APA Format and Examples
英文文献中apa格式
英文文献中apa格式APA Formatting: Essential Guidelines for Academic Writing.Introduction.The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widely recognized formatting system used in various academic disciplines, including social sciences, education, and psychology. Adhering to APA guidelines ensures consistency, clarity, and professionalism in research papers, articles, and other scholarly works. This comprehensive guide will provide detailed instructions on how to format your document according to APA standards, covering essential elements such as title page, abstract, body text, references, and more.Title Page.The title page is the first page of your document andshould include the following information:Running Head: A shortened version of the paper's title, no more than 50 characters, written in all caps. It appears on every page of the document.Title: The full title of your paper, placed in title case.Author Information: Your name, followed by your institutional affiliation, if applicable.Abstract: A brief summary of your paper, no more than 250 words.Keywords: A list of keywords that describe the main concepts of your paper.Abstract.The abstract is a concise overview of your research. It should include the following elements:Purpose: State the main goal or hypothesis of your study.Method: Briefly describe the participants, materials, and procedures used.Results: Summarize the key findings of your study.Conclusions: State the implications of your findings and any limitations of the study.Body Text.The body of your paper should be well-organized and divided into sections using headings. Use clear and concise language, and support your claims with evidence from your research.Headings: Use a hierarchical structure for headings, starting with Level 1 (centered, bold, and title case) and progressing to Level 2 (left-aligned, bold, and title case)and Level 3 (left-aligned, bold, and sentence case).Paragraphs: Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that states the main idea. Use transitions to connect paragraphs and ensure a smooth flow of ideas.Citations: Cite sources using in-text citations (author-date format) and a reference list at the end of the paper.References.The reference list includes all the sources cited in your paper. It should be alphabetized by author's last name and formatted according to APA style guidelines.Journal Articles: List the author(s), publication year, article title, journal title, volume, and issue.Books: Include the author(s), publication year, book title, location of publisher, and publisher.Websites: Provide the author or organization name, publication year, title of the document, and URL.Formatting Details.Font: Use Times New Roman, 12-point font throughout the document.Margins: Use 1-inch margins on all sides.Line Spacing: Use double line spacing for the entire document.Page Numbers: Number all pages, starting with the title page (page 1). Page numbers should be placed in the top right corner of each page.Plagiarism: Avoid plagiarism by properly citing all sources used in your paper.Additional Tips.Use a citation management tool, such as Zotero or Mendeley, to organize and format your references.Proofread your document carefully for any errors in grammar, spelling, and formatting.Consult the official APA Publication Manual for more detailed guidance and examples.Conclusion.Following APA formatting guidelines is essential for producing professional and credible academic work. By adhering to these instructions, you can ensure that your paper is clear, concise, and consistent. Remember to use a consistent style throughout your document and carefully proofread your work before submission.。
杂志的英文apa格式
杂志的英文apa格式APA Format for MagazinesMagazines are a popular source of information and entertainment for many people. When using magazine articles as sources for academic work or research, it is important to cite them correctly in accordance with the APA (American Psychological Association) format. In this article, we will discuss how to cite magazines in APA format.1. Basic Format:The basic format for citing a magazine article in APA style is as follows:Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the article. Title of the Magazine,Volume(Issue), Page range.For example:Smith, J. (2022, January 15). The Future of Artificial Intelligence. Science Today,8(2), 10-15.2. Author:Include the last name and initials of the author, using a comma to separate the last name and initials. If there are multiple authors, separate their names with commas and use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name.3. Year, Month Day:Include the year, month (abbreviated), and day of publication in parentheses. If the magazine does not provide a specific day, include only the year and month.4. Title of the article:Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title, as well as any proper nouns. Do not use quotation marks or italics for the title.5. Title of the magazine:Italicize the title of the magazine, using sentence case (capitalize only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns).6. Volume(Issue):Include the volume and issue number of the magazine. If the magazine does not provide an issue number, omit it from the citation.7. Page range:Provide the inclusive page numbers of the article, separated by a hyphen.8. Online Magazine Articles:If the magazine article is accessed online, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL of the article at the end of the citation. Do not include the URL if the article has a DOI.9. In-Text Citations:For an in-text citation, use the author's last name and the publication year. If there are multiple authors, use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name.10. Examples:- Print magazine article:Anderson, S. (2022, February). Exploring Ancient Civilizations. History Now, 5(1), 20-25.- Online magazine article with DOI:Johnson, L. (2022, March 10). The Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife. Nature Review, 3(2), 45-48. doi:10.xxxx/xxxxx- Online magazine article without DOI:Thomas, R. (2022, April 25). The New Frontier of Space Travel. Cosmos Today,2(3), 60-65. Retrieved from https:///articleIn conclusion, citing a magazine article in APA format requires providing the author's name, publication date, article title, magazine title, volume and issue number, and page range. In-text citations should include the author's last name and publication year. Whether the article is accessed online or in print, following the APA format ensures accurate and consistent citations.。
APA format
一.Reference的三种类型: 从书上引用,从杂志里的文章中引用,从网站引用1, 从书上引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).出版社地址: 出版社名Example:Davidson, M. and Cooper, C. (1992). Shattering The Glass Ceiling: The Woman Manger. London: Paul Chapman.Krishnamurti, J.(1981). Education and the significance of life. San Francisco : Harper & Row2, 从杂志里的文章中引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.文章名. 杂志名(斜体): 第几期, 页数Example:Pringle, J. (2004). Women Senior Managers: Successful Individuals Or Markers Of Collective Change. Women’s Studies Journal, 18, (2), 79-963,从网站引用的ref, 格式作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).Retrieved on年月日. from:网站Example:Adler, M. (2005). Women's Employment Concentrated In Service Industries. Retrieved on 20th September, 2005 from:.(注意: 网站另起一行)二, reference 的注意事项:1, 如果reference有两行或两行以上, 从第二行起,向内缩进五到七个字符Example:Rosener, J. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Utilizing women as a management str ategy.USA: Oxford University Press.2, reference与reference中间要隔一行3文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外4,文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应5, reference做完以后,以作者的首字为准,按字母顺序进行排列6,一般情况下,1000字,四个reference.这里需要强调一点：国外治学严谨，reference一定要做好！！我们的作业严禁直接抄书或从网上直接复制粘贴(这在国外被界定为抄袭)国外的学校有强大的数据库，抄袭的地方，数据库一搜就发现了一旦发现抄袭，客户轻则挂科，重则拿不到学位，诚信记录还要被写上一笔同时写手不但拿不到稿费，而且还要双倍赔款，终止合作所以在成为我们的写手之前我要把抄袭的问题先说清楚这也是我们这一行的行规你可以翻译中文也可以用自己的话把句子转述一遍但是直接引用和一个句子只改2、3个单词是一样会被判抄袭的！To develop a community profile (社区分布）for one Australian Local Government Area (LGA) of your choice, (excluding the City of Boroondara) using data from the 2001 and 2006 Census available from the ABS website. The focus of the demographic profile will be to describe up to three cultural characteristics of the population within your chosen LGA, and look at changes that have occurred from 2001 to 2006.Examples of cultural characteristics are ancestry, birthplace, language spoken, year of arrival in Australia, religious affiliation, English proficiency, and indigenous status. You are expected to synthesise (综合）the information available, not just replicate （折叠，复制）the tables that you can download. For example, you may choose to group a Census table detailing individual birthplaces into categories, and then show the proportional distribution - not just the number by birthplace; or from Year of Arrival in Australia you may derive the number of years living in Australia. In other words, you are required to analyse and summarise the information you find into your own summary tables and charts. In your demographic profile you should include summary tables, charts and commentary to support the graphs and tables. You should make use of data from both the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census (e.g. using a combination QuickStats, MapStats and Census Tables.制定一个社会形象之一澳大利亚地方政府区（儿）您的选择，（不包括城市Boroondara ）使用数据从2001年和2006年人口普查可从澳大利亚统计局的网站上。
apa格式英文范文举例
apa格式英文范文举例APA格式是一种常用的学术写作格式，本文将为您提供一篇APA格式的英文范文，以便您了解如何按照APA格式撰写学术论文。
Title: The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress ReductionAbstract:This study examines the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in college students. A sample of 100 participants was recruited and randomly assigned to either a mindfulness meditation group or a control group. The mindfulness meditation group participated in a four-week meditation program, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Pre- and post-intervention measures of stress level were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale. Results indicated that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels compared to the control group. These findings suggest that mindfulness meditation may be an effective technique for reducing stress among college students.Introduction:Stress is a common issue among college students and has been linked to various negative outcomes, including decreased academic performance and mental health problems. Mindfulness meditation has emerged as a potential technique for reducing stress, as it involves the use of focused attention on present-moment experiences. However, little research has been conductedon the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction among college students. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in college students.Method:Participants:A total of 100 college students (50 female, 50 male) were recruited from a university in the United States. Participants were between the ages of 18 and 25 and were not currently receiving any treatment for anxiety or depression.Procedure:Participants were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness meditation group or a control group. The mindfulness meditation group participated in a four-week meditation program consisting of weekly group sessions led by a trained mindfulness meditation instructor. Participants were also instructed to practice mindfulness meditation at home for at least 15 minutes per day. The control group did not receive any intervention.Measures:Pre- and post-intervention measures of stress were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS is a self-report questionnaire that assesses the extent to which individuals perceive their life as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded.Data Analysis:Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)with one factor (group) and two levels (mindfulness meditation and control). Post-hoc analyses were conducted using paired-samples t-tests.Results:Results indicated that there was a significant interaction between group and time (F(1, 98) = 9.23, p < .05). Post-hoc analyses revealed that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels from pre- to post-intervention (t(49) = 7.82, p < .001), whereas the control group did not show any significant change in perceived stress levels (t(49) = 1.14, p > .05).Discussion:The results of this study suggest that mindfulness meditation may be an effective technique for reducing stress among college students. The finding that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels compared to the control group is consistent with previous research on mindfulness meditation and stress reduction. However, this study has several limitations, including the lack of a follow-up assessment and the use of self-report measures. Future research should address these limitations and further explore the potential benefits of mindfulness meditation for stress reduction among college students.。
语言学常用论文格式(APA.format)
This handout gives some basic examples of APA style for references in a research paper. There are many more types of resources than we have room for in this handout. For more examples and complete information, use the following resources from the APA:Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5 th ed.). (2001). Washington,DC: American Psychological Association. Copies are available at the Reference and Reserve desks at Chambers Library..(2001,September 8). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Retrieved September 24, 2001, from /References in the text of your paper (See pages 120121 and 207214 in the manual for complete details)APA style requires that you cite the author and publication year of a reference in the text of your paper. One or both of these elements may be in parentheses. Direct quotations also require the page number. The full citation will follow in the reference list at the end of the paper. Here are a few examples from the manual.· Wasserstein, Zappula, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found…· In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000)…· She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’…disappeared when behaviors were studied in thismanner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276).Reference list at the end of the paper (See pages 215281, 299 in the manual)The heading on the page of sources should be “References.” Include the page number on the top, righthand side of the page (your title page should be page 1). APA suggests your identify each page with the first two or three words from the title just to the left of the page number, although some professors may prefer you to use another identifier such as your name. Always check with your instructor for his or her preference. References should be in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented. Doublespace the entire list (this will not be done on this handout). Alphabetize the list by first author’s last name. If there is no author given, start with the first significant word in the title. In titles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, and proper names.Book Citation Basic Format: Author, A. A.(Publication Year). Title.Place of publication: Publisher.Examples from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association· Multiple authorsBeck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and futureprospects.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.5 th Edition· Edited bookGibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991).Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: JosseyBass.· Article or chapter in an edited bookMassaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. InH.L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual andmethodological issues (pp. 5184). Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.· Entry in an encyclopediaBergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.501508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.· Book, no author or editorMerriamWebster’s collegiate dictionary (10 th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.· Book, group author (government agency) as publisherAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (1991).Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra,Australian Capital Territory: Author.Periodical Article Citation Basic Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Publication Year). Article title. Periodical Title, volume, pages.Examples from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association · Journal article, one author, paginated by volumeMellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910924.· Journal article, journal paginated by issue, two authorsKlimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 1036.· Journal article, three to six authors (list each author name individually) Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 10401049.· Journal article, more than six authors (list up to six authors, then “et al.”?) Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al.(2000). An experimental evaluation of theorybased mother and motherchildprograms for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,843856.· Magazine article (for date, give month for monthly publications, month and day for weeklies)Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 11131120.· Newspaper article, no authorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.· Newspaper article, discontinuous pagesSchwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.Other Forms· ERIC Document (Give ERIC document number in parentheses at the end or the entry) Mead, J. V. (1992).Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTLRR924). East Lansing, MI:National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document ReproductionService No. ED 346082)· For other forms, for example technical reports, papers presented at meetings, translated works, volumes in a series, citations of works discussed in a secondary source, andothers, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Internet Site Basic Format: (See pages 231 and 268281 in the manual)A reference to an Internet source should include at least a document title or description, a date (either the date of publication or update or the date of retrieval), and an Internet address, or URL. Whenever possible, it should also include the author. Whenever possible, readers should be directed to specific documents rather than home pages. When a publication date is not available, use n.d. (no date).If a URL is too long for a single line, break it after a slash or before a period.· Multipage document created by a private organization, no dateGreater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do!Retrieved October5, 2000 from · Chapter or section in an Internet documentBenton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Lowincome communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved August 18,2001 from /Library/LowIncome/two.html· Standalone document, no author identified, no dateGVU’s 8 th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from/gvu/user_surveys/survey199710/· U.S. government report on government agency Web site, no publication date givenUnited States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.).1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from /annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm· Internet article based on a print sourceVandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal ofBibliographic Research, 5,117123.If the format is an exact duplicate of the print version, use the same basic journal reference format, with the addition of [Electronic version] after the article title. If you believe it may differ from the print version, add the retrieval date and URL: Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.html· Article in an Internetonly journalFredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000,from /prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html · Article from an aggregated database (An item or accession number may be added (in parentheses at the end of the retrieval statement) but is not required.)Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White. L. A. (1993).Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of AppliedPsychology, 78, 443449. Retrieved October 23, 2000 from PsycARTICLESdatabase.Web Citations in TextFollow the author/date format as for written sources (see pages 120121 and 207214 in the Publication Manual). For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation “para.” If neither page nor paragraph numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material.(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)Additional Sources for Citation and Style HelpLipson, C. (2006).Cite right: a quick guide to citation styles. Chicago: U of Chicago Press. Troyka, L. & Hesse, D. (2005).Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.APA Title PageYour title page should have the following:· In the upper right header, it should have the page header and page number. The page header is usually the first two or three words of the title. Put about 5 spaces or .25inch between your page header and your page number.· On the top left below the header, it should have the “Running head” or abbreviated title, which should not exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. The running head is typed in ALL UPPERCASE.· Beginning in the upper half of the page, it should have the title of your paper, centered. On the next line, it should have your name (the author). If the paper was a joint project, all contributors should be listed here. The next line has your university affiliation. All lines should be doublespaced.See pages 296298 in the manual for complete details.*Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers (7 th ed) recommends the following in place of your university affiliation: where you would have typed your university affiliation, type your course title and section. On the following line, type the professor’s name. On the last line, type the date. It also does not mention using the running head on the title page. See pages 643658 for formatting instructions and examples. Always check with your instructor for his or her preferences.Example from Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers (not to scale), Example from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (not to scale)Biological Clocks 1Biological Clocks:The Body’s Internal TimepiecesCarlos VelezIntroduction to Psychology 115, Section P1Professor Robert SchmittNovember 17,2003Individual Differences 1 Running head: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BIMODAL PROCESSESIndividual Differences inBimodal Processing and Text RecallBruce R. Dunn and Kate I. RushUniversity of West Florida杭州印刷厂/。
APA format
论文写作格式范例本写作参考格式，主要参考2001年美国心理学会出版的APA 手册(第五版)及林天佑（2002）与颜火龙（2000）及中华民国体育学会期刊编辑组APA之相关论述，并参酌中文语法结构与写作习惯编制而成。
读者如欲知APA最新规定，请查询APA网址：。
论文中文献引用书写格式为求统一，须以2001年（第5版）美国心理学会（American Psychological Association，简称AP A）出版手册之格式为准。
而中文的论文格式要完全以英文的APA格式书写，确实有某些困难。
因此，在尽可能维持APA基本格式的原则之下，针对中文的格式有下列几点说明：1.内文及文末之引用文献，所有的出版年均以公元年代表达，以求统一。
2.内文之中文作者均以全名（姓与名）来书写，不像英文作者只使用姓而不使用名。
3.文末引用文献之书名和期刊名均以斜体字来表达，不再使用划底线的方式。
4.中文文献应使用中式（全角）的标点符号，而英文文献则使用西式（半角）的标点符号。
在西式标点符号后需空一格(space) 后才继续文字的书写。
5.在翻译书籍部份，因内容是以中文呈现，故其书写格式与原来APA格式有较大的调整，请特别注意并遵照本会所要求的格式。
6.本数据无法详述APA手册中所有的格式规定，仅提出国内较常用到的内容。
格式若有争议，仍得回归到英文的APA出版手册，以其格式为准。
7.本学会针对APA格式中文化的诠释及决定采用的中文格式，或许与国内其他体育运动学术刊物有些微不同，但欢迎随时提供意见或建议。
惠赐处：中华民国体育学会，电话：(02) 8931-7287，或e-mail: janenspe@8.以下将分成二大部分来说明APA文献引用书写格式：壹、内文引注格式；贰、文末引用文献格式。
壹、文中引注一、正文引注（列出作者和年代）（一）、单一作者APA期刊使用「作者—年代」（author-date）的引注法；即将作者的姓（不包括接尾辞，如：Jr.）、出版物的年代插在本文中的适当处。
APA格式原文参考
APA Citation Styleas Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstratedWhen a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) foundIn all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.Kahneman et al. (1991) foundWorks by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.(NIMH, 2007)Works with no authorWhen a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)Specific parts of a sourceTo cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem•Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names.Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list. •Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work.e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.•Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.•Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. Theseabbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.•Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".•Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.•Internet Address**: A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital objectidentifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-baseddatabases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.•Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.* The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics inmanuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on these publication standards, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.** See the APA Style Guide to Electronic References for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapersReferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date ofpublication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.Journal article, one author, accessed onlineKu, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(2), 221-232.doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002Journal article, two authors, accessed onlineSanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for universitysettings. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice andResearch, 59(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286 Journal article, more than two authors, accessed onlineVan Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from thepast. American Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196.doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182Article from an Internet-only journalHirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8).doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtleJournal article from a subscription database (no DOI)Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worthbillions.Fortune, 158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved from search.ebscohost.Magazine article, in printKluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.Newspaper article, no author, in printAs prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in printDelaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5).Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its onlineoptions. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.BooksReferences to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.No Author or editor, in printMerriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003).Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.One author, in printKidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.Two authors, in printFrank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed onlineAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000 (No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA89...$File/13016_2000.pdfEdited bookGibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.DissertationsReferences for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date ofpublication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.Dissertation, accessed onlineYoung, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities (Doctoral dissertation).Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)Essays or chapters in edited booksReferences to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.One authorLabajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Two editorsHammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.),Judgement and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader (pp. 127-143).Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopediaReferences for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.Encyclopedia set or dictionarySadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.Article from an online encyclopediaContainerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from search.eb.Encyclopedia articleKinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney Company. In Encyclopedia of Leadership(Vol. 1, pp.345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Research reports and papersReferences to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned anumber (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.Government report, accessed onlineU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005).Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price topublished prices (OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240).Washington, DC: Author. Retrievedfrom /oei/reports/oei-05-05-00240.pdfGovernment reports, GPO publisher, accessed onlineCongressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study (CBO Publication No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office. Retrievedfrom /ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14-GasolinePrices.p dfTechnical and/or research reports, accessed onlineDeming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: NationalBureau of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008,from /papers/w14124Document available on university program or department siteVictor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site:/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_st rain/Audio-visual mediaReferences to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets,location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.Videocassette/DVDAchbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J.(Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). Thecorporation [DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.Audio recordingNhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation [Cassette Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.Motion pictureGilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director).(1980). Nine to five [Motion Picture]. United States:Twentieth Century Fox.Television broadcastAnderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60 Minutes [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.Television show from a seriesWhedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers),Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..Music recordingJackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.Undated Web site content, blogs, and dataFor content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.Blog entryArrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding. Message posted to .techcrunch.Professional Web siteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels.Retrieved May 6, 2008,from /learning/re_biofuels.htmlData set from a databaseBloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database.Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana.(2008). Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008 [statistics]. Available from CEIC Data database.Entire Web siteWhen citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no Reference List entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraftFor more detailed information on APA citation style such as information on articles in press, journal special issues and supplements, translations, et cetera, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.Other citation guides and useful Web sites:American Psychological Association's Web sitePurdue University Online Writing Lab's APA Formatting and Style GuideDiana Hacker's Research and Documentation OnlineLandmark's Son of Citation Machine。
apa格式举例 -回复
apa格式举例-回复APA格式（American Psychological Association，美国心理学协会）是一种学术写作格式，用于引述和引用来源。
下面，我将以“儿童的社交发展”为主题，并一步一步回答。
1. 标题页：在文章开头创建一个标题页，包括文章标题、作者姓名和机构。
例如：儿童的社交发展作者：XXX机构：XXX2. 摘要：在标题页下方创建一个摘要，概括文章的主要内容和结论。
摘要应包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论，并不应超过250个字。
例如：本文旨在探讨儿童的社交发展对其家庭、学校和心理健康的重要性。
通过回顾相关研究以及观察和调查数据，我们发现良好的社交技能与正面结果之间存在显著关联。
这些结果对父母、教育工作者和儿童心理健康专业人士具有重要启示。
3. 引言：在摘要后面写一个引言，介绍文章的背景、目的和方法。
引言应该包括引用和参考前人研究，以及提供研究的目标和假设。
例如：社交发展对儿童的成长和幸福具有重要影响。
过去的研究表明，良好的社交技能有助于建立健康的人际关系，并提供心理健康保护。
本研究旨在探究儿童的社交发展对其家庭、学校和心理健康的影响。
通过整合文献综述和实证调查，我们希望为儿童社交发展的重要性提供更深入的理解。
4. 方法：在引言后面，说明研究方法和数据收集方式。
例如：本研究通过文献综述和定量调查来评估儿童的社交发展。
文献综述包括回顾过去10年的研究，并分析社交技能与儿童家庭环境、学校环境和心理健康之间的关系。
定量调查则使用了一组经过验证的问卷，以评估儿童的社交技能和心理健康水平。
调查对象为不同年龄段、性别和族群的儿童，样本共计500人。
5. 结果：在方法部分后面，报告研究结果。
可以使用表格、图表或叙述性文字来呈现结果。
例如：根据文献综述的结果，我们发现良好的社交技能与儿童在家庭和学校环境中更好的适应能力和心理健康呈正相关。
具体而言，文献显示，家庭和学校环境的支持和关怀与儿童展示积极社交技能之间存在关联。
APA+Reference+Examples
APA Reference ExamplesOne Work by One AuthorWalker (2000) compared reaction times….In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000), it was determined that…..Multiple AuthorsWhen a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text (Walker & Smith, 2003).When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after “al”) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference in the paragraph. Wasserstein et al. (1994) found… If it is the second or more times you have used this reference in the same paragraph, you only use the last name and et al., not the date.When a work has six or more authors,cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, however, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten ay remaining authors to et al.Groups as AuthorsFor example, in reference list: National Institute of Mental Health. (1988).In first text citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1988In subsequent citations: (NIMH, 1988). The names of universities should always be written out.No Author: Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book brochure, or report. Examples: (“Study Finds,” 1982; the book College Bound Seniors (1979).Two or More Works within the Same Parentheses: (Edeline & Weinberger, 1991, 1993; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg & Funk, 1990). List authors alphabetically. Works by the same author in the same year: (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c). In the reference list, these references are ordered alphabetically by title (of the article, chapter, or complete work).Personal Communications: Letters, memos, e-mail, personal interviews, telephone conversations –are not included in the reference list. Examples: T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001); (B.G. Nguyen, personal communication, May 4, 2000)General: (see samples given below)no first names, initials only,italicize title of books or journals (the article title in the journal is not italicized),journal number is also italicizedfirst title in a reference does not have capital letters except the first word and after a colon books must have city and publishergive page numbers for journals, not booksBook (up to six authors)Hanson, M. J. & Lynch, E. W. (2004). Understanding families: Approaches to diversity, disability, and risk. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.Journal ArticleMellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 184-194.Magazine ArticleKandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120. Report Available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Mead, J. B. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC DocumentReproduction Service No. ED 346082)Unpublished Paper Presented at a MeetingLanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the AmericanProfessional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.Internet Article Based on a Print SourceVandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal ofBibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.If referencing an online article that may have been changed or that includes additional data or commentaries, the date the article was retrieved needs to be added.VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.htmlStand-Alone Document, No Author, No DateGVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.) Retrieved August 8, 2000, from/gvu/user_surveys/survey-1997-10/See pp. 271-281 of the APA Manual, 5th ed., for additional internet reference citation examples.Publishers’ LocationsGive the city and state for U.S. publishers and country for publishers outside of the United States. If the publisher is a university and the name of the state (or province) is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the name in the publisher location. The names of U.S. states and territories are abbreviated in the reference list using the official two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviations. The following locations can be listed without a state abbreviation or country: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco; Amsterdam, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Tokyo, Vienna.Spacing and PunctuationSpace once after all punctuation as follows: commas, colons, semicolons; after punctuation marks at the ends of sentences; after periods that separate parts of a reference citation; and periods of the initials in personal names (e.g., J. R. Zhang).Exception: Do not space after internal periods (e.g.,)Numbers Expressed in FiguresAll numbers 10 and above; all numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above; numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement; numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractional or decimal quantities; percentages, ratios, and percentiles and quartiles; numbers that represent time, dates, ages, sample, subsample, or population size, specific numbers of subjects or participants in an experiment, scores and points on a scale, exact sums ofmoney, and numerals as numerals, numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers.Universally Accepted: the Twelve Apostles, the Fourth of July, the Ten CommandmentsSymbol for Percent (%)– Use the symbol for percent only when it is preceded by a numeral. Use the word percentage when a number is not given. Exception: In table headings and figure legends, use the symbol % to conserve space.Statistical Symbols: See pages 141-144 of APA Manual, 5th ed., for information on italicization of statistical symbols.Table Titles – Should be italicizedDirect Quotes –quotes of less than 40 words should be put in quotation marks, with the author, date and page number. Example: “a disorder that affects all neurological functions” (Smith, 2002, p. 14).Quotes of more than 40 words should be block indented, no quotation marks, but the same citation at the end of the text, unless the sentence starts with the author and date. For example: Bowe (1999) states:SSI offers monthly checks (plus, in most states, eligibility for Medicaid, foodstamps, and other benefits) for individuals who are both “poor” and “disabled” or “elderly”. The term poor refers to both to the person’s earned income and to theperson’s assets, such as money in a savings account. (p. 36)。
APA正文格式样例
标准文档 1. Introduction Idioms are thought of as the core and essence of language and culture. Any language which has a long history is abundant in idioms. Many of the words often contain enough philosophical and incisive theories for people to study and they become an important part of modern English (Zhang, 2009, p. 8). For example: “As a man sows, so he shall reap” can be translated into “种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”, “To strike while the iron is hot” is translated as “趁热打铁”, “A long road tests a horse ’s strength and a long task proves a man ’s heart ” can be translated into “路遥知马力, 日久见人心”. Nowadays, with the prospering of international communication, the activity of idiom translation has become especially frequent and important. However, idioms are strongly combined with specific culture, which often leads to great difficulty in translation. Thus, studying the relations between idioms and a few important cultural aspects such as historical backgrounds, geographical conditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc. will help us to understand the cultural elements in idioms.Since culture plays so important a role in intercultural communication, the cultural factors in different languages have been attracting more and more attention of linguistic scholars. In order to make intercultural communication more successful, many scholars have become interested in the study of cultural similarities and differences encoded in different languages. The study of cultural factors in different languages is of significance inintercultural communication as well as other disciplines such as linguistics, language acquisition, etc. This paper will expound the cultural differences between Chinese and English idioms and explore the role of culture plays in understanding of idioms. 2. T he c ultural b ackgrounds i n i diomsIdioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. They are the heritage of history and the product of cultural evolvement. Generally speaking, Idioms 正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman加粗，标题在某一页的开始，段前就不再另外空行，只段后一行即可。
apa格式举例 -回复
apa格式举例-回复Apa格式举例[The Importance of Physical Activity for Mental Health] IntroductionPhysical activity has long been recognized for its numerous benefits in promoting physical health. However, recent research has shown that physical activity plays a crucial role in improving mental health as well. This article will explore the importance of physical activity for mental health and provide evidence-based examples to emphasize the positive impact it can have on individuals'well-being.Body1. Physical activity and stress reductionEngaging in regular physical activity is linked to a reduction in stress levels. Physical activity stimulates the release of endorphins, which are natural mood boosters. These endorphins help reducefeelings of stress and anxiety, promoting a sense of calmness and well-being. In a study conducted by Smith et al. (2018), individuals who engaged in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise experienced a significant decrease in stress levels compared to a control group.2. Physical activity and depression managementPhysical activity has been proven to be an effective tool for managing depression. In a study by Brown et al. (2019), individuals diagnosed with depression who participated in a structured exercise program reported significant improvements in their symptoms compared to those who did not engage in physical activity. Exercise increases the production of brain chemicals such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which are associated with improved mood and reduced symptoms of depression.3. Physical activity and anxiety reductionAnxiety disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but physical activity can provide significant relief. Research conducted by Johnson et al. (2020) found that individuals who engaged in regular exercise experienced a reduction in anxiety symptoms. Physicalactivity serves as a distraction and helps individuals redirect their focus from their worries and anxious thoughts. Additionally, exercise increases body temperature, which has a calming effect on the nervous system.4. Physical activity and cognitive functionPhysical activity not only benefits mental well-being but also enhances cognitive function. Regular exercise improves cognitive performance, including memory, attention, and processing speed.A study by Jackson et al. (2017) demonstrated that individuals who engage in consistent physical activity have a reduced risk of cognitive decline and are more likely to retain their cognitive abilities as they age. Exercise promotes increased blood flow to the brain, stimulating the growth and development of nerve cells.ConclusionThe importance of physical activity for mental health cannot be overstated. Engaging in regular physical activity can reduce stress levels, manage depression symptoms, alleviate anxiety, and enhance cognitive function. With the growing awareness of themind-body connection, it is crucial to incorporate physical activity into our daily routines to promote overall well-being. Whether it's participating in aerobic exercises, yoga, or any other form of physical activity, the benefits for mental health are vast. Governments, healthcare professionals, and individuals should prioritize the promotion and encouragement of physical activity, ensuring a healthier and happier society.ReferencesBrown, J. C., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Pescatello, L. S., Ryan, S. M., Pescatello, L. S., & Pescatello, L. S. (2019). Home-Based Exercise for Depression. Physikalische Medicine und Rehabilitationsbericht, 1–12.Jackson, P. A., & Pialoux, V. (2017). Exercise Training: Impact on Health and Aging. In Stress Adaptation, Prophylaxis and Treatment (pp. 187–209). Springer International Publishing.Johnson, C., Stevens, D., Roberts, L., & Wild, C. (2020). Exploring Physical Activity as a Coping Strategy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Stress and Health.Smith, A. L., & Sparks, P. J. (2018). Physical activity to manage stress: Dome aerobic types work better than others. Stress and Health.。
apa格式英文引用范文举例
apa格式英文引用范文举例In APA format, when citing a source in the text of a paper, theauthor's last name and the publication year are included in parentheses. For example, (Smith, 2019). 在APA格式中，当在论文正文中引用资料时，需要在括号中包含作者的姓氏和出版年份。
例如，（Smith, 2019）。
In addition to citing within the text, APA format also requires a reference list at the end of the paper, which provides more detailed information about the sources cited. This list should be organized alphabetically by the author's last name. 除了在文中引用外，APA格式还要求在论文末尾列出参考文献，其中详细提供了被引用的资料。
这个列表应按作者的姓氏字母顺序排列。
When citing a book in APA format, the basic format includes the author's last name, first initial, publication year, title of the book, and publisher. For example: Smith, J. (2019). The Art of Writing. New York, NY: Penguin Press. 在APA格式中引用书籍时，基本格式包括作者的姓氏，名字首字母，出版年份，书名，以及出版社。
APA 论文写作格式简要说明
concise: condense information when you
can
plain: use simple, descriptive
adjectives and minimize the figurative language
General Format
Your essay should:
Use:
the third person point of view rather than using the first person point of view The study showed that…, NOT I found out that….
the active voice rather than passive voice
(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)
In-text Citations:
A work with two authors
When citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between authors’ name in the signal phrase yet “&” between their names in parenthesis:
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.
apa format的段落格式
apa format的段落格式APA格式的段落格式APA格式是美国心理学协会（American Psychological Association）所制定的一种学术写作风格。
它适用于社会科学领域的学术论文，其中包括心理学、教育学、社会学等学科。
APA格式的段落格式非常重要，因为它可以使读者更容易阅读和理解你的论文。
下面将介绍一些关于APA格式的段落格式的重要要求和准则。
首先，APA格式要求每一段都要有明确的开头。
在每段的开头，应该用粗体写出这一段的主题句。
这样做可以帮助读者更快地了解你的论点，并且有助于整体的逻辑结构。
主题句应该简明扼要地概括这一段的内容，开门见山地提出问题或观点，并且让读者对接下来的内容有一定的期待。
其次，APA格式要求每段的长度适中，一般不宜过长或过短。
过长的段落会使读者感到困惑和不知所措，而且容易迷失在大段的文字之中。
因此，应该根据论点的逻辑和重要性来控制段落的长度。
另外，过短的段落则会给人断断续续的感觉，让读者难以抓住论文的主旨。
因此，要尽量保持段落的一致性和连贯性，避免让读者感到困惑。
另外，APA格式要求每段都要以一个过渡句来引导下一个段落的开头。
过渡句的作用是连接两个段落，以便于读者理解思路的转变和延续。
过渡句通常使用一些转折词语或连接词语，如“然而”、“因此”、“另一方面”等，来引导读者从一个观点过渡到另一个观点，或者从一个论证到另一个论证。
过渡句的运用可以使整篇论文更加流畅和连贯。
此外，APA格式也要求每段都要有恰当的引用和转引。
在学术论文中，引用他人的观点和研究是必不可少的。
当引用他人的研究时，要使用准确的引用标记，如作者的姓氏和出版年份。
转引则表示对已引用的观点和研究进行进一步的分析和讨论。
在进行转引时，要注明转引的出处，并用合适的文字表达自己的理解和观点。
通过正确使用引用和转引，可以增加你的论文的可信度和权威性。
最后，在段落的结尾处，应该总结本段的要点，并且与整篇论文的主题进行呼应。
APA格式范例
APA格式范例论丛格式要求（第六期）一、题头部分1、标题：黑体小2号；副标题：楷体3号。
（黑体是字体，不是宋体加粗）2、作者名：宋体3号（当作者名为两个字则中间空一格，即一个字符位置。
）（标题与作者名都要居中，居中之前要先左对齐）3、摘要（中文）：黑体5号，摘要两字缩进两个汉字，中间空两格；摘要内容：楷体5号。
（“摘要”两字后面的冒号同样用“黑体”。
关键词，参考文献，作者简介等同理。
）4、关键词（中文）：黑体5号，关键词三个字缩进两个汉字；关键词内容：楷体5号，关键词之间用分号间隔，末尾不加标点符号。
5、Abstract（英文）：黑体5号，缩进4个字符；内容：Times New Roman 5号。
6、Key words：黑体5号，缩进4个字符；内容：Times New Roman 5号，英文关键词之间用逗号分隔。
“word”首字母不必大写。
（标题和作者之间空一行距离；作者名与摘要之间空一行距离，注意要用5号字体大小空一行）二、正文部分1、全部采用APA格式。
2、小标题：黑体5号，缩进两个汉字与本段首行对齐。
3、正文字体：宋体5号，单倍行间距。
4、汉语引文：楷体小5号；英文引文：Times New Roman 小五号。
（注意！在文中加引号的引文，不论中文英文，与正文字号字体一致。
只有超过四行的引文才需要单独成段，缩进五个汉字。
诗歌等有特殊格式要求的，可以直接单独成段，缩进五个汉字。
字号变成小5号，汉语变楷体。
参见去年的“正文”。
）5、小标题与段落之间空一行。
6、文中的英文全部用Times New Roman，但Abstract和Key words这几个词要用黑体三、参考文献部分1、参考文献：顶格，黑体小5号；内容：宋体小5号。
参考文献标点用英文状态下的Times New Roman。
（中括号和其中的数字，及括号后的空格用宋体，如：“[1]”。
2、参考文献须编号加方括号并对齐。
具体格式参照《外语与外语教学》请以去年“正文”为准！注：[A] 指论文集中的一篇[C] 指论文集(斜体)[J] 指期刊中的一篇(文章名不斜体，期刊名斜体)[M] 指专著中的一篇(斜体)英文书名以及期刊名要求斜体，必须标出出版社的地点。
apa格式举例 -回复
apa格式举例-回复[电影对青少年的影响]APA格式举例：姓氏, 名字. (年份). 文章标题. 杂志名, 卷(期), 起始页码-结束页码.DOI/URL引言：电影作为一种重要的娱乐形式，对青少年的影响备受关注。
本文将一步一步回答电影对青少年的影响，并分析其积极和消极之处。
1. 电影对青少年的情感发展的影响在起始段落中我们将讨论电影对青少年情感发展的影响。
研究表明，观看电影可以激发青少年的情感，使他们对电影中的人物和故事产生共鸣（Smith, 2001）。
这种情感共鸣有助于青少年培养情感表达和理解的能力，提高他们的情商（Johnson, 2005）。
2. 电影对青少年的认知发展的影响接下来我们将探讨电影对青少年认知发展的影响。
电影中的故事情节和角色可以激发青少年的思维和想象力，并提供新的观点和经验（Williams, 2010）。
观看各种类型的电影可以拓展青少年的知识范围，培养他们的批判思维和分析能力（Brown, 2012）。
3. 电影对青少年的行为模仿的影响本章节将探讨电影对青少年行为模仿的影响。
一些研究表明，电影中的暴力和不良行为可能对青少年产生负面影响，导致他们模仿电影中的不良行为（Adams, 2016）。
然而，其他研究指出，电影能够激发青少年对公益事业和正义的关注，并促使他们积极参与社会行动（Lee, 2018）。
4. 电影对青少年的身份认同的影响接下来我们将讨论电影对青少年身份认同的影响。
电影中的人物和故事情节可以帮助青少年建立自我认同，强化他们的价值观和信仰（Smithson, 2014）。
通过观看电影，青少年可以寻找到与自己相似的角色，并从中获得认同感（Yang, 2017）。
结论：通过本文的讨论，我们可以得出结论，电影对青少年有积极和消极两方面的影响。
它可以辅助青少年的情感发展、认知发展和身份认同，同时也可能在行为模仿和价值观塑造方面产生负面影响。
因此，家长和教育工作者应该引导青少年正确看待电影，并提供适当的解释和指导。
apa格式举例 -回复
apa格式举例-回复我很高兴为您提供关于APA格式举例的文章。
在本文中，我将一步一步回答您所提供的主题，并按照APA格式进行引用和参考文献的编写。
文章将包括1500至2000字。
让我们开始吧！[主题：影响社交媒体在当代社会中的作用]引言：在当代社会，社交媒体已经成为人们生活中不可或缺的一部分。
它已经改变了个体和团体之间的交流方式以及信息的获取与传播。
本文将探讨社交媒体在当代社会中的作用，包括其对人们的生活、沟通和精神健康的影响。
此外，还将对社交媒体的积极和消极方面进行评估，并提供一些建议以更好地利用社交媒体的潜力。
正文：一、社交媒体对社交生活的影响社交媒体为人们提供了与朋友、家人和陌生人交流的平台。
通过社交媒体，人们可以轻松地分享自己的生活、观点和情感。
社交媒体的出现使得人们能够与世界各地的人进行互动和联系，打破了地理和文化的障碍。
根据一项研究（Smith et al., 2016），80％的人表示社交媒体帮助他们保持与亲朋好友的联系，特别是那些由于地理原因而无法常见面的人们。
此外，社交媒体还提供了跨文化交流和了解其他文化的机会。
例如，通过关注国外的新闻账号和个人博客，人们可以了解不同社会和文化的想法和观点。
然而，社交媒体的存在也引发了一些问题。
一些研究表明，社交媒体使用过多可能导致真实社交活动的减少（Huang et al., 2017）。
人们花费过多的时间在社交媒体上，导致他们与身边的人缺乏面对面的交流。
这可能会对人们的社交技能和能力产生负面影响。
因此，使用社交媒体应该保持适度，同时加强与现实社交活动的结合。
二、社交媒体对沟通的影响社交媒体改变了人们的交流方式。
与之前需要书信或电话的沟通方式相比，社交媒体提供了即时、便捷的沟通平台。
人们可以通过消息、评论和分享来进行交流。
这种快速的沟通方式使得人们能够轻松地与他人保持联系和互动。
研究表明，社交媒体对沟通有积极影响（Chen et al., 2018）。
apa格式举例 -回复
apa格式举例-回复APA格式举例：如何编写一个成功的研究论文[如何编写一个成功的研究论文]引言：编写一个成功的研究论文是大学生和研究人员必备的技能之一。
无论是在学术领域还是在专业世界中，研究人员都需要掌握APA格式，以确保他们的论文准确无误地引用来源。
本文将一步一步解释APA格式，并提供一些实用的技巧，帮助读者编写出令人印象深刻的研究论文。
第一节：APA格式概述APA是美国心理学协会（American Psychological Association）推广的一种学术写作和引用格式。
它采用一种系统化的方法，确保研究论文的可读性和准确性。
在论文中引用其他作者的内容时，APA格式要求提供作者的姓名、出版日期、文章标题和引用页码等信息。
此外，APA格式还规定了论文结构，包括标题页、摘要、引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分。
第二节：标题页和摘要在APA格式中，论文的标题页首先包括论文标题、作者姓名和所属机构。
标题应简明扼要地描述研究内容，并尽量避免使用缩写词。
摘要是论文的简短概述，通常不超过200个单词。
它应包含研究的目的、方法、结果和结论。
同时，摘要应该突出研究的重要性和意义。
第三节：引言与文献综述引言部分应概述研究的背景和目的，并简要介绍当前领域的研究进展。
引言的最后应提出研究的目的和假设。
在引言中，必须引用相关文献，以展示研究的基础和原创性。
在APA格式中，文献引用应使用特定的格式：姓氏，年份，文章标题和页码。
第四节：方法方法部分应清晰地描述研究的设计和实施过程，以便其他研究人员能够复制实验。
具体包括参与者选择、实验材料、数据收集过程和数据分析方法等。
写作时，要使用清晰简洁的语言，避免使用专门的领域术语，除非已经清楚解释其含义。
第五节：结果结果部分应提供研究的主要发现，并以统计数据和图表的形式展示结果。
在描述结果时，要使用客观而准确的语言。
与方法部分一样，结果部分应以可读性为重点，确保读者能够理解研究的主要发现。
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APA Format and ExamplesFor each type of research source, a format “formula” is provided, followed by an example drawn from an existing published work. Each citation is shown in two forms: first as it would appear in the list of References, then as it would appear as an in-text citation. Print Sources1. Book With One AuthorAuthor, F. M. (Year published). Book title (pp. start page-end page of specific reference {orp. page number if referencing a single page}). City {include state, province, or country ifc ity is not well known}: Publisher.orAuthor, F. M. (Year published). Book title. City {include state, province, or country if city is notw ell known}: Publisher.In text: (Author, year published).Example:Salinger, J. D. (1951). The catcher in the rye (pp. 106-107). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.orSalinger, J. D. (1951). The catcher in the rye. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.In text: (Salinger, 1951).2. Book With Two AuthorsAuthor, F. M., & Author2, F. M. (Year published). Book title (pp. start page-end page of s pecific reference {or p. page number if referencing a single page}). City {include state,p rovince, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.orAuthor, F. M., & Author2, F. M. (Year published). Book title. City {include state, province, orc ountry if city is not well known}: Publisher.In text: (Author & Author2, year published).Example:Bailey, G., & Peoples, J. (1999). Introduction to cultural anthropology (pp. 96-99). Belmont,C A: Thomson Wadsworth.orBailey, G., & Peoples, J. (1999). Introduction to cultural anthropology. Belmont, CA: ThomsonW adsworth.In text: (Bailey & Peoples, 1999).3. Book With Three AuthorsAuthor, F. M., Author2, F. M., & Author3, F. M. (Year published). Book title (pp. start page-e nd page of specific reference {or p. page number if referencing a single page}). City {includes tate, province, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.orAuthor, F. M., Author2, F. M., & Author3, F. M. (Year published). Book title. City {includes tate, province, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.In text: (Author, Author2, & Author3, year published).Example:Sebranek, P., Meyer, V., & Kemper, D. (2004). Write for college (p. 231). Wilmington, MA: GreatS ource Education Group.orSebranek, P., Meyer, V., & Kemper, D. (2004). Write for college. Wilmington, MA: Great SourceE ducation Group.In text: (Sebranek, Meyer, & Kemper, 2004).4. Second or Other Edition of a Book(Two authors in this example)Author, F. M., & Author2, F. M. (Year published). Book title (xth ed.) (pp. start page-end pageo f specific reference {or p. page number if referencing a single page}). City {include state,p rovince, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.orAuthor, F. M., & Author2, F. M. (Year published). Book title (xth ed.). City {include state, p rovince, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.In text: (Author & Author2, year published).Example:Mertler, C. A., & Charles, C. M. (2005). Introduction to educational research (5th ed.) (p. 321).B oston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.orMertler, C. A., & Charles, C. M. (2005). Introduction to educational research (5th ed.). Boston:P earson Allyn & Bacon.In text: (Mertler & Charles, 2005).5. Journal Article(Two authors in this example)Author, F. M., & Author2, F. M. (Year published). Article title. Journal title, volume(issue), start page-end page of specific reference {start page+ if pages are discontinuous}.orAuthor, F. M., & Author2, F. M. (Year published). Article title. Journal title, volume(issue), start page-end page of entire article {start page+ if pages are discontinuous}.In text: (Author & Author2, year published).Example:O’Connell, J. F., & Perkins, G. M. (2003). The economics of private liberal arts colleges.J ournal of Business, 76(3), 501.orO’Connell, J. F., & Perkins, G. M. (2003). The economics of private liberal arts colleges.J ournal of Business, 76(3), 499-514.In text:(O’Connell & Perk ins, 2003).6. Magazine Article(One author in this example)Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day {publication date}). Article title. Magazine title, volume, start page-e nd page of specific reference {start page+ if pages are discontinuous}.orAuthor, F. M. (Year, Month Day {publication date}). Article title. Magazine title, volume,start page-e nd page of entire article {start page+ if pages are discontinuous}.In text: (Author, year published).Example:Serrill, M. S. (1990, April 2). Soviet Union war of nerves. Time, 135, 29.orSerrill, M. S. (1990, April 2). Soviet Union war of nerves. Time, 135, 26-30.In text: (Serrill, 1990).7. Newspaper Article(One author in this example)Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day {publication date}). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp. start page-e nd page of specific reference {pp. start page+ if pages are discontinuous or p. page number ifr eferencing a single page}.orAuthor, F. M. (Year, Month Day {publication date}). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp. start page-e nd page of entire article {pp. start page+ if pages are discontinuous or p. page number ifa one-page article}.In text: (Author, year published).Example:Rood, L. (2005, December 31). The steep costs of driving drunk. Des Moines Register, p. A12.orRood, L. (2005, December 31). The steep costs of driving drunk. Des Moines Register, p. A12-A13.In text: (Rood, 2005).8. Newspaper Article, No AuthorArticle title. (Year, Month Day {publication date}). Newspaper title, pp. start page-end page ofs pecific reference {pp. start page+ if pages are discontinuous or p. page number ifa one-page article}.orArticle title. (Year, Month Day {publication date}). Newspaper title, pp. start page-end page ofe ntire article {pp. start page+ if pages are discontinuous or p. page number if.aone-pagea rticle}.In text:(“Article Title {can be shortened},” year published).Example:Gas prices: Pollution rules may be eased. (2006, April 26). The Seattle Times, p. A5.orGas prices: Pollution rules may be eased. (2006, April 26). The Seattle Times, pp. A1+. In text:(“Gas Prices,” 2006).Electronic Sources1. Online Encyclopedia Article(One author in this example)Author, F. M. (Year published). Article title. Title of Reference Work. Retrieved Month day, year{date retrieved from Web}, from URLIn text: (Author, year published).Example:Hart, J. (2006). Water pollution. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved April 19,2006, from /encyclopedia_761572857/Water_Pollution.html In text: (Hart, 2006).2. Online Encyclopedia Article, No AuthorArticle title. (Year published). Title of reference work. Retrieved Month day, year {date retrievedf rom Web}, from URLExample:Common cold. (2006). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006, fromh ttp:///encyclopedia_761578766/Common_Cold.htmlIn text:(“Common Cold,” 2006).3. Article in DVD or CD ROM Encyclopedia(One author in this example)Author, F. M. (Year published). Article title. Title of reference work [DVD {orCD-ROM}]. City{include state, province, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.In text: (Author, year published).Example:Hart, J. (2006). Water pollution. Microsoft Student 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation.In text: (Hart, 2006).4. Article in DVD or CD-ROM Encyclopedia, No AuthorArticle title. (Year published). Title of reference work [DVD {or CD-ROM}]. City {include state,p rovince, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.Example:Common cold. (2006). Microsoft Student 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation.In text:(“Common Cold,” 2006).5. Online Journal Article(Five authors in this example)Author, F. M., Author2, F. M., Author3, F. M., Author4, F. M., & Author5, F. M. (Year published).A rticle title. Journal title, volume(issue), start page-end page of specific reference {ifa vailable}. Retrieved Month day, year {date retrieved from Web}, from URLorAuthor, F. M., Author2, F. M., Author3, F. M., Author4, F. M., & Author5, F. M. (Year published).A rticle title. Journal title, volume(issue), start page-end page of entire article {ifa vailable}. Retrieved Month day, year {date retrieved from Web}, from URLIn text: (Author, Author2, Author3, Author4, & Author5, year published).Example:Muntner, P., He, J., Cutler, J. A., Wildman, R. P., & Whelton, P. K. (2004). Trends inb lood pressure among children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association(JAMA), 291(17), 2110-2111. Retrieved May 22, 2007, fromh ttp:///cgi/content/abstract/291/17/2107orMuntner, P., He, J., Cutler, J. A., Wildman, R. P., & Whelton, P. K. (2004). Trends inb lood pressure among children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association(JAMA), 291(17), 2107-2113. Retrieved May 22, 2007, fromh ttp:///cgi/content/abstract/291/17/2107In text: (Muntner, He, Cutler, Wildman, & Whelton, 2004).6. Online Magazine Article(One author in this example)Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day {publication date}). Article title. Magazine title, volume. RetrievedM onth day, year {date retrieved from Web}, from URLIn text: (Author, year published).Example:Nash, J. M. (2006, February 20). Where the waters are rising. Time, 165. Retrieved April 25, 2006,f rom /time/magazine/0,9263,7601050425,00.htmlIn text: (Nash, 2005).7. Online Newspaper Article(One author in this example)Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day {publication date}). Article title. Newspaper title. Retrieved Monthd ay, year {date retrieved from Web}, from URLIn text: (Author, year published).Example:Waxman, S. (2005, April 19). Hollywood welcomes new crop of moguls. The New York Times.R etrieved January 2, 2007, fromh ttp:///gst/abstract.html?res=F70F16FC345A0C7A8DDDAD0894 DD404482In text: (Waxman, 2005).8. Online Government Document, No AuthorGovernment Agency. (Year published). Title of publication (pp. start page-end page of specificr eference {or p. page number if referencing a single page}). City {include state, province, orc ountry if city is not well known}: Publisher {if available}. Retrieved Month day, year {dater etrieved from Web}, from URLorGovernment Agency. (Year published). Title of publication. City {include state, province, or countryi f city is not well known}: Publisher {if available}. Retrieved Month day, year {date retrieved fromW eb}, from URLIn text: (Government Agency, year published).Example:U.S. Department of Education, Office of Innovation and Improvement. (2004). Innovations inE ducation: Alternative Routes to Teacher Certification (pp. 2-3). Washington, D.C.: EducationP ublications Center. Retrieved April 20, 2006, fromh ttp:///admins/tchrqual/recruit/altroutes/report.htmlorU.S. Department of Education, Office of Innovation and Improvement. (2004). Innovations inE ducation: Alternative Routes to Teacher Certification. Washington, D.C.: Education PublicationsC enter. Retrieved April 20, 2006, fromh ttp:///admins/tchrqual/recruit/altroutes/report.htmlIn text: (U.S. Department of Education, Office of Innovation and Improvement, 2004).。