跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习
跨文化交际复习名词解释：1. Intercultural CommunicationIt can be simply defined as communication between people of different cultures.2.CultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people./doc/1516397607.html,municationAct and process of sending and receiving messages among people.4.Verbal CommunicationVerbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message.5.Nonverbal communicationThe messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.Unit 1Case 1A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color white.“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort ofcolor, isn’t it?”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool.”“Oh, yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color.”“No, it is also like paper.”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man.”“No, not at all. It is also like china.”Q:Why is it difficult to explain to a blind person what colors are?A normal man with visual sense.A blind man without vision, mainly by tactile sensation.They do not share the same experiences.80s-90sIt is those different experiences that make up what is called “culture”. The differences m ay cause misunderstandings.Case 2Offering helpA Chinese young teacher was assigned to go to airport to meet a visiting American professor. When she arrived at the airport, she found that the professor had heavy suitcases and some smaller bags. He was an old man, about 70 years old. And they could not find a luggage trolley, so she wanted to help him with his luggage.Several times, she offered to take a heavy suitcase, but he refused by saying he can handle them by himself. However, he had difficulties to moveboth two heavy suitcases. At one point, when they stopped suddenly, one suitcase is down. When she picked it up, he says “I can handle this myself!”But being polite, she moved this suitcase to the van.When they come to the van, he seems to be annoyed with her. He hardly spoke with her the whole way to the school.1.Why do you think the professor became annoyed?2. Was it wrong for the Chinese young teacher to try to helpthe old professor with his luggage?3. What differences does the story reflect between American cultures and Chinese culture?The young Chinese teacher of English encounters no fewer than three problems:(1)Cultural Problem (2)Personality Problem (3)A Simple MisunderstandingCase 3Touching a strangerA Kazakhstan girl, in China studying Chinese, was shocked when a Chinese grandma touched her knee kindly on a bus.Once in a very cold winter day, she took a bus to school, wearing a mini-skirt. When she got on the bus, she sat in front of a Chinese grandma. The grandma took a look at her for about 5 minutes, and then the grandma put her hands on her knees and asked “Aren’t you cold? It is winter. You have to wear jeans.”She was a little scared because she barely know a person will touch her and give her an advice about what should her wear. It is quite uncommon in her country.Purpose of Intercultural Communication(1).Have a better understanding of foreign cultures and domestic cultures(2).Increase the culture awareness and sensitivity(3).Develop effective strategies in dealing with potential cultural conflicts(4).Improve your intercultural communicative competenceCase 4 P231.Why were Richard’s sincere compliments misunderstood by the Egyptian family?In Egyptian culture, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way.While Americans are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.Richard’s mistake: praise the food itself rather than the total evening.For the host and hostess, it is like he attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying: “What beautiful frames your pictures are in.”2.What was wrong in the way Richard dealt with the problem in Japan? Japanese people value order and harmony among a group, and the organization itself is valued more than any particular members.Americans stress individuality.Richard’s mistake: make great efforts to defend himself.Even if the others knew that the errors were not intentional, it is not right to defend yourself. The blame’s intention is to warn others of similar mistakes.A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would be appropriate.3.Which behavior was considered improper in England when Richard was taking tea?Richard’s mistake: help himself to some sugar and cream.The values expressed in the gesture of taking sugar and cream:For Americans: Help yourself.For Englishmen: Be my guest.The ideal guest at an American party is one who “makes himself at home,”even answering the door or fixing his own drink.While in many other countries, including the Britain, such guest behavior is rude.Purpose of Intercultural Communication(1)Have a better understanding of foreign cultures and domestic cultures(2)Increase the culture awareness and sensitivity(3)Develop effective strategies in dealing with potential cultural conflicts(4)Improve your intercultural communicative competence Classification of Intercultural Communication(1)International communication:always take place between nations and government rather than individuals. quite formal.E.g. if the Chinese Chairman communicate officially with the American president.(2)Interracial communication:occurs when the source and receivers exchange messages are from different races.E.g. if an African American interacts with a white American.(3)Inter-ethnic communication:refers to communication between people of the same race, but different ethnic background.E.g. if a Tibetan communicates with a Han.(4)Inter-regional communication:refer to the exchanges of message between members of the dominant culture within a country, but different regions.E.g. In China, if northerner interacts with a southerner.What are the three factors that affect the study of intercultural communication?Social-cultural elementsVerbal elementsNonverbal elementsUnit 2Case 1 P23(1)What do you think of the Korean student’s behavior in class?A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification.(2)Why did the students from Mexico readily adopt the techniques of asking questions in class?Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that’s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend not to say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.1.Characteristics of Culture(1)Culture is learned.(2)Culture is dynamic.(3)Culture guides people’s behavior.(4)A large part of culture is unconscious.2.The Nature of Culture(1)Culture is Like an Iceberg(2)Culture is Our Software(3)Culture is Like the Water a Fish Swim in(4)Culture is the Grammar of Our Behavior3.The Functions of Communication(1) Allow you to gather information about other people.(2)Help fulfill interpersonal needs.(3)Establish personal identities.(4)Influence others.4.Classification of communication(1)In terms of who communicates with whom, whether it is human beings, animals or machinesHuman CommunicationAnimal CommunicationHuman-animal CommunicationHuman-machine CommunicationMachine-to-machine Communication(2)Depending on the number of person involved in communication Intrapersonal communication (内向传播) Interpersonal communication (人际传播)Organizational communication (组织传播)Mass communication (大众传播)(3)Two-way communicationCommunicators can see each other and can monitor each other’s behavior.Direct / Face-to-Face Communication(4)One-way communicationCommunicators cannot see each other and cannot monitor each other’s behavior.Indirect / Distance Communication5.Elements of CommunicationContext, Participants, Messages, Channels, Noise, Feedback Unit 31. Why is one culture different from another?Perception (how we sense the world)Belief (what we believe as true)Value (a system of criteria known as rules and guideposts)2. How to classify different cultures?1). Hofstede’s Cultural Value System Cultural DimensionsIndividualism-collectivism个人主义与集体主义Uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避Power distance权力距离Masculinity-femininity刚柔性/ 男性度和女性度Time-orientation时间导向Individualism-collectivism个人主义与集体主义Case 1:Richard is an engineer from the United States. In Japan he had an even less pleasant experience though he thought he had handled it well.A number of serious mistakes had occurred in a project he wassupervising. While the fault did not lie with any one person, he was a supervisor and at least partly to blame. At a special meeting called to discuss the problem, poor Richard made an effort to explain in detail why he had done what he had done.He wanted to show that anybody in the same situation could have made the same mistake and to tacitly suggest that he should not be blamed unduly. He even went to the trouble of distributing materials which explained the situation rather clearly. And yet, even during his explanation, he sensed that something he was saying or doing was wrong.America—individualismJapan—collectivismAt the negotiating table, differences in this dimension can clearly cause serious conflict. Americans too often expect their Japanese counterparts to make decisions right at the negotiating table, and the Japanese are constantlysurprised to find individual members of the American team promoting their own positions, decisions, and ideas, sometimes openly contradicting one another.Case 10 P97From which perspective of cultural dimension theory can you analyze the intercultural communication here?Individualism – CollectivismIn Japan, the managers will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own interests for the interests of the company. Also the right to decide usually lies with the dominating male.But for the French, individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families.Uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避: High uncertainty avoidance &Low uncertainty avoidanceCase 2:E.g. the superior & subordinateA Chinese or an American superior can accept more suggestions thana Japanese.The Chinese or American workers tend to do the work by themselves.The Japanese workers will finish the task exactly according tothe order from the superior.Power distance权力距离: High PD Culture &Low PD Culture Case 9 P96From which perspective of cultural dimension theory can you analyze the intercultural communication here?Power distance – hierarchyThe man’s grandfather happened to drop in and began to comment on how the company had been formed and had been built up by the traditional practices that the young executives had recently discarded.The young man said nothing and just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.While Phil was confused and just started to protest.In Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles and gender.As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman.In Japan, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman.Challenging or disagreeing with elders’ opinions would b e deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lowerpositions are expected to be loyal and obedient t to authority.In Western countries, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters much in such situations.Young children are encouraged to challenge authority and voice their opinions.Masculinity-femininity刚柔性/ 男性度和女性度Time-orientation时间导向2). Model by Kluckhohn1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向2) = Man-nature orientation 人天取向3) = Time orientation 时间取向4) = Activity orientation 行为取向5) = Social orientation 人际取向Case studyDuring the American Civil War, a very hungry young man fell down in front of a farm gate. The farmer gave him food but in return he asked the young man to move a pile of wood in his yard – in fact it was not at all necessary to move the wood. When the young man left, the farmer moved the wood back to its original place. Seeing all this, the farmer’s son was confused.1. Why did the farmer do that?Save face and dignity of the young manAccept --- Earn2. What values are reflected in this story?Individualistic value system3). Edward T. Hall’s ModelHuman communication is dependent on the context in which it occurs.Communicative contexts include the physical, sociological, and psychological environments.High- and Low-context culturesHigh-context Culture: 高语境文化In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation).Indirect verbal communication patternRead between the linesChange little over timeExamples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc.Low-context Culture: 低语境文化In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.Direct verbal communication patternSend clear and persuasive messageExamples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.P115Case 1 FriendshipSteve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was an international student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted to learn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends.At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to eat lunch with him. But after the semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didn’t see each other bery much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve.Steve didn’t seem very interested in talking to him.What was wrong in the relationship between Yaser and Steve?Americans have school friends, work friends, sports friends and neighborhood friends. These friends are based on common interests.When the shared activity ends, the friendship may fade.In some cultures friendship means a strong life-long bond between twopeople. In these cultures friendships develop slowly, since they are built to last.Chinese expect friendships to be more lasting.Chinese can usually expect much from their friends.American friends like Chinese friends give each other emotional support in times of trouble, but they do it differently.A westerner will respond to a friend’s trouble by asking, “What do you want to do?” The idea is to help the friend think out the problem and discover the solution he or she really prefers and then to support that solution. A Chinese friend is more likely to give specific advice to a friendUnit 41.Relationship between Language and Culture:1). As a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped byculture.It reflects the environment in which we live and cultural values.Case 1Patriarchal society湖南岳阳临湘一带，只有男性称谓，没有女性称谓，爸爸是爸，妈妈也是爸，分别男女的办法是在前面加“大”或“细”（即小）。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料 Unit 1&2 Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words ornonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。
)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words orsymbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨⽂化交际复习资料U1Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration迁移；移民；移动, and the spread of technology.Global village: all the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communication, especially the internet.Melting pot: a social cultural assimilation同化作⽤of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (P8-9)The concept of culture:a learned set of shared interpretations解释about beliefs, values and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts: the material and spiritual精神的，⼼灵的products people produce.Behavior: what they doConcepts;beliefs,values,world views…what they think⽂化冰⼭（Cultural iceberg）P7Characteristics of cultural:Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.Cultural is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It drives from one?s social communication, not one?s genes. Enculturation(⽂化习得):All the activi ties of learning one?s culture are called enculturation.Culture is dynamic (P6): Culture is subject to change. It?s dynamic动态；动⼒rather than static静态的, constantly不断地；时常地changing and evolving进化；展开under the impact of events and through contract with other cultures.Acculturation(⽂化适应):The process which one adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnocentric(⽂化中⼼主义):Ethnocentric is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Communication: meaning to share with or to make commotion, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural presumptions假定推定and symbol systems distinct enough to alter the communication event. (P9-10)Components of communication:Source: the source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message: the term message identifies the encoded thoughts.Channel: the term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.Noise: the term noise technically refers to anything that distorts曲解the message the source encodes. Receiver: the receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding: the receiver is actually involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received. Receiver response: it refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback: it refers to that portion of the receiver responds of the resource has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context: Generally context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.Characters of communication:Communication is dynamic, symbolic, irreversible可逆的, systematic, transactional, and contextual. Unit 2-4 verbal communicationPragmatics⽤学；语⽤论: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics语义学；语义论: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation符号；表⽰；意义；指⽰: the literal of meaning or definition of a word—theexplicit明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述,particular特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的,defined meaning. Connotation暗⽰，隐含意义: the suggestive meaning of a word —all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion增加物of the unspoken significance意义；重要性；意思behind the literal meaning.Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism委婉语: the act of substituting取代a mild温和的, indirect间接的, or vague模糊的term for one considered harsh严厉的, blunt⽣硬的, or offensive.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (P22-23)Addressing by names Name order:Surname + given name/He Xiangu Given name + surname (AE)/Linda Smith Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.(P23)In Chinese seniority(资历) is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited by husband and wife, very closely friends, juniors by elders or superiors. Addressing by relationshipChinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to shoe politeness and respect. (P23)The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, American tends to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, professionAnother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office or profession to indi cate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24 Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.Unit 5 nonverbal communicationChronemics: The study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved in many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use to space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage: involving sounds but not words and lying verbal and nonverbal communication.Monochromic & Polychromic (P97)Monochromic time means paying attention to doing only one thing at a time.Monochromic time is structured and often rigid. Everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruption.Polychromic tim e means being involved in many things at once.People and cultures that run on polychromic time multitask well. These people focus on maintaining personal relationships more than completing tasks.Unit 6 cross-gender communicationHow is gender different from sex? (P120) Gender and sex are not synonymousSex: Biological; permanent; individual propertyGender: socially constructed; varied over time and across cultures; social and relational quality.What has influenced the gender socialization? (P121)There are two primary influences on gender socialization: Family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction between children.U 7 (P138) High-context culture Low-context culture Unit 9 P186A planetary cultur e: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with eastern science and relationlism. Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective and behavioral characteristics is not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological and parameters of his or her own culture. (P186) What are the Chinese/American cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it?s good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relationship of man to nature, they think mankind can live harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being and becoming attitude and activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefit of the group.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.Individualism vs. Collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity vs. Femininity 每单元练习ABCD(Unit 5 E.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English. )复习例题1.American parents would ask their children?s opinion in family decision-making because__C__.A.American parents like being told by their children what to do.B.American children have much power in the family.C.American parents take their children as an equal.D.American parents are unable to make decisions themselves.2. What is the best expression of the following you can use when you meet an American friend at the airport? B (P26)A.You must tired.B.Did you have a good trip.B.It is raining, isn?t it?C.Thank you for coming.3. What is a proper response of the following to “Thank you .”? D P57A.It is my duty to do so.B.It doesn?t matter at all.C.I quite understand i t.D.Don?t mention it.4. Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of culture? C P5-11A. It is shared.B. It is learned.C. It is static.D. It is ethnocentric.5. When a British friend is sick, you?d better say “___” to your friend to show your concern.BA.Drink plenty of water. B I do hope you?ll be feeling better soon.C Put on more clothes.D Take medicine on time.6. What is the Chinese equivalent of “landscaper engineer”? D P13A.导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.园林⼯⼈7. What does “call your carriage for you” mean? CA. Ask you for a favorB. Ask you to buy a carriageC. Ask you to go awayD. Ask you to join a party8. Which of the following does not have the sa me function that “副” fulfills in Chinese?D P73A. AssociateB. DeputyC. LieutenantD. Underline9. Which of the following is not included in kinesics? C P95A.PostureB. StanceC. Body distanceD. gesture10. Individualism has the following features except______. AA. strong family tiesB. Self-relianceC. FreedomD. Respect for individual rights11. M-time culture has the following features except______. D P97A. Cutting time into bitsB. Taking deadlines seriouslyC. Scheduling one thing at a timeD. More human-centered12. ____ __culture are typical P-time cultures. A P97A. Latin AmericanB. Northern AmericanC. Western EuropeanD. Northern European13. In American culture, silence may be interpreted as______.D P110A. AssertivenessB. ThoughtfulnessC. EnthusiasmD. Apathy14. Which of the following is not a feature of masculine talk?B P123A. Using talk to assert oneself and one?s ideasB. Being tentative so that others feel free to add their ideasC. Using talk to establish one?s status and powerD. Avoiding personal disclosures15. Which is the following is of the invisible part of cultural iceberg? A P7A. religious beliefsB. gesturesC. eating habitsD. Style of dress16. According to the cultural orientations put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following does not describe the Chinese cultural values? BA.Chinese culture holds that human nature is good but corruptible.B.They have a Linear time concept and are future-oriented.C.They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity.D.They are quite collective and focus on the benefits of the group.17. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greetings except______. C P25A.How are you gett ing on?B.How are things?C.Where have you been?D.How?s life?18. What is a proper topic when you are talking with an American? D P26(不确定)A.the price of an itemB. ReligionC. Marital statusD. Hobbies19. Which is the following is of the visible part of the cultural iceberg? B P7A. Religious beliefsB. LiteratureC. ValuesD. Worldviews20. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of communication? CA. It is symbolicB. It is contextualC. It is staticD. It is systematic21. Which of the following is not one of the social functions of compliments? C P50A. greeting peopleB. starting a conversationC. criticizing peopleD. overcoming embarrassment22. Which of the following is not a feature of sex? B P120A. It is biologicalB.It is dynamicC.It is permanentD.It has an individual property23. What is the Chinese equivalent of sanitation engineer? D P13A. 导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.清洁⼯24. What does the “a lady of the town mean”? C P67(不确定)A. A fashionable girlB. A graceful ladyC. A prostitudeD. An urban girl25. What is the acceptable addressing of “Tom Smith ” in American cuture?D P24A. Teacher SmithB. Mr.TomC. Director TomD.Professor Tom26. The word “dragon” is a word?A P70-71 ( 不确定)A. with different associated meanings in ChineseB. without a counterpart in ChineseC. with the same primary meaning in ChineseD. with many more terms in Chinese27. When making an appointment with an American friend, which of the following expressions is the most appropriate one?D P29A. I?m coming to see you this afternoonB. you must stay at home waiting for me this afternoonC. could you come directly to my house this afternoonD. I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime28. What is the Chinese equivalent of “reckless disregard for the truth”? DA. 躁动不安B.为⾮作⽍C.实事求是D.信⼝雌黄29. Which of the following is not one of the features of gender? C P119-120A. It?s socially-constrictedB. It?s dynamicC. It?s permanentD. It has a relational quality30. Which culture tends to envelop each other in breath when talking? A P101A. Arabian cultureB. American cultureC. British cultureD. Chinese culture31. Which of the following is not included in chronemics? C P95A. punctualityB. time orientationC. silenceD. promptness32. Collectivism emphasizes the following values except BA. strong family tiesB. self-relianceC. harmonyD. group-orientation33. in Japanese culture, silence may be interpreted as evidence of C P110A. passivityB. apathyC. wisdomD. hesitation34. According to the cultural orientations put Forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, American culture values have the following features except? CA. American culture holds that human nature evil but perfectibleB. They have a linear time concept and are future-orientedC. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activiityD. They are quite individualistic35. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greeting except They have a linear time concept and are future-oriented CA. How are you getting on?B. How are things?C. Where are you going?D. How?s life?Cultural Puzzles （3道）1. Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching and quite a few of them avoided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. One day, she came to the Director and told him that she would like to talk to him about her problem. The director looked at his timetable and asked if they could meet at ten o?clock on Thursday morning and she agreed.P87This is a typical cultural clash between the Chinese and Westerners, which was caused by their difference regarding_____C .A.Clollectivism vs. IndividualismB. Past-orientation vs. Future-orientationC.P-time vs. M-time Ｄ．High-context vs. Low-context2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.The Chinese onlooker?s laugh may convey the following meaning except____C .A. Don?t take it so seriously.B. It?s nothing.C. You are really clumsy.D. Such things can happen to any of us.3. A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sight-seeing is thirsty business, we did not trust the water, and delighted in the excellent beer which we politely offered Heping. Heping refused, we said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched.Q: Why did Heping rufuse the beer on the first offer?A：Because he was being modest and polite.Case Introduction（2道）1. Eric’s different situations in opening the shop in China:He had relatively little difficulty in locating his first shop after several weeks of paperwork, and he was open for business sonner than he had thought possible. The local bureaucrats with whom he dealt had seemed favorably impressed.As Eric began applying for the necessary permits with the local government agencies he was met with responses such as “we …ve never encountered this request”, or” this Procedure requires additional information”.2. Eric’s different attitude:Eric was optimistic about the prospect of his business. His business was quite successful in first few months. People were eager to buy his “unique” product.After several rounds of trying to understand the official rules, Eric beacame increasingly frustrated. After all he had been able to acquire the permits to open shop. Moreover, his attempts to secure additional supply channels were as yet unfruitful. It seemed that all suppliers were “already at full capacity”, or “unsure of future resources”.Case Analysis1.“Doing” orientation: seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He had heard much about the red tape involved in doing business in China but felt he could handle it.2.Collectivisim:A.great readiness to cooperation with in-group membersEg: Chinese are unsure of future resources, and local businessman was announcing the opening of several shops around town.B.collectivists tend to give a higher priority to relationshipsEg: The owners of local businessman had worked through the same government agencies.4. Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increase productivitywhile collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to chieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.5. Decision making in a collective culture may be a slower process than in an individualist culture, butthe implementation of the dicision may it be a change in policy.Eg: This procedure requires additional information.Q&A：1.How is Eric?s home culture influence his behavior and his business strategy?A.“Doing” orientatio n—seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He was optimistic./ He heard much about the red tape, but he still felt he could handle it.B.Individualism—coopertate with people who are not members of one?s group plus group membersEg: He had indicated his desire to use local workers and even train local managers.C.Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increaseproductivity while collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to achieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.2.What should Eric do to meet his business goals?●He should have an in-depth knowledge of China?s red tape and adapt it gradually.●He should increase the chance of cooperation with Chinese businessmen to coexist peace●When in Rome, do as the Romans do. He can use some Chinese etiquette to expand his network in Chinese society.。
跨文化交际复习材料
Needs and Purposes for CommunicationGenerally speaking, purposes relate to needs in that our purpose is what we intend to get done through communication. In other words, we have needs，which communicating can help to satisfy. The followingis a described list of common purposes and needs for communicating.一般来说，目的涉及需要，因为我们的目的是我们打算通过沟通来完成。
换句话说，我们有需要，沟通可以帮助满足我们的需要。
以下是通信的常见目的和需要的描述列表。
Survivalcommunicate survive. For example, we would communicate in Order to rent a flat (shelter). If we felt ourselves in physical danger, we would also communicate with others to try to get help.沟通生存。
例如，我们将通信订购租住一个公寓（住所）。
如果我们感到自己处于身体危险之中，我们还会与他人沟通，试图获得帮助。
Co-operationWe communicate in order to work with others. It is obvious that our need to form social group actually comes from our need to co-operate with each other in order to survive. Organized groups of people in any society work together to provide basic needs and also less basic needs.我们沟通，以便与他人合作。
跨文化交际知识点汇总
一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际. 一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际. 另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中, 不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际.2.跨文化交际的特点是什么跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际；跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性；跨文化交际容易引起冲突；跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突〞；跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反响；跨文化交际是一种挑战,更是一种收获.3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性表达在：更好地理解中国文化；建立敏锐的跨文化意识；提升文化适应能力；建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度；提升在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的水平；掌握培养学习者跨文化交际水平的方法和策略.4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些文化与交际；价值观与文化模式；语言交际; 非语言交际；文化身份&认同；文化适应；跨文化交际的心理因素；不同领域的跨文化交际；跨文化交际水平；跨文化交际练习.二、交际与文化1.什么是文化关于文化的定义,学界至今未有统一的定论.而作为跨文化交际的学习者,我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确,而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关,最能表达文化与跨文化交际的关系.教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义：文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念,这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导.2.什么是文化要素文化要素包罗万象.其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言.理解这些文化要素,有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用.3.G. Hofstede与G.J.Hofstede(2004) 提出的文化要素包括几个层次包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次.4.在跨文化交际领域,常用的文化分类方法有几种分别是什么有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用.一种是客观文化与主观文化.另二种是主导文化与亚文化.5.文化有什么特点呢〔1〕文化是后天习得的.〔2〕文化是共享的,并世代相传.〔3〕大局部文化是无意识的.〔4〕文化是象征的.〔5〕文化是动态的.6.什么是交际与文化的定义相似,关于交际的定义也非常丰富和复杂.教材仅推荐与跨文化交际语用领域相关的定义.即Gudykunst& Kim〔2003〕提出的关于交际的定义：交际是编码和解码的过程,但是这种编码和解码的过程并非单纯的传递和接受过程,而是包含着意义的协商和共建.7.交际的要素是什么交际是互相交往的过程,交际的全部过程包含以下要素：传送者、信息、编码、解码、媒介、反响、噪音.8.交际有什么特点〔1〕交际是象征的〔2〕交际是动态的过程〔3〕交际涉及意义的协商和共建〔4〕交际发生在意识的各个层面.〔5〕交际是特定语境中发生的.9.文化对交际有什么影响文化从两个层面影响交际：一是从文化标准的层面,二是从个人层面.文化影响着人们的感知.首先, 文化影响人们对外部刺激的选择.其次,文化影响人们对外部刺激的分类.第三,文化影响人们对外部刺激的意义联想.最后,文化影响人们对外部刺激的解释.文化的特征值是它为行为提供指南.文化影响人们的饮食行为.文化还影响人们的衣着打扮.文化影响居住方式.文化影响人们的出行方式.文化也影响了人与人交往的方式.1.什么是价值观价值观不是实际的行为, 而是关于行为的规那么；价值观是一套关于什么是真善美的标准系统；这些规那么和标准是用来判断和指导人们的行为的；价值观不是个人的爱好或倾向,而是一种集体的文化意识.2.价值观如何分类一类是终极性价值观, 它是关于生命、生存等终极目标的价值观,另一类是工具性价值观,它是关于道德和水平的价值观.3.价值观有什么特点〔1〕价值观属于深层文化.〔2〕价值观是人们的行为指南. 〔3〕价值观既是稳定的,也是变化的.〔4〕不同文化的价值观既有相同的也有不同的成分.〔5〕价值观被违背时会引起情感上的强烈反响.4.关于价值观模式的研究具有影响力的理论是哪些1.价值取向理论〔由kluckhohn与Strodtbeck提出〕2.文化尺度〔由Hofstede提出〕3.高语境文化与低语境文化〔由Hall提出〕.5.中国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕集体主义〔2〕以家庭为中央〔3〕尊重传统〔4〕等级观念〔5〕面子观念〔6〕重视人情6.美国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕个体主义〔2〕平等观念〔3〕强调变化和进步〔4〕物质享受〔5〕科学与技术〔6〕工作与娱乐〔7〕竞争意识四、跨文化的语言交际1概念提要：1.萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的含义萨丕尔-沃尔有三层含义.〔1〕不同的语言以不同的方式感知和划分世界.〔2〕一个人所使用的语言结构影响他感知和理解世界的方式.〔3〕讲不同语言的人感知世界是不同的.2.语言与价值观之间是什么关系语言与文化的关系最直接的表达是语言表达了人们对世界的看法、态度和价值取向.每种语言都拥有丰富的格言、警句和俗语.这些句子往往就是价值观的表达.3.词义与文化是什么关系在语言的各要素中,词汇与文化的关系最为密切,其对跨文化交际的影响也最为突出.语言的含义不具有普遍性,它受到文化和语境的制约.不同语言和文化的人们进行跨文化交际时,可能会由于对词语含义的误解而产生交流的障碍.4.什么叫委婉语学习它有什么意义禁忌是人类社会普遍存在的文化现象, 人们对诸如生老病死、隐私等许多方面多有避讳,因此产生了大量的委婉语. 了解不同文化中的禁忌和相应的委婉语不仅可以深入理解不同文化的价值取向,也可以防止在跨文化交际中出现不必要的误会.四、跨文化的语言交际2概念提要：1.礼貌原那么包括哪些准那么〔1〕得体准那么〔2〕慷慨准那么〔3〕赞扬准那么〔4〕谦虚准那么〔5〕一致准那么〔6〕同情准那么.2.中国人的礼貌特征包括哪些〔1〕贬己尊人〔2〕称呼准那么〔3〕文雅准那么〔4〕求同准那么〔5〕德、言、行准那么.3.礼貌策略的使用受到什么因素的制约〔1〕说话人与听话人之间的权力距离〔2〕说话人与听话人之间的社会距离〔3〕言语行为的强加程度4.什么是交际风格交际风格是指说话的特点.5.在跨文化交际领域中,常见的交际风格包括哪些〔1〕直接与间接的交际风格〔2〕谦虚与自信的交际风格〔3〕归纳与演绎的交际风格五、跨文化的非语言交际概念提要：1.什么是非言语交际非言语交际不包括语言,而是包括了各种非语言的交际行为；非语言交际具有互动性,涉及信息的发出者和接受者的编码和解码过程；非言语交际是在特定情境中产生的,与语境有密切关系；非语言交际可能是有意的,也可能是无意的.2.非语言交际的功能有哪些〔 1〕传达真实的内在感情〔2〕营造交际印象〔3〕进行会话治理3.非语言交际与语言交际是什么关系非语言交际对语言信息起着重复、补充、代替、标准和否认等作用.4.体态语包括哪些人们的外貌服饰、面部表情、眼神交流、手势、姿势以及身体接触都是体态语,都参与了交际,是非语言交际的一局部.5.时间观念与文化之间有什么联系时间观念是非语言交际的重要维度, 也是价值观的表达.6.什么是单时制文化其特点是什么单时制文化中的时间是线性的,可以向前延伸到未来,向后延伸到过去.单时制文化的人们通过方案和预约来限制时间,在一段时间内只做一件事,强调准时、预约和最后期限.7.什么是多时制文化其特点是什么多时制文化并不把时间看做是线性的.多时制文化中的人认为时间围绕着生活,在同一时间内可以做多件事情.工作常常被打断,方案也常改变.身处多时制文化中的人,维系人际关系和谐远比遵守时间重要.8.人们对于空间的利用与文化之间有什么联系空间利用也是非语言交际的重要内容.空间利用方式表达了特定文化中人际关系的特点.六、文化适应概念提要：1.文化适应策略有哪些同化、别离、融合以及边缘化.2.文化适应是一个复杂、动态的开展过程.短期旅居者的跨文化适应过程分为哪几个阶段蜜月期、挫折期、恢复期和适应期.3.焦虑处理理论认为什么因素影响跨文化适应个体性格因素、社会支持、性别、民族、处理文化适问题的策略等.4.什么是文化休克文化休克是一种因失去了熟悉的社会交往符号而产生的心理焦虑.5.应对文化休克可采取什么策略应对呢广交朋友,建立良好人际关系；学习目的国的语言；了解目的文化的知识；做自己感兴趣的事情；参加社会文化活动；改变自己的思维.6.什么是文化适应假说第二语言教学领域的学者很早注意到了文化适应与第二语言学习的关系.Schuman(1986跟出了文化适应假说〞.他认为, 学习者只有适应了第二文化以后才能习得第二语言,文化适应的程度决定第二语言学习的程度.7.Schuman(198觎出的社会距离的概念是什么社会距离指的是学习者的原有文化与目的语文化之间的差异程度.七、跨文化的人际交往概念提要：1.人际关系与文化的联系表达在哪几方面不同文化间的朋友关系、人情关系、工作关系、与陌生人之间的关系都受到文化的影响.2.交往习俗与文化之间有什么联系在社会交往中,人们需要遵循社交礼仪和规那么,而这些规那么会因文化而异.一种文化中得体、礼貌的规那么到了另一种文化中可能是不得体的,甚至还造成了冒犯.了解不同文化的社交习俗和礼仪,对提升跨文化交际的有效性和得体性是非常有必要的.3.公共礼仪与文化之间有什么联系遵守公共秩序和礼仪是现代人的基本素养,也是一个国家文明程度的表达. 在跨文化交往中,了解和遵守不同文化的公共礼仪非常重要.不遵守公共礼仪会给人留下负面的印象,甚至引起跨文化交往中的冲突.八、跨文化人际交际的心理与态度概念提要：1.什么是刻板印象刻板印象又作成见〞与谊型观念〞,是指一个群体成员特征的概括性看法.2.刻板印象有什么特点〔1〕刻板印象是人们正常思维的一局部.〔2〕刻板印象是文化的一局部.〔3〕刻板印象的最大局限是以偏概全,无视个体差异.3.如何克服刻板印象〔1〕意识到刻板印象的存在.〔2〕改变懒惰和简化的思维习惯.〔3〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔4〕试图寻找充分的证据和例外的情况.〔5〕对于来自其他文化的个人的行为的描述,应采用表达性语言,而不是对这一文化群体进行评价和简单概括.4.什么是偏见偏见是对一个群体的成员建立在错误而僵化的概括根底上的负面感情5.如何克服偏见〔1〕坦诚面对自己的偏见.〔2〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔3〕参加课程学习和培训.〔4〕在交际中防止使用带有偏见或歧视色彩的表达方式,特别是对弱势群体要注意使用委婉而礼貌的称呼.6.什么是种族中央种族中央指的是在思考和评价别的文化时,把自己的文化放在一切事物的中央位置,并且以自己文化的框架作为衡量的标准.7.什么是文化相对主义文化相对主义是与种族中央主义相对的概念.它最早由美国著名人类学家弗朗兹博厄斯所倡导.其包括两个方面的内容.第一, 每种文化都有自己长期形成的独特历史, 其形态并无上下之分；第二,任何一个民族都有自己的社会思想、世界观和道德观,人们不应该用自己的一套标准来衡量其它民族的文化.。
跨文化交际复习
题型：1、填空15个2、名词解释25分5个3、论述（理论举例）30分2个4、分析应用题30分3个小问题基本概念类：要求掌握定义，能够举例1、交际交际是一种符号活动，它是一个动态的编译码过程，当交际者把意义赋予语言或非语言符号时，就产生了交际，交际受制于文化心理等多种因素，不一定以主观意识为转移。
2、文化一个群体（可以是国家，也可以是民族、企业、家庭）在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物，及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动，就是文化。
3、跨文化交际跨文化交际是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程，是指因文化感知能力和符号系统明显不同而足以改变交际结果的人们之间的交际。
从对外汉语专业的角度，“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
4、跨文化交际学是一门运用众多学科的相关理论和方法来研究不同文化背景的人们进行交际时交际行为、交际过程、交际规律、和交际过程中所产生的种种现象的原因，以及如何达到有效交际的交叉性和应用型的学科。
5、言语交际言语交际是指至少两个人之间进行的、以人际交往为目的的言语行为。
是一个说与听的互动过程，其成功与否，取决于交际双方是否能理解对方的语义。
言语交际就是通过语言来表达我们内心想法并告知给对方的一种方式。
6、非言语交际非语言交际是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程。
即非语言交际是通过使用不属于语言范畴的方法来传递信息、表达思想的过程，其交际方式包括了眼神、表情、身势、手势、体距、沉默、服饰、时空利用、副语言等。
7、影响交际的因素影响跨文化交际的因素包括心理因素和环境因素。
心理因素又分为积极心理因素和消极心理因素，积极的心理因素对跨文化交际起着促进作用，在交际中主体应当具备平等意识，双方应当具备宽容意思和顺应意识;消极的心理因素对跨文化交际有着阻碍作用，消极因素包括定式和认知偏见、民族中心主义、偏见和普遍性假设。
跨文化交际复习资料
Key intercultural concepts and theoriesreviewI. Value FrameworkKluckhohn’s Five Basic Questions克拉克洪五个基本问题（文化维度）1. What is the character of innate human nature（人的本性）?= Human nature orientation2. What is the relation of humans to nature（人与自然的关系）?=Man-nature orientation3. What is the temporal (time) focus（时间焦点）of human life?=Time orientation4. What is the mode of human activity（人的活动方式）?=Activity orientation5. What is the mode of human relationships（人与人之间的关系模式）? =Social orientationHofstede’s Cultural 5 Dimensions Model霍夫斯泰德的文化五维度模型⚫Power Distance (PD)How inequalities are viewed and handled in the culture(strong hierarchical relationships versus egalitarian relationships)⚫Individualism/Collectivism (I-C)How individuals view themselvesAre they an individual striving for individual goals or a part of a collective group, where group harmony is important?⚫Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)How accepting of uncertainty is the culture?Masculinity/Femininity (M-F) Hard and SoftHow the culture values competitiveness/assertiveness (i.e., masculine traits) and cooperation/nurturing (i.e., feminine traits).⚫Long Term Orientation (Confucian Dynamism)This dimension accounts for people’s preference time frame.Do the people focus on long term goals or the more immediate, short term goals?⚫Indulgence/RestraintIndulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.Restraint stands for a society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms.II. Communication stylesPing-Pong style vs Bowling styleDirect vs indirectHigh involvement vs high consideratenessPerson-Oriented style vs Status-Oriented styleLow context vs high contextEdward Hall’s Theory on High and Low Context CulturesIII. Nonverbal communicationOverview of Nonverbal Communication1. Body Language•General appearance and dress •Gestures•Eye contact•Facial expression•Posture•Touching 2. Paralanguage•Silence•Pitch•Volume3. Environment Language•Space•TimeIV. Intercultural ConflictIntercultural conflict is the implicit or explicit emotional struggle or frustration between persons of different cultures over perceived incompatible values, norms, face orientations, goals, scarce resources, processes, and/or outcomes in a communication situation.Individualistic conflict lensOutcome-focused Content goal-oriented Doing-centered Self-face concernLow-context conflict styleCompetitive/dominating behaviors Conflict effectivenessCollectivistic conflict lensProcess-focusedRelational goal-oriented Being-centered Other-face concernHigh-context conflict styles Avoiding/obliging behaviors Conflict appropriatenessSapir-Whorf Hypothesis P146 沃尔夫假说“沃尔夫假说(Sapir –Whorf hypothesis)”，又称为“语言相对论(linguistic relativity)”是关于语言、文化和思维三者关系的重要理论，即在不同文化下，不同语言所具有的结构、意义和使用等方面的差异，在很大程度上影响了使用者的思维方式。
跨文化交际 复习资料
1、文化：cultureIt is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.The Characteristics of Culture:Learned、transmitted、Subject to change、unconscious、integrated、symbolic、adaptive.2、跨文化交际：intercultural communicationIntercultural communication means the communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.3、高语境文化：High-Context Cultures①Infer information from message context, rather than from content.②Prefer indirectness, politeness and ambiguity.③Convey little information explicitly.④Rely heavily on nonverbal signs.4、价值观：ValuesA standard by which members of culture define what is desirable or undesirable、good or bad、beautiful or ugly、acceptable or unacceptable. V alues are standards set by the members of a society.V alues are often highly contexted. V alues can change significantly over time. V alues can differ within one society and around the world.5、言语交际：verbal communication:It refers to any form of communication that is directly dependent on the use of language.非言语交际：Nonverbal communicationIt will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.6、本地化：LocalizationThe process of adapting a product or service to a particular language, culture, and desired local “look-and-feel.”Aspects to be considered in localization: Language、Time zones、Money、National holidays、Local color sensitivities、Product or service names、Gender roles、Geographic examples 、Advertisements7、刻板印象：StereotypesA fixed general image, characteristic, etc. that a lot of people believe to represent a particular type of person or thing.Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. It is found in nearly every intercultural situation. The reason forthe pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.8、文化休克：Cultural shockIt is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.9、符号：SymbolA person，an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation.1、猫头鹰的故事：①This is because Chinese and English native speakers assign different associative meanings to the same bird—owl.②Owl in China is the sign of bad luck. The mere sight of an owl or the sound of the creature’s hooting is enough to cause people to draw back in fear.But in English it is associated with wisdom. In children’s books and cartoons, whenever there is a dispute among birds or beasts, it is the owl that acts as judge.③The term dog elicits different feelings in these two cultures. In China gou(dog) often has derogative meanings, such as 狼心狗肺. But in West is considered the best friend of man, which is well established in their cultures. So the feel disgusted at eating dog meat.④Long(龙) is a symbol of the emperor in ancient China. It has been almighty to us Chinese. Today long is often identified with China or Chinese. But to the English—speaking people, the Chinese long has been rendered in English as “dragon”. Dragon is a fire—spitting monster, cruel and fierce that destroys and therefore must be destroyed.⑤In Chinese ,松、柏、鹤、桃stand for longevity. In English, they are just plants.2、气泡空间：①This is because each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studies show that people from South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries have a smaller personal territory than do North Americans, British and Germans. In Mexican and Arab cultures, physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is very close. In order to feel comfortable while talking, what the Mexican does is to move closer, while what the North American does is to step back a little.②In Western counties, personal territory is highly valued. Each one has his/her own space at home or in office which should not be invaded. In public places, they have “temporary territory”, not be intruded upon either.③As is in the case of human behavior, the use of space is directly linked to the value system of different cultures. The Americans whose culture stresses individualism generally demand more space than do people from collectivistic cultures and tend to take an active, aggressive stance when their space is violated.3、家庭第一：①One of the reason that Annie could not understand Rosa is this:：in American culture, the nuclear family is much more important to the individual than the extended family. Most Americans feel little responsibility toward their second cousins, and may never even have met them. Therefore, Annie was confused because Rosa put so much effort into helping “just” a second cousin.②But in Rosa’s culture there is not such a big difference between nuclear and extended family responsibilities. In some countries, the extended family is the main financial and emotional support for people in times of crisis. However, this is not so far most Americans, who rely more on friends, institutions, and professionals.③Another reason is their possession of different cultural values. Rosa felt that “family comes first”, which means that her own needs come second. Annie had a hard time understanding that point of view because in her culture the individual usually comes first. In the United States the person who can “make it on his own”without help from family is respected, although of course many people do get help from their families.④Because of these differences, it is sometimes difficult for people to understand and accept the way family members in other cultures seem to treat each other. It is important, however, to remember that families show their love in different ways. These differences sometimes make it hard to see the reality of family love in every culture in the world.4、男女之间的约会：①Blanca thought that Kevin was going to pay for her because he had invited her to go out, this was the American custom. But things are changing. One reason is that many more American women work today. Therefore, many men and women think it is unfair for men to always pay for everything when they go out.②Another reason is that some women say that if a man pays for them, they feel like they own him something. And some American women prefer to pay because they like to feel like an equal partner on a date. They don’t feel equal if they are taken places and paid for.③Blanca’s understanding that Kevin was going to pay for her is an example of a cultural assumption. Our cultural assumptions are so much a part of us that many times we cannot believe that the whole world does not see things as we do. Trying to understand cultural assumptions that other people make can help to explain their way of thinking and acting.④Most Hispanic parents assume the worst will happen if they let their daughters go out alone with a man. And the Hispanic assumption about women is that they will not be able to stop a man.。
跨文化交际复习资料.docx
1 .monochronic time (M Time) : It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time isperceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.2.polychronic time (P Time) : schedules several activities at the same time. In theseculture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.3.intercultural communication : is a face-to-face communication between people fromdifferent cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation tothe host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country^ cultural and ethnic diversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentativesof business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9・ high-context culture : a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-context culture : a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in theexplicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us/^the processby which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the externalworld” In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert thephysical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each othe匚• IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence, individual expression, and even privacy.13> ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from (hem•指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
跨文化交际复习资料
第一章跨文化交际概述第一节文化、交际和语言1.“文化”的定义这个概念的内涵、外延差异很大，所以文化有广义和狭义之分。
①广义文化的内部结构包括物态文化、制度文化、行为文化、心态文化四个层次。
物态文化层是人类的物质生产活动方式和产品的总和，是可触知的具有物质实体的文化事物。
饮食、服饰、建筑、交通、生产工具以及乡村、城市等。
制度文化层是人类在社会实践中组建的各种社会行为规范构成，行为文化层是人际交往中约定俗成的以礼俗、民俗、风俗等形态表现出来的行为模式。
以民风民俗形态出现，见之于日常起居动作之中，具有鲜明的民族、地域特色。
心态文化是人类在社会意识活动中孕育出来的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式等主观因素，②狭义文化指意识形态所创造的精神财富，包括宗教、信仰、风俗习惯、道德情操、学术思想、文学艺术、科学技术、各种制度等。
专注于精神创造活动，所以又被称作“小文化”。
2.定势（文化定势）的定义、分类及成因（1）定义：定势指不同社会群体“在人们头脑中的形象。
定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后，称为文化定势。
文化定势指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的，简单的看法，或指一个群体对另一群体成员按某种先入为主的标准或尺度的概括的、形象化的认知。
这些标准或尺度带有较大的主观性，是一种思维方式，一种无视群体内部存在差异、无视普遍性还存在特殊性的思维方式。
（2）分类文化定势可分为“自定势”和“他定势”两类。
前者是指某一个社会和文化群体对本群体共同认可的价值和行为特征普遍性、概括性的表述，这些价值在跨文化交际研究中也常常被称为“自我图像”。
本群体成员往往会不加反思地对这些价值观和行为特征做出简单的认同。
后者是指某一社会和文化群体对另一社会和文化群体的价值观和行为特征的共同认定，也常常被称作“他者图像”。
（3）成因社会和个体。
从孩子出生开始便不断经历着各种各样的教育。
家庭教育,孩子关于世界的认知里就自然而然地打上了父母文化定势的烙印。
《跨文化交际》复习材料
《跨文化交际》复习材料跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力和技巧。
随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。
下面是一些跨文化交际的复习材料，供参考。
一、了解跨文化交际的基本概念1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性-跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交往的过程。
-跨文化交际能力是现代社会中不可或缺的一项重要能力，对于成功开展国际业务、扩大国际影响力等都具有很大的意义。
2.跨文化交际的特点和挑战-文化差异：不同国家、地区的文化差异会影响人们的行为习惯、价值观念等方面。
-语言障碍：不同语言的存在会给跨文化交际带来困难。
-礼仪和习俗：不同国家有各自的礼仪和习俗，不同的行为方式可能会因为文化差异而引起误解。
二、了解不同文化的差异和特点1.文化的定义和特点-文化是指一定时期和地区内人们的集体创造的一种总体性且复杂的社会文明现象。
-文化具有包括价值观念、思维方式、行为习惯等在内的多个方面。
2.不同文化的差异和特点-价值观念：不同文化对价值观念的看法和重视程度存在差异。
-社会习俗：不同文化在社会交往、庆祝活动等方面的习俗也存在较大差异。
-沟通方式：不同文化在沟通方式、语言使用等方面也会出现差异。
-时间观念：不同文化对时间观念的重视程度存在较大差异。
三、学习有效的跨文化交际技巧1.尊重对方文化-学习关于对方文化的基本知识，尊重对方的价值观念和习俗。
-避免对对方文化的偏见和刻板印象，保持开放的心态。
2.提升跨文化沟通能力-学习对方语言，尽量使用对方语言进行交流。
-学习不同文化的非语言沟通方式，如手势、面部表情等。
-长辈尊重：在跨文化交际中，尊重长辈是一种常见的礼节。
3.进行有效的文化调适-了解对方文化的特点，根据对方的文化习俗和行为准则进行调适。
-注意语言和行为的表达方式，避免因文化差异造成的误解。
4.增加跨文化交际的意识-了解跨文化交际的重要性，积极寻求跨文化交流的机会。
-提高自身的文化敏感度，增加对不同文化的了解和尊重。
跨文化交际期末复习资料
Final examPart 1 prehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习APart 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习CPart 4 Term-matching（10*1）Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。
Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming munities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space pression–All the different parts of the world form one munity linked together by electronic munications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural munication: refer to munication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their munication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. munication: mean to share with or to make mon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. ponents of munication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to municate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your munication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to municate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face munication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the munication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final ponent of munication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the munication takes place and which helps define the munication.13. Pragmatics语用学:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal munication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative munication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…Non-verbal munication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6 An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All munications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of munication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual munication is dynamic.munication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you municate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. munication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.munication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the munication process because they represent the shared meanings that are municated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be municated to another person.munication is systematicmunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.munication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that municators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. munication is contextual. (P8)All munication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24 In Chinese the surname es first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother mon Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series ofsubdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time mitments seriouslyAre mitted to the jobAdhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at onceConsider time mitments an objective to be achieved, if possibleAre mitted to people and human relationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity? Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?P What is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-orienteda non-developmental model of society/ petitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-being is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family municationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193 Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in munication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective munication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.谚语：Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁More haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋to fish in the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 牛饮as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人tonsorial artist 理发师sanitation engineer 清洁工shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head 发疯的reckless disregard for truth 撒谎to take things without permission 偷窃industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手golden saying 金玉良言fat office 肥缺You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰。
跨文化交际概论复习资料
跨⽂化交际概论复习资料⼀．基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收，⼀⽅发出信息，另⼀⽅接受信息，这⼀过程就是传播。
2、亚⽂化：⼜称集体⽂化或副⽂化，指与主⽂化相对应的那些⾮主流的、局部的⽂化现象，指在主⽂化或综合⽂化的背景下，属于某⼀区域或某个集体所特有的观念和⽣活⽅式，⼀种亚⽂化不仅包含着与主⽂化相通的价值与观念，也有属于⾃⼰的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚⽂化等都是这种亚⽂化。
亚⽂化是⼀个相对的概念。
是总体⽂化的次属⽂化。
3、1948年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》⼀⽂中，提出了传播过程的"5w"模式，即：（who）谁、(say what)说什么、（in what channel）通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。
4、传播的构成要素：⼀是基本要素：信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。
⼆是隐含要素：时空环境、⼼理因素、⽂化背景和信息质量。
5、线性传播模式的缺陷：：单⼀，静⽌。
6、语⾔是⽂化的载体，是⽂化的主要表现形式，就像⼀⾯镜⼦，折射出它所在的社会的思想，习俗和⾏为举⽌。
词汇作为语⾔的重要组成部分，不可避免的带有民族⽂化的积淀，不同国家民族之间的⽂化差异，必然在此上体现出来。
7、概念意义：词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。
即，⼀个词语的字⾯意义中所包含的最基本的，最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。
8、以英汉语⾔对⽐为例，词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平⾏、词义空缺、词义冲突。
9、语⽤规则就是特定⽂化群体关于语⾔交际的规范与约定，包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的⽅式、说话的多少以及⾔语⾏为与⾮⾔语⾏为的配合等诸多⽅⾯。
10、交际风格是⾔语⾏为和⾮⾔语⾏为由于受使⽤中不同交际环境的影响或制约⽽形成的⼀系列交际特点的综合表现。
恰当的交际风格的运⽤对交际过程起着积极的促进作⽤，对交际能⼒的培养也起到重要作⽤。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
跨文化交际公选课复习资料
第一部分谚语翻译不劳不获No pains, no gains.眼不见,心不烦Out of sight, out of mind.有志者事竟成Where there is a will there is a way.三思而后行Look before you leap.物以类聚,人以群分Birds of a feather flock together.人多好办事Many hands make light work.趁热打铁Strike while the iron is hot.人靠衣装马靠鞍。
Clothes make the man．哑巴狗最危险。
Dumb dogs are dangerous．孩子不打不成器。
Spare the rod and spoil the child.傻人有傻福。
Fortune favors fools.熟能生巧。
Practice makes perfect.眼见为实。
Seeing is believing.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
As a man sows, so he shall reap.欲速则不达。
Haste makes waste.来得容易去得快。
Easy come, easy go.艺术是永恒的，生命是短暂的。
Art is long, life is short.夸夸其谈，所成不多。
Great boast, small roast.有情人终成眷属。
All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill.好事不出门，坏事传千里。
Bad news has wings．凡人皆有死。
Death will have his day.王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。
Every cook praises his own broth（肉汤）. 好事多磨。
Roses have thorns.英雄所见略同。
Great minds think alike.冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
跨文化交际复习资料
1.monochronic time （M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time。
In these cultures timeis perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.2.polychronic time （P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In theseculture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules。
They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them。
3.intercultural communication ：is a face—to—face communication between peoplefrom different cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country。
5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relationto the host culture.6.subculture is a smaller，possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country's cultural and ethnic diversity.8.cross—cultural communication is a face-to-face communication betweenreprentatives of business，government and professional groups from different cultures.9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained inwords。
跨文化交际_期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习APart 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习CPart 4 Term-matching（10*1）Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。
Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Components of Communication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes. Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.13. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference:language, thought patterns…Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.Communication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.Communication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.Communication is contextual. (P8)All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, wemean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality) Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time commitments seriouslyAre committed to the jobAdhere religiously to plansEmphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at onceConsider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possibleAre committed to people and human relationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationshipHave strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drivefrom Buddhism and Christianity? Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?PWhat is the character of innate human nature? What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life? What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships? 11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-oriented a non-developmental model of society/ Competitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family communicationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料Unit 1&2Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。
)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
跨文化交际复习资料文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. Inthese cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a r i b b o n s t r e t c h i n g f r o m t h e p a s t i n t o t h e f u t u r e.2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at thesame time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments asironclad commitments and often break them.3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communicationbetween people from different cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particularcountry.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller innumerical terms in relation to the host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup withinthe host culture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’scultural and ethnic diversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communicationbetween reprentatives of business,government and professionalgroups from different cultures.9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is notnecessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.10.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of theinformation is vested in the explicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshallsinger tells us,”the process by which an individual selects,evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the external world” In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internalexperiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of differenttypes f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number ofindividuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediateinterpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
13.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communicationbetween and among members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。
跨民族交际interthnic communication：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。
14.跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender andthe receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。
跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.All communication has seven components: the source, encoding, the message, the channel, the receiver, decoding, feedback.The Inferential Model of communication four presumptions: linguistic presumption, communicative presumption, presumption of literalness, conversational presumptions.Conversational presumptions five aspects：1relevance：the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation2sincerity: the speaker is being sincere3truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say sth true4quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information5quality:the speaker has adequate evidence for what she or he says. The Message Model cannot account for:1disambiguation 2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent4nonliterality 5indirection 6 non communicative acts.Six characteristics of culture directly affect communication:1learned2 transmitted from generation to g3 based on symbols4 subject to change5 integrated 6Ethnocentric The primary characteristics of communication include:1 no direct mind-to-mind contact2 we can only infer3 communication is symbolic4 time-binding links us together5 we seek to define the world6 communication has consequence7 communication is dynamic8 communication is contextual9 communication is self reflectiveFunctions of nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication has its own unique functions in interpersonal communication. We will sum up some of the important ways of nonverbal communication in regulating human interaction. \ Repeating Complementing \ Substituting Regulating\Six important communication functions:1 indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal2 influence attitude change and persuasion3 regulate interaction4 communication emotions5 define power and status relationships6 and assume a central role in impression managementculture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following themAn shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think Culture means:(a) The , , and that a particular or .(b).The beliefs, , and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols. Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes.Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under theimpact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changesbrought about by another culture and develops an increasedsimilarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediatelyreplaced with yet another word or action.Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back. Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.Communication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Communication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.Communication is contextual. (P8)All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, thesocial purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.Studying Intercultural Communication Three main obstacles:•Culture lacks a distinct crystalline structure; it is often riddled with contradictions and paradoxes.• Culture cannot be manipulated or held in check; therefore, it is difficult to conduct certain kinds of research on thistopic.we study other cultures from the perspective of our own culture, so our observations and our conclusions are tainted by our orientation Barriers to Intercultural CommunicationAnxietyAssuming similarity instead of differenceEthnocentrismStereotypes & prejudiceNonverbal bahavioursLanguageThe Whorf hypothesisLanguage shapes thought patternsLinguistic determinism:Languages determine nonlinguistic cognitiveprocesses. That is, learning a language changes theway a person thinks.Linguistic relativity:The resulting cognitive processes vary fromlanguage to language. Thus, speakers of differentlanguages are said to think in different ways。