及物动词和不及物动词

及物动词和不及物动词

在英语错误中，“及物动词＋介词＋宾语”（transitive

verb+preposition+object），是常见的一种。所谓及物动词，就是谓语动词（predicative verb），不必通过介词引荐宾语。相反的，不及物动词（intransitive verb）是不带宾语的。有许多动词，虽然性质是及物的，但不一定要有宾语，如下列的①a和②a便是这种情形：

①a. We study every day.

b. Do you study English every day.

②a. Please write clearly next time.

b. Can you write your composition now?

如果本质上就是不及物动词，就不会有宾语；若要宾语，就要借介词之助，一起连用才行，如③b和④b;③a和④a是错的；

*③a. The children are listening the music.

b. The children are listening to the musi

c.

*④a. She is laugh ing the crippled man.

b. She is laughing at the crippled man.

反之，及物动词不必靠介词，就可以带宾语，如上述的①b和②b ，又如⑤和⑥：

⑤ John is giving a book to me.

⑥ Who will answer this question?

如果无意中把介词加上，就错了，如：

*⑦ Who will answer to this question?

下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子，也犯了同样的错：

“We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.”

“Awaiting”是个及物动词，后面的介词“for”是多余的，要去掉；不然把“awaiting”改为“waiting for”也行。

不及物动词是动词的一种形式，所谓不及物动词(vi.)就是所表示的动作本身意义完整，动词后面不（需要）带宾语。例如：

Time flies.光阴似箭。

如果要带宾语，就需要后面接介词。例如：

Please listen to the teacher carefully. 请注意听老师讲解。

及物动词(vt.)就是后面可以直接带宾语的动词。如果它不带宾语，其意义就不完整。例如：

My mother cleans the kitchen every day.我妈妈每天打扫厨房。

Please keep the room clean and tidy.请保持房间的整洁和干净。

Sound travels slower than light.声音比光（速）要慢。

许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面，然后才带出宾语。最常见的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”，如：

⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.

⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results.

⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.

显然的，这三句里的介词“on/upon”和“about”是多余的，不必要的。

下面是些类似的错误：

● The young must obey to their elders.

● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.

● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.

● Nothing can escape from his parents' e yes.

● Do you hope to serve for your nation?

● When did Susan marry with Paul?

介词“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才对。

为什么会有这些错误呢？主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其次，就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。第一，要把“及物动词＋宾语”和“不及物动词＋介词＋宾语”划分清楚，如：

I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.

He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.

第二，把及物动词转化为名词，然后加上适当的介词和宾语，如： Don't approach such a person.

Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?