老渔人圣地亚哥是海明威塑造的最后一位悲剧英雄

老渔人圣地亚哥是海明威塑造的最后一位悲剧英雄
老渔人圣地亚哥是海明威塑造的最后一位悲剧英雄

老渔人圣地亚哥是海明威塑造的最后一位悲剧英雄,也是他一生塑造的硬汉性格的最后总结。贫穷而又不走运的老渔夫圣地亚哥的命运是悲哀的,而他却又是一个失败的英雄,“打不败的失败者”,海明威的硬汉子品格像精灵一样铮铮依附在圣地亚哥这一人物形象之上,这便是海明威式“硬汉子”精神的象征,他不管有意还是无意,不管是自觉亦或不自觉,都作为了海明威“冰山原则”的有力体现

看《老人与海》这本节的时候,我会经常性的感觉到老人仿佛是海中一条久经沙场的大鱼,也许这样的形容不准确,或者说老人就是海,可却是历尽沧桑的海。老人的眼睛如文中所提一样,时间在变老,可那双眼睛却像海水一样蓝,是愉快的,毫不沮丧的。

老人与小孩都时常用谎言去修饰那穷迫的生活,小孩对老人的尊重甚至充满了崇拜,他对老人的信心有增无减,并不断地激励他、照顾他。我有时在想,老人就像一条大鱼,虽然身疲力尽,可是绝不向大海和渔人屈服。老人的身体、力量在逐渐缩小,可老人那长年积累的经验和技巧促使他存有信心,能捕捉到大鱼的信心。

老人始终做着与别人不同的事,他做的是别人敢想而不敢做的事,虽然有许多人不理解他,可他照样做。老人在海中经历了太多的事,当他捕到一条大青花鱼的时候,也兴奋的嚷了起来,经过两个多月来,他没有捕到一条鱼的事实,他开始自言自语,在海上交谈是一件不好的事情,这仿佛成了所有出海的渔人之间的一种品德,可老人却由于孤单也许有其他的外在因素,促成老人嚷出了自己心中的话,老人渴望遇见走失的鱼群,因为大鱼肯定会在其中,老人在八十五天的时候用大青花鱼做为诱饵,太阳在他的脑后,海岸远离了他,在他的视眼里有的只有一片一望无际的海与那青青的山。

经过老人的努力,一条马林鱼在吃下老人的诱饵,老人灵活地握着钓丝,用他那经验与技巧同躲在海下六百英尺的大鱼做着较量。老人感觉到大鱼的重量,慢慢将手中的线放下去,经过了好一段时间,老人决定收网了,可鱼也是很精神的,在那平静无波的水上,老人与大鱼做着无声的较量。老人的汗干了,全身冷冰冰的,两方都拿对方没有办法,就这么耗着。

读到这的时候,我觉得在我们的人生当中,耐性其实是非常重要的,谁的耐性好,谁就能在最后一个笑,当然信心也是基础,我从老人的身上看到了,不达目的绝不罢休的气势,在那条大鱼的身上我也看到了绝不屈服的精神,而在乎两者之外的,不是别的东西,是人情,说的更准确一点,应该是同情。鱼并没有果断地将船撞翻或将老人拉下海而是与老人那慢慢地耗着,它仿佛通人性也许是残酷的现实让它不得不学会一种与人较量的好办法,也许是它根本没有办法。

在鱼的身上,我看到了人类身上难以看到的忠诚,当两条公与母的鱼其中一条被捉住后,而另一条却在旁边静静地守护着,直至最后看了一眼对方而冲进深海,这在我们的现实生活中很难看到,就像那句老话“夫妻本是同林鸟,大难临头各自飞。”也许这就是所谓的聪明的代表。

老人在船上无数次地希望孩子在那里,老人将带有血的手放在海里,看它们与海水慢慢地融合,仿佛要将他自己与海化为一体一样。老人与手进行了自言自语的谈话。过了很久,鱼进行了反抗,我看到了一股无形的力量在冲破水面,向老人的船攻击。死鱼被鲨鱼攻击,变得尸体难存。最后,大鱼被全吃了,老人也到达了彼岸……

老人在最后的时候梦见了狮子。回想整篇内容,老人是老了,可他却充满信心要一定捕到大鱼,结果给了他一个证明,一个在海中是强者的证明。

海明威的写作特色

Hemingway does not give way to lengthy geographical and psychological description. His style has been said to lack substance because he avoids direct statements and descriptions of emotion. Basically his style is simple, direct and somewhat plain. He developed a forceful prose style characterized by simple sentences and few adverbs or adjectives. He wrote concise, vivid dialogue and exact description of places and things. Critic Harry Levin pointed out the weakness of syntax and diction in Hemingway's writing, but was quick to praise his ability to convey action(Rovit 47). Hemingway believed that "a writer's style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. Behind the conception of this idea of the hero lies the disillusionment of the American public, the disillusionment that was brought about by the First World War. The impressionable man came to realize that the old ideas and beliefs rooted in religion and ethics had not helped to save man the catastrophe of World War I. As a result, after the war came to an end, Hemingway and other writers began to look for a new system of values, a system of values that would replace the old attitudes which they thought proved to be useless. The writers who adopted these new beliefs came to be known as the "lost generation." The "lost generation," was a name instituted by Gertrude Stein and it signified the postwar generation and the literary movement produced by the young writers of the time (Unger 654). Their writing reflected their belief that "the only reality was that life is harsh" (Bryfonski 1874). After The First World War ,The writers and works had a pessimistic and disconsolate feeling in America society. People of this time were named “The Lost Generation ”. Hemi ngway is distinguished from many of them and his writing style is unique. The language is simple and natural on the surface, but actually it is deliberate and artificial. People defined this style as ice-berg style. The theory is this: The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. For example, The Old Man and the Sea is a meditation upon youth and age, even though the protagonist spends little or no time thinking on those terms. The iceberg theory of hemingway is not only a craft of simpification and abstraction, but also, courage to omit the expression of personal passion and the revelation of theme. Character 英语百科| 中国最大的英语学习资料在线图书馆! >> 英文阅读>> 英语文化 The Character of Hemingway ' Code Hero 发表评论(0)编辑词条 A typical Hemingway code hero loves good times, stimulating surroundings and strict moral rules, including honesty. The code hero always exhibits come form of a physical wound that serves as his tragic flaw and weakness of his character. Hemingway defined the code hero as a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful and always painful. The code hero measure himself by how well they handle the difficult situations that life throws at him. in the end, the code hero well lose because we are all mortal, but the true measure is how a person faces death. The code hero believes in "NADA”, a Spanish word means nothing. Along with this, there is no afterlife. The code hero is typically an individualist and free-willed. A code hero never shows emotions.

2020届高考小说阅读名家精练:海明威专练

2020届高考小说阅读名家作品精练:海明威专练 一、阅读下面的作品,完成1——3题。 士兵之家① 海明威 克莱勃斯在堪萨斯州一所卫理会学院(教会学院)读书时上了前线。有一张照片照的就是他和团骑的弟兄们,大家都戴着一模一样的高领。他在1917年入伍参加了海军陆战队,直到1919年夏天第二师从莱茵河撤回来才回到美国。 有一张照片是他和另一名军士同两个德国姑娘在莱茵河畔照的。克莱勃斯和那个军士穿的军服都绷在身上显得太紧。德国姑娘长得也不漂亮。莱茵河在照片上根本就看不出来。 克莱勃斯回到俄克拉何马家乡小镇的时候,向凯旋英雄致敬的热潮已经过去了。他回得实在太晚,他的家乡对于有关战争暴行的故事听到得太多了,真实的情况反而引不起他们的兴趣。克莱勃斯发现,要人家肯听,他就得撒谎,因为撒了谎,战争中他亲身经历过的每一件事,现在都使他感到厌烦。他明白自己一直处于病态的十分恐惧的心情中。这样,他就丧失了一切。 这时正当晚夏,他每天起得很晚,起床后步行到市区去图书馆借一本书,回家吃中饭,在前廊看书直到他感到腻烦为止,然后步行穿过市区,到阴凉的弹子房去,消磨一天中最热的几小时。他喜欢打弹子。 晚上,他练练单簧管,去市区散散步,看看书,然后上床睡觉。他在他的两个妹妹心目中仍然是个英雄。他妈妈甚至会把早饭端到床上给他吃,要是他想这样的话。他在床上时妈妈常到他房里来,要他把打仗的情况讲给她听。不过她的注意力总不集中。他父亲则什么意见都不表示。 镇上什么都没有变,只是姑娘们都长大了。不过她们生活的天地挺复杂,既有已经确定的各种联合,又存在着变化不定的敌意,这使克莱勃斯觉得他缺乏精力和勇气闯进她们的天地里去。不过他喜欢看她们。漂亮的姑娘真不少。大多数都剪短头发。他离开家的时候,只有小姑娘或者赶时髦的姑娘才留那样的短发。她们都穿着毛衣和荷兰式圆领衬衫。这是种流行式样。他喜欢站在前廊看着她们在街对面走过。他喜欢看她们在树荫下走路的身影。他喜欢她们露在毛衣外的荷兰式圆领。他喜欢她们穿的丝袜和平底皮鞋。他喜欢她们蓬松的短发和她们走路

海明威英文简介

Ernest Hemingway 1899-1961, American novelist and short-story writer, b. Oak Park, Ill. one of the great American writers of the 20th cent. The son of a country doctor, Hemingway worked as a reporter for the Kansas City Star after graduating from high school in 1917. During World War I he served as an ambulance driver in France and in the Italian infantry and was wounded just before his 19th birthday. Later, while working in Paris as a correspondent for the Toronto Star, he became involved with the expatriate literary and artistic circle surrounding Gertrude Stein. During the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway served as a correspondent on the loyalist side. He fought in World War II and then settled in Cuba in 1945. In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. After his expulsion from Cuba by the Castro regime, he moved to Idaho. He was increasingly plagued by ill health and mental problems, and in July, 1961, he committed suicide by shooting himself. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation." He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingway's distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement, and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. His protagonists are typically stoical men who exhibit an ideal described as "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered classics of American literature. Hemingway's fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous lives, soldiers, fishermen, athletes, bullfighters,who meet the pain and difficulty of their existence with stoic courage. His celebrated literary style, influenced by Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein , is direct, terse, and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his elemental subject matter.

论《白象似的群山》中海明威独特的写作风格

论《白象似的群山》中海明威独特的写作风格 Abstract Being distinguished from many great American writers, Hemingway is famous for his unique writing style. He changes the traditional literary works from tedious style into a kind of concise “telegraph style”. As a matter of fact, his short story--- Hills like White Elephants fully reflects his unique and classic writing style. The story seems simple, but actually artful. Hemingway captures the essence of the plain dialogue of usual life, so a reader may be under an illusion that he was present at the site of the story. And he adds sentiment into concise language. In Hills like White Elephants, the perfect symbolism about “white elephant” and the characteristic ending constructed by Hemingway further gives prominence to his ability in language. Especially, his famous Iceberg Theory is employed perfectly in this story. Hemingway creates a unique writing style that brings a great influence to American letters, even to Europe and all over the world. Key Words:Dialogue; conciseness; symbolism; writing style; Iceberg Theory 摘要 在众多伟大的美国作家中,海明威以其独特的写作风格而著称。他改变了传统文学作品冗长、沉闷的风格,创造了一种简洁的电报式文体。而他的短篇小说《白象似的群山》完全体现了他的这种独特而经典的写作风格。小说虽看似简单,却极富艺术性。他抓住了人们日常对话结构的精髓,给读者创造了一种身临其境的感觉。而其简洁的文字后面也蕴藏了丰富的情感。小说中关于白象的完美象征以及海明威式的经典结尾,突出了海明威在语言方面的能力。尤其是他的著名的冰山原则,在此小说中发挥到了极致。海明威创造了一种独特的写作风格,而他的这种风格对美国,以至于欧洲,乃至整个世界文坛都产生了重要影响。 关键词:对话;简洁;象征;写作风格;冰山原则 Introduction Hemingway, who is very famous for his creation of a new and unique writing style, is one of the most influential writers in American literary history during the 20th century, so he is undoubtedly to be the focus of the researchers all over the world. But from all the researches on him, it is easy to find that authors are always focusing on his several long-novels and his The Old Man and the Sea to show his unique writing style. As a matter of fact, his unique writing style is fully and exactly reflected by his short stories, which are drawing more people’s attentions. So this essay takes Hemingway’s short story---Hills Like White Elephants as the focus to give a brief introduction on his unique writing style. Hills Like White Elephants is one of the most classic short stories of Hemingway. Among all the comments on it, the one by Milan Kundera, a famous Czech writer, is surely attractive and profound. He specifically makes an analysis about the hidden elements of the story, the different characters of the two and so on, especially the real dialogue structure which is simple, clear and beautiful in his minds, contrasting with the drama dialogue structure. And in Researches on Hemingway, edited by Dong Hengxun, the English critic H. O. Bates in his works mainly refers to Hemingway’s concise writing style. But to sum up, most of the researches on Hemingway’s unique writing style are systematic and theoretical.

海明威小说的内容特色和艺术特色

海明威小说的内容特色和艺术特色 一内容特色: 海明威无论写什么都以自己的经验为基础。他说:“只有你占有过的东西你才了解它。”因此,海明威的素材都来自他的亲身经历。海明威的生活经历就给他的作品提供了丰富的题材和广阔的背景,对其创作艺术有重要的影响。 文学是通过塑造人物形象来反映社会生活的,人物塑造的好坏决定着作品的成败。海明威非常重视人物塑造,他说:“写一部小说的时候,作者应该创造活生生的人”,活生生的人,必须从其丰富的经验中,从其全部知识中,从其整个身心中产生出来 二艺术特色: 海明威小说创作的艺术风格,人们通常称之为“冰山风格”。主要表现在: (一)电报式文体,亦即那种简洁、清新、明晰、干净的散文文体。海明威总是避免使用描写手法和堆砌华丽辞藻与花花绿绿的形容词,而尽量采用直截了当的叙述和准确、精练、鲜明、生动的短小语句。由此其冰山风格又被称作“电报式风格”。 (二)含蓄、凝练的意境。海明威既然倡导以八分之一部分来表现八之之七部分,亦即“以少胜多”,努力要追求一种言外之意、弦外之音、趣外之旨。而为了获得这种艺术效果,作家又主要依赖了象征、简洁和零式结局的手法。 1、明威相当广泛地使用象征手法,表现在其作品中,无论是情节、

主题、意象乃至通篇诸方面,均富有突出的象征性。如《永别了,武器》中“武器”一词又可作“怀抱”解,暗示战争与爱情的双重主题。 2、运用简洁手法来安排人物对话,作者退避一旁,完全由人物自己说话,以此让读者去体味丰富的潜台词,去捕捉人物隐秘的情感活动,以补充和再现作家故意省略的八分之七部分。试以《永别了,武器》的结尾为例。 3、海明威小说的结尾,一反传统的大团圆模式——不是那种精心安排的有头有尾的收场,而是戛然而止,给人中途刹车、故事似乎并没有讲完的感觉。

海明威

欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威,美国作家和记者,被认为是20世纪最著名的小说家之一。 出生于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市郊区的奥克帕克,晚年在爱达荷州凯彻姆的家中自杀身亡。海明威一生中的感情错综复杂,先后结过四次婚,是美国“迷惘的一代”作家中的代表人物,作品中对人生、世界、社会都表现出了迷茫和彷徨。 在海明威一生之中曾荣获不少奖项。他在第一次世界大战期间被授予银制勇敢勋章; 1953年,他以《老人与海》一书获得普利策奖;1954年,《老人与海》又为海明威夺得诺贝尔文学奖。[5] 2001年,海明威的《太阳照样升起》与《永别了,武器》两部作品被美国现代图书馆列入“20世纪中的100部最佳英文小说”中。 海明威一向以文坛硬汉著称,他是美利坚民族的精神丰碑。海明威的作品标志着他独特创作风格的形成,在美国文学史乃至世界文学史上都占有重要地位。 海明威被誉为美利坚民族的精神丰碑,并且是“新闻体”小说的创始人,他的笔锋一向以“文坛硬汉”著称。海明威的生平和文学生涯从一开始就争议不断。无论海明威是作为一位传奇式人物,还是作为一位作家,他以其独特的艺术风格和高超的写作技巧创造了一种简洁流畅、清新洗练的文体,净化了一代的传统文风,在欧美文学界产生了巨大的影响。 二十世纪的最后一位文化英雄海明威是蜚声世界文坛的美国现代小说家,他在62年的生涯中,写下了《太阳照常升起》、《永别了,武器》、《丧钟为谁而鸣》、《老人与海》等作品,曾以“迷惘的一代”的代表著称。海明威的《老人与海》是一部融信念、意志、顽强、勇气和力量于一体的书,它让人彻底懂得了打不垮的坚不可摧的精神力量究竟是个什么样。它围绕一位老年古巴渔夫,与一条巨大的马林鱼在离岸很远的湾流中搏斗而展开故事的讲述。完美地体现了作者所说的“你尽可把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他”的思想。 诺贝尔文学奖获奖者的哥伦比亚作家马尔克斯为纪念海明威逝世二十周年而写一篇名为《与海明威相见》纪念文章:“海明威的所有作品都洋溢着他那闪闪发光、但却瞬间即逝的精神。这是人们可以理解的。像他那样的内在紧张状态是严格掌握技巧而造成的,但技巧却不可能在一部长篇小说的宏大而又冒险的篇幅中经受这种紧张状态的折磨。这是他的性格特征,而他的错误则在于试图超越自己的极大限度。这就说明,为什么一切多余的东西在他身上比在别的作家身上更引人注目。如同那质量高低不一的短篇小说,他的长篇也包罗万象。与此相比,他的短篇小说的精华在于使人得出这样的印象,即作品中省去了一些东西,确切地说来,这正是使作品富于神秘优雅之感的东西。” 美国著名文学评论家威拉德·索普在他的《二十世纪美国文学》中对海明威给予了崇高的评价:“海明威是当代最伟大的自然主义作家之一。他敢于突破传统,刨造新的风格和手法未泊应题材的需要。”

评《老人与海》中海明威写作风格和手法

Abstract Being distinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted for his writing style. Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is a typical one to his unique writing style and technique. The language is simple and natural on the surface, but actually deliberate and artificial. Sometimes the simple style is made a little different. The dialogue is combined with the realistic and the artificial. The simplicity is highly suggestive, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Occasionally, the author uses some figures of speech. Hemingway’s style is related to his experience as a journalist, his learning from many famous writers, and most importantly, his conscientious effort in looking for a style of his own. The influence of his style is great all over the world. The Old Man and the Sea is full of facts, most of which comes from Hemingway’s own experience. So the way to use facts is a very important writing technique in this novel. The facts in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted. In the forepart of the novel, they are used to show the quality of Santiago’s life, and are narrated simply and naturally; while in the latter part of the novel, they are used from inside Santiago’s ow n consciousness and form part of a whole scheme of the novel. Keywords: Facts; Simplicity; Artificial; Iceberg Theory 中文摘要 在众伟大的美国作家中,海明威以独特的写作风格而著称。在他所有的作品中,《老人与海》最能体现他独特的写作风格和手法。这部小说语言看似简洁自然,其实包含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。有时为了突出某一部分,作者会采用长句代替短句。文中的对话内容真实、贴近生活,而表达形式则经过了艺术加工。小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。文中还运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法.还名位的这种独特风格与他当过新闻记者的经历有关,同时他兼菜各家之长,自成一体,形成了自己独特的创作方法和艺术风格。这种风格对整个世界文坛产生了重要的影响。 《老人与海》这部小说中运用了大量的事实,他们大多来自于作者亲身经历。海明威对这些事实精心选择,从而吸引读者的兴趣并使读者有一种身临其境的感觉。小说一开始用大量事实描写了主人公生活的环境,叙述风格简洁自然,未加任何感情色彩。随着情节的发展,大量的事实主要被运用于主人公的心理活动之中,而不是主要由作者来叙述。同时,这些事实构成了整个小说体系中不可缺少的一部分。 关键词:

[海明威,文学作品,人物]论海明威的文学作品中人物语言风格

论海明威的文学作品中人物语言风格 论海明威的文学作品中人物语言风格 《丧钟为谁而鸣》是美国小说家海明威流传最广的长篇小说之一,凭借其深沉的人道主义力量感动了一代又一代人,1943年被改编成电影。 一、《丧钟为谁而鸣》中相关概述 (一)人物语言风格概述 《丧钟为谁而鸣》描绘了典型的海明威式人物。如同在他的其他许多作品中一样,在这部小说中,海明威也广泛地运用了所谓的海明威准则。各种各样的人和他的个人生活事件对他的写作也产生了影响。 许多人持这样的观点:没有一个美国作家能和海明威相媲美。作为一战后“迷惘的一代”的成员,海明威在很多方面是他自己作品中最好的人物,并成为他自己一生的传奇。虽然他的生活剧和浪漫史有时似乎掩盖了他的作品质量,但是,海明威首先是一个文学家、作家和读者,在谈到所有关于他狩猎、探险、斗牛、捕鱼和战争的时候,这通常会被忽略。海明威很享受成为公众关注的焦点后的感觉。然而,海明威认为自己是一个艺术家,他并不想因为所有不当的原因而出名。 (二)评论家心中的语言风格 几乎是从他的写作生涯的开始,海明威独特的写作风格就引起了许多评论家的关注并发表评论。海明威不肯让步于冗长的地理和心理的描述。有人说他的风格缺乏实质内容,因为他避免情感的直接陈述和描写。从基本上说,他的风格简单、直接,有点朴素。他形成了一种有力的散文风格,特点是句子简单,很少有副词或形容词。他写的对话简洁、生动,对地点和事物的描述准确。评论家哈里·李文指出了海明威写作中语法和用词的弱点,但很快就赞美他传达动作的能力。 二、海明威与《丧钟为谁而鸣》?语言风格形成分析 (一)海明威的《丧钟为谁而鸣》背景概述 海明威在他职业生涯的早期做过记者。1937年,他为北美报业联盟到西班牙去采访西班牙内战。在西班牙数个月后,海明威宣布,他计划写一本以西班牙内战为背景的书,这就是《丧钟为谁而鸣》。 他大部分的早期小说都以第一人称叙述,并以单一的观点结束,但是,当海明威写《丧钟为谁而鸣》时,他使用了几种不同的叙事技巧。他使用了内心独白、客观描述、迅速变化的观点和总体上比他以前的作品松散的结构。海明威认为,“一个作家的风格应该是直接的和个人的,他的意象丰富而朴实,他的话语简单而有力。”

hemingway 海明威的写作手法及风格

Writing style: iceberg theory — It means that writing should be like the iceberg in the sea--only one eight exposes above the sea, and seven eighth should be hidden under the water. The iceberg theory—characterized by economy and understatement, had an enormous influence on 20th-century fiction; Use of short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative. The Hemingway code hero 海明威笔下的硬汉形象 Grace under pressure He is the perfect form that Hemingway always pursuits: courage, perseverance, wisdom and clement. He is beneficent, being full of love and having the endless mental power; Even he was failed on the abattoir of life, he was still an overmatch in mentality, a tough guy not a pilgarlic protected by others. "But man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed (physically) but not defeated (spiritually)." First, he has the mental traits that ordinary tough guys have: brave, powerful, restive, dauntless In conclusion, the image of Santiago is not a pure image of a tough guy any more. What concealed under the surface is the eternal theme of human race: Confidence, Self-respect, Self-improvement. He no longer stands for himself. The image of Santiago symbolize the eternal human spirit. He inspired people to challenge the difficulty and death recklessly and fearlessly.

海明威简介

一 在我初次撰写本文的那些天,我在校园散步时读到一则讣告,本校一位退休工人在家中去世,享年104岁。讣告特别提到,他生前是一位淡泊、俭朴的老人。我在对他油然升起敬意的同时,也产生一丝惊讶,我从讣告中得知,他与我同居一幢宿舍,而我却对他一无所知,甚至素未谋面。 我由此想到另一条死讯,2002年1月15号,全世界的重要媒体都竞相报道了一条来自古巴东哈瓦拉的消息: 一个叫格雷戈里奥?富恩特斯的渔民病逝,享年也是104岁。同时配发的,还有他的照片,棒球帽下,一张苍老而快活的脸。一夜之间,这个死去的老渔民成了继菲德尔?卡斯特罗和切?格瓦拉之后,最广为人知的“古巴人”。 他曾创下何种丰功伟绩而能享有如此的哀荣呢?没有,他仅仅是一介普通的渔民,就像我那位104岁的老邻居一样平凡,或者说,就像海明威《老人与海》中的老人圣地亚哥一样普通。 但关键之处也正在这里:富恩特斯恰好就是圣地亚哥的原型。《老人与海》也许是整个欧美文学中迄今为止最伟大的一部中篇小说,当它为海明威赢得1954年诺贝尔文学奖之后,富恩特斯就和圣地亚哥一起名垂不朽了。 事情的经过是这样的:1920年代末,海明威在海上邂逅富恩特斯,后者向他讲述了自己21岁时捕获一条1000磅重的大鱼的经历。这段经历成为一颗种子,植入海明威的体内,在20多年之后,他写出了《老人与海》。如果富恩特斯真是小说主人公原型的话,那么,这20多年的光阴已经把他变成了一个小说中“枯瘦干瘪”、“颧骨上有些皮癌黄斑”的老头子。 这会使人有些怀疑,《老人与海》的真正主角真就是富恩特斯吗? 1961年海明威吞枪自尽之后,富恩特斯由于过度悲哀而无法出海,从此在家中接待来自全球各地的游客,讲述自己捕获大鱼以及和海明威交往的故事。这是一项收费服务。今年暑假我曾去泸沽湖旅游,听摩梭末代王妃讲述往事,明码实价是一人二十元钱,富恩特斯的收费想来也应该不低。反正,他以此积累了财富,过上了锦衣玉食的生活,靠抽哈瓦拉雪茄、喝朗姆酒和看漂亮的姑娘,又乐陶陶地生活了近半个世纪,最后大概是含笑而卒吧。从他的身上,我们可以找到一个关键词,这就是“不朽”。 是什么东西让这样一个老渔民得享不朽的呢?是文学。 在这颗有人类居住的星球上,文字是最不朽的,比石头都还要永恒。一块石头通过文字的描述,可以成为在山崖上展览千年的神女峰、望夫石,即便在风化、坍塌之后,人们也会借助文字重新塑造或者重新指认。在古代的建筑中,幽州台、黄鹤楼、岳阳楼、滕王阁也许是最为著名的,不过我们可以设想,沿着中国的长江、大湖,不晓得曾兴修过多少这样的建筑,它们在时间的风雨和兵燹中沦为了废墟,而唯有幽州台、岳阳楼、南昌滕王阁这样的建筑才得以代代重建,因为李白、崔灏、范仲淹、毛泽东的诗词文章赋予了它们死而复生的神性,换一句话说,它们已经不是登高览胜的土木之身,而成为某种唤醒记忆的道具,和与天下同悲同喜的情怀、故人远去的背影、秋水长天的景色,融汇为了不可分离的整体。 一个有趣的事情是,今年冬天我回了一次阆中老家。阆中是一座地道的古城,嘉陵江三面环绕,北边的玉台山腰,也矗立着一座滕王阁,和南昌的滕王阁一样,都出自唐高祖李渊第22子、滕王李元婴之手。据记载,当时南昌滕王阁规模甚小,而阆中滕王阁巍然宏丽,但所不同的是,前者流芳千古,而后者声名不出蜀中,原因很简单,王勃才华横溢的《滕王阁序》写的是南昌。这真是没有办法的事情。 大概在曹丕说出“盖文章,经国之大业,不朽之盛事。年寿有时而尽,荣乐止乎其身,二者必至之常期,未若文章之无穷”之后,追求不朽就成了中国文人的一个理想和一种焦虑。面对河山的兴废沧桑,以治国平天下为己任的文人看到了“吴宫花草埋幽径,晋代衣冠成土丘”,也体会到能够超越时间而存在的,只有他们为此而吟哦的诗行。 “故垒西边旧时月,夜深还过女墙来”,诗歌、文学,就是映照历史废墟和人们心灵的月光。公元1172年,喝醉酒的陆游于细雨中骑驴入蜀,在剑门关口他有过短暂的伫足,阴沉的天空和嵯峨的群山让他有了些眩晕和怅惘。这个一生都在牵挂家国、功名的中年知识分子发出了一个疑问:

海明威小说中的语言特色和艺术

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