Unit 3 Structural Load

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第三章课文翻译

Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components in power electronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutions of the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing. 在电力电子系统，中半导体开关是非常重要和关键部件。

半导体开关将要替换机械开关,但半导体材料的性质和生产过程严重限制了他们。

Switching losses开关损耗Power losses in the power eletronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses. 电力电子转换器的功率损耗分为开关损耗和寄生损耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers,the dielectric losses of capacitors,the eddy and the hysteresis losses. 寄生损失的绕组电感器、变压器的阻力、介电损耗的电容器,涡流和磁滞损耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed. 这个开关损耗是非常重要的,可以被处理。

they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states. 他们可以分为三个部分: 通态损耗，断态损耗和转换过程中产生的损耗。

Section A 新视野大学英语3 第3单元

Matching up
1. Match the names of the people with the movies
directed or starred by them.
1 Audrey Hepburn (奥黛丽· 赫本) 2 Charlie Chaplin (查理· 卓别林) 3 Zhang Ziyi 4 Zhang Yimou
Pre-reading activities
Watch and talk
Back
Pre-reading activities
Watch and talk Now give your presentation about Audrey’s life story according to the following outline. 1929-1944 a ballet dancer 1948-1951 a young actress 1952-1953 a successful actress
Short answer questions
2. Can you name some of the famous movies starred by Audrey?
Roman Holiday Breakfast at Tiffany’s Sabrina 《罗马假日》《蒂芬尼的早餐》《龙凤配》
Lead-in
Pre-reading activities
Compound dictation
Listen to a short passage concerning the life story of Audrey Hepburn. Audrey was sixteen when the occupation ended. She and her mother returned to London. Her big break came when the French novelist Colette __________ discovered her in a crowd and insisted that Hepburn be cast as Gigi in a Broadway adaptation of her novel. In spite of Hepburn’s ____________, inexperience audiences and critics alike were captivated (迷住) by her performance.

全新大学进阶英语unit3教案

教学目标：1. 学生能够理解并掌握本单元的核心词汇和短语。

2. 学生能够运用所学词汇和短语进行简单的日常对话。

3. 学生能够通过阅读和听力练习，提高对英语文章的理解和听力水平。

4. 培养学生的跨文化意识，增强跨文化沟通能力。

教学对象：大学英语进阶课程学生教学时间：2课时教学资源：1. 教材：全新大学进阶英语综合教程2. 多媒体设备：电脑、投影仪、音响3. 词汇卡片、练习册教学过程：第一课时一、导入（5分钟）1. 利用多媒体播放与主题相关的图片或视频，激发学生学习兴趣。

2. 提问：同学们，你们对“梦想”有什么看法？请用英语谈谈。

二、词汇教学（20分钟）1. 介绍本单元的核心词汇和短语，如：pursuit, achieve, encounter, inspiration, perseverance等。

2. 通过例句和情景模拟，让学生理解词汇的具体用法。

3. 分组练习，让学生用所学词汇进行对话。

三、阅读教学（15分钟）1. 指导学生阅读课文，注意理解文章大意。

2. 阅读过程中，提出问题，引导学生思考。

3. 分组讨论，分享阅读感受。

四、听力教学（15分钟）1. 播放与主题相关的听力材料，如：访谈、讲座等。

2. 学生听后回答问题，检查听力理解情况。

3. 引导学生总结听力技巧，提高听力水平。

第二课时一、复习与巩固（10分钟）1. 复习上一节课所学的词汇和短语。

2. 学生进行口语练习，运用所学词汇进行对话。

二、写作教学（20分钟）1. 分析本单元的写作要求，如：描述梦想、分享个人经历等。

2. 指导学生构思文章结构，列出写作提纲。

3. 学生独立完成写作任务，教师进行点评和指导。

三、综合练习（15分钟）1. 分组进行角色扮演，模拟实际场景，运用所学知识进行对话。

2. 教师点评，纠正发音和语法错误。

四、总结与作业布置（5分钟）1. 总结本单元所学内容，强调重点词汇和短语。

2. 布置课后作业，如：背诵课文、完成练习册等。

Useful+Structures+教学设计高中英语人教版(2019)必修第三册

Unit 3 Diverse CulturesPeriod 3 Discovering Useful Structures教材分析该板块的活动主题为“理解英语中省略的用法”（Understand the use of ellipsis in English）。

与中文一样，英语中的省略也较为常见。

省略是一种避免重复、突出新信息并使上下紧密连接的语法手段。

一般来说，只要不损害结构或引起歧义，能省略的地方就可以省略。

省略可以使语言更加简洁，意思更加明确，句子结构更加紧凑。

本部分通过不同层次的语言学习活动，帮助学生体会使用省略的效果。

教材分析在本课学习结束时，学生能够：1. 理解英语中省略的用法。

2. 在适当的语境中正确使用省略。

教学重难点【教学重点】指导学生回顾总结常见的省略现象，体会省略的作用。

【教学难点】引导学生恰当地使用省略，提升语言表达的效果。

教学过程Step 1 Warming-upRead the two dialogues and find the words that have been omitted.设计意图：通过分析句子，引导学生体会省略的用法。

Step 2 Observing1. Work on Activity 1. Read the following sentences and find the words that have been omitted to avoid repetition.2. Work on Activity 2. Rewrite the sentences by taking out the unnecessary parts.3. Read these sentences. In pairs, decide which words can be left out.4. Match the questions to the most likely answers. Notice how ellipsis is used in the answers.设计意图：引导学生在语境中理解省略的用法，并尝试归纳总结规律。

土木工程专业英语 Lesson 3 Components

中使用。
② Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required ; for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880‘s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5meters) thick at the lower floors.
Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall ” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930's, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used.
Lesson 2 Components of A building 建筑物的组成
Lesson 3
Components of A building
Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors , and partitions . The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems.

钢结构设计施工专业英语

钢结构设计施工专业英语1、玻璃丝棉复合板：fiber glass sandwich panel2、EPS 复合板：EPS sandwich panel3、密度：density4、质量：quality5、数量：quantity6、包角：corner flashing7、高强度螺栓：high strength bolt8、螺栓连接：bolted connection9、建筑结构材料：building structural materials10、固定的结构单元：rigid structural unit11、格构式钢柱：build-up steel column12、对接：butt joint13、对接焊缝：butt weld14、挑梁：cantilever beam15、恒荷载:dead load16、活荷载：live load17、风荷载：wind load18、雪荷载：snow load19、吊车水平荷载：horizontal crane load20、雪荷载标准值：characteristic value of snow load21、地震作用标准值：characteristic value of earthquakeaction22、镀锌钢楼承板：galvanized steel decking floor23、脊瓦：ridge tile24、屋面板：roof panel25、钢筋：steel bar26、抗震结构:earthquake resistant structure27、钢筋锚固长度:anchorage length of steel bar28、在施工阶段：during construction stage29、拱形屋顶：arch-shaped roof truss30、剪力：shearing force31、建筑抗震设计：anti-seismic design32、建筑结构设计：design of building structure33、自动焊接：automatic welding34、净高：clearance height35、柱间支撑：column bracing36、混凝土基础：concrete foundation37、连接板：connecting plate38、等截面柱：constant cross-section column39、焊条:covered electrode40、裂缝:crack41、裂缝宽度:crack width42、吊车梁:crane girder(beam)43、吊车荷载：crane load44、计算高度：effective height45、计算长度：effective length46、跨度：span47、开间：bay48、预埋件：embedded parts49、地脚螺栓：anchor bolt50、高强度螺栓：high-strength bolt51、刚性连接：rigid connection52、铰接：hinged connection53、柔性连接:flexible connection54、坡口：groove55、节点板：gusset plate56、纵向水平支撑:longitude horizontal bracing57、主要承重构件；main bearing load parts58、不锈钢天沟：stainless steel gutter59、砖墙:brick wall60、砌块墙：block wall61、雨棚：canopy62、导轨：rail63、复合板推拉门：sliding sandwich panel door64、系杆：tie bar65、抗风柱：wind-resist column66、墙面C型檩条:wall C purlin67、垂直支撑:vertical bracing68、水平支撑:horizontal bracing69、H型钢柱：H column70、H型钢梁：H beam（girder）71、风机：ventilator72、采光板: skylight panel73、卷帘门：rolling door74、电动卷帘门:electrical rolling door75、无缝钢管：seamless steel tube76、型钢: section steel77、天窗架：skylight truss78、稳定计算：stability calculation79、单瓦: single tile(sheet)80、泛水：flashing81、落水管: water down pipe82、立面图：elevation plan83、山墙：gable wall84、剖面图：section plan85、封檐角钢：eave angle86、隅撑：knee brace87、拉条：bracing88、套管：casing89、施工图: working drawing90、方案图:program chart91、草图：draft plan92、报价:quotation93、预算：budget94、次梁：secondary beam95、主钢架：main steel frame96、中灰漆两遍：two- coats of mid-grey paints97、外彩板天沟:outer color sheet gutter98、外脊瓦:outer ridge tile99、内脊瓦: inner ridge tile100、自攻钉:self-tapping screw101、螺母：nut102、螺栓：bolt103、铝合金：aluminum104、内隔断板：inner partition board105、槽钢：channel steel106、净空隙：clearance107、冷弯薄壁型钢：cold-formed thin walled section steel 108、栓钉：pegs109、剪力钉：shear stud110、花篮螺栓：basket bolt111、扭矩扳手：torque wrench112、锤子：hammer113、钳子：pliers114、普通螺栓：ordinary bolt115、镀锌螺栓：galvanized bolt116、轴线：axis117、夹层，阁楼: mezzanine floor118、仓库：warehouse119、车间：workshop,plante120、冷库：cold storage121、车库：garage122、拉铆钉：rivet123、密封胶：sealant124、包装费:packing charges125、货物：freight126、运输费：transportation costs127、集装箱：container128、预制板房:prefabricated house129、冷弯镀锌槽：cold bended galvanized channel 130、方管：square tube131、galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板132、aluminum alloy 铝合金133、 self tapping screw自攻螺丝134、sleave套筒135、stainless steel 不锈钢136、wind—resistant column 抗风柱137、wind reference pressure 基本风压138、wind fluttering factor 风振系数139、welded steel structure 焊接钢结构140、 welded steel pipe 焊接钢管141、 welded framework 焊接骨架142、 welded steel beam 焊接钢梁143、welded steel girder 焊接钢梁144、weld crack 焊接裂缝145、web plate 腹板146、焊接：weld147、铆钉：rivet148、圈梁：ring beam149、水灰比：water cement ratio 150、混凝土：concrete151、抗震：resistant earthquake152、墙梁：wall beam153、三角屋架： triangular roof truss 154、梯形屋架： trapezoid roof truss 155、系杆：tie bar /tie rod156、水平支撑:horizontal bracing157、垂直支撑：vertical bracing158、基本雪压：snow reference pressure 159、层高：story height160、天窗架：skylight truss161、利润：profit162、管理费：management fees163、税金：taxes164、塑钢窗：plastic steel window 165、铝合金门：alumimun alloy door 166、工程概况：project survey167、建筑面积：the construction area 168、荷载规范：load code169、膨胀螺栓：expansion bolt170、钢带：steel strip171、隔热：heat-insulating172、聚氨酯:poly-urethane (PU)173、电动葫芦：motor hoist174、施工图:erection plan175、摩擦、摩擦力：friction176、防滑：anti- slip177、防腐:anti-corrosion178、白灰板：White grey sheet179、海蓝板：sea blue sheet180、排水:drainage181、外天沟排水:outside drainage gutter 182、雨水沟：rain gutter183、落水:downpipe184、落水管：rainwater pipe185、直径：diameter186、防火：fire proof187、回填土：backfilled solid188、埋设：inbuilt189、纵向：portrait190、横向：lateral191、叉车：forklift192、货架、托盘:pallet rack193、更新设计方案:update design 194、弯矩：bending moment195、剪切力：shear stress196、扭矩：torque197、檐口高度：eave height198、蘑菇钉：mushroom nails199、波形板：corrugated plate200、抛丸：shot blasting201、签订合同：sign contract202、建筑图：architectural drawings 203、绝缘的、隔热的：insulated 204、震级：magnitude205、地震等级：earthquake magnitude。

结构力学英语

分配系数
92
carry-over factor
传递系数
93
rigid arm
刚臂
94
continuous beam
连续梁
95
moving load
移动荷载
96
influence line
影响线
97
influence factor
影响系数
98
influence line of internal force
周期
132
amplitude of vibration
振幅
133
forced vibration
强迫振动
134
resonance
共振
135
Duhamel ′ s integral
杜哈梅积分
136
suddenly applied constant load
突加荷载
137
magnification factor
虚铰
31
necessary constraint
必要约束
32
superfluous constraint
多余约束
33
statically determinate structure
静定结构
34
statically undeterminate structure
超静定结构
35
internal force
内力包络图
104
matrix displacement method
矩阵位移法
105
element analysis
单元分析
106
global analysis

计算机专业英语第三版 Unit 3

Passage One
Windows XP Operating System
Windows XP uses a GUI, so that you can easily see the icons on screen to complete specific file and program management tasks. Following Windows 2000, Windows XP has high security and reliability. And many excellent features from Windows 98, Windows Me like PnP, were integrated into Windows XP. In Windows XP, The newest feature and specific property are shown in following aspects: 1.Intelligent user’s interface Windows XP adopts a completely new operating interface, and possesses the new visual sense design, and its three-dimensional icon effect has brought big enjoyment to users from the visual sense.
大连理工大学出版社 GUI (Graphical User Interface) abbr. 图形用户界面 icon n. 图标 security n. 安全 reliability n. 可靠性 integrate v. 集成
Passage One

《土木工程专业英语》教学大纲

《土木工程专业英语》教学大纲一课程简介课程编号：课程名称：土木工程专业英语（Professional English for Civil Engineering）课程类型：专业基础课学时：45 学分：3开课学期：6开课对象：土木工程专业学生先修课程：基础英语，土木工程概论或建筑概论，建筑材料，混凝土结构等。

使用教材：土木工程专业英语（上），苏小卒主编，同济大学出版社，2000.8二课程性质、目的与任务本课程是土木专业本科生的专业基础（必修）课，是为对阅读土木工程及工程管理专业英文原版书籍和文章感兴趣的学生所开设。

本课程的基本任务，是针对大学英语专业阅读阶段教学的薄弱环节，旨在进一步提高学生阅读理解能力和综合分析的能力、熟悉专业词汇、开阔视野和思路、了解科技文体、进一步提高学生运用英语的能力，以满足日益增长的国际科技交流与合作的需求。

三教学基本内容与基本要求本课程总的基本要求是：通过本课程的学习，帮助学生完成从大学基础英语阅读阶段到专业英语阅读阶段的过渡，使学生在普通外语的学习基础上，进一步学习和提高阅读和翻译一般难度的专业英语书籍和科技资料，并能以英语为工具，获取专业所需要的信息和具有在一定的专业文章写作能力。

对学生能力培养的要求：阅读速度100—120词/分钟；理解正确程度70~80%；同时具备听、说和写作专业论文的能力。

各章节内容及要求如下：1．Civil Engineering（土木工程）通过详细讲解，使学生掌握文章中的生词、短语、专业术语和科技类文献常用句型。

2．Performance Criteria and Management（工作准则和管理）通过简单介绍，使学生了解这篇文章中的内容概要，熟悉科技类文献常用句型。

3．Structural Materials（建筑材料）通过详细讲解，使学生掌握文章中的生词、短语、专业术语和科技类文献常用句型。

4．Mechanics of Materials（材料力学）通过详细讲解，使学生掌握文章中的生词、短语、专业术语和科技类文献常用句型。

Unit 3 Normal stress and shear__ stress

Unit3 Normal Stress and Shear Stress正应力和切应力1.Normal stress正应力Previously we found the internal loads in members of trusses. Unknowingly, the first step was taken in determining the stress in the member. The force found in the member was the load necessary to maintain equilibrium. The force was found by passing a cutting plane through the member and is, therefore, an internal force or internal load. This is the first step in any stress analysis problem--- to find that is the principal subject of this part of this part of book, but the first and necessary step is always to find the load causing the stress.在这之前，我们已经知道组成构件的杆件存在内载。

不知不觉地，人们把测定杆件的压力作为研究的第一步。

而这个力是保持系统平衡的必要载荷。

该力是利用穿过杆件的横截面求得的，因此叫做内力或内载荷。

这就是压力分析问题的第一步——求取内载。

第二步则是求由这个载荷产生的应力，这是这部分主要研究的问题，但是求产生这个应力的内载仍然是第一步，也是必不可少的一步。

Consider a 2-in. –square member that is found to carry say a 1170-lb tensile load as shown in Fig.1.8 (a). Now, given the load in the member, the question is raised. How is that load carried? For the moment it is assumed that it is assumed that it is uniformly carried, as shown in Fig.1.8 (b). If the load is equally shared by all the 2.02in.of cross-sectional area,then the stress in the member is the load divided by the area, or:211702.0lo a dPIbstress a rea A in ===, or 2585585.Ib p si in σ==如图1.8（a ）所示的横截面积为2平方英寸的杆件，假设它受到1170磅的拉伸载荷。

3级载荷步lswrite施加

3级载荷步lswrite施加FINISH !结束ANSYS分析/CLEAR !清空当前数据库/FILNAME,Cantilever,1!定义标题名，显示在ANSYS图形窗口中/PREP7 !进入前处理器模块/TITLE, Changing force on one point of a pole!定义单元和材料属性ET,1,PLANE42 !定义编号为1的单元为PLANE42 MP,EX,1,3.08e6 !定义材料编号为1的材料的弹性模量为3.08e6MP,PRXY,1,0.3 !定义材料的次泊松比为0.3!下边开始建模RECTNG,0,5,0,0.1!RECTNG:创建一个矩形以表示弹性杆AATT,1,,1 !将单元和材料属性赋予上述所建模型SMRTSIZE,1 !设置智能有限元网格划分的疏密度为1，即最高AMESH,ALL !划分网格ALLSEL,ALL !选中所有内容SAVE !保存数据库内容FINISH !退出前处理器!下面进入求解器完成载荷的施加和求解/SOLU !进入求解器ANTYPE,TRANS !定义分析类型，这里选暂态分析!下面对模型施加自由度约束LSEL,S,LOC,X,0!选中X坐标为0的线DL,ALL,1,UX,0!给线施加UX=0的边界条件DL,ALL,1,UY,0!给线施加UY=0的边界条件!下面开始定义第一个载荷步KSEL,S,LOC,X,5!选中X坐标为5的所有关键KSEL,R,LOC,Y,0.1!在上述选中的关键点中重新选择Y坐标为0.1节点FK,ALL,FY,-5e3!对所选择的关键点施加压力集中载荷，值为-5e3，即沿着Y轴向下TIME,5!定义第一个载荷步结束的时刻，这里的5表示从零时刻到第5秒KBC,0!指定为斜坡加载方式，0为递增载荷类型的标识符号NSUBST,5!指定在第一个载荷步中的子步数ALLSEL,ALL!重新选中数据库中所有模型LSWRITE,1,!创建第一个载荷步文件，编号为1!下面定义第二个载荷步KSEL,S,LOC,X,5!选中X坐标为5的所有关键点KSEL,R,LOC,Y,0.1!在上述选中的关键点中重新选择Y坐标为0.1节点FK,ALL,FY,-5e3!对所选择的关键施加压力集中载荷TIME,10!定义第二个载荷步结束的时刻，这里的10表示从第一个载荷结束的时刻到第10秒KBC,1!指定为阶跃载荷，1为阶跃载荷类型的标识符号NSUBST,5!指定在第二个载荷步中的子步数ALLSEL,ALL!重新选中数据库中所有模型LSWRITE,2,!创建第二个载荷步文件，编号为2!下面定义第三个载荷步KSEL,S,LOC,X,5!选中X坐标为5的所有关键点KSEL,R,LOC,Y,0.1!在上述选中的关键点中重新选择Y坐标为0.1节点FK,ALL,FY,-5e4!对所选择的关键点施加压力集中载荷TIME,15!定义第三个载荷步结束的时刻，这里的15表示从第二个载荷结束的时刻到第15秒KBC,1!指定为阶跃载荷，1为阶跃载荷类型的标识符号NSUBST,5!指定在第三个载荷步中的子步数ALLSEL,ALL!重新选中数据库中所有模型LSWRITE,3!创建第三个载荷步文件，编号为3OUTPR,ALL,ALL!指定输出所有的数据，即在每一个子步结束时都输出一次数据LSSOLVE,1,3,1!LSSOLVE为Load Step SolveFINISH !退出求解器!求解完毕后，进入通用后处理器查看求解结果/POST1 !进入通用后处理器SET,,,1,,5!从结果文件中读取第5秒时刻的数据，命令中的1表示按照原来数据大小读取，不进行缩放PLNSOL, EPEL,Y,0,1.0!画出节点求解值Y方向弹性应变分布，SET,,,1,,15!从结果文件中读取第15秒时刻的数据，这一时刻已经进入第二个载荷步PLNSOL, EPEL,Y,0,1.0!画出节点求解值Y方向弹性应变分布。

建筑工程专业英语03Foundations

Unit 3 Foundations
Part Ⅱ Passages
Passage A encountered below the surface of the ground and the unique demands that many buildings make upon their foundations, foundation design is a highly specialized field of geotechnical engineering, a branch of civil engineering, which can be sketched here only in its broad outlines.
Figure 3-2 Building Consisting of Three Parts Superstructure, substructure, and foundation. The substructure in this example
. contains two levels of basements, and the foundation consists of bell caissons
Unit 3 Foundations
Part Ⅱ Passages
Passage A A house needs greater stability than a toolshed, so its foundation reaches through the unstable surface to underlying soil that is free of organic matter and unreachable by winter’s frost. A larger building of masonry, steel, or concrete weighs many times more than a house, and its foundations probe into the earth until they reach soil or rock that is competent to carry its massive loads; on some sites, this means going a hundred feet or more below the surface. Because of the variety of soil, rock, and water conditions that are

结构力学专业英语

结构力学结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis 结构动力学structural dynamics 拱Arch 三铰拱three-hinged arch 抛物线拱parabolic arch 圆拱circular arch 穹顶Dome 空间结构space structure 空间桁架space truss 雪载[荷] snow load 风载[荷] wind load 土压力earth pressure 地震载荷earthquake loading 弹簧支座spring support 支座位移support displacement 支座沉降support settlement 超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析kinematic analysis 结点法method of joints 截面法method of sections 结点力joint forces 共轭位移conjugate displacement 影响线influence line 三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution 分配系数distribution factor 矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix 总体坐标global coordinates 贝蒂定理Betti theorem 高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method 屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mechanics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite 单向复合材料unidirectional composite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite 颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate 夹层板sandwich panel 正交层板cross-ply laminate 斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply 多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delamination 脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力ply stress 层应变ply strain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out 纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification 最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture 失效准则failure criterion 蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics 概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics 格里菲思理论Griffith theory 线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture 解理断裂cleavage fracture 蠕变断裂creep fracture 延性断裂ductile fracture 晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack 裂缝Flaw 缺陷Defect 割缝Slit 微裂纹Microcrack 折裂Kink 椭圆裂纹elliptical crack 深埋裂纹embedded crack [钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack 预制裂纹Precrack 短裂纹short crack 表面裂纹surface crack 裂纹钝化crack blunting 裂纹分叉crack branching 裂纹闭合crack closure 裂纹前缘crack front 裂纹嘴crack mouth 裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD 裂纹阻力crack resistance 裂纹面crack surface 裂纹尖端crack tip 裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA 裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD 裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate 稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth 定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth 亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness 断裂类型fracture mode 滑开型sliding mode 张开型opening mode 撕开型tearing mode 复合型mixed mode 撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus 断裂准则fracture criterion J积分J-integral J阻力曲线J-resistance curve 断裂韧度fracture toughness 应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone 塑性区plastic zone 张拉区stretched zone 热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature 剪切带shear band 剪切唇shear lip 无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation 应力腐蚀stress corrosion 概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage 连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage 脆性损伤brittle damage 延性损伤ductile damage 宏观损伤macroscopic damage 细观损伤microscopic damage 微观损伤microscopic damage 损伤准则damage criterion 损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening 损伤强化damage strengthening 损伤张量damage tensor 损伤阈值damage threshold 损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector 损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue 随机疲劳random fatigue 蠕变疲劳creep fatigue 腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatigue damage 疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack 疲劳寿命fatigue life 疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue 应力循环stress cycle 应力比stress ratio 安全寿命safe life 过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage 裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio 实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage 基底材料backing material 应力计stress gage 零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement 应变计strain gage 应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette 应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette 引伸仪Extensometer 应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge 粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage 粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing 电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge 电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage 集流器slip ring 应变放大镜strain amplifier 疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage 电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity 光塑性Photoplasticity 杨氏条纹Young fringe 双折射效应birefrigent effect 等位移线contour of equal Displacement 暗条纹dark fringe 条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic 等倾线Isoclinic 等和线isopachic 应力光学定律stress- optic law 主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe 光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method 光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method 动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering 空间频率spatial frequency 起偏镜Polarizer 反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope 残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect 应变条纹值strain fringe value 应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value 应力光图stress-optic pattern 暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography 透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry 网格法grid method 全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram 全息照相Holograph 全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography 全场分析法whole-field analysis 散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle 错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram 白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe [叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern 离面云纹法off-plane moire method 参考栅reference grating 试件栅specimen grating 分析栅analyzer grating 面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method 坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 计算结构力学computational structural mechanics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation 里茨法Ritz method 广义变分原理generalized variational Principle 最小二乘法least square method 胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle 赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle 修正变分原理modified variational Principle 约束变分原理constrained variational Principle 混合法mixed method 杂交法hybrid method 边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method 半解析法semi-analytical method 协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element 混合元mixed element 杂交元hybrid element 边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization 离散系统discrete system 连续问题continuous problem 广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load 广义应变generalized strain 广义应力generalized stress 界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element 角节点corner node 边节点mid-side node 内节点internal node 无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element 桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element 二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element 壳元shell element 厚板元thick plate element 三角形元triangular element 四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element 曲线元curved element 二次元quadratic element 线性元linear element 三次元cubic element 四次元quartic element 等参[数]元isoparametric element 超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element 节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element 拉格朗日族Lagrange family 巧凑边点元serendipity element 巧凑边点族serendipity family 无限元infinite element 单元分析element analysis 单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix 几何矩阵geometric matrix 等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement 节点载荷nodal load 位移矢量displacement vector 载荷矢量load vector 质量矩阵mass matrix 集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix 相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix 瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping 刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix 质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements 局部坐标系local coordinate system 局部坐标local coordinate 面积坐标area coordinates 体积坐标volume coordinates 曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates 静凝聚static condensation 合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function 试探函数trial function 检验函数test function 权函数weight function 样条函数spline function 代用函数substitute function 降阶积分reduced integration 零能模式zero-energy mode P收敛p-convergence H收敛h-convergence 掺混插值blended interpolation 等参数映射isoparametric mapping 双线性插值bilinear interpolation 小块检验patch test 非协调模式incompatible mode 节点号node number 单元号element number 带宽band width 带状矩阵banded matrix 变带状矩阵profile matrix 带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method 子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method 纽马克法Newmark 威尔逊法Wilson 拟牛顿法quasi-Newtonmethod 牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method 初应变initial strain 初应力initial stress 切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration 子结构Substructure 子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element 网格生成mesh generation 结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing 后处理post-processing 网格细化mesh refinement 应力光顺stress smoothing 组合结构composite structure。

人教版必修第三册Unit3Discovering Useful Structures语法精讲课件

3. Xiaoming must have been playing football at that time，and his sister (must have been) playing the piano.
1. 省略共同的_主___语__或宾语。 2. 若主语与谓语相同，则省略后面的_主__谓___成分。 3. 若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词_相__同___，
Ⅳ Ellipsis in cl1.定语从句的省略
Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for. The cat (that) I bought has a cute head. I like the way (that / in which) he talks.
II Ellipsis in simple sentence
Ellipsis in simple sentence
Compare and find
1. (You) Go down this street and turn right at the second crossing. 2. (Is there) Anything else? 3. — Are you from America?
Ⅰ
Ellipsis
I can give you some advice.
I touched the iron accidentally.
What is Ellipsis? Why should we use Ellipsis?
结合为上了面避的免对重话复完，成将句句子子中的一个或几个成分省去，这种语法 1. While __i_r_o_n_in_g__ (iron) clothes, Miss Good accidentally touched 现象the叫ir省on略. 。省略是避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的2. 一Rune种lmeso语svie法t ics手lostt段huicn。kgtuostihnegbsucrisns.ors _i_f_n_e_c_e_s_s_a_ry__ (如果有必要的话)

Unit 3 Structural Materials

UNIT 3Structural MaterialsThe principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry---brick，stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tarlike substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana,made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength; that is, it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree of tension, a force which, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problems, such as fatigue, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powder.It is mixed at ornear the construction site with sand, aggregate ( small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile;it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop .Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond ---the force that unites them--- that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction,the opposite of acid.The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory building, and it became much simpler to build fireresistant floors. Both these changes served to reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect buildings with greater heights and longer spans.Since the weight of modern structures is carried by the steel or concrete frame,the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening together the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel material between them under high heat. Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength. They are then used to prestress concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods.When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other( and more common) method, the prestressed steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Prestressed concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is so economical,it is a highly desirable material.Prestressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.The current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example,weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. Lightweight concretes, another example, are now rapidly developing throughout the world. They are used for their thermal insulation. The three types are illustrated below:(a) Concretes made with lightweight aggregates;(b) Aerated concretes(US gas concretes) foamed by whisking or by some chemical process during casting;(c) No-fines concretes.All three types are used for their insulating properties, mainly in housing, where they give high comfort in cold climates and a low cost of cooling in hot climates. In housing, the relative weakness of lightweight concrete walls is unimportant, but it matters in roof slabs, floor slabs and beams.In some locations, some lightweight aggregates cost little more than the best dense aggregates and a large number of floor slabs have therefore been built of lightweight aggregate concrete purely for its weight saving, with no thought of its insulation value. The lightweight aggregate reduces the floor dead load by about 20 percent resulting in considerable savings in the floor steel in every floor and the roof, as well as in the column steel and (less) in the foundations. One London contractor prefers to use lightweight aggregate because it gives him the same weight reduction in the floor slab as the use of hollow tiles, with simpler organization and therefore higher speed and profit. The insulation value of the lightweight aggregate is only important in the roof insulation, which is greatly improved.。

UNIT 3 reinforced concrete

横向钢筋用来在浇筑混凝土时保持纵向钢筋的位置，以
后当钢筋承受压力时，则用来放置钢筋向外屈曲。同样，柱
子的钢筋也可预先绑扎成骨架。
Cracking in concrete may be caused not only by
external loading, but also by temperature gradients
instantaneous stiffness.
然而由于徐变和收缩，混凝土在又会产生较大的长期变
形，所以其有效刚度要低得多－可能只有瞬时刚度的1/3到
1/4。
The widespread use of concrete in engineering
construction stems from its cheapness compared with
high, in the range of 20,000 to 30,000 Mpa (about
one-tenth of the elastic modulus of steel);
混凝土短期受压时的弹性模量相当高，为 20000 ～
30000Mpa（大约是钢弹性模量的1/10）；
steel bars, to produce a composite material known as
reinforced concrete.
其抗拉强度低的缺点则用加配钢筋以形成称为钢筋混凝
土的复合材料来克服。
Although the steel reinforcement does not prevent
provide reinforcement in all regions of potential

译林版牛津高中英语模块三第三单元 M3U3 高考复习课件 - 最终版资料

in ruins 成为废墟
fall into ruin
毁灭；毁坏
(2) ruin vt. 破坏，毁灭 ruin sth./sb. /oneself 毁坏某物/某人/自己
ruin one's health/fame/future 毁掉某人的健康/名誉/前途
3 judge: (1)英译中Don't judge a book by its cover.
12 34
III :Grammar points
IV :Sentence patterns
Key words：
-8-
1 Unfortunately ,(fortune) it took a horrible
accident to change her attitude.(2015福建卷)
2 翻译因为想发财,2015年他去美国碰运气，
3．The congress opened with a minute's silence _i_n_m__e_m_o_r_y_o_f_
those who died in the struggle. 4．He has a bad temper and will not listen to anybody, so
不要以貌取人 Don't judge a man by his looks.
(2)B from
he said，he must be an honest man.
A.Judged；that
B.Judging；what
C.Judged；what
D.Judging；that
judge vt.判断；审判；(2)n.法官；裁判
he could gradually raise public moral awareness .(aware)

结构力学英语词汇

结构力学结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载［荷］snow load风载［荷］wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delamination脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力ply stress 层应变plystrain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack［钱］币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD 裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ 积分J-integralJ 阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR 场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯［曲］应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell［圆］柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定［性］理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈月艮Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity 米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space 洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛［细］管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孑匕隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction 埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique 流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出［物］胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孑L压［误差］效应hole-pressure［error］effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离［子］体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas彳亍星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流］Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日［量］Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿［量］Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables 阿佩尔方程Appell equation 劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function 诺特定理Noether theorem 泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method 并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion 轨道稳定性orbital stability 李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 渐近稳定性asymptotic stability 结构稳定性structural stability 久期不稳定性secular instability 弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem 倾覆力矩capsizing moment 自由振动free vibration 固有振动natural vibration 暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration 反共振anti-resonance 衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping 同相分量in-phase component 非同相分量out-of -phase component 超调量overshoot参量［激励］振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM 方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB 方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子［系统］动力学rotor dynamics转子［一支承一基础］系统rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession 半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl。