阅读理解之主旨大意

第一节主旨大意（I）

主备：张莉琴

主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一,主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、概括段落大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题, ,主旨大意题几乎年年都有,而且在大部分地区的阅读理解题中会有1~3道考查此类题。

一、设题方式： 

1.The main idea/key point of this passage is that .

2.The passage is mainly about .

3.The best title/headline for this passage is .

4.The topic/subject discussed in this passage is .

5.From the passage we can learn/conclude that .

6.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with .

7. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

8. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

二、主旨大意题正确选项特征

1.涵盖性强,覆盖全文或全段。

2.确定的范围恰当,既不太大,也不太小。

3..精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

三、主旨大意题干扰选项特征

1.过于笼统,不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大,超出文章所述内容。

2.以偏概全,主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选

项的设置内容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。

3.移花接木,偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上,若不留神,极易选错。

4.无中生有,生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中谈到了,但经过仔细阅读分析之后,发现选项的

内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

四、主旨大意题解题思路

1.标题归纳题

标题具有醒目性、概括性和针对性的特点。醒目是唤起读者阅读文章的兴趣;概括性, 针对性是标题要直接指向文章的主要特点。标题归纳题与中心大意题具有共同之处,当文章主旨是一个短语或一句简洁的话时,我们可把它看作标题;但是文章主旨往往是作者写作目的或写作内容的归纳,一般不作为文章标题。解答标题归纳题需掌握以下三种方法:

①正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基础上,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨;

②反面否定法:拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”应咋写, 然后和原文对照,排除不符选

项;

③研读备选项本身:研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。

[全国Ⅰ,D篇]The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for under standing a person’s needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just

as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

35. What may be the best title for the passage?

A.Sound and Silence

B.What It Means to Be Silent

C.Silence to Native Americans

D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

答案与解析B标题归纳题。通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了沉默在不同的文化和领域具有不同的含义。A项过于笼统,不知所云,而且文章并未谈及sound,选项超出了文章所述范围;C项以偏概全,主次不分,虽然文章第2段提到了美国本土人对沉默的观点,但这并非文章的中心内容;D项无中生有,生搬硬套,文章虽主要论述了silence的含义,但并未涉及此内容;B项涵盖性强,覆盖全文,此标题全面、精炼地概括了文章内容。

2.段落大意题

段落大意，即概括某一段落中心思想的句子。解题方法如下:

①概括段落大意。首先知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按“总—分”顺序组织,即首句做总的说明,其他句子对其进行具体论述,这种结构的主题句就在段首;如果按“分—总”顺序组织,主题句就在段尾;如果按“分—总—分”顺序组织,则主题句就在这段话的中间;如果对比各事物,那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。

②揣摩段落大意。有时候作者不会直接写出主题句,而是通过各种方法暗示给读者,这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力,揣摩段落大意。

[浙江,C篇节选]Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution (进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive (认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”

53. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A.The world may be more clearly explained through chil dren’s play.

B.Studying babies’play may lead to a better understanding of science.