法律英语翻译
法律英语翻译
若本协议签署之后,中国国家、省、市或地
方政府通过任何新的法律、法规、法令或条例,修 改或废除任何法律、法规、法令或条例的任何条款, 或对任何法律、法规、法令或条例给予不同的解释 或采取不同的实施方法,导致与本协议相冲突,或 对一方在本协议项下的经济利益造成实质性的不利 影响,受到影响的一方经书面通知另一方后,对方 应立即协商并决定是否
as per the relevant provisions of the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China;
or (ii) to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party’s economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favorable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented.
立法文件(legislative documentation);
司法文件(judicial documentation);
律师文书(documents prepared by lawyers);
法律、法规、条例、规章; 判决、裁定;
合同、协议、律师意见、案例等 等。
“庄重的” (solemn); “刻板的” (rigid);
1.结构复杂的长句
If, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method or implementation of any law, regulation, decree or rule,
法律英语翻译
Legal English (revised version for the students)Ch.1 The Main Features of Legal English一、法律英语的英译:David Mellinkoff(加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授):《The Language of the Law》19631.legal English---Lawful EnglishLegal parlance(说法、用语)/legal lingo(行话、隐语)/legal jargon(行话、黑话)/legalese( 法律八股文)/language of jurisprudence(法理语言)2. the English Language of the Law or shortened as “the language of the law”3. 法律英语与法学英语二、法律英语的范围:是否凡是涉及法律的英语(词汇、表达方法、句子结构……)都是法律英语?英美法学界所公认的法律英语主要是指普通法国家(common-law countries)的法律人所用的习惯语言(customary language),包括某些词汇、短语,或具有特色的一些表达方法(mode of expressions)。
三、法律英语的主要特点:I. precise or exact (准确)正常情况下,起草法律文件时,用词造句务必十分精准(with great exactness),因为一旦笔者的思想、观点、企图落实成文字,即成为法庭判断是非的重要依据,因为按严格解释原则(principle of strict construction)或唯名论原则(principle of nominalism),尽管实践中还存在推测意图原则(principle of presumed intent),但其不占主导地位,书面文字仍然是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据。
法律英语用词:ADJOURNMENT
法律英语用词:ADJOURNMENT英汉-汉英词典是做翻译或传译的必备工作伴侣。
不过,在传译的过程中,会偶尔遇到一些单词在翻译上是不可参照英汉词典的。
其中一个例子就是Adjournment。
在许多法律英汉/汉英词典都把adjournment翻译作“休庭”。
其实,也许有些律师会把“休庭”理解为“押后”或“延期”。
事实上,休庭不是一个太恰当的翻译。
思其义,“休庭”就是“法庭休息”,不审理案子的意思。
但是,adjournment是一种postponement。
换言之,该词表达的是某种事情的延后或者押后。
在法院里所用的adjournment, 是指案件押后或者延期再审理(或聆询),比如“The court will adjourn this case to next Tuesday.”或“Case adjourned to Tuesday”。
如果把 adjournment 翻译为“休庭”,那是误导的。
因为在法院里,如果提到adjournment,所指的是案子的延期、押后,择日继续审理或议论。
例如,在初审法院里,法官准许adjournment后,各方开始退下;接下来,法官并不是退庭休息,而是继续审理其他的案件。
“休庭”,应该是court in recess或者俗话中的“The court(courtroom) is down.”。
曾经有位法院传译员与我分享她的亲身经历。
当法官说“Adjourned”的时候,该传译员想起她看到的词典译意,于是告诉她身旁的华人被告说“休庭”。
当时身旁的被告很紧张,愣着问:“我的案件就到此为止了?法官不审了?”结果,该传译员连忙改口说:“法官说的是案件押后再审” 。
听到这话,被告方才松了口气,连忙说“谢谢”。
因此,adjournment这个单词应该翻译为“押后”或者“延后”,甚或“(案件)押后”,而不该翻译为“休庭”。
法律英语翻译常用词汇及注释
法律词汇:法律翻译常用词汇注释(A-W)AAb initioAb initio是拉丁文,其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”,可以直接翻译为“自始”。
在法律英语中,ab initio的使用频率较高,比较常见。
如:ab initio mundi (有史以来),void ad initio(自始无效)等。
Accordaccord在普通英语中的含义是符合,一致,在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议,指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。
如reach an accord达成和解协议,accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。
Accused被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告,民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant;而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent(答辩人)。
Acquireacquire在普通英语中的含义是获得,获取,而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。
在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买,收购,我们通常所说的M&A,即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。
如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。
Acquittal罪名不成立。
刑事案件经审讯后,被告罪名不成立被释放,称为“The accused is acquitted”。
Acquittal是名词。
详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。
Actact在普通英语中的含义是行动,行为,在法律英语中通常理解为作为,与不作为forbear相对应。
如:Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。
浅析法律英语的特点及翻译原则
浅析法律英语的特点及翻译原那么法律英语和普通英语的重要区别之一就是法律英语中用到的很多普通词汇往往具有专业特定含义,本文来浅析法律英语的特点及翻译原那么。
作为专业英语(esp)的分支学科之一,法律英语(legal english)是应用型、功能型英语。
法律英语,在英语国家中被称为legal language或language of the law,即法律语言,指表述法律科学概念以及诉讼或非诉讼法律事务时所用的语种或某一语种的局部用语。
随着改革开放的深入和国际贸易交流的日益广泛,法律英语翻译的需要翻译需求空前旺盛。
法律英语就其文体来说属于职业专用英语,是一种正式的书面语体,是应用语的一个分支,其行文庄重、构造严谨、表达准确。
作为一种专用英语,法律英语具有以下几个特征。
1.专业的特定性法律英语和普通英语的重要区别之一就是法律英语中用到的很多普通词汇往往具有专业特定含义,因此不能简单当作普通英语看待,否那么很容易对法律英语的理解出现偏差。
比方aoid,普通英语是“避开”的意思,而在法律英语中是“躲避取消”的意思;party在普通英语中翻译成“群,组,团队”,而在法律英语中要翻译成“社会集会一方,当事人”;sere在法律英语中尤指“当用人送达(传票等)”,而不能翻译成“为某人工作”。
2.词义的传承性法律词汇具有明显的传承性特征。
沿用旧的法律用语,即古体词,就是这一特征的表现。
一词汇在现代英语的许多文体中不再使用,但是在法律文体中,它们经过漫长的历史并没有随着法律的开展而改变,仍然保持其原有的含义。
法律英语古体词从古英语和中古英语时期沿袭而来,其由两局部组成,有些于法语、拉丁语和少量希腊语等外来词语,例如“suit”,“testimony”等。
另外一些古英语,例如由here-,there-和where-组成的复合词(hereunder=under it, thereof=of that,where for=for the reasons mentioned aboe)用来表示确定的含义。
法律英语翻译-4
•There are two fundamental aspects of the U.S.criminal justice system: the presumption that the defendant is innocent and theburden on the prosecution to prove guilt beyond a reasonabledoubt.•But criminal defendants have other rights:the defendant's right to remain silent, to confront witnesses, to a jury trial, to berepresented by an attorney, to adequate representation, to a speedy trial, not to be placed in double jeopardy.•Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms:•Guilty verdict•刑事诉讼程序•Double jeopardy•排除合理怀疑•Arraignment•沉默权•V oir dire•快速审判权•Death sentence with a reprieve/ death sentence with a say of execution•诉讼终结•Hearing•无罪推定•Guilty plea•反诉•inquisitorial/accusatorial system •上诉人•bill of prosecution•逮捕令•adversary system•预(初)审•information•证据开示•Put the following terms into Chinese •dismissing an appeal•appeal against conviction•effect of appeal•principal action/ action in chief •private prosecution/oneself action •counter-charge/protest •protestant•complaint/ caption•custody/ detention•defendant•plaintiff•appeal for mercy •instituting prosecution •brief•major case •pending case •defeat suit•hot criminal •evidentiary presumption •release on bail•first appearance •formal charges•pre-sentencing report•Translate the following sentences into Chinese• 1.The prosecution at trial has the duty to prove each and every element of the offense against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt and that burden may not be shifted to the defendant.• 2. Although the defendant can obtain discovery of any exculpatory evidence, there is generally no right to discover the prosecution's evidence against the defendant. Because of the defendant'sconstitutional right against self-incrimination, the prosecutor has only limited rights of discovery from the defendant.• 3. In United States criminal law, probable cause is the standard by which a police officer has the authority to make an arrest, conducta personal or property search, or to obtain a warrent for arrest. It isalso used to refer to the standard to which a grand jury believes that a crime has been committed.• 4. The person making the statement is swearing that its contents are truthful. It may be in an oral or a written form. This type of statement may be used in various kinds of legal proceedings. The persons making the statement understand that they are doing so under penalty of perjury.•Translate the following articles• 1. 中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法的任务,是保证准确、及时地查明犯罪事实,正确应用法律,惩罚犯罪分子,保障无罪的人不受刑事追究,教育公民自觉遵守法律,积极同犯罪行为作斗争,以维护社会主义法制,保护公民的人身权利、财产权利、民主权利和其他权利,保障社会主义建设事业的顺利进行。
法律英语翻译-3
Criminal LawCriminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishes punishments, and regulates the investigation and prosecution of people accused of committing crimes. Criminal Law includes both substantive law, and criminal procedure, which regulates the implementation and enforcement of substantive criminal law.Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.•司法权•writ of certiorari•开庭•Circuit court•求偿法院•petition•仲裁者•felony•上诉法院•conviction•轻罪•legal consequence •严格责任•mistake of fact •未成年人•crime of negligence •民事损害赔偿•material matter •动机•specific intent •犯意•Put the following terms into Chinese:•grading systems•first degree murder•retributive sentence•aggravated assault•peremptory challenges•presumption of innocence•case at bar•case of first impression•verdict of acquittal•verdict of guilty•Translate the following sentences into Chinese• 1. Under Model Penal Code, intent has the meaning as follows: a person acts with intent with respect to a material element when (1)if the element involves the nature of his conduc or a result thereof, it is his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a result; and (2) if the element involves the attendant circumstances, he is aware of the existence of such circumstances or he believes or hopes that they exist.•根据《标准刑法典》的规定,故意的意思是:当(1)若一个要件含有行为人行为的性质或结果,他的主观目的则是从事该性质的行为或造成该结果;以及(2)若一个要件含有若干伴随情形,他则意识到该等情形的存在并且相信或希望该等情形存在时,一个人的行为构成针对一重要要件的行为意图。
常用法律英语词汇翻译大全:民事法律.doc
常用法律英语词汇翻译大全:民事法律法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 英吉利法English law 衡平法equity; law of equity 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm 民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality 自愿原则principle of free will 公平原则principle of justice 等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith 行为act 作为act 不作为omission 合法行为lawful act 违法行为unlawful act 民事权利权利能力civil right 绝对权absolute right 相对权relative right 优先权right of priority 先买权preemption 原权antecedent right 救济权right of relief 支配权right of dominion 请求权right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation 撤销权right of claiming cancellation 否认权right of claimingcancellation 解除权right of renouncement 代位权subrogated right 选择权right of choice 承认权right of admission 终止权right of termination 抗辩权right of defense 一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense 永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right 不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right 同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right 期待权expectant right 专属权exclusive right 非专属权non-exclusive right 人身权利personal right 人权human right 人格权right of personality 生命健康权right of life and health 姓名权right of name 名称权right of name 肖像权right of portraiture 自由权right of freedom 名誉权right reputation 隐私权right of privacy 私生活秘密权right of privacy 贞操权virginity right 身份权right of status 亲权parental power; pa。
法律英语的翻译
2. 法律英语典型句型的翻译 2.1 otherwise
1.
2. 3.
Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法: 跟unless引导的句子(让步状语从句)连 用; 置放在连词or之后使用; 与than一起,通常用来否定句子的主语。
例1 In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, "state" means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) 在本条例中﹐除文意另有所指外, “国家” 指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。
这些词用来确指法律文本中的某一方或合同双方,使行文准确,从而 提高法律文书的正式性。
法律英语典型句型的翻译
1. 引言
改革开放以后,尤其是中国加入世贸组织 后,法律翻译成为热点。 一方面是为了让世界了解中国的法律制度 和具体法律法规,需要将大量的中国的法 律文本译成外文。 另一方面,为了学习借鉴国外的先进法制 建设成果,需要将大量的国外的法律法规 法学著作等译成外文。
例 10 Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched.
凡被告人被判处罚款﹐但没有随即缴付 罚款﹐裁判官可命令搜查被告人。
法律英语翻译
法律英语翻译-法律英语特点法律英语(Legal English)措辞严谨,句式冗长,结构复杂,甚至一句话能长达一篇文章。
在做好法律英语(Legal English)翻译(translation)之前,清楚认识法律英语(Legal English)的特点(characteristics)至关重要。
同样汉语中的法律用语也同样严谨,结构复杂,清楚的掌握两种语言的法律用语特点(characteristics)在翻译(translation)中会更加有章可循。
法律英语(Legal English)是以英语共同语为基础,在立法和司法等活动中形成和使用的具有法律专业特点(characteristics)的语言。
因此,在法律英语(Legal English)中不仅有众多的具有法律专门意义的特殊词汇(words),而且由于规定人们权利和义务的法律、法令或契约等法律文书所表述的内容必须准确、严密、客观和规范,不容许丝毫的引伸、推理或抒发和表达感情,因而在法律英语(Legal English)中又形成了许多其特有的句法特点(characteristics),这些词法和句法特点(characteristics)在翻译(translation)过程中必须受到充分重视。
下面我们从词汇(words)、词类使用和句型结构三方面来考察法律英语(Legal English)的文体(style)特点(characteristics):一、法律英语(Legal English)的文体(style)特点(characteristics)之一:法律英语(Legal English)词汇(words)1.1法律英语(Legal English)用词特点(characteristics):庄重、规范、书面语较多法律是掌握国家政权的阶级、集团的意志体现,它有鲜明的政策性,权威性。
为了维护法律的严肃性,法律、法规遣词造句力求准确,用词正式,语意严谨。
法律英语 词汇翻译
法律英语词汇翻译案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师councel pro hac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定)裁决书award(用于仲裁)裁决书verdict(用于陪审团)采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons; subpoena答辩状answer; reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law 法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison; jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人interested party; party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information; indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人(仲裁)claimant; plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim 推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court; recess宣判pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation 自诉案件private prosecuting case。
法律英语-common law
法律英语-common law提到"English law"我们就会条件反射,联想到"common law"这个概念,甚至把两者误解为同一概念。
其实,"English law"是"English law ","common law"是"common law","English common law"又是"English common law"。
汉语中,人们往往把"common law"说成是"普通法"、"习惯法"、"不成文法"、"判例法",甚至有时在一定上下文中被当作了"事实上"的代名词--如:"common law marriage"就被说成是"事实婚姻":"common law wife"便被说成是"事实上的妻子"。
严格说,上述种种说法大多是人们对"common law"的--种诠释("interpretation"),而不是什么翻译("translation")其中可算作翻译的,唯"普通法"而已。
"common law"之译为"普通法",似已"约定俗成"了,但是是否确切呢?在其尚未在广大读者间"约定俗成"前,尚不无商讨之实际意义。
形容词"common"具有:"共同的"、"普通的"、"粗俗的"、"低劣的"、"(数)共通的"、"(语)通(性)的"与"通(俗)的"等七类释义。
按此,则"common law"之译作"普通法",是于词典有据的了。
但是,词典上不是有七类释义吗?此处译作"普通法",采用的显然是第二类释义。
然则,这样取义对不对呢?能不能另取他义,比如说取第一类释义而译作"共同法"呢?为什么"Common Market"译作"共同市场",而不译作"普通市场"呢?这就牵扯到一个翻译上"具体词义具体确定--具体词语具体翻译"的原则了。
说得更明确一些:"common"一词在"common law"这一合成词中的具体涵义是什么?是"普通"还是"共同"?请看下列引文便知分晓:1.……the common law has in itself a number of historical sources which were,prior to Conquest,embodied in local custom. The unique contribution of the Norman Conquest, was to unify these local customs into one system of law common to all men, for this reason termed the "common law"。
法律英语翻译(一)
法律英语翻译:法律翻译常用词汇注释(D-K)翻译法律文件时,有些专用词不知道怎么翻,或者不确定最准确、最专业的译法是什么,确实让人苦恼。
这里有法律翻译中常见词的中文注释,按字母排序,方便查找。
DDamagesdamages在法律英语中表示损害赔偿金,要注意用的是复数形式,如果用单数,则表示损害。
如incidental damages 附带损害consequential damages 间接损害claim damages for the breach of contract.因违约要损害赔偿金等。
Debenturedebenture的意思是债券,通常指的是无担保债券。
如bank debenture 金融债券bearer debenture 不记名债券coupon bank debenture 附息票金融债券customs debenture 海关退税凭单等。
Declarationdeclaration在法律英语中常用作申报,如customs declaration报关,export declaration出口申报,income tax declaration个税申报等。
Decree法庭判令。
法庭聆讯后所作出的判令,可以分成暂时性判令“decree nisi” 和永久性判令“decree absolute”,常见于离婚呈请的程序。
一般而言,法庭颁出decree nisi后,在指定的期限过后,除非收到反对,否则都会颁出永久判令。
Deed契约。
是一种特别的合约,须要经过当事人签署、盖章并送交对方才算有效,契约上的盖章在法律上被视为一种有效的约因。
Defamation诽谤。
非法破坏他人名誉的行为,口头的毁谤和以书面的永久形式诽谤都可以构成民事索偿的理据或者刑事罪行。
Defence抗辩。
刑事或民事案件中的被告,否认有关的指控或申索,同时提出反对的支持事实。
Delegatedelegate在法律英语中的意思是转让,通常指义务的转让,如:In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China”), the consent of the creditors shall be obtained for the delegation of obligations to become effective.根据中华人民共和国(以下称“中国”)法律,义务的转让须取得债权人的同意方可生效。
法律英语翻译常用专业词汇
法律英语翻译常用专业词汇引言随着全球化的加速发展,法律翻译成为越来越重要的领域,特别是涉及跨国交易和法律纠纷解决。
在进行法律翻译时,熟悉和正确使用常用的法律英语专业词汇是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些常见的法律英语翻译词汇,以帮助读者在法律翻译工作中胜任。
常见法律英语词汇1. 法律文件名称•Complnt(诉状)•Writ(文书)•Summons(传票)•Affidavit(宣誓书)•Indictment(起诉书)•Subpoena(传唤令)•Pleading(辩词)•Judgment(判决书)•Decree(裁定书)2. 法律程序•Trial(审判)•Hearing(听证会)•Arrgnment(提讯)•Bl(保释)•Plea(答辩)•Evidence(证据)•Witnesses(证人)•Cross-examination(盘问)•Verdict(裁决)3.法律机构名称•Court(法庭)•Judge(法官)•Attorney(律师)•Prosecutor(检察官)•Plntiff(原告)•Defendant(被告)•Jury(陪审团)•Bliff(法警)4. 合同和协议•Contract(合同)•Agreement(协议)•Terms and Conditions(条款和条件)•Breach(违约)•Consideration(对价)•Indemnification(赔偿)•Confidentiality(保密)•Force Majeure(不可抗力)5. 知识产权•Intellectual Property(知识产权)•Patent(专利)•Trademark(商标)•Copyright(版权)•Infringement(侵权)•Royalty(版税)6. 公司法•Corporation(公司)•Shareholder(股东)•Board of Directors(董事会)•Articles of Incorporation(公司章程)•Shareholder Meeting(股东会议)•Merger(合并)7. 证明和认证•Notarization(公证)•Certification(认证)•Authentication(认证)8. 跨国交易•International Trade(国际贸易)•Import(进口)•Export(出口)•Customs(海关)•Tariff(关税)•Free Trade Agreement(自由贸易协定)9. 诉讼程序•Statute of Limitations(诉讼时效)•Discovery(证据交换)•Motion(动议)•Appeal(上诉)•Pretrial Conference(庭前会议)•Statutory Law(法令)•Case Law(判例法)10. 人权•Human Rights(人权)•Civil Liberties(公民权利)•Freedom of Speech(言论自由)•Right to Privacy(隐私权)•Due Process(正当程序)•Equality(平等)结论在法律翻译中,准确理解和恰当使用常见的法律英语专业词汇是至关重要的。
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语句子的特点
shall not constitute a waiver; shall not be deemed a consent; including but not limited to… nothing contained herein shall…
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语词汇的特点
8. 大量使用累赘词以表达单一的 法律概念
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语词汇的特点
解释:
Ex 1. He was awarded (判给)$500 damages(损 害赔偿)for the injury he suffered in the accident.
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语词汇的特点
Ex. 2. 1) The testator died without issue(子女). 2) Parties must wait for process(传票)to
provisions of the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China;
法律英语翻译(1)
法律英语句子的特点
or (ii) to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party’s economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favorable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented.
法律英语的特点及翻译
法律英语的特点及翻译发布时间:2006-12-27 02:07 浏览次数:2326樊爱茹(包钢(集团) 公司办公厅,内蒙古包头014010)摘要:文章概括介绍了法律英语的主要特点,探讨了如何正确理解和翻译法律英语的方法。
关键词:法律英语;特点;翻译Characteristics and translation of legal EnglishFAN Ai - ru( General Office of Baotou Steel ( Group) Corporation, Baotou 014010, China)Abstract: The characteristics of legal English are briefly introduced and the methods of how to understand and translate it are discussed.Key words: legal English; characteristics; translation法律英语(Legal English) ,在英语国家中被称为Legal Language 或Language of the Law ,即法律语言,指表述法律科学概念及诉讼或非诉讼法律事务时所用的语种或某一语种的部分用语,它是以英语共同语为基础,在立法和司法等活动中形成和使用的具有法律专业特点的语言。
因此,在法律英语中不仅有众多具有法律专门意义的特殊词汇,而且由于规定人们权利和义务的法律、法令或契约等法律文书所表述的内容必须准确、严密、客观和规范,不容许丝毫的引伸、推理或抒发和表达感情,因而法律英语有其特有的风格,在翻译上也有其特有的方法和要求。
1、法律英语的特点法律英语作为一种具有规约性的语言的分支,有其独特的语言风格特点,包括:用词准确、句子结构复杂、具有特别的格式等,而其中最重要、最本质的特点就是用词准确。
法律英语重点专业词汇表
法律英语重点专业词汇表以下是一份法律英语中的重点专业词汇表,供参考使用:- 案件(case)- 起诉(file a lawsuit)- 被告(defendant)- 原告(plaintiff)- 辩护(defense)- 公诉人(prosecutor)- 辩护律师(defense lawyer)- 证人(witness)- 法官(judge)- 律师(lawyer)- 合同(contract)- 法律文件(legal document)- 法律条文(legal provision)- 法规(regulation)- 立法(legislation)- 法庭(court)- 诉讼(litigation)- 裁决(judgment)- 判决(verdict)- 上诉(appeal)- 不当行为(misconduct)- 违法行为(illegal act)- 犯罪行为(criminal act)- 合法(legal)- 非法(illegal)- 违反(violate)- 证据(evidence)- 调查(investigation)- 宪法(constitution)- 法治(rule of law)- 监管(regulation)- 法律系统(legal system)- 民事法(civil law)- 刑法(criminal law)- 劳动法(labor law)- 知识产权(intellectual property)- 合同法(contract law)- 诉讼程序(litigation process)这些词汇是法律英语学习中的重点,希望对您有所帮助。
请注意,在具体使用时,务必考虑上下文和专业背景,避免使用不正确或不当的法律术语。
法律英语词汇大全(完美打印版)
法律渊源source of law令狐采学制定法 statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法 special law 固有法native law; indigenous law继受法 adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedurallaw原则法 fundamentallaw例外法exceptionlaw司法解释judicialinterpretation习惯法customarylaw公序良俗publicorder and moral自然法 natural law罗马法 Roman Law私法 private law公法 public law市民法 jus civile万民法 jus gentium民法法系civil lawsystem英美法系 system ofAngloAmerican law大陆法系civil lawsystem普通法commonlaw大陆法continentallaw罗马法系Romanlaw system衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法 ecclesiastical law寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamentalprinciples of civillaw平等原则principleof equality自愿原则principleof free will公平原则principleof justice等价有偿原则principle of equalvalue exchange诚实信用原则principle of goodfaith行为 act作为 ac不作为 omission合法行为 lawful act违法行为unlawfulact民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absoluteright相对权 relative right 优先权right of priority先买权 preemption 原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right offormation撤销权right ofclaiming cancellation否认权right ofclaiming cancellation解除权right ofrenouncement代位权subrogatedright选择权right ofchoice承认权right ofadmission终止权right oftermination抗辩权right ofdefense一时性抗辩权momentary right ofdefense永久性抗辩权permanentcounterargumentright不安抗辩权unstablecounterargumentright同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance既得权 tested right 期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权nonexclusive right 人身权利personal right人权 human right人格权right of personality 生命健康权rightof life and health姓名权right ofname名称权right ofname肖像权right ofportraiture自由权right offreedom名誉权rightreputation隐私权right ofprivacy私生活秘密权 rightof privacy贞操权virginityright身份权right ofstatus亲权 parental power;parental right亲属权right ofrelative探视权visitationright配偶权right ofspouse荣誉权right ofhonor权利的保护protection of right 公力救济public protection私力救济selfprotection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为act ofdefence自为行为selfconducting act紧急避险act ofrescue; necessity自助行为act ofselfhelp不可抗力forcemajeure意外事件 accident行为能力capacityfor act意思能力capacityof will民事行为 civil act意思表示declaration ofintention意思表示一致meeting of minds;consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity foract限制行为能力restrictive capacityfor act准禁治产人quasiinterdictedperson保佐 protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民 citizen住所 domicile居所 residence 经常居住地frequently dwellingplace户籍 census register监护 guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding ruralhousehold合伙 partnership合伙人 partner合伙协议partnershipagreement合伙财产propertyof partnership合伙债务debt ofpartnership入伙joinpartnership退伙withdrawalfrom partnership合伙企业partnership businessestablishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legalperson特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership 私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship 法人 legal person企业法人legalbody of enterprise企业集团group ofenterprise关联企业affiliateenterprise个人独资企业individual businessestablishment国有独资企业solely stateownedenterprise中外合资企业Sinoforeign jointventure enterprise中外合作企业Sinoforeigncontractualenterprise社团法人legalbody of massorganization财团法人legalbody of financialgroup联营 joint venture法人型联营association of legalpersons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperationtype coordinated management合作社 cooperative 民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legalact多方民事法律行为joint act civil legalact有偿民事法律行为civil legal act withconsideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal actwithoutconsideration; civillegal act withoutaward实践性民事法律行为practical civillegal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civillegal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civillegal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legalact不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act beforedeath死后民事法律行为civil legal act afterdeath准民事法律行为quasicivil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为 illegal act;unlawful act侵权行为 tort欺诈 fraud胁迫 duress乘人之危takingadvantage ofothers’ precariousposition以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal formconcealing illegalintention恶意串通maliciouscollaboration重大误解grossmisunderstanding显失公平obviousunjust误传misrepresentation代理 agency本人 principal被代理人 principal 受托人 trustee代理人 agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人 subagent再代理人 subagent转代理人 subagent代理权right ofagency授权行为act ofauthorization授权委托书powerof attorney代理行为act ofagency委托代理 agency bymandate本代理originalagency复代理 subagency次代理 subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理 agency byestoppel; apparentagency律师代理 agency bylawyer普通代理generalagency全权代理generalagency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间 brokerage居间人 broker行纪commission; broker house信托 trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension ofprescription/limitation时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extensionof limitation取得时效acquisitiveprescription时效终止lapse oftime; termination ofprescription期日 date期间 term涉外民事关系civilrelations withforeign elements冲突规范rule ofconflict准据法applicablelaw; governing law反致renvoi;remission转致 transmission识别 identification公共秩序保留reserve of publicorder法律规避evasion of law国籍 nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibilit y行政责任administrative liability/responsibilit y 刑事责任criminalliability/responsibility违约责任 liability ofbreach of contract;responsibility ofdefault有限责任limitedliability无限责任unlimitedliability按份责任shared/severalliability连带责任joint andseveral liability过失责任liabilityfor negligence;negligent liability过错责任faultliability; liability forfault单独过错 sole fault共同过错 joint fault混合过错mixedfault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错thirdparty’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失 negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence withundue assumption损害事实facts ofdamage有形损失tangibledamage/loss无形损失 intangibledamage/loss财产损失propertydamage/loss人身损失personaldamage/loss精神损失spiritualdamage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearingcivil liability停止侵害cease theinfringing act排除妨碍exclusionof hindrance;removal of obstacle消除危险elimination ofdanger返还财产restitution ofproperty恢复原状restitution;restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem;right in rem; realright物权制度real rightsystem; right in remsystem一物一权原则theprincipal of Onething, One Right物权法定主义principal of legalityof right in rem物权公示原则principal of publicsummons of right inrem物权法 jus rerem物 property生产资料rawmaterial forproduction生活资料means oflivelihood; means ofsubsistence流通物res incommercium; athing in commerce限制流通物limitedmerchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium;a thing out of commerce资产 asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset 动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物 res certae; a certain thing 种类物genus;indefinite thing可分物resdivisibiles; divisiblethings不可分物resindivisibiles;indivisible things主物res capitalis; aprincipal thing从物res accessoria;an accessory thing原物 original thing孳息 fruits天然孳息naturalfruits法定孳息legalfruits无主物 bona vacatia;vacant goods;ownerless goods遗失物lostproperty漂流物driftingobject埋藏物fortuna;hidden property货币 currency证券 securities债券 bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权 right of use; right to use of收益权right toearnings; right toyields处分权right ofdisposing; jusdispodendi善意占有possession in goodfaith恶意占有maliciouspossession按份共有severalpossession共同共有jointpossession他物权jus in realiena用益物权real rightfor usufruct使用权 right to use;right of use土地使用权 right tothe use of land林权forestownership采矿权miningownership经营权managerialauthority; power ofmanagement承包经营权 right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权 superficies 永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum;personal servitude担保物权real rightfor security物的担保securityfor thing物的瑕疵担保warranty againstdefect of a thing抵押权hypotheca;hypothecation; rightto mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right tomortgage抵押人 mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estateunder mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right tomortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right tomortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment ofright to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权 priority of mortgage留置权 lien一般留置权 generallien特别留置权speciallien质权hypotheque;pledge; right ofpledge佃权 tenant right债权jus inpersonam; right togive or procure;claim; creditor’sright债权人 creditor债务人 debtor相对人counterpart;offeree给付 give; pay债务debt; liability;obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation ofdebt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除exemption of debt 债的分类obligatio; obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation 主债prime/principalobligation从债accessoryobligation单一之债singleobligation按份之债severalobligation连带之债jointobligation特定之债certainobligation种类之债indefiniteobligation合同之债contractualobligation侵权行为之债tortobligation损害赔偿之债obligation ofcompensation forinjury; obligation ofdamages人身损害damageto person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage医药费hospital treatment expense 医疗费medical charge抚恤金 pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation 财产担保propertyguarantee信用担保creditguarantee让与担保alienationguarantee保证 guaranty明示保证expressguaranty默示保证impliedguaranty保证人 guarantor保证合同contractofguaranty/suretyship保证金guarantybond; securitydeposit押金deposit;foregift预付款advancedpayment定金 earnest money;deposit违约金liquidateddamages法定违约金liquidated damagesby law约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction 提存debtor’ssubmission of thesubject matter ofobligation tocompetent authority抵销 setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护internationalprotection ofintellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of nationaltreatment优先权原则a rightof priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine ofautomatic protection特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权 copyright版权 copyright著作权人copyrightowner创作 creation作品opus; product;work著作人格权right of personality of copyright发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision完整性保持权 right to maintain integrity 不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right ofrecall; right ofretrieval自费出版publish abook at theauthor’s ownexpense著作财产权property right inwork使用收益分享权right to shareusufruct利用权right tomake use of获得报酬权 right toget payment重播权right ofrebroadcasting录制权right offixation机械复制权rightof mechanograph;right of mechanicalreproduction著作邻接权neighboring right ofcopyright剽窃plagiary;plagiarism盗版 pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造 forge工业产权industrial property专利权 patent right 优先权日priority date申请在先原则prior application rule使用在先priority of use 新颖性 novelty创造性 creativity实用性practicability发明创造inventionand creation实用新型utilitymodel外观设计design;industrial design发明权right ofinvention发现权right ofdiscovery专利申请patentapplication专利异议objectionto a patent专利公告patentgazette专利续展费renewal fee ofpatent专利许可协议patent licensingagreement技术诀窍 knowhow专有技术 knowhow专利证书 certificateof patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China 商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registration of trademark商品商标commoditytrademark服务商标servicetrademark驰名商标reputedtrademark广告商标advertisementtrademark近似商标similartrademark商标评审委员会trade review andappraisal board商标审查trademarkexamination商标侵权trademarkinfringement商标注册registeredtrademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing ofregistered trademark注册商标转让assignment ofregistered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, inheritance, adoption婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage 财产分割partition;dismemberment ofproperty重婚 bigamy独生子女 only child法律婚legalmarriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugalrelationship夫妻分居divorce amensa et thoro;divorce from bedand board复婚resumption ofmarriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization ofpostnuptialproperties婚姻登记marriageregistration婚生子女ligitimatechild计划生育birthcontrol结婚 marry离婚 divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage 拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements配偶 spouse 事实婚de factomarriage诉讼离婚divorceby litigation探视权visitationright同居 cohabitation晚婚 late marriage无效婚姻voidmarriage协议离婚divorceby agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚 early marriage直系血亲linealdescent自然血亲naturalblood relation收养法adoptionlaw收养协议adoptionagreement收养人adoptiveparent送养人person orinstitution placingout a child foradoption涉外收养adoptionwith foreign elements继承法inheritance law; law of succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestate succession遗赠继承succession by devise 自然继承natural succession代位继承representation; succession bysubrogation世袭继承 hereditarysuccession间接继承indirectsuccession转继承subsuccession共同继承jointsuccession单独继承singlesuccession继承人heir;successor第二顺序继承人successor second inorder第一顺序继承人successor first inorder继承参与人successionparticipant遗产inheritance;heritage遗产继承人heir toproperty; inheritor遗言last will andtestament遗书 last words遗赠 bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacysupport agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法antiunfair competition law消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law产品责任法production liabilitylaw消费者权益法consumer rights andinterests law公司法companylaw; corporate law公司company;corporation有限责任公司limited liabilitycompany股份有限公司company limited byshares无限公司unlimitedcompany股份两合公司 jointstock limited liabilitypartnership两合公司jointliability company控股公司holdingcompany集团公司groupcompany合资公司jointventure company联营公司associated company; affiliated company 国营公司stateown company国有公司stateowned company民营公司civilianrun company 本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company 上市公司listedcompany母公司parentcompany子公司 subsidiary皮包公司briefcasecompany; fundlesscompany募集设立incorporation bystock floatation发起人floater;initiator公司名称name ofcompany公司住址domicileof company出资contribution;capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment inindustrial propertyright非专有技术出资investment innonpatenttechnology劳务出资investment in labor 高新技术成果出资investment in hitech achievements注册资本registered capital实缴资本paidin capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants 注册会计师certified publicaccountant资本三原则threedoctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capitaldetermination资本维持原则doctrine of capitalmaintenance资本不变原则doctrine ofunchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capitalsystem公司章程 articles ofassociation; articlesof incorporation;bylaw公司登记incorporation;corporateregistration公司存续existenceof company公司合并分立merger and split ofcompany公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司管理corporate governance; company management公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿company rectification公司歇业 closure of business公司和解company composition 公司解散companydissolution公司清算companyliquidation公司清理companywindingup竞业禁止noncommpete;competitionprohibition招股章程prospectus股本 stock capital股东 shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution ofshareholders’meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure ofshareholders’meeting表决权 voting right;right to vote董事 director董事长president/chairmanof the board首席执行官chief executiveofficer(CEO)首席运营官chief operationofficer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility systemof the chiefexecutive officerunder the leadershipof the board ofdirectors经理独立负责制managerindependentresponsibility system监事 supervisor监事会board ofsupervisors股 share; stock普通股commonstock特别股 special stock资格股 qualificationstock优先股preferredstock劣后股inferiorstock表决权股stockwith voting power溢价股premiumstock折价股convertingstock国家股stateownedshare集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息 dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund 资本公积金capital accumulation fund 盈余公积金 surplusaccumulation fund任意公积金optionalaccumulation fund公司犯罪corporatecrime证券法securitieslaw证券发行issuanceof securities证券上市listsecurities; float anissue证券交易所stockexchange证券商securitiesdealer证券公司securitiescompany证券承销商consortium ofunderwriters证券承销合同underwritingcontract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度 disclosingsystem交割日 closing date 风险投资基金venture capital fund 上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券监督委员会securities supervision committee票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes; bills;commercialinstruments商业票据bill;commercialinstrument远期票据time bill;;longdated bill到期票据maturedbill即期票据 sight bill记名票据billpayable to order;note to order不记名票据bearerinstrument本票promissorynote支票 cheque汇票bill ofexchange发票日 ticket day出票日date ofdraft/issue发票地place ofdraft/issue票据到期日bill tomature票据金额sum ofbill票面价额 face value 票据出票人 drawer 票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act on commercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill 票据付款人 drawee票据支付人payeron commercialinstrument票据收款人billcollector票据背书人endorser/indorserof a bill被背书人 endorsee票据保证人billguarantor票据被保证人billpledgee/warrantee再追索人renewedrecourser前手 remote holder后手subsequentendorser票据权利right ofbill票据期限term ofbill; tenor票据债务人debtorof commercialinstrument追索权right ofrecourse票据抗辩 exceptionto bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency fornotes/bills/commer cial instruments 海商法maritimelaw船舶国籍证书certificate of registry;certificate of ship’snationality船棋国 flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of shipownership船舶检验registerof ship船舶保险insuranceon hull船舶保险单hullinsurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnagemeasurement ofships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押shipmortgage船舶租赁shipchartering船舶转租shipsubchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit 船级社classification society船级证书 certificateof class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim toseagoing ships救助优先权 priorityclaim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim togeneral average服务优先权 priorityclaim to service货物损害优先权priority claim tocargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to shipcredit and goodscredit海运合同shippingcontract提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费 dead freight 租船费 charterage 租船合同charterparty contract of affreightment期租船合同time charterparty; time CP航次租船合同voyage charterparty 定期租船合同time charterparty光船租船合同bareboatcharterparty;bareboat CP包租运输合同shippingcharterparty海上旅客运输合同contract for carriageof passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of oceantowage港内拖带合同contract of porttowage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;;sea protest海事声明书seaprotest海事争议maritimedispute海事法院maritimecourt;; admiraltycourt海事诉讼程序maritimeproceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment 海事优先请求权preferential right topmaritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petitionfor maritimeattachment海事诉讼法律文书送达 service of legalinstruments inmaritimeaction/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction ofmaritime actioninvolving forelements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsoryrealization of thedistrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritimearbitrationprocedure保险法insurancelaw自愿保险voluntaryinsurance强制保险compulsory insurance商业保险commercial insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance 社会保险socialinsurance养老保险endowmentinsurance医疗保险medicalinsurance失业保险unemploymentinsurance信用保险creditinsurance保证保险guarantyinsurance保险合同insurancecontract保险人insurer;underwriter被保险人theinsured受益人 benificiary投保人applicantfor insurance;; policyholder保险单insurancepolicy保险标的insuranceobject保险费 premium保险期限 time limit令狐采学创作令狐采学创作 of insurance保险利益 insurable interest保险金额 insurance; insurancecompensation保险事故 insurance accident保险赔偿 insurance indemnity保险代理人 insurance agent保险经纪人 insurance broker 索赔 claim 代位索赔 claim by subrogation 理赔 settlement of claim 代位求偿权 right of subrogation 委付 abandonment 退保 cancellation/dischar ging of insurance。
法律英语专业词汇翻译
法律英语专业词汇翻译案件受理费 court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case案由 cause of action案子 case包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件)被诉人 respondent; defendant本地律师 local counsel毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate辩护词 defense; pleadings辩护律师 defense lawyer辩护要点 point of defense辩护意见 submission财产租赁 property tenancy裁定书 order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定)裁决书 award(用于仲裁)裁决书 verdict(用于陪审团)采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests查阅法条 source legal provisions出差 go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造 further study abroad出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion出示的证据 exhibit出庭 appear in court传票 summons; subpoena答辩状 answer; reply代理词 representation代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations代理仲裁 agency for arbitration代写文书 drafting of legal instruments待决案件 pending case当事人陈述 statement of the parties第三人 third party吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license调查笔录 investigative record调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence调解 mediation调解书 mediation二审案件 case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件 send e-mail法律顾问 legal consultants法律意见书 legal opinions法律援助 legal aid法律咨询 legal counseling法庭 division; tribunal法学博士学位 LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会 law society法学课程 legal courses法学硕士学位 LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系 faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位 LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)法学院 law school法院公告 court announcement反诉状 counterclaim房地产律师 real estate lawyer; real property lawyer 非合伙律师 associate lawyer非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice。
《法律英语翻译》课件
Detailed description
Example
Summary: The translation of commonly used vocabulary in legal English requires attention to the accuracy of context and semantics.
Accuracy
The translated text must accurately reflect the original legal concepts and provisions, without any deviation or loss
Neutrality
The translator should remain neutral and not introduce personal opinions or biases into the translation
Preservation of formality and precision
legal English senses must maintain a high degree of formality and precision, avoiding the use of colloquial language or vague expressions
Literal translation: for legal English sentences that are structurally simple and lake cultural context, literal translation can be used to retain the original meaning and legal concepts
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世界贸易组织
在国际贸易法当中,有两大永恒的主题,这便是保护本国产业免受外国竞争者的伤害和鼓励国际贸易。
近年来,由于对进口贸易的限制逐渐减少,国际贸易变得更加自由。
但是,随着扰乱和阻止国际贸易的限制政策层出不穷,贸易问题和国家间货物流通问题仍然不断增加。
一般的限制政策包括关税壁垒(比如进出口关税)和一些非关税贸易壁垒,诸如进口配额、进口许可证程序、安全、环境或其他最低生产标准、进口检测标准、包括评估在内的负责习惯程序、政府采购政策,以及政府的补贴和反补贴措施。
在两国的友好条约,商业和航海条约(FCN)当中,各国都为了限制破坏世界贸易的行为作出了很多限制,这使得签字国之间能实现其领土上的进出口自由。
这种双边的FCN条款经常与特惠贸易协议相关,在这种双边协议当中,这种联系往往是通过互相承认“最惠国”条款来实现的。
在最惠国条款当中,缔约国双方同意不给予任何第三国高于本双边条约协定的贸易优惠,除非此优惠立即适用于本双边条约缔约国。
在1944年的布雷顿森林会议当中,参与国一致认为,减少贸易障碍,并以此促进贸易自由化已成为战后世界的必然要求而且他们构想出了一个国际贸易组织(ITO)来达到预期目标。
1948年35个国家在哈瓦那集会,完成了ITO宪章的起草,他们希望ITO成为一把保护伞,他们可以在其之下定期的商讨减免关税的相关事宜。
1947年在日内瓦,“关税与贸易总协定”(GATT)的出台标志着这种商讨的框架已经基本成形。
在GATT的第一阶段,有二十三国家加入到其中。
那些严厉的贸易规则只在主要成员无意改变之处才能得到适用。
发展中国家反对其中很对严厉的贸易规则,他们想寻求一些特别待遇来满足发展目标,但在起草GATT 当中,发展中国家倒没有取得多少成功。
GATT1947和其随后的的多边谈判回合在减轻货物贸易关税上取得了很大成功。
这一点也是GATT1947初衷,而且其机制很好的服务了GATT的目的。
但是,它的效用仅限于货物贸易以及如何减轻其关税额度。
它的设计没有涉及到服务贸易,知识产权贸易和贸易相关投资措施,随着关税的递减,影响贸易的消极因素却在上述GATT没有涉及的领域愈发突出。
即便在货物贸易中GATT也有其局限性,他包括了一个适用条款协议,其中允许了很多GA TT下会员义务的“祖父条款例外”,只要对该协议加以适用,会员国就将获得其应当履行的G ATT义务的免除。
另外,GATT1947没有一个制度上的宪章,本身也没打算成为一个国际贸易组织。
虽然其随后成立了组织机构,并取得了准组织的地位,但是它始终被认为缺少一种规范的组织结构。
这种缺陷使得GATT无法解决很多递交上来的争端,争端解决程序也依赖于独立会员国的默许。
在GATT的主持下,缔约国进行了定期的多面贸易协商(MTN或回合),WTO便是GATT 乌拉圭1994年成功谈判的产物。
在1986年,乌拉圭回合当中出现了很多协定,其中就有“关于成立世界贸易组织的协定”及其附录(包括关税和贸易总协定1994——GATT1994),还有其他一系列多边贸易协定(如内括协定)。
WTO协议附录包含了一些多边贸易协定。
在货物贸易方面,有农业协定,纺织品协定,反倾销协定,补贴和反补贴措施协定,安全保障协定,技术贸易壁垒协定,卫生与动植物检疫措施协定,装运前检验措施协定,原产地规则协定,进口许可证程序协定;除此之外,它还制定了服务贸易,贸易相关的知识产权和贸易相关投资措施的多边规则框架。
值得一提的是,
《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解协定》影响了整个贸易协定体系,所有的WTO会员国都受上述所有多边贸易协定的约束。
在上述多边贸易协定之外,WTO协议的附录当中还包括了许多其他的复边,协议,诸如政府采购协议,民用航空贸易协定,国际牛肉和奶制品贸易协定,然而这些协定并不约束所有的会员国,会员国可以选择是否其约束。
没有加入其约束的国家也享受不到其互惠的利益。
WTO的义务在于推动并实现所有协定的实践和目标,也包括条约执行中的争端解决,贸易政策的评审和与国际货币基金组织(IMF)、世界银行的合作。
IMF和世界银行都是有其决策的执行权的机构,相反,WTO是无权主动采取行动的机构。
在WTO的条款约束下,只有会员国才能在《谅解协定》框架下主动启动争端解决机制.WTO主要通过允许成员国对其他成员国征收报复性关税和交叉报复性关税来体现其职能的,而非通过执行其本身作出的命令。
但是,WTO被国际上公认为有完整规范的组织结构,这相较之与GATT的地位就是一个很大进步了。
WTO体制分为三层。
第一层是部长级会议,它包括所有成员方的代表,每两年召开一次会议。
每一成员方都有平等的投票权,这一点就和IMF、世界银行的做法大相径庭,IMF、世界银行的做法是经济实力更强的国家在决策程序上更有话语权。
部长级会议负责WTO的全部职能,并有权对各多边贸易协定的事项作出决定,部长级会议还可以召集多边谈判并通过谈判决议。
四分之三在部长级议会上的投票可以准许在例外情形中会员义务的免除,它还有权通过内括协定的解释。
在部长级议会的休会期,其职能由总理事会代行。
第二层是执行WTO日常事务和职能的总理事会,它也由WTO的全体成员方代表组成,每一代表的投票权相当,并应在适当的时候召开会议,总理事会有权通过内括协定的解释。
第三层机构则包括了应对部长级会议和总理事会负责的机构、委员会和理事会。
部长级会议设立了贸易与发展委员会、国际收支限制委员会与预算、财务和行政委员会;总理事会下设争端解决部门,贸易政策评审部门,货物贸易理事会、与贸易有关的知识产权理事会和服务贸易理事会。
所有的理事会都依照WTO协定设立并对所有会员国开放。
理事会也有权开设其从属组织。
其他的委员会,诸如补贴和反补贴措施委员会是依其他独立协定设立的。
所有总理事会的机构当中,最为重要的当属争端解决机构(DSB)和贸易政策评审机构(T PRB)。
争端解决机构在所有内括协议框架下包括所有会员国,是一个负责争端解决的特别会议。
政策评审机构的目的在于保证WTO协议和义务得到遵循,并提高协议和义务更高程度的透明度。
政策评审机构没有事实上的执行力,但是其报告是要送达部长级会议的。
之后就由部长级会议来评估其成员国的贸易行为和贸易政策了。