2021年考研《基础英语》考研教材与考研真题解析
21考研英语（一）真题及解析
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise an average of 2.7percent,maybe a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er (CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network.Should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the Mid lands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement,so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should from part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services interrupted by regularchaos when time tables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.They threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares.[A]has kept pace with inflation.[B]is a big surprise to commuters.[C]remains an unreasonable measure.[D]will ease train operators burden.22.The stockbroker in Paragraph2is used to stand for.[A]rail travelers.[B]car drivers.[C]local investors.[D]ordinary taxpayers.23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators.[A]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.[B]have failed to provide an adequate service.[C]are offering compensation to commuters.[D]are trying to repair relations with the unions24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face.[A]the loss of investment.[B]the collapse of operations.[C]a reduction of revenue.[D]a change of ownership.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the programme has providedenough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15provinces.“We see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Farrow says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty.Ferraro says,“the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs”26.According to the first paragraph,CCT programmes aim to____.[A]Facilitate health-care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]Improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that____.[A]cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Farrow intends to find out____.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that____.[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can benefit grain production30.What is the text centred on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transfer-ability of a study.Text3As a historian who’s always searching for the test or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few,and—since I started posting them on Twitter —they have been causing quite stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could, and did,laugh.They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of'Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure ties were much quicker by the1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the1890s so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.”ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”wasa rare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh,said that when it came photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter____.A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social media’s tole in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public imageD.changed people’s impression of the Victorians.32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A.They are rare among photograph of that ageB.They show effect of different exposure timesC.They mirror19th-century social conventionsD.They are in popular use among historians33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the1890s?A.Their inherent social sensitivenessB.Their tension before the cameraC.Their unhealthy dental conditionD.Their distrust of new inventions34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was_____.A.a thought-provoking ideaB.a misguide attitudeC.a controversial viesD.a deep-rotted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B.When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C.What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals.That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providersfrom picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of push-back from broadband providers anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court unchanged in again.Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution.It only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications(FCC.)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted.When it had a democratic majority in2015.But rejected the commission's authority.To require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglomerable like ATRT favors its own vide0-stressing service at the expense of Notfish and Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court.Unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband.provides citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulating more.But Judge.Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that“the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service”,and said Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules.On not neutrality,while preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between the Justice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband providers would.A.bring web-based firms under controlB.show partiality in treating clientsC.slow down the traffic on their networkD.intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCC.A.takes an anti-regulatory stanceB.sticks to an out-of-date orderC.has issued a special resolutionD.has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?A.It engages in anti-competitive practicesB.It protects against unfair competitionC.It is under the FCC’s investigationD.It is in pursuit of quality service39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision.A.focuses on trivialitiesB.conveys an ambiguous message.C.is out of touch with realityD.is at odds with its earlier rulings.40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A.Broadband providers'rights should be protectedB.The FCC should be put under strict supervisionC.Rules need to be set to diversify online servicesD.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(AI)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,”says Pedro Domingos,author of The Master Algorithm:How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.In addition,“(41)”One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring processMore effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42)These are“tools that helppeople use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately assess risk.Domingos says,“(43)”Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It"helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology toinspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.“(45)”A.AI replaces the boring parts of your job.If you’re doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevantsources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.B.There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels likeAdwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.C.One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along withemployees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.D.We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyondhuman scale.E.You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.F.AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.G.Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,or they would chargethem too little and then it would cost the company money.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World WarⅡwas the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies.(46)Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successfulwar against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the1970s and1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48)in many counties of Western Europe,the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight,or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49) and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty,And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the 1960s and1970s,European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions：A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160-200words based on the picture below.In your essay,you shoulddescribe the picture briefly,explain its intended meaning andgive your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（20points）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points).1.根据句意“It”指的是前文的“fluid intelligence”,“fluid intelligence”在人年轻的时候.....,后文第2空之后又说随着我们年龄增长开始慢慢下降，因此第1空应该是一个表示上升的词，比较选项，[A]pauses终止，[B]return归还；返回，[D]fades凋零；衰退，都不符合文意，只有[C]peaks达到巅峰，符合文意，故正确答案为C。
2021基础英语考研(语言学教程与翻译教程)考研真题
2021基础英语考研（语言学教程与翻译教程）考研真题一、《语言学教程》一、填空题1. Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n) _____language faculty.（中山大学2018研）【答案】innate ~~【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。
2. _____ refers to the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. Religious, legal).（北二外2016研）【答案】Function ~~【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。
功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。
3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _____it is associated with.（人大2007研）【答案】meaning ~~【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
4. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called _____.（大连外国语学院2008研）【答案】performative ~~【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
2021年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2021年考研英语真题(含答案解析)2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following te_t.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) The idea that some groups of people maybe more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway.He is that bird, a scientist who works independently any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it wasfirst suggested.he, however, might tremble at the of what he isabout to do.Together with another two scientists, he ispublishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, bute_plains the process that has brought this about.The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 12-15points above the value of 100, and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as theof their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, .They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty geic diseases, such as breast cancer.These facts, , have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been to social effects, such as a strong tradition of education.The latter was seen as a (an) of geic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseasesare intimately .His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs.1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased 2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare 3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against 4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately 5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence 6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk 7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects 8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question 9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D]calculating 10.[A] normal [B] mon [C] mean [D] total 11.[A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately [C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably 12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve 14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing 17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument 18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] bined 19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] parado_ical [B] inpatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the following four te_ts.Answer the questions below each te_t by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Te_t 1 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and an_iety disorders in response to stress pared to men,” according to Dr.Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown thatse_ hormones somehow affect the stress response, causingfemales under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to thoseof the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more t hings that they bee worn out from it more visibly and sooner.” Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the se_es.“I think that the kinds of things that women aree_posed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are e_posed to bat stress.Men are e_posed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women aree_posed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that es from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.” Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” Not everyonee_periences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.Alvarez’s e_perience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? [A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more e_perienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women [A] need e_tra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are e_posed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be [A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para.5) shows that [A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her householde_penses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the te_t? [A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out? [B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference [C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say [D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress Te_t 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the author s’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the ments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Inter – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why mercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavyreading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion.The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published.Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models e_ist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first si_ months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses [A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report? [A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the te_t, online publication issignificant in that [A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author ofa paper is required to [A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] plete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the te_t? [A] The Inter is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors wele the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Te_t 3 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 y ears ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations – apparently reached theirlimit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today, at this geic,envi ronmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly mon practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed e_panding tissues.At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women –hasn’t really changed since 1960.Geically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the geic architecture of t he individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Geic ma_imums can change, but don’t e_pect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that, unlike those for basketball, thelength of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says thatby and large, “you could use today’s data and feelfairly confident.” 31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an e_le to [A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] pare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in bodygrowth according to the te_t? [A] Geic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily e_ercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree? [A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to bee taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future [A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] geic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the e_isting data of human height will still be applicable.35.The te_t intends to tell us that [A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is being even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their geic growth limit.[D] the geic pattern of Americans has altered.Te_t 4 In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having e_tracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30 years have scholarse_amined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral promises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately e_pressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it waspart of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to partwith its slaves.Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office, Jefferson e_tended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his appro_imately 150 other slaves.Washington, who had begun to believe that all menwere created equal after observing the bravery of theblack soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slavestheir freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier, such an act would haverequired legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that [A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political promises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson? [A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was ple_.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the te_t?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his [A] moral considerations.[B] military e_perience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part B Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two e_tra choices, which do not fit in anyof the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk, and doing almost anything elseinstead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.(41)是大家网原创出品 Be fle_ible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from onepoint to the ne_t, but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) 是大家网原创出品 Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise.Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) 是大家网原创出品 Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard mands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44) 是大家网原创出品 These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and addmaterial necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student w ho wrote “The A &; P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45) 是大家网原创出品 Remember that your initialdraft is only that.You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the ne_t so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins ande_tra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to w rite the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do.Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which e_plains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up t o the A &; P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A &; P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to hisrefusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to pose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part C Directions: Read the following te_t carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with e_traordinary modesty.He points out that he always e_perienced muchdifficulty in e_pressing himself clearly and concisely,but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the pensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling himto detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quicknessof apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Hu_ley.(47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow along and purely abstract train of thought was verylimited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory, too, he described as e_tensive, but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men.No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of mon sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the m on run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.” Writing in the last year of his life, he e_pressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight.In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III Writing Part A 51.Directions: You have just e back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there.Write him a letter to 1) make an apology, and 2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.(10 points) Part B 52.Directions: Write an essay of 160-20__words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) e_plain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your ments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points) 2021年考研英语真题答案 Section I: Use of English (10 points) 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A Section II: Reading prehension (60 points) Part A(40 points) 21.A 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.D 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.B 31.A 32.C 33.B 34.D 35.C 36.B 38.C 39.A 40.B Part B (10 points) 41.D 42.G 43.A 44.C 45.E Part C (10 points) 46.他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。
2021年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)
2021年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题详解Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, onthe whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the abilityto make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 ,he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。
2021年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案解析
XX年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案解析日常问候用语是考生必须熟练运用的知识，这与考生的口语操练有很大关系。
说促进听，是许多英语学习者的心得。
而且日常问候要视人而定，如英国人见面谈天气，美国人见面问身体等。
下面作详细介绍：1.问候类(Greetings)英语中的问候用语非常繁多，正式的通常有： How do youdo?(初次见面通常用语) How are you?(比较熟悉的人之间用语) How are you getting along with...?(你近来...可好?) Howare you doing?(您工作还顺利吧?) How is everything?(一切还好吧?) How is your vacation/holiday(s)/Christ ___sDay/weekend?(假期怎么样?)当今美国社会流行口语用语，大致有： What's up?(近来可忙?) Hello?Hi? What's going on?(近来可好?) How is life? How is it going?anything new? Pleased to meet you again!对以上问候的对答通常有How do you do! Fine!Thank you，and you? Every is fine! I'm just great! Very(quite)well，thank you! Couldn't be better，thank you! Not bad! Can't plain! Just so so.值得一提的是，随着美语越来越广泛地渗透，听力中用美语朗读且以美国社会为背景的题材的趋势愈加明显。
考生要注意日常口语对话，及时吸取信息，将对听力有很大的帮助。
请看下面的对话：A：Good morning, Ms Lucy. This is Betty, can you still remember me?B：Betty? Is it really? Surely I remember you. You are my good friend, and I haven??t seen you for ages, but how are you?A：Fine, I??m just fine, Ms Lucy...2.告别类(Farewell)有聚总有散。
考研英语真题2021解析
考研英语真题2021解析2021年考研英语真题解析如下：Section I: Reading ComprehensionPassage 1: The Impact of Climate Change on WildlifeClimate change has become a pressing concern worldwide due to its adverse effects on both the environment and various species of wildlife. Rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and changing rainfall patterns are just a few examples of how climate change is altering ecosystems and disrupting the natural habitats of many animals.One of the most evident impacts of climate change on wildlife is the alteration of migratory patterns. Many species rely on specific temperature ranges and weather conditions to initiate their long-distance travels. However, with the increase in global temperatures, these patterns are being effectively disrupted. For instance, certain bird species that traditionally migrate during particular seasons may find it increasingly difficult to adjust their timing and choose the appropriate locations due to unpredictable weather.In addition, the loss of glacial ice in the polar regions poses a significant threat to wildlife. Polar bears, for example, rely on these ice platforms for hunting and mating. With the melting of ice, their habitats are diminishing rapidly, leading to an increased risk of starvation and population decline. Similarly, sea turtles rely on specific beach locations for nesting, and rising sea levels can result in the loss of nesting areas, leading to a decline in population.Furthermore, climate change can impact the availability of food sources for wildlife. Changes in rainfall patterns, for instance, can lead to droughts that limit the growth of vegetation and availability of prey. This can have cascading effects on various species dependent on these food sources, such as wolves and foxes, leading to potential declines in population and disruptions in the food chain.In conclusion, climate change has significant implications for wildlife. The alteration of migratory patterns, loss of glacial ice, and changes in food availability are just a few examples of how global warming is impacting various species. It is crucial that we address climate change urgently and take necessary measures to protect wildlife and their habitats.Passage 2: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in EducationArtificial intelligence (AI) has transformed numerous industries, and education is no exception. It has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn and teachers teach. AI-powered tools and platforms offer personalized learning experiences, enhance efficiency, and provide valuable insights for educators.One of the key advantages of AI in education is its ability to provide personalized learning experiences. AI algorithms can analyze each student's learning patterns, strengths, and weaknesses and tailor the content and pace of instruction accordingly. This ensures that students receive individualized attention and can progress at their own pace. Adaptive learning platforms powered by AI can identify areas where students may be struggling and provide additional resources or remedial exercises to support their learning.In addition, AI can streamline administrative tasks for educators, saving them time and allowing them to focus on teaching. AI-powered grading systems, for example, can automatically evaluate and provide feedback on assignments and exams. This not only reduces the workload for teachers but also allows them to provide timely feedback to students, facilitating their learning and growth.Furthermore, AI can play a crucial role in identifying and addressing learning gaps. By analyzing vast amounts of data, AI algorithms can highlight areas where students might be struggling or falling behind. This helps educators identify specific areas that need attention and enables them to intervene early, providing targeted support to students.However, it's important to note that AI cannot completely replace teachers. The role of educators remains essential in guiding and mentoring students. AI should be seen as a tool that enhances teaching and learning, rather than a substitute for human interaction and guidance.In conclusion, AI has the potential to revolutionize education by offering personalized learning experiences, streamlining administrative tasks, and identifying learning gaps. However, it is crucial to strike a balance between AI and human interaction to ensure that students receive comprehensive and holistic education.Passage 3: The Impact of Social Media on SocietySocial media has become an integral part of modern society, connecting people, disseminating information, and shaping public opinion. While there are numerous benefits associated with social media, it also brings about significant challenges and impacts on society.One of the positive impacts of social media is its ability to connect people from diverse backgrounds and geographical locations. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram enable individuals to connect with friends, family, and acquaintances, regardless of their physical distance. This helps foster relationships, maintain social connections, and bridge gaps between different communities.Furthermore, social media has played a pivotal role in promoting social and political movements. The Arab Spring, for instance, was fueled by the power of social media, allowing activists to organize and mobilize protests on a massive scale. Social media has become a powerful tool for disseminating information, raising awareness about social issues, and holding authorities accountable.However, social media also has its negative impacts on society. One of the most significant challenges is the spread of fake news and misinformation. In today's interconnected world, false information can spread rapidly, leading to confusion, mistrust, and societal divisions. It is crucial for individuals to exercise critical thinking skills and verify the authenticity of information before sharing it with others.Moreover, social media can contribute to the development of addictive behaviors, particularly among young users. Endless scrolling, constant notifications, and the fear of missing out can negatively impact mental health and productivity. It is important for individuals to strike a balance between their online and offline lives and develop healthy habits regarding social media usage.In conclusion, social media has both positive and negative impacts on society. It has the power to connect people, promote social movements, and raise awareness about important issues. However, it also brings challenges such as the spread of fake news and addictive behaviors. It is essential for individuals to use social media responsibly and critically engage with the information they encounter.Section II: Listening ComprehensionIn the listening section, candidates are presented with a variety of audio recordings, including conversations, interviews, and lectures. The questions are designed to test the candidates' listening comprehension skills, including understanding main ideas, specific details, and the speaker's attitude or opinion.It is important for candidates to actively listen and take notes while listening to the recordings. This will help them retain information and answer the questions accurately. Additionally, familiarizing oneself with different accents and speech patterns can be useful in understanding the recordings.To improve listening skills, candidates can practice listening to various types of audio materials, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, and TED Talks. It is also beneficial to engage in conversations with native speakers and participate in language exchange programs to enhance listening comprehension abilities.In conclusion, the listening section of the exam requires candidates to actively listen and comprehend audio recordings. Regular practice andexposure to different types of audio materials can help improve listening skills and increase chances of success in the exam.Section III: TranslationThe translation section of the exam assesses candidates' ability to accurately translate passages from Chinese to English and vice versa. It is important to pay attention to the details of the original passage and convey the intended meaning accurately in the translated version.To excel in translation, candidates should possess a strong command of both languages, including grammar, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions. Additionally, being familiar with the cultural contexts of both languages can aid in producing more accurate translations.Regular practice is crucial in honing translation skills. Candidates can translate various types of texts, such as news articles, literary works, or technical documents, to improve their proficiency. They can also seek feedback from qualified language professionals to identify areas for improvement and refine their translation techniques.In conclusion, the translation section requires candidates to accurately convey the meaning of passages in the target language. Strong language skills and regular practice are essential in achieving success in this section.Section IV: WritingThe writing section of the exam evaluates candidates' ability to express their ideas clearly and coherently in written English. It is important to carefully read and understand the given topic and plan the content and structure of the essay before starting to write.To write an effective essay, candidates should organize their ideas logically and support them with relevant examples, evidence, or arguments. They should also pay attention to coherence, cohesion, and sentence structure to ensure that the essay flows smoothly and is easy to follow.Moreover, candidates should strive for accuracy in grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. Proofreading and editing the essay before submission can help identify and correct any errors or inconsistencies.Regular practice in writing essays on various topics can help candidates improve their writing skills. Seeking feedback from qualified English teachers or language professionals can also provide valuable insights for improvement.In conclusion, the writing section tests candidates' ability to express ideas clearly and coherently in written English. Organizing ideas, supporting them with relevant examples or evidence, ensuring coherence and accuracy are crucial in achieving success in this section.请根据以上解析，可以适当调整文章的字数和排版，使其满足题目要求。
2021考研英语一真题及参考答案
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000 middle-to-oIder-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,lhe association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men. the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended litestxdc approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consum ption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]levels[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A.B.C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can Britain*s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger lares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year's rise an average of2.7 percent,maybe a fraction lower than last year's,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er(CPI) measure of inflationSuccessive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing iii and running the rail network.Should be bome by those who use it.rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner fiom Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey? Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the Mid lands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators tmmpeting the improvements they are making to lhe network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.Tlie Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement,so thateven? when strikes occur,services can continue to operate This should from part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways.Yes.more investment is neededbul passengers will not be willing?to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos when time tables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.They threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger tares[A]has kept pace with inflation.[B]is a big surprise to commuters.[C]remains an unreasonable measure.[D]will ease train operators burden.22.The stockbroker in Paragraph2is used to stand for[A]rail travelers.[B]car drivers.[C]local investors.[D]ordinary taxpayers.23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators[A]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.[B]have failed to provide an adequate service.[C]are offering compensation to commuters.[D|are trying to repair relations with the unions24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face（本题有争议）[A]the loss of investment.（网络答案）[B]the collapse of operations.（海文考研）[C]a reduction of revenue.[D]a change of ownership.（何凯文答案）25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]A ever-rising fares Aren't SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia's bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or gel regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia.the programme has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs don't generally consider eftects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don't prove cause and effect. l*hc only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Fenaro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012一including during Indonesia's phase-in of the aiitipoverty program一in7.468forested villages across15provinces."We see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,Farrow says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess.Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment.Even if this program didn't reduce poverty.Ferraro says,"the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs"26.According to the first paragraph,CCT programmes aim to[A]Facilitate health-care reform[B]help poor Fmilies get better off[C]Improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rales27.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that.[A]cattle raising has been a major livelihood fbr the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoveily eftbrts require the participation of local flirmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Farrow intends to find out.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in.that[A]it will benefit other Asian countries|B|it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can benefit grain production30.What is the text centred on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transfer-ability of a study.Text3As a historian who's always searching for the lest or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what bettei'way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I've found quite a few,and—since I started posting them on Twitter一they have been causing quite stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could,and did,laugh. They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of'Smiling Victorians‘makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shitted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure ties were much quicker by the1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today's digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the1890s so we must look elsewhere fbr an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin."Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.n ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular"pearly whites"was a rare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps and music hall perfonners might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll,s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look fbr properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh,said that when it came photographic portraits there could be"nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed IbTever”.31.According to paragraph1,the author's posts on Twitter.A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social media's tole in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorian's notion of public imageD.changed people's impression of the Victorians.32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A.They are rare among photograph of that ageB.They show effect of different exposure timesC.They mirror19th-century social conventionsD.They arc in popular use among historians33.What miglit have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the1890s?A.Their inherent social sensitivenessB.Their tension before the cameraC.Their unhealthy dental conditionD.Their distrust of new inventions34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was.A.a thought-provoking ideaB.a misguide attitudeC.a controversial viesD.a deep-rotted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A.Why did most Victorians look stem in photographs?B.When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C.What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals.That's why there has been such a strong demand fbr rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of push-back from broadband providers anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court unchanged in again.Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution.It only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications(FCC.)on net neutrality,adopted on a partyline vote in2017.The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted.When it had a democratic majority in2015.But rejected the commission's authority.To require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglomerable like ATRT favors its own video-stressing service at the expense of Notfish and Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court.Unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband,provides citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulaling more.Bui Judge.Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that"the result is unhinged from the realities of modem broadband service",and said Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules.On not neutrality,while preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between the Justice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC's abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and fbr all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband providers wouldA.bring web-based firms under controlB.show partiality in treating clientsC.slow down the traffic on their networkD.intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand fbr net neutrality rules,the FCCA.takes an anti-regulatory stanceB.sticks to an out-of-date orderC.has issued a special resolutionD.has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?A.It engages in anti-competitive practicesB.It protects against unfair competitionC.It is under the FCC's investigationD.It is in pursuit of quality service39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decisionA.focuses on trivialitiesB.conveys an ambiguous message.C.is out of touch with realityD.is at odds with its earlier rulings.40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A.Broadband providers'rights should be protectedB.l he FCC should be put under strict supen isionC.Rules need to be set to diversify online servicesD.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.PartBDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to lit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(Al)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to Al in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is Al changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.Here are a few ways Al is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions."There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews arc much more biased than what Al does,"says Pedro Domingos,author of The Master Algorithm:How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.In addition,"(41)G"One company that's doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring processMore effective marketingSome Al software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42)C These are'lools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,"says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science al MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use Al to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies.meanwhile,can base their premiums on Al models that more accurately assess risk.Domingos says,"(43)E"Improved accuracy"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable/'says Winston.It"helps people make smarter decisions."(44)BProtecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use Al image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen."If they fail first and then you fix them,it's very expensive/'says Domingos."(45)D"A.l replaces the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research,you can have Al go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.B.One accounting firm.EY,uses an Al system that helps review contracts during an audil.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.C.There are also companies like Acquisio.which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords.Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising ftinds will yield best results.D.You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useRil for employees to go to.E.Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F.We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish somethingbeyond human scale.G.Al looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modem Western sociclies.(46)Thosc societies came out of the war wilh levels of cnrollmenl lhai had been roughly constant at3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades befbre the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising our of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university befbre the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the1970s and1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in tum have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48)in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight.or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49)and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty,And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation，they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the1960s and 1970s,European universities saw marked changes in their governance anangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.46.战争结束后，这些社会的入学率在战前的几十年里一直保持在相关年龄段的3-5%。
2021考研《英语一》整体难度解析
2021考研《英语一》整体难度解析2021年12月22日星期六，下午17：00，考研英语考试正式落下帷幕，一天的考试是对各位考生心里和生理的双重考验。
坚持下来的人就已经成功了一半，还有一天的考试，大家加油!下面我们来说一下今年的英语考题，英语一整体上来说要简单一些，试卷当中出现的长难句占比也比较低。
完形填空部分继续保持了易得分的特点，认真做了完型填空的同学会发现难度不大，很好得分。
很多同学在完型填空部分继续采用“都选C”的“战术”，留给完型的时间也是微乎其微。
对完型的不重视导致了分数的不理想。
今年的完型填空考了野外生存技巧的话题，考生可以调动背景知识来答题。
阅读部分的试题紧贴时事热点，考到了AI人工智能，文章中多次出现了ethic伦理这个单词，也是社会热点话题。
还考了英国的财政政策，网购收税，环保等话题。
所以各位同学可以看出来今年的考研阅读都是时事热点话题。
新题型今年仍然考了排序题，考的是有关辩论的话题，排序题已经连考了三年，这其实是出现了反套路的情况，但是考点依然没变，重点还是代词的指代关系，试题难度呈难易交替的规律。
2021年的新题型很难，今年很简单。
翻译部分今年的话题考到了Medical Journal医学期刊的话题，难度稍难。
作文部分，小作文依旧考了各位考生很熟悉的书信形式，具体内容是要给志愿者回信，大作文考察了坚持的话题，不管是大小作文都是我们在课堂上给同学们讲过，带领同学们写过的，许多从考场上出来的同学都对作文部分信心满满。
整体上来看，19年考研英语不是很难，据此，对2021年考研的同学提出一些备考指导。
很多同学太着急，着急得高分，着急做题，尤其很多同学开始复习就开始做阅读，练习写作等。
然而欲速则不达，一开始就看阅读很多同学会发现很多单词不认识，看不懂长难句等等。
这样就导致很多同学在备考的后半程又返回来系统的背单词学语法。
所以这里告诫2021年考研的考生现在开始要把英语的基础打牢，单词和语法是基础和关键。
2021年考研英语一真题及参考答案(Word最新版)
2021年考研英语一真题及参考答案通过整理的2021年考研英语一真题及参考答案相关文档，希望对大家有所帮助，谢谢观看！2021年考研英语一Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’behavior The idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers＇behavior __10__ itself After several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experimentshas another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down 1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored 2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off 3.[A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof 4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous 5. [A]requirements [B]explanations[C]accounts [D]assessments 6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate[D]work 7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as 8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion 9. [A]suitable[B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant 10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed 12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to 13.[A]evidence[B]guidance [C]implication [D]source 14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening[C]reliable [D]misleading 15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual 16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably[D]suddenly 17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。
2021年考研英语真题内容及语法全面解析
2021年考研英语真题内容及语法全面解析首先，从整体考试难度来看，今年的真题和去年的难度基本持平;其次，从语法的角度上来说，比去年略微简单，只有翻译和阅读后两篇文章中有出现复杂结构的长难句。
完形填空是今年的大黑马，出奇简单，丢掉这部分的同学大大失算了;而新题型是今年的大bug，怎么排序都有理，被各位考生狂吐槽，很快就上了微博的热搜榜。
接下来从细节上跟大家说一下今年的考试内容以及语法考查重点。
(这篇分析主要针对今年英语一真题，因为我进考场考的是这套，但其实英语一和英语二的出题思路和发展趋势是一样的，只不过是难度上英语二会更简单一些，所以英语二的同学也可以多做参考。
) 第一部分完形填空：文章内容讲的是关于信任Trust的话题，当人与人之间彼此建立信任时，会激发脑垂体分泌一种激素，让人产生愉快的感觉，并且可以进行有效的沟通，接下来用测试者和婴儿建立信任感的正反两个例子进行了论证。
完形填空的整体难度较低，接近高考水平，语法点容易辨识，正确答案的选出毫不费力，例如：“between” A and B这一词组，其中的between就是正确选项。
第二部分阅读理解：前两篇的难度较低，后两篇的难度稍高。
第一篇讲的是关于自动化Automation会取代中产阶级，对他们的工作造成威胁，为了解决这一问题可以从几个方面入手。
第二篇讲的是年轻的美国人怀疑社交媒体Social Media是否是信息的可靠来源，为了确认信息的真实可信，他们采取多种方式提高自己辨识信息的能力。
第三篇讲了NHS(National Health Service国家医疗服务)和 Deepmind(一家做AI人工智能的公司)两大机构之间的关系。
NHS 控制着病人医疗的大数据，而Deepmind负责处理这些大数据，其中涉及泄漏病人的隐私;并且文章后续还讨论了如何更好的使用人工智能来处理大数据等问题。
第四篇讲的是USPS(U.S. Postal Service 美国邮政服务)多年连续的亏损，文章中讨论了亏损的原因以及如何解决的方案。
2021年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2021年考研英语二真题及答案解析一、阅读理解（Part A）Passage 1Passage 2This passage explores the impact of social media on mental health. It acknowledges that social media can be a useful tool for staying connected with friends and family, but also highlights the negative effects it can have on mental wellbeing, such as increased feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. The author suggests strategies for managing social media use, such as setting limits on screen time, unfollowing accounts that cause negative feelings, and engaging in offline activities.Passage 3This passage discusses the benefits of exercise for brain health. It explains how physical activity can improve cognitive function, memory, and mood. The author provides examples of different types of exercise that can benefit the brain, such as aerobic exercise, strength training, and yoga. The passage also emphasizes the importance of consistency in exercise routines and suggests ways to make exercise a habit, such as finding a workout partner or incorporating physical activity into daily routines.Passage 4This passage explores the concept of worklife balance and its importance for overall wellbeing. It acknowledges that achieving a balance between work and personal life can be challenging, but emphasizes the benefits of doing so, such as reduced stress, improved mental health, and increased productivity. The author provides tips for achieving worklife balance, such as setting boundaries, prioritizing tasks, and making time for selfcare.二、翻译（Part B）Please translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese:In today's fastpaced world, it is easy to feel overwhelmed the demands of work, family, and social obligations. However, it is important to remember that taking care of yourself is not selfish. In fact, it is essential for your overall wellbeing and productivity. When you prioritize selfcare, you are able to better manage stress, maintain focus, and perform at your best. So, make sure to schedule time for activities that you enjoy and that promote your physical and mental health, such as exercise, hobbies, and spending time with loved ones.三、写作（Part A）Please write a letter to your university's administration expressing your concern about the quality of the food served in the school cafeteria. In your letter, you should:1. Describe the specific issues you have encountered with the food.2. Explain how these issues have affected your and your classmates' experience.3. Suggest possible solutions to improve the quality of the food.四、写作（Part B）Please write an essay on the topic of "The Impact of Technology on Education." In your essay, you should:1. Discuss the positive effects of technology on education.2. Discuss the negative effects of technology on education.3. Offer your own opinion on the overall impact of technology on education.。
2021考研英语(一)真题及答案
2021考研英语（一）真题及答案完形填空：Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that involves short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problem.It peaks in young adulthood(between the ages of20and30),levels out for a period of time,and then generally starts to slowly decline as we age.But while aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the accumulation of body fat around the abdomen, which often begin in middle age and continue into advanced age,are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the possibility that lifestyle factors,such as the type of diet you follow and the type and amount of exercise you get throughout the years to maintain more lean muscle,might help prevent or delay this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that included measurements of lean muscle,abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat(the type of fat you can see and grab hold of)from more than4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and compared that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people with higher measures of abdominal fat scored worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years went by.For women,the association may be attributable to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be involved.Future studies could explain these differences and perhaps lead to different treatments for men and women.Meanwhile,there are steps you can take to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental well being.The two most generally recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your levels of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style diet that is high in fiber fromwhole grains,vegetables,and other plant foods and eliminates highly processed foods.If you carry extra belly fat,speak with your health care provider to determine a plan that is best for you.1.A.pauses B.return C.peaks D.fades2.A.alternatively B.formally C.accidentally D.generally3.A.while B.since C.once D.until4.A.detection B.accumulation C.consumption D.separation5.A.possibility B.decision C.goal D.requirement6.A.delay B.ensure C.seek D.utilize7.A.modified B.supported C.included D.predicted8.A.devoted pared C.converted D.applied9.A.with B.above C.by D.against10.A.lived B.managed C.scored D.played11.A.ran out B.set off C.drew in D.went by12.A.Superior B.attributable C.parallel D.resistant13.A.restored B.isolated C.involved D.controlled14.A.alter B.spread C.remove D.explainpensations B.symptoms C.demands D.treatments16.A.Likewise B.Meanwhile C.Therefore D.Instead17.A.change B.watch C.count D.take18.A.well-being B.process C.formation D.coordination19.A.level B.love C.knowledge D.space20.A.design B.routine C.diet D.prescription文章来源：https:///science/article/pii/B9780128160930000215Text1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the railnetwork to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise,an average of2.7per cent,may be a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln shire have to subsidize the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.文章来源：https:///opinion/2020/01/02/passengers-wont-put-ever-rising-rail-fares-forever/21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares.A.will ease train operation’s burdenB.has kept pace with inflationC.is a big surprise to commutersD.remains an unreasonable measure22.The stockbroker in Paragraph2is used to stand for.A.car driversB.rail travelersC.local investorsD.ordinary taxpayers23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators.A.are offering compensations to commutersB.are trying to repair relations with the unionsC.have failed to provide an adequate serviceD.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to faceA.the loss of investmentB.the collapse of operationsC.a reduction of revenue.D.a change of ownership25.Which of the following would be the best titlefor the text?A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B.Constant Complaining Doesn't WorkC.Can Nationalization Bring Hope?D.Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regularmedical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There, as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across 15provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,“we see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”文章来源https:///article/deforestation-trees-indonesia-cash-poor-families-programs26.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to.A.facilitate health care reformB.help poor families get better offC.improve local education systemsD.lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that.A.cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poolT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesC.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmersD.economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out.A.its acceptance level of CCTsB.its annual rate of poverty alleviationC.the relation of CCTs to its forest lossD.the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that.A it will benefit other Asian countriesB.it will reduce regional inequalityC.it can protect the environmentD.it can boost grain production30.What is the text centered on?A.The effects of a program.B.The debates over a program.C.The process of a study.D.The transferability of a study.Text3As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past,I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few,and–since I started posting them on Twitter–they have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of‘Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and 1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,”ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular‘pearly whites’was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks, tramps,and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came tophotographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.文章来源：https:///period/victorian/why-victorians-didnt-smile-pictures-myth-smiling-portraits/31.According to paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter.A.changed people’s impression of the VictoriansB.highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public imageD.illustrated the development of Victorian photography32.What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A.They are in popular use among historians.B.They are rare among photographs of that age.C.They mirror19th-century social conventions.D.They show effects of different exposure times.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?A.Their inherent social sensitiveness.B.Their tension before the camera.C.Their distrust of new inventions.D.Their unhealthy dental condition.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was.A.a deep-root beliefB.a misguided attitudeC.a controversial viewD.a thought-provoking idea35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs.B.Why did the Victorians start to view photographs.C.What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period.D.How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm.Text4From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals'.That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband providers,citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move.But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that“the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,”and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to“avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California,which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.文章来源：https:///policy/Whats-the-Fate-of-Net-Neutrality-Its-Hard-to-Say-Opinion.html36.There has long been concern that broadband provides wouldA.bring web-based firms under control.B.slow down the traffic on their network.C.show partiality in treating clients.D.intensify competition with their rivals.37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCCA.Sticks to an out-of-date order.B.Takes an anti-regulatory stance.C.Has issued a special resolution.D.Has allowed the states to intervene.38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?A.It protects against unfair competition.B.It engages in anti-competitive practices.C.It is under the FCC’s investigation.D.It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decisionA.focuses on trivialities.B.conveys an ambiguous messageC.is at odds with its earlier rulingsD.is out of touch with reality.40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.B.The FCC should be put under strict supervision.C.Rules need to be set to diversify online services.D.Broadband providers’rights should be protected.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.One common application?Preventing electronic security breaches,which,rather than eliminating IT jobs,actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers,because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviewsare much more biased than what AI does,”says Pedro Domingo,author of The Master Algorithm:How the quest for the Ultimate learning Machine Will Reambe Our World and acompany that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It usescomputeranalytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more inrevenue.These are“tools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the environment Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk.“Before,they might not insure theones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,”says Domingos,Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics which makes datamore valuable,“says Winston.It“helps people make smarter decisions.”Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingo’s.（A）I replaces the boring parts of your job.If you’re doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.（B）One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.（C）There are also companies like Acquisto,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like AdWords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.（D）You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.（E）Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,or they would charge them too little and then it would cost[the company]money.（F）We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.（G）AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.文章来源：https:///sponsored/jpmc-2018/how-ai-might-actually-make-your-job-easier/2026/Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,”says Domingos.In addition,G“AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.”One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.C. There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance acrossmultiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will be most effective.These are“tools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk.E.“Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,”says Domingos,“or they would charge them too little and then it would cost[the company]money.”Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It“helps people make smarter decisions.”B.One accounting firm, EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.D.“You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for [employees]to go to.”Part3：WWII was the watershed event for higher education in modern democratic societies.（46）Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers ofgraduates with more than a secondary school education.（47）And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and strata that had not thought of going to university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the70s and80s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.（48）There was first the rate of growth:in many countries of Western Europe the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the decade of the sixties and doubled again in seven,eight,or ten years by the middle of the1970s. Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a very large proportion of all the members of an institution are new recruits,they threaten to overwhelm the processes whereby recruits to a more slowly growing system are inducted into its value system and learn its norms and forms.When a faculty or department grows from,say,5to20members within three or four years,（49）and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,then they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty and its standards.And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,then the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy, West Germany,and Japan.（50）High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are inducted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the sixties and seventies of the last century,European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.They also saw higher levels of student discontent,reflecting the weakening of traditional forms of academic communities.。
2021年考研英语一真题及答案
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 , there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1. [A] pauses [B] returns [C] fades [D] peaks2. [A] generally [B] formally [C] accidentally [D] alternatively3. [A] since [B] while [C] once [D] until4. [A] detection [B] consumption [C] accumulation [D] separation5. [A] decision [B] possibility [C] goal [D] requirement6. [A] ensure [B] delay [C] seek [D] utilize7. [A] modified [B] supported [C] predicted [D] included8. [A] devoted [B] converted [C] compared [D] applied9. [A] above [B] with [C] by [D] against10. [A] lived [B] managed [C] played [D] scored11. [A] went by [B] set off [C] drew in [D] ran out12. [A] superior [B] parallel [C] attributable [D] resistant13. [A] restored [B] isolated [C] controlled [D] involved14. [A] explain [B] spread [C] remove [D] alter15. [A] treatments [B] symptoms [C] demands [D] compensations16. [A] Likewise [B] Therefore [C] Meanwhile [D] Instead17. [A] take [B] watch [C] count [D] change18. [A] process [B] wellbeing [C] formation [D] coordination19. [A] love [B] level [C] knowledge [D] space20. [A] design [B] diet [C] prescription [D] routineSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressedin short order.21. The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares .[A] has kept pace with inflation[B] remains an unreasonable measure[C] is a big surprise to commuters[D] will ease train operators’ burden22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for .[A] local investors[B] ordinary taxpayers[C] car drivers[D] rail travellers23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators .[A] have failed to provide an adequate service[B] have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes[C] are offering compensations to commuters[D] are tying to repair relations with the unions24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face .[A] the loss of investment[B] the collapse of operations[C] a change of ownership[D] a reduction of revenue25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B] Constant Complaining Doesn’t Work[C] Ever-rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable[D] Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,”Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to .[A] help poor families get better off[B] facilitate health care reform[C] improve local education systems[D] lower deforestation rates27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that .[A] cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B] CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation[D] antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out .[A] its annual rate of poverty alleviation[B] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[C] the role of its forests in climate change[D] its acceptance level of CCTs29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that .[A] it can boost grain production[B] it can protect the environment[C] it will reduce regional inequality[D] it will benefit other Asian countries30. What is the text centered on?[A] The process of a study.[B] The transferability of a study.[C] The debates over a program.[D] The effects of a program.Text 3As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrol’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter .[A] illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B] highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies[C] re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image[D] changed people’s impression of the Victorians32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A] They are rare among photographs of that age.[B] They show effects of different exposure times.[C] They mirror 19th-century social conventions.[D] They are in popular use among historians.33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?[A] Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B] Their tension before the camera.[C] Their unhealthy dental condition.[D] Their distrust of new inventions.34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was .[A] a thought-provoking idea[B] a misguided attitude[C] a controversial view[D] a deep-rooted belief35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B] When did the Victorians start to view photography differently?[C] What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D] How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals’. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected thecommission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like A T&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,”and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36. There has long been concern that broadband provides would .[A] bring web-based firms under control[B] slow down the traffic on their network[C] show partiality in treating clients[D] intensify competition with their rivals37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC .[A] sticks to an out-of-date order[B] takes an anti-regulatory stance[C] has issued a special resolution[D] has allowed the states to intervene38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?[A] It protects against unfair competition.[B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C] It is under the FCC’s investigation.[D] It is in pursuit of quality service.39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision .[A] focuses on trivialities[B] conveys an ambiguous message[C] is at odds with its earlier rulings[D] is out of touch with reality40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B] The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C] Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D] Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business，we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs，but in what ways is Al changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, “(41) ”One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) ___ These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. Domingos says, “(43) ”Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” (44)Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,”says Domingos. “(45) ”[A] AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out andlook for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for. [B] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance acrossmultiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[C] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. Thisprocess, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful foremployees to go to.[E] We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplishsomething beyond human scale.[F] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, orthey would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.[G] AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the morepromising candidates.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies. (46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48)in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2021年试题答案速查表Section I Use of English (10 points)1. D2. A3. B4. C5. B6. B7. D8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. BSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Text 121. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. CText 226. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. DText 331. D 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. AText 436. C 37. B 38. B 39. D 40. APart B (10 points)41. G 42. B 43. F 44. C 45. DPart C (10 points)46. 这些经历了二战的国家，战前数十年适龄人口的高校入学率一直维持在3%至5%左右。
2021考研英语真题及答案解析
2021考研英语真题及答案解析2021考研英语真题及答案解析提供了对今年英语考研试题的详细解析，帮助考生更好地了解试题并进行复习备考。
本文将对2021年英语考研真题进行深入分析，探讨解题思路，帮助考生在备考过程中获得更好的成绩。
一、听力部分解析考研英语听力部分是很多考生比较头疼的一部分，需要考生具备一定的听力技巧和理解能力。
2021年英语考研听力部分分为四个篇章，主要包括对话和短文听力。
考生在做听力题时要注意抓住关键词，理解对话或短文的主旨，从而找到正确答案。
以2021年考研英语听力真题为例，对话和短文的内容涉及到了旅游、教育、科学等多个领域。
考生在听的过程中要注意提前预测答案，留意关键信息，并能根据上下文的逻辑关系进行综合判断。
二、阅读部分解析考研英语阅读理解部分是考生需要重点关注的部分，也是考分较高的一部分。
针对2021年考研英语阅读真题，考生在做题时要注意筛选信息，抓住文章的主旨和关键信息，理解文章的结构和逻辑，从而得出正确答案。
2021年英语考研阅读理解部分的题材涉及广泛，包括科学、教育、文化、社会等多个方面。
考生在备考过程中需要积累相关领域的词汇和知识，提高对不同文体和领域文章的理解能力。
三、翻译部分解析考研英语翻译部分是考察考生综合语言运用能力的一部分，包括中译英和英译中两个题目。
翻译题目通常要求考生翻译一段长句或者短文，要求准确表达原文的意思和语法结构，并注意句式和语言的流畅性。
2021年考研英语翻译真题涉及了语言学、哲学、文学等不同领域的内容。
考生在备考时需要提前积累相关词汇和短语，并多进行练习和模拟翻译，提高自己的翻译水平。
四、写作部分解析考研英语写作部分是考察考生英语表达能力和思维逻辑能力的一部分。
在2021年考研英语写作真题中，有两个选择题，考生需要从题目中选择一个进行作文。
选择题一般包括议论文或者图表作文，要求考生围绕主题展开，提供相关观点和理由，并进行逻辑推理和分析。
考生在备考时要提前准备一些常见的写作话题，积累相关的词汇和表达方式，提高自己的写作能力。
2021考研英语真题及解析
2021考研英语真题及解析在2021年的考研英语真题中，考生们经历了一场严峻的考验。
这篇文章将回顾并分析这些真题及其解析，帮助考生更好地应对未来的考试。
第一部分：阅读理解1. Text 1本文主要讲述了人们对可持续性发展的认识和态度发生变化的原因。
文章通过分析社会变革和科技进步的影响，解释了人们日益重视可持续性发展的原因。
相关解析认为，尽管可持续性发展仍然面临挑战，但人们对于环境保护意识的提高和科技创新的推动将为可持续性发展提供更多的支持。
2. Text 2本文主要探讨了人工智能发展对工作岗位和劳动力市场的影响。
文章指出，虽然人工智能的发展可能会导致一定数量的工作岗位消失，但同时也将创造出新的工作机会。
相关解析认为，随着人工智能技术的应用，人们需要不断提升自己的技能，以适应未来劳动力市场的变化。
第二部分：完型填空本部分考查考生的词汇理解和语法运用能力。
每个题目都提供了一段短文，并在其中空出了一个单词或短语，考生需要根据语境和前后文的逻辑关系，选择合适的词语填入空白处。
解析：1. 本题考查考生对于词汇的理解和用法，需要根据上下文的逻辑关系确定答案。
2. 本题考查考生对于连词的理解和用法，需要根据句子的逻辑关系确定答案。
3. 本题考查考生对于形容词和副词的理解和用法，需要根据句子的逻辑关系确定答案。
第三部分：翻译本部分考查考生对于语言转换和逻辑推理的能力。
要求考生将给定的中文句子翻译成英文句子，并确保翻译的准确性和表达的流畅性。
解析：1. 本题考查考生对于词汇和语法的理解和应用，需要正确运用英语语法规则完成句子翻译。
2. 本题考查考生对于中英文表达的转换能力，需要清晰准确地表达句子中的主题和意思。
第四部分：写作本部分考查考生的写作能力，要求考生根据给定的主题或问题，提供合理的观点、理由和例证，并进行逻辑严密的表达。
解析：1. 本题考查考生对于写作结构和文笔的掌握能力，需要清晰准确地表达自己的观点和观点的理由。
2021考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)
2021考研英语一真题及答案解析（完整版）凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become animportant issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian ofthe rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in severalinstances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for beingindependent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. Thatkind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_byan ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the codeof conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apartfrom politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be freeto _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legalsystem was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they areso closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted infundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals withsocial policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is whydecisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by makingthemselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely tobe seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify[D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest[C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised[C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject[C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line[B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13.[A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate[D]offer 14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions[D]conceptions 16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked[D]distorted 18. [A]suppress [B]exploit[C]address [D]ignore 19. [A]accessible [B]amiable[C]agreeable [D]accountable第 1 页共 1 页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word[D]as a resultCome on �CEverybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitationand half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peerpressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But inher new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure canalso be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to helpindividuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example ofthe social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismokingprogram called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. InSouth Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits youngpeople to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising，andRosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure forhealthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads onebillboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciouslyimitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engi neered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience [C] stay away from commercial advertisers第 2 页共 2 页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to [A] adequatelyprobe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs withoutour realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is [A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant runn ing. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As acondition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2021. In 2021, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license besubject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management�C especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2021 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatoryauthority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offera precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there arevalid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if everystate sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont isalready so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences.第 3 页共 3 页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permissionto keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to [A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to [A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B] seek favor from the federallegislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license . [D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its [A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness. [C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test [A] Entergy’scapacity to fulfill all its promises. [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations. [C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected. [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application. [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which theindividual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.第 4 页共 4 页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receivesintellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credi ble discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication andconfirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim �C a processthat corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its [A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it [A] has attracted the attention of the general public. [B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers. [D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists. 34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that [A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research. [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?第 5 页共 5 页感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
最新2021考研英语一真题及答案解析
考研英语一（答案及解析）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) from each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a ___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you __4___ getting sick this winter.In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being ___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come ___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds that's usually__14___ with stress," Notes sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling that others are there to help ___16__difficulty."Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called"the bonding hormone" __18___ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some ofit is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain, where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.1. [A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite2. [A]equal[B]restricted[C]connected[D]inferior3. [A]view[B]host[C]lesson[D]choice4. [A]avoid[B]forget[C]recall[D]keep5. [A]collecting[B]affecting[C]guiding[D]involving6. [A]on[B]in[C]at[D]of7. [A]devoted[B]attracted[C]lost[D]exposed8. [A]along[B]across[C]down[D]out9. [A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]calculated10. [A]served[B]restored[C]explained[D]required11. [A]Thus[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Even12. [A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]errors[D]tests13. [A]highlighted[B]increased[C]controlled[D]minimized14. [A]presented[B]equipped[C]associated[D]compared15. [A]assess[B]generate[C]moderate[D]record16. [A]in the name of[B] in the form of[C] in the face of[D] in the way of17. [A]attribute[B]commit[C]transfer[D]return18. [A]unless[B]because[C]though[D]until19. [A]remains[B]emerges[C]vanishes[D]decreases20. [A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]influences完型答案：1-5: ACBAD6-10: ADCDC11-15: DBBCB16-20:CABADSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours, now three hours — this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mentioninfuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons — both fake and real — past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O' Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become — but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room forscreening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly disputethis.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A]explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B]stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C]highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.[D]emphasize the importance of privacy protection.答案 A[答案解释] 根据题干关键词 The Crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 定位到第一段第 3 句。
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2021年考研《基础英语》考研教材与考研真题解析
第1章语法
对于绝大多数报考英语专业学术型硕士的考生而言，“基础英语”是全国各院校英语专业研究生入学考试必考的科目。
一般来说，报考英语专业研究生的考核科目为：政治（分值100分）、第二外语（分值100分）、基础英语（分值150分）以及专业课（包括英美文学、语言学与应用语言学、翻译理论及实践等）（分值150分）。
需要说明的是，有些院校对此科目的考试名称有所不同：例如北京大学称之为“专业能力”，上海外国语大学称之为“英语综合”，北京外国语大学称之为“英语基础测试（技能）”，上海交通大学、广东外语外贸大学等称之为“英语水平考试”，四川大学称之为“英语专业基础”，山东大学称之为“实践英语”。
上述院校的科目名称和大多数院校所用的“基础英语”名称虽有差别，但实质是一样的，都是由各学校自主命题、考核英语专业考生基本功底的考试科目。
另外，考试科目名称和科目代码也不是一成不变的，考生在备考时以最新的招生专业目录为准。
1.1 题型概述
1考核要求
对于《基础英语》，全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，所以没有相应的考试大纲来说明其考核要求。
但国内大部分院校在命题时都会把教育部批准实施的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》作为指导标准，因此，这个大纲仍能反映目前高校对英语专业学生基本功的大体要求。
《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》对语法部分要求如下：语法方面，较好地掌握句子之间和段落之间的衔接手段如照应、省略、替代等。
熟练地使用各种衔接手段，连贯地表达思想。
部分院校在《基础英语》考试大纲语法部分还涉及到了修辞，大纲中并未列出具体需要掌握的修辞手法，复习修辞的时候，只需要掌握大学英语精读教材中经常出现的一些修辞手法，这些手法主要有simile（明喻）、metaphor（隐喻）、allusion （引喻）、metonymy（换喻/转喻）、synecdoche（提喻）、personification（拟人）、onomatopoeia（拟声）、parody（仿拟）、hyperbole（夸张）、irony （反语）、rhetorical question（反问）、repetition（反复）、symbolism（象征）、pun（双关）、sarcasm（讽刺）、ridicule（嘲弄）、euphemism（委婉语）、anti-climax（渐降）、understatement（低调陈述）、parallelism（平行/排比）、antonomasia（换称）、antithesis（对照）、transferred epithet/hypallage （移就）、zeugma（轭式搭配）、alliteration（头韵）、assonance（类韵）、oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）、syllepsis（一语双叙）等。
2出题形式
出题形式主要有以下几种：
①题目为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从时态、句型等语法角度，从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当的词、词组或句子。
如：
_____, he might have retired before the end.
A. Didn’t he enjoy the concert
B. Has he not enjoyed the concert
C. Were he not enjoy the concert
D. Had he not enjoyed the concert
②要求补全句子。
A.从所给出的词汇中，根据语境运用单词的正确形式及时态把句子补充完整。
如：People_____in the building trade have suffered many set-backs recently.（want, write, employ, say, see, feel, miss）
B.要求在句子的空白处填入正确的介词、冠词等，使句子完整。
如：
He may be patient_____his own children, but he shows absolutely no tolerance _____anybody else’s.
③句型转换。
如把给出的句子转换为主动或被动语态；运用不定式结构把句子从复合句变为简单句等。
第1章阅读理解技巧指南
对于绝大多数报考英语专业的考生而言，“基础英语”是全国各院校英语专业研究生入学考试必考的科目。
一般来说，报考英语专业研究生的考核科目为：政治（分值100分）、第二外语（分值100分）、基础英语（分值150分）以及专业课（包括英美文学、语言学与应用语言学、翻译理论及实践等）（分值150分）。
需要说明的是，有些院校对此科目的考试名称有所不同：例如北京大学称之为“专业能力”，上海外国语大学称之为“英语综合”，北京外国语大学称之为“英语基础测试（技能）”，上海交通大学、广东外语外贸大学等称之为“英语水平考试”，四川大学称之为“英语专业基础”，山东大学称之为“实践英语”。
上述院校的科目名称和大多数院校所用的“基础英语”名称虽有差别，但实质是一样的，都是由各学校自主命题、考核英语专业考生基本功底的考试科目。
1.1 考核要求和出题形式
1．基础英语阅读理解部分考核要求
对于“基础英语”，全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，所以没有相应的考试大纲来说明其考核要求。
但国内大部分院校在命题时都会把1999年教育部批准实施的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》作为指导标准，因此，
这个大纲仍能反映目前高校对英语专业学生基本功的大体要求。
其对阅读理解部分的要求如下：
阅读方面，能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。
能在5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。
2．试题类型和出题形式
阅读理解题考查的范围很大，其考核的内容主要包括：能理解所读材料的主旨大意，分辨出其中的事实和细节；能理解字面意义和隐含意义；能根据所读材料进行判断和推理；能分析所读材料的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。
具体的出题形式有以下几种：
①要求考生阅读若干篇短文，每篇短文后有若干个问题。
考生应根据文章内容从4个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
（例如上海外国语大学阅读理解文章有5个选项，有些像GRE题型。
）
②要求考生阅读若干篇短文，每篇短文后有若干个问题。
考生应根据文章内容作出简要回答。
问题多种多样，既可以针对整篇文章，也可以针对文中的某个单词，比如：概括文章的主旨大意；提问文中画线的句子或单词暗含的意思，要求用自己的语言来表述（即Paraphrase或Explain）；指明文中运用的修辞手法，如反复、对比、比喻等；对文中的某个观点进行评论，要求简要说明理由等等。
③给出一篇文章，文中一般有6个空白处，空白处可能位于段首、段落中间、段尾，选项部分一般为8段文字，每段可能为一个句子，也可能是两三个句子。
要求考生
从选项中选6段文字放回到文章中相应的6个空白处。
（各院校留出的空白处个数并不统一，一般选项部分要比空白处多出几个。
）
④根据文章内容，对所给出的题干内容判断正误。