转位是⼏位，num是逆转的数即变量。
三个循环，第⼀个循环是进⾏N阶的FFT运算第⼆个循环其实就是，每⼀阶FFT的时候，有多少组DFT对象，拿8点来说，第⼀阶的时候，有4组DFT对象，到了第⼆阶，就有2组，到了第三，就是最后⼀阶，只有⼀组。
第三个循环，其实是在每⼀组DFT⾥边，执⾏多少次蝶形运算！8点DIT FFT来说，第⼀阶每组有⼀个蝶形，第⼆阶每组有2个，第三阶每组有4个蝶形。
所以很容易得到三者的关系i , j, k 三者，反别表⽰三层循环，然后得出循环次数的关系stages = log2(PointNum)i 从 0到stages – 1 ！j 从 0 到其实就是k 从0 到旋转因⼦W的选择：因为根据8点DIT-FFT图，从第⼀阶到最后⼀阶，可以总结出⼀个规律：都是 N是每组蝶形数据个个数，⽐如第⼀阶每组有2个元素，N就是2，第⼆阶每组4个元素，N就是4等。
然后x往往都是从0开始到N/2 – 1;根据旋转因⼦的性质，其实可以有每阶段每组都是：蝶形运算设计：根据信号流图，得出以下算式：完成了蝶形运算!全部的matlab程序有：PointNum = 512;PointBitNum = 9;fs = 1024*2;t = 0:1:PointNum - 1;%for u = 1:1:PointNum;sampletab = cos(2*pi*543*t/fs) + cos(2*pi*100*t/fs) + 0.2 + cos(2*pi*857*t/fs) + cos(2*pi*222*t/fs);%endzeros(1,PointNum);sampletab1 = sampletab;index = 0;for i = 1:PointNumk = i - 1index = bitreverse(PointBitNum,i - 1)sampletab(i) = sampletab1(index + 1);end%sampletab1%sampletabREX = sampletab;IMX = zeros(1,PointNum);i = 0;?T Loop for Log2N stagesj = 0;?T loop for leach sub-DFTk = 0;?T Loop for each butterflystages = log2(PointNum);for i = 0 : stages - 1lenNum = 0;for j = 0 : 2^(stages - (i + 1)) - 1for k = 0 : 2^i - 1R1 = REX(lenNum + 2^i + 1) * cos(2*pi*k*2^(stages - (i + 1))/PointNum); R2 = IMX(lenNum + 2^i + 1) * sin(2*pi*k*2^(stages - (i + 1))/PointNum); T1 = REX(lenNum + 2^i + 1) * sin(2*pi*k*2^(stages - (i + 1))/PointNum); T2 = IMX(lenNum + 2^i + 1) * cos(2*pi*k*2^(stages - (i + 1))/PointNum); REX(lenNum + 2^i + 1) = REX(lenNum + 1) - R1 - R2;IMX(lenNum + 2^i + 1) = IMX(lenNum + 1) + T1 - T2;REX(lenNum + 1) = REX(lenNum + 1) + R1 + R2;IMX(lenNum + 1) = IMX(lenNum + 1) - T1 + T2 ;lenNum = lenNum + 1;endNum = lenNum + 2^i;endlenNum = endNum;endendsubplot(3,1,1);fft(sampletab1, PointNum);x1 = abs(fft(sampletab1, PointNum));plot([0 : PointNum/2 - 1], x1(1:PointNum/2));grid onsubplot(3,1,2);% [REX IMX]am = sqrt(abs(REX.*REX) + abs(IMX.*IMX));plot(0:1:PointNum/2 - 1, am(1:PointNum/2));grid onsubplot(3,1,3);plot(t, sampletab);grid on我还做了与MATLAB原来带有的FFT做⽐较：画出的图如下：第⼀个是MATLAB⾃带的FFT函数频谱图第⼆个是我⾃⼰设计的FFT频谱图第三个是信号的时域波形思想已经有了，我以前也改过⼈家的FFT的C程序但是不是很理解，打算有机会⽤C语⾔实现定点FFT，因为在嵌⼊式上多数⽤定点FFT，相应的C++版本应该也会写。
MATLAB关于FFT频谱分析的程序
MATLAB关于FFT频谱分析的程序```Matlab%定义信号参数fs = 1000; % 采样频率t = 0:1/fs:1-1/fs; % 时间向量f1=10;%第一个频率成分f2=100;%第二个频率成分x = sin(2*pi*f1*t) + sin(2*pi*f2*t); % 信号%计算信号的FFTN = length(x); % 信号长度X = fft(x); % FFT变换X_mag = abs(X(1:N/2))/N; % 取FFT结果的一半并除以信号长度得到幅度谱f = (0:N/2-1)*fs/N; % 计算频率向量%绘制频谱figure;plot(f, X_mag);xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');ylabel('Magnitude');title('FFT Spectrum Analysis');grid on;```在上述程序中，我们首先定义了信号的参数，例如采样频率（fs）、时间向量（t）和信号的频率成分（f1和f2）。
然后，我们使用这些参数生成信号（x），该信号是由两个不同频率的正弦波叠加而成。
接下来，我们计算信号的FFT（通过调用fft函数），并使用abs函数取FFT结果的绝对值。
我们还将FFT结果的一半（因为FFT结果是对称的，前一半包含了频谱信息）除以信号长度，得到幅度谱（X_mag）。
频率向量（f）通过简单计算得到。
使用上述程序，我们可以计算并绘制任意信号的频谱。
只需修改信号的参数、生成信号的代码和绘图设置，就可以适应不同的应用需求。
除了上述示例程序，MATLAB还提供了许多其他函数和工具，用于更详细的频谱分析，如频谱图的平滑、窗函数的应用、频谱峰值的查找等。
读者可以根据自己的需求进一步研究和探索MATLAB的频谱分析功能。
MATLAB关于FFT频谱分析的程序
figure(2);
subplot(236);
plot(ti,magx);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('通过IFFT转换的矩形波波形');
grid;
%****************3.白噪声****************%
grid;
%求功率谱
power=sq.^2;
figure(3);
subplot(234);
plot(f,power);
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('功率谱');
title('白噪声功率谱');
grid;
%求对数谱
ln=log(sq);
subplot(234);
plot(f,power);
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('功率谱');
title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t功率谱');
grid;
%求对数谱
ln=log(sq);
figure(1);
subplot(235);
clear;close all;
fs=400;T=1/fs;
Tp=0.04;N=Tp*fs;
N1=[N,4*N,8*N];%三种长度0.04s 4*0.04s 8*0.04s
%矩形窗截断
for m=1:3
n=1:N1(m);
基于MATLAB的信号的频谱分析
基于MATLAB的信号的频谱分析信号频谱分析是一种将时域信号转换为频域信号的方法。
频谱分析可以帮助我们了解信号的频率成分、频率特性以及频率分布情况。
MATLAB 是一种强大的信号处理工具，提供了丰富的函数和工具用于频谱分析。
在MATLAB中，频谱分析主要通过使用FFT（快速傅里叶变换）来实现。
FFT可以将时域信号转换为频率域信号，它是一种高效的计算算法，可以快速计算信号的频谱。
首先，我们需要先读取信号数据并将其转换为MATLAB中的矩阵数据形式。
可以使用`load`函数读取信号数据，然后将其存储为一个向量或矩阵。
```matlabdata = load('signal_data.txt');```接下来，我们可以使用`fft`函数对信号进行频谱分析。
`fft`函数会返回一个复数向量，表示信号在频率域的频率分量。
```matlabfs = 1000; % 采样频率N = length(data); % 信号长度frequencies = (0:N-1)*(fs/N); % 计算频率坐标轴spectrum = fft(data); % 进行FFT变换```在以上代码中，我们先计算了信号的采样频率`fs`和信号的长度`N`。
然后使用这些参数计算频率坐标轴`frequencies`。
最后使用`fft`函数对信号进行FFT变换，得到信号的频谱`spectrum`。
为了得到信号的幅度谱图，我们可以使用`abs`函数计算复数向量的绝对值。
```matlabamplitude_spectrum = abs(spectrum);```接下来，我们可以绘制信号的幅度谱图。
使用`plot`函数可以绘制信号在频率域的幅度分布图。
```matlabfigure;plot(frequencies, amplitude_spectrum);xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');ylabel('Amplitude');title('Amplitude Spectrum');```此外，我们还可以绘制信号的功率谱图。
FFT的matlab程序
F F T的m a t l a b程序-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN最近研究FFT，因为我不是高信号处理的，所以很多问题搞不懂，现在要用，就研究总结了一下，现在发上来，请不要笑话，采样得到的数字信号，就可以做FFT变换了。
N个采样点，经过FFT之后，就可以得到N个点的FFT结果。
为了方便进行FFT运算，通常N取2的整数次方。
假设采样频率为Fs，信号频率F，采样点数为N。
那么FFT之后结果就是一个为N点的复数。
每一个点就对应着一个频率点。
这个点的模值，就是该频率值下的幅度特性。
具体跟原始信号的幅度有什么关系呢假设原始信号的峰值为A，那么FFT的结果的每个点（除了第一个点直流分量之外）的模值就是A的N/2倍。
而第一个点就是直流分量，它的模值就是直流分量的N倍。
而每个点的相位呢，就是在该频率下的信号的相位。
第一个点表示直流分量（即0Hz），而最后一个点N的再下一个点（实际上这个点是不存在的，这里是假设的第N+1个点，也可以看做是将第一个点分做两半分，另一半移到最后）则表示采样频率Fs，这中间被N-1个点平均分成N等份，每个点的频率依次增加。
例如某点n所表示的频率为：Fn=(n-1)*Fs/N。
由上面的公式可以看出，Fn所能分辨到频率为为Fs/N，如果采样频率Fs为1024Hz，采样点数为1024点，则可以分辨到1Hz。
1024Hz的采样率采样1024点，刚好是1秒，也就是说，采样1秒时间的信号并做FFT，则结果可以分析到1Hz，如果采样2秒时间的信号并做FFT，则结果可以分析到。
如果要提高频率分辨力，则必须增加采样点数，也即采样时间。
频率分辨率和采样时间是倒数关系。
假设FFT之后某点n用复数a+bi表示，那么这个复数的模就是An=根号a*a+b*b，相位就是Pn=atan2(b,a)。
根据以上的结果，就可以计算出n点（n≠1，且n<=N/2）对应的信号的表达式为：An/(N/2)*cos(2*pi*Fn*t+Pn)，即2*An/N*cos(2*pi*Fn*t+Pn)。
MATLAB中FFT的使用方法（频谱分析）
MATLAB中FFT的使用方法（频谱分析）一.调用方法X=FFT(x)；X=FFT(x，N)；x=IFFT(X);x=IFFT(X,N)用MATLAB进行谱分析时注意：（1）函数FFT返回值的数据结构具有对称性。
例：N=8;n=0:N-1;xn=[4 3 2 6 7 8 9 0];Xk=fft(xn)→Xk =39.0000 -10.7782 + 6.2929i 0 - 5.0000i 4.7782 - 7.7071i 5.0000 4.7782 + 7.7071i 0 + 5.0000i -10.7782 - 6.2929iXk与xn的维数相同，共有8个元素。
Xk的第一个数对应于直流分量，即频率值为0。
（2）做FFT分析时，幅值大小与FFT选择的点数有关，但不影响分析结果。
在IFFT时已经做了处理。
要得到真实的振幅值的大小，只要将得到的变换后结果乘以2除以N即可。
二.FFT应用举例例1：x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t)。
采样频率fs=100Hz，分别绘制N=128、1024点幅频图。
clf;fs=100;N=128; %采样频率和数据点数n=0:N-1;t=n/fs; %时间序列x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t); %信号y=fft(x,N); %对信号进行快速Fourier变换mag=abs(y); %求得Fourier变换后的振幅f=n*fs/N; %频率序列subplot(2,2,1),plot(f,mag); %绘出随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=128');grid on;subplot(2,2,2),plot(f(1:N/2),mag(1:N/2)); %绘出Nyquist频率之前随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=128');grid on;%对信号采样数据为1024点的处理fs=100;N=1024;n=0:N-1;t=n/fs;x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t); %信号y=fft(x,N); %对信号进行快速Fourier变换mag=abs(y); %求取Fourier变换的振幅f=n*fs/N;subplot(2,2,3),plot(f,mag); %绘出随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=1024');grid on;subplot(2,2,4)plot(f(1:N/2),mag(1:N/2)); %绘出Nyquist频率之前随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=1024');grid on;运行结果：fs=100Hz，Nyquist频率为fs/2=50Hz。
MATLAB中FFT的使用方法
MATLAB中FFT的使用方法傅里叶变换（Fourier Transform）是信号处理领域中一种重要的数学工具，它可以将时域中的信号转化为频域中的信号。
在实际应用中，MATLAB提供了快速傅里叶变换（Fast Fourier Transform，FFT）函数，方便用户进行频域分析。
FFT函数一般形式为：Y = fft(X)其中，X为输入的信号向量，Y为输出的频域信号向量。
下面我们将详细介绍FFT函数的使用方法。
1.单通道信号FFT分析首先，我们来看一个简单的例子，假设我们有一个长度为N的输入信号向量X：X = [x1, x2, ..., xn]通过调用FFT函数，可以得到该信号的频域表示：Y = fft(X)其中，Y的长度与X相同。
现在我们可以进行一些相关操作：（1）频谱幅度谱：使用abs函数获取频谱的幅度谱：Y_amp = abs(Y)（2）频谱相位谱：使用angle函数获取频谱的相位谱：Y_phase = angle(Y)（3）频谱图：使用plot函数绘制频谱图：plot(Y_amp)以上操作将得到输入信号的频谱图。
2.多通道信号FFT分析当我们有多个通道的信号时，我们可以使用FFT函数进行每个通道的频域分析。
假设我们有一个包含M个通道的信号矩阵X：X = [x1, x2, ..., xm;y1, y2, ..., ym;...zn, z2, ..., zm]其中，X的大小为M×N。
同样，我们可以调用FFT函数得到每个通道的频域表示：Y = fft(X)此时，Y也是一个大小为M×N的矩阵。
如果我们只对一些通道的频域信号感兴趣，可以通过索引访问相关通道的频域信号：Y_channel1 = Y(1, :)以上操作将得到第一个通道的频域信号。
3.FFT频域滤波使用FFT函数进行频域滤波是FFT的常见应用之一、我们可以通过将一些频率分量置0，以实现对特定频率信号的抑制。
假设我们有一个输入信号向量X，在频域中，我们想要对特定频率范围进行滤波，可以通过以下步骤实现：（1）调用FFT函数得到输入信号的频域表示：Y = fft(X)（2）获取频域信号的幅度谱：Y_amp = abs(Y)（3）根据频率范围确定需要置0的频率分量：low_freq = 100; % 最低频率high_freq = 500; % 最高频率（4）将指定频率范围内的幅度谱置0：Y_amp_filtered = Y_amp;Y_amp_filtered(low_freq:high_freq) = 0;（5）恢复滤波后的频域信号：Y_filtered = Y_amp_filtered .* exp(1j * angle(Y));（6）通过调用ifft函数，得到滤波后的时域信号：X_filtered = ifft(Y_filtered)通过以上步骤，我们可以实现对频域信号的滤波操作。
Matlab编程实现FFT实践及频谱分析
Matlab编程实现FFT实践及频谱分析 by li3432007-12-17 08:381．用Matlab产生正弦波,矩形波,以及白噪声信号，并显示各自时域波形图2．进行FFT变换，显示各自频谱图，其中采样率，频率、数据长度自选3．做出上述三种信号的均方根图谱,功率图谱,以及对数均方根图谱4．用IFFT傅立叶反变换恢复信号，并显示恢复的正弦信号时域波形图源程序%******************************************************************** *****%% FFT实践及频谱分析 %%******************************************************************** *****%%******************************************************************** *****%%***************1.正弦波****************%fs=100;%设定采样频率N=128;n=0:N-1;t=n/fs;f0=10;%设定正弦信号频率%生成正弦信号x=sin(2*pi*f0*t);figure(1);subplot(231);plot(t,x);%作正弦信号的时域波形xlabel('t');ylabel('y');title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t时域波形');grid;%进行FFT变换并做频谱图y=fft(x,N);%进行fft变换mag=abs(y);%求幅值f=(0:length(y)-1)'*fs/length(y);%进行对应的频率转换figure(1);subplot(232);plot(f,mag);%做频谱图axis([0,100,0,80]);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('幅值');title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t幅频谱图N=128');grid;%求均方根谱sq=abs(y);figure(1);subplot(233);plot(f,sq);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('均方根谱');title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t均方根谱'); grid;%求功率谱power=sq.^2;figure(1);subplot(234);plot(f,power);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('功率谱');title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t功率谱');grid;%求对数谱ln=log(sq);figure(1);subplot(235);plot(f,ln);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('对数谱');title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t对数谱');grid;%用IFFT恢复原始信号xifft=ifft(y);magx=real(xifft);ti=[0:length(xifft)-1]/fs;figure(1);subplot(236);plot(ti,magx);xlabel('t');ylabel('y');title('通过IFFT转换的正弦信号波形'); grid;%****************2.矩形波****************% fs=10;%设定采样频率t=-5:0.1:5;x=rectpuls(t,2);x=x(1:99);figure(2);subplot(231);plot(t(1:99),x);%作矩形波的时域波形xlabel('t');ylabel('y');title('矩形波时域波形');grid;%进行FFT变换并做频谱图y=fft(x);%进行fft变换mag=abs(y);%求幅值f=(0:length(y)-1)'*fs/length(y);%进行对应的频率转换figure(2);subplot(232);plot(f,mag);%做频谱图xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('幅值');title('矩形波幅频谱图');grid;%求均方根谱sq=abs(y);figure(2);subplot(233);plot(f,sq);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('均方根谱');title('矩形波均方根谱');grid;%求功率谱power=sq.^2;figure(2);subplot(234);plot(f,power);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('功率谱');title('矩形波功率谱');grid;%求对数谱ln=log(sq);figure(2);subplot(235);plot(f,ln);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('对数谱');title('矩形波对数谱');grid;%用IFFT恢复原始信号xifft=ifft(y);magx=real(xifft);ti=[0:length(xifft)-1]/fs;figure(2);subplot(236);plot(ti,magx);xlabel('t');ylabel('y');title('通过IFFT转换的矩形波波形');grid;%****************3.白噪声****************%fs=10;%设定采样频率t=-5:0.1:5;x=zeros(1,100);x(50)=100000;figure(3);subplot(231);plot(t(1:100),x);%作白噪声的时域波形xlabel('t');ylabel('y');title('白噪声时域波形');grid;%进行FFT变换并做频谱图y=fft(x);%进行fft变换mag=abs(y);%求幅值f=(0:length(y)-1)'*fs/length(y);%进行对应的频率转换figure(3);subplot(232);plot(f,mag);%做频谱图xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('幅值');title('白噪声幅频谱图');grid;%求均方根谱sq=abs(y);figure(3);subplot(233);plot(f,sq);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('均方根谱');title('白噪声均方根谱');grid;%求功率谱power=sq.^2;figure(3);subplot(234);plot(f,power);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('功率谱');title('白噪声功率谱');grid;%求对数谱ln=log(sq);figure(3);subplot(235);plot(f,ln);xlabel('频率(Hz)');ylabel('对数谱');title('白噪声对数谱');grid;%用IFFT恢复原始信号xifft=ifft(y);magx=real(xifft);ti=[0:length(xifft)-1]/fs;figure(3);subplot(236);plot(ti,magx);xlabel('t');ylabel('y');title('通过IFFT转换的白噪声波形'); grid;（英文版）Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthenparty laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Y ears, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulationsrepeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the FifthPlenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs DepartmentThe first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee PoliticalBureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revisionof the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Y an to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline andto implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists ona positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," atotal of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule >real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen yearsimplement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Y an Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline,exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility shouldbe depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effectiveconvergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for actsof mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application。
MATLAB中FFT的使用方法频谱分析
MATLAB实现》万永革主编说明：以下资源来源于《数字信号处理的.调用方法一X=FFT(x)；X=FFT(，xN)；=IFFT(X); x=IFFT(X,N) x用MATLAB进行谱分析时注意：）函数返回值的数据结构具有对称性。
FFT（1例：N=8;n=0:N-1;xn=[4 3 2 6 7 8 9 0];Xk=fft(xn)→Xk =39.0000 -10.7782 + 6.2929i 0 - 5.0000i 4.7782 - 7.7071i 5.0000 4.7782 +7.7071i 0 + 5.0000i -10.7782 - 6.2929iXk与xn的维数相同，共有8个元素。
Xk的第一个数对应于直流分量，即频率值为0。
（2）做FFT分析时，幅值大小与FFT选择的点数有关，但不影响分析结果。
在IFFT时已经做了处理。
要得到真实的振幅值的大小，只要将得到的变换后结果乘以2除以N即可。
二.FFT应用举例例1：x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t)。
采样频率fs=100Hz，分别绘制N=128、1024点幅频图。
clf;采样频率和数据点数fs=100;N=128; %．n=0:N-1;t=n/fs; %时间序列x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t); %信号y=fft(x,N); %对信号进行快速Fourier变换mag=abs(y); %求得Fourier变换后的振幅f=n*fs/N; %频率序列subplot(2,2,1),plot(f,mag); %绘出随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=128');grid on;subplot(2,2,2),plot(f(1:N/2),mag(1:N/2)); %绘出Nyquist频率之前随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=128');grid on;%对信号采样数据为1024点的处理fs=100;N=1024;n=0:N-1;t=n/fs;x=0.5*sin(2*pi*15*t)+2*sin(2*pi*40*t); %信号y=fft(x,N); %对信号进行快速Fourier变换mag=abs(y); %求取Fourier变换的振幅f=n*fs/N;subplot(2,2,3),plot(f,mag); %绘出随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=1024');grid on;subplot(2,2,4)plot(f(1:N/2),mag(1:N/2)); %绘出Nyquist频率之前随频率变化的振幅xlabel('频率/Hz');ylabel('振幅');title('N=1024');grid on;运行结果：fs=100Hz，Nyquist频率为fs/2=50Hz。
用FFT作谱分析(附matlab程序)
一、实验目的学习用FFT对连续信号进行谱分析的方法，了解可能出现的分析误差及其原因，以便正确应用FFT。
二、实验原理1.对连续时间信号进行谱分析，首先应该进行时域采样，采样频率Fs要满足乃奎斯特采样定理，及Fs大于等于信号最高频率的两倍。
2.对信号进行谱分析的重要问题是频谱分辨率D和分析误差，频谱分辨率直接和FFT的变换区间N有关，因为FFT能够实现的频谱分辨率是2π/N，因此要求2π/N≤D，可以据此是选择FFT的变换区间N。
3. 用FFT对连续信号进行谱分析的流程框图如下：三、实验内容1.对信号x=cos(8πt)+cos(16πt)+cos(20πt)进行谱分析，将cos(8πt)、cos(16πt)、cos(20πt)分别记作x1、x2、x3，那么x=x1+x2+x3。
2.观察信号在采样点数一定，分析不同采样频率对信号频谱的影响。
3.观察信号在矩形窗下，不同的截取长度对信号频谱的影响。
4.观察信号补零前后频谱的变化，以及补零后信号与截取相同长度数据下信号频谱有何不同。
四、实验步骤1.选取采样频率Fs=15、20、32、64Hz ，采样点数N 一定时，对信号x 进行采样，观察采样信号频谱有何不同，并分析原因。
2.分别取矩形窗函数的长度N=16、32、64，截取信号后观察信号的频谱有何不同，并分析原因。
3.分别取窗函数长度N=15、96截取信号。
将N=15点的信号补零至96点，观察其与N=96点的截取信号频谱有何不同，并分析原因。
五、实验结果及分析1.不同采样频率下信号的频谱比较⑴取采样频率Fs=15、20、32、64Hz ，采样点数N=64固定，信号频谱如下图5.1所示（实现程序见附录1）。
02040幅频特性Fs=15频率f/Hz幅度-10-8-6-4-20246810050100幅频特性Fs=20频率f/Hz幅度02040幅频特性Fs=32频率f/Hz幅度02040幅频特性Fs=64频率f/Hz幅度图5.1⑵结果分析从图5.1可知，不同采样频率下信号的频谱是不同的。
Matlab频谱分析程序
Matlab 信号处理工具箱 谱估计专题频谱分析Spectral estimation （谱估计）的目标是基于一个有限的数据集合描述一个信号的功率（在频率上的）分布。
功率谱估计在很多场合下都是有用的，包括对宽带噪声湮没下的信号的检测。
从数学上看，一个平稳随机过程n x 的power spectrum （功率谱）和correlation sequence （相关序列）通过discrete-time Fourier transform （离散时间傅立叶变换）构成联系。
从normalized frequency （归一化角频率）角度看，有下式()()j mxx xx m S R m eωω∞-=-∞=∑注：()()2xx S X ωω=，其中()/2/21limN j n n N n N X x e Nωω→∞=-=∑πωπ-<≤。
其matlab近似为X=fft(x,N)/sqrt(N)，在下文中()L X f 就是指matlab fft 函数的计算结果了使用关系2/s f f ωπ=可以写成物理频率f 的函数，其中s f 是采样频率()()2/sjfm f xx xxm S f R m eπ∞-=-∞=∑相关序列可以从功率谱用IDFT 变换求得：()()()/22//22sss f jfm f j m xx xx xx s f S e S f e R m d df f πωππωωπ--==⎰⎰序列n x 在整个Nyquist 间隔上的平均功率可以表示为()()()/2/202ss f xx xx xx s f S S f R d df f ππωωπ--==⎰⎰ 上式中的()()2xx xx S P ωωπ=以及()()xx xx sS f P f f = 被定义为平稳随机信号n x 的power spectral density (PSD)（功率谱密度） 一个信号在频带[]1212,,0ωωωωπ≤<≤上的平均功率可以通过对PSD 在频带上积分求出[]()()211212,xxxx P P d P d ωωωωωωωωωω--=+⎰⎰从上式中可以看出()xx P ω是一个信号在一个无穷小频带上的功率浓度，这也是为什么它叫做功率谱密度。
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MATLAB关于FFT频谱分析的程序
%***************1.正弦波****************%
fs=100;%设定采样频率
N=128;
n=0:N-1;
t=n/fs;
f0=10;%设定正弦信号频率
%生成正弦信号
x=sin(2*pi*f0*t);
figure(1);
subplot(231);
plot(t,x);%作正弦信号的时域波形
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t时域波形');
grid;
%进行FFT变换并做频谱图
y=fft(x,N);%进行fft变换
mag=abs(y);%求幅值
f=(0:length(y)-1)'*fs/length(y);%进行对应的频率转换
figure(1);
subplot(232);
plot(f,mag);%做频谱图
axis([0,100,0,80]);
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('幅值');
title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t幅频谱图N=128'); grid;
%求均方根谱
sq=abs(y);
figure(1);
subplot(233);
plot(f,sq);
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('均方根谱');
title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t均方根谱');
grid;
%求功率谱
power=sq.^2;
figure(1);
subplot(234);
plot(f,power);
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('功率谱');
title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t功率谱');
grid;
%求对数谱
ln=log(sq);
figure(1);
subplot(235);
plot(f,ln);
ylabel('对数谱');
title('正弦信号y=2*pi*10t对数谱'); grid;
%用IFFT恢复原始信号
xifft=ifft(y);
magx=real(xifft);
ti=[0:length(xifft)-1]/fs;
figure(1);
subplot(236);
plot(ti,magx);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('通过IFFT转换的正弦信号波形'); grid;
%****************2.矩形波****************% fs=10;%设定采样频率
t=-5:0.1:5;
x=rectpuls(t,2);
x=x(1:99);
figure(2);
subplot(231);
plot(t(1:99),x);%作矩形波的时域波形xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
grid;
%进行FFT变换并做频谱图
y=fft(x);%进行fft变换
mag=abs(y);%求幅值
f=(0:length(y)-1)'*fs/length(y);%进行对应的频率转换figure(2);
subplot(232);
plot(f,mag);%做频谱图
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('幅值');
title('矩形波幅频谱图');
grid;
%求均方根谱
sq=abs(y);
figure(2);
subplot(233);
plot(f,sq);
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('均方根谱');
title('矩形波均方根谱');
grid;
%求功率谱
power=sq.^2;
figure(2);
subplot(234);
plot(f,power);
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('功率谱');
title('矩形波功率谱');
grid;
%求对数谱
ln=log(sq);
figure(2);
subplot(235);
plot(f,ln);
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('对数谱');
title('矩形波对数谱');
grid;
%用IFFT恢复原始信号
xifft=ifft(y);
magx=real(xifft);
ti=[0:length(xifft)-1]/fs;
figure(2);
subplot(236);
plot(ti,magx);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('通过IFFT转换的矩形波波形');
grid;
%****************3.白噪声****************%
fs=10;%设定采样频率
t=-5:0.1:5;
x=zeros(1,100);
x(50)=100000;
figure(3);
subplot(231);
plot(t(1:100),x);%作白噪声的时域波形
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('白噪声时域波形');
grid;
%进行FFT变换并做频谱图
y=fft(x);%进行fft变换
mag=abs(y);%求幅值
f=(0:length(y)-1)'*fs/length(y);%进行对应的频率转换figure(3);
subplot(232);
plot(f,mag);%做频谱图
xlabel('频率(Hz)');
ylabel('幅值');
title('白噪声幅频谱图');
grid;
%求均方根谱
sq=abs(y);
figure(3);
subplot(233);
plot(f,sq);
xlabel('频率(Hz)'); ylabel('均方根谱'); title('白噪声均方根谱'); grid;
%求功率谱
power=sq.^2;
figure(3);
subplot(234);
plot(f,power);
xlabel('频率(Hz)'); ylabel('功率谱');
title('白噪声功率谱'); grid;
%求对数谱
ln=log(sq);
figure(3);
subplot(235);
plot(f,ln);
xlabel('频率(Hz)'); ylabel('对数谱');
title('白噪声对数谱');
grid;
%用IFFT恢复原始信号
xifft=ifft(y);
magx=real(xifft);
ti=[0:length(xifft)-1]/fs;
figure(3);
subplot(236);
plot(ti,magx);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('通过IFFT转换的白噪声波形'); grid;。