老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 19
托福TPO19详解
THE ROMAN ARMY’S IMPACT ON BRITAIN1. 原文in的部分是非主要成分，结构是军队呆在blabla，并且有影响，所以答案是A。
B将原文的非重要成分awake，C将原文的非主要成分fortification变成了主要部分，改变了句子结构，都错；D的economic strength原文没说，错2. 以area和most influence做关键词定位至第四句，说军队一直驻扎的地方，其影响最深远，所以答案是C，作为军事基地的地方。
B和D都明显不靠谱，A的conquer first最先占领并不一定是一直驻扎，军事基地才是3. 以local population做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说军事驻扎剥夺了当地人参加政府的权力，使发展停滞，种下仇恨的种子，然后又说这种仇恨使军事驻扎持续，所以正确答案是B。
A和C原文没说，D与原文相反4. suppress镇压，压制，所以stop by force是正确答案。
从单词本身看，press是压，前缀表示加强，所以这个单词一定跟压这个意思相关，A与压完全无关，所以不对。
原文说仇恨的种子种下，使得军队必须留下怎样反抗，B警告和C避免反抗明显不足，D强力停止，镇压是正确答案5. friction摩擦，所以正确答案是B冲突。
原文说当没有训练或者战事的时候，部队的人必须忙起来，否则就会成为什么的源头A反抗和D犯罪都太过了，军队不可能只要没事做就反抗或者犯罪，neglect完全不靠谱6. 修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子只是单纯说出例子，所以不是答案，往前看，前面这句话上题已经读过，说士兵必须有事做，否则就会闹事儿，紧接着就给出343名士兵做着做那，所以343名士兵做事是士兵必须有事做的一个例子，所以答案是B7. entitle赋予权力，授权，所以正确答案是A。
原句说当地人与军人之间有不正式的婚约，紧接着解释说直到AD 197法律才怎么样他们结婚，既然之前都是不正式的，也就是后来的应该是法律允许的，猜出允许之意，答案是A，B承担得起C鼓励D要求都不靠谱8. 以goods and services做关键词定位至第三句，说远方来的人满足了士兵对于商品和服务的需求，正确答案是D。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文19--2 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO19(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:The Roman Army's Impact on Britain托福阅读原文【1】In the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new "community ecology" was on the composition and structure of communities consisting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded successively by herbaceous plants (plants with little or no woody tissue), shrubs, and trees, eventually becoming a forest. Light-loving species are always among the first invaders, while shade-tolerant species appear later in the succession. 【2】Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.【3】The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements andearly ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.【4】For Clements, the climax was a "superorganism," an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term "association" to the term "community" in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.【5】Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as well as plants. This resulted in the "biome," a combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism. The spruce community isnot substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose. Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose. The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason, soon joined by various other ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.【6】With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment. Eventually, the energy-transforming role of such a system was emphasized. Ecosystems thus involve the circulation, transformation, and accumulation of energy and matter through the medium of living things and their activities. The ecologist is concerned primarily with the quantities of matter and energy that pass through a given ecosystem, and with the rates at which they do so.【7】Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, it is no longer the dominant paradigm. Gleason's arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficultto analyze, even with the help of large computers. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements’view of succession?A.The principles of succession are more lawlike than Clements thought they are.B.More evidence is needed to establish Clements’ predictions about succession.C.The details of succession are affected by random processes.D.Many of the factors that determine which plants will grow in an environment, such as the nature of the soil and the exposure to sun, do not change at all.2.The word “substantiated” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.confirmed.B.noticed.C.defined.D.publicized.3.Th e word “trend” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.probability.B.picture.wlike regularity.D.tendency.4.The word “likewise” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.sometimes.B.similarly.C.apparently.D.consequently.5.The word “legitimately” in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning tomonly.B.broadly.C.properly.D.officially.6.According to paragraph 4, why do many authors prefer the term“association” to “community” when describing a climax plan t formation?A.Because the term “association” does not suggest the presence of a tight network involving interactive communication.B.Because the term “association” indicates that the grouping is not necessarily beneficial to all members.C.Because the ter m “community” indicates continuing dynamic development that a climax formation does not have.D.Because the term “community” suggests an organization that has been designed for a specific purpose.7.In paragraph 5, the author challenges the idea of a “biome” by noting thatA.there are usually no very strong connections among the plants and animals living in a place.B.plants and animals respond in the same way to the same circumstances.C.particular combinations of flora and fauna do not generally come about purely by chance.D.some animals are dependent on specific kinds of plants for food.8.Why does the author make the statement, “Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose”in para graph 5 ?A.To highlight a fact whose significance the ecologist Herbert Gleason had missed.B.To propose the idea that a spruce forest is by itself a superorganism.C.To emphasize that moose are not limited to a single kind of environment.D.To criticize the idea of a spruce-moose biome.9.The word “initiated”in paragraph 5 in the passage is closest in meaning toA.approved.B.identified.C.started.D.foreseen.10.According to paragraph 5, Gleason’s opposition to the Clementsian views of plant ecology was based on the claim that plant species grow in places whereA.they can enter into mutually beneficial relationships with other species.B.conditions suit them, regardless of whether particular other species are present.C.habitats are available for a wide variety of plant and animal species.D.their requirements are met, and those of most other species are not.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specificall y to the physical factors within an environment.B.The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.C.When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term “ecosystem.”D.The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.12.According to paragraph 6, what did ecologists mainly study when the ecosystem concept was the dominant paradigm?A.The physical factors present in different environments.B.The typical activities of animals and the effect of those activities on plants.C.The rates at which ecosystems changed from one kind to another.D.The flow of energy and matter through ecosystems.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit ? They may be more interested in researching, for example, theadaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert environments.Paragraph 7: Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, it is no longer the dominant paradigm. ■【A】Gleason's arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. ■【B】Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with the help of large computers. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. ■【C】Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provied below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The study of the combination of plant species that inhabit a particular locality became a scientific discipline toward the end of the nineteenth century.A.Areas that are recovering from serious disturbances like volcaniceruptions and heavy floods provide special opportunities to observe the development of plant communities.B.Whether a given species will be found in a given ecosystem strongly depends on what other species it would interact with in that ecosystem.puter-aided studies of entire system of associated organisms together with their environment provide a solid basis for current studies of specific ecological problems.D.According to the earliest theories of ecology, the development of plant communities proceeds in lawlike fashion and results in stable climax communities.E.The idea of associations of plants and animals that function as “superorganisms” was later rejected by biologists who saw no strong evidence in support of that idea.F.The once popular idea of communities as integrated ecosystems has been largely rejected by modern ecologists, who are more interested in problems involving behavior and adaptations.托福阅读答案1.本段较短，可以快速扫完，也可以用人名和succession做关键词定位至最后一句，说很多因素都可以影响succession，所以正确答案是C。
托福阅读TPO19（试题+答案+...
托福阅读TPO19(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TheRomanArmy'sImpactonBritain为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO19(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The Roman Army's Impact on Britain，希望大家喜欢！托福阅读TPO19原文第1篇【1】In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.【2】 Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned,they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.【3】 Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.【4】The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a largeproportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.【5】 This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.托福阅读tpo19第1篇试题1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.B.The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D. as the local economy improved.C.Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.D.With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.2. According to paragraph 1, the Roman army had the most influence on those areas of Britain that wereA.conquered first.B.near population centers.ed as military bases.D.rapidly incorporated into the empire.3. According to paragraph 1, what effect did military occupation have on the local population?A.It encouraged more even distribution of the population and the settlement of previously undeveloped territory.B.It created discontent and made continuing military occupation necessary.C.It required local labor to construct forts and feed and exercise the soldiers’ an imals.D.It provided local leaders with opportunities to participate in governance.4. The word “suppress” in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.respond to.B.warn against.C.avoid the impact of.D.stop by force.5. The word “friction” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.rebellion.B.conflict.C.neglect.D.crime.6. The author mentions “343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead”in paragrap h 2 in order toA.describe the kinds of tasks soldiers were required to perform as punishment for disloyalty or misdeeds.B.illustrate some of the duties assigned to soldiers to keep them busy and well-behaved when not involved in military campaigns.C.provide evidence that Roman soldiers had a negative effect on the local area by performing jobs that had been performed by native workers.D.argue that the soldiers would have been better employed in the construction of infrastructure such as roads.7. The ph rase “entitled to” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.given the right to.B.able to afford to.C.encouraged to.D.required to.8. According to paragraph 3, how did the soldiers meet their needs for goods and services?A.Their needs were met by the army, and all of their economic transactions took place within the fort.B.Most of their needs were met by traveling tradespeople who visit the forts.C.During their days off, soldiers traveled to distant towns to make purchases.D.They bought what they needed from the artisans andtraders in nearby towns.9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of Britain’s auxiliary regiments of the Roman army?A.Membership in these regiments reached its highest point during the region of the emperor Hadrian.B.Most of the units recruited in Britain were sent to Morocco and other stations outside Europe.C.Soldiers served in the regiments for many years and after retirement generally stayed where they had been stationed.D.Most of the regiments stationed on the frontier were new units transferred from a neighboring province.10. According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be seen in the frontier garrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT:A.Membership in the units passed from father to son.B.Fewer soldiers were stationed at the forts.C.Soldiers usually were not transferred to different locations.D.Frontier units became more effective and proficient.11. Why does the author mention that “some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain”in paragraph 5 ?A.To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier depended on firm military control.B.To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally given up the right to do so.C.To support the claim that forts continued to serve an import economic function even after they ceased to be of any military use.D.To describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons’ becoming part of the local community over a longperiod.12. The word “circumstances” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.experiences.munities.C.conditions.ws.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? One solution was to keep them busy as sources of labor.Paragraph 2: Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. ■【A】Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. ■【B】 Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. ■【C】When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. ■【D】 Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentence do not belong to the summary because they express ideas that are no presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The Roman army’s occupation of Britain influenced and changed the local population.A.Although the presence of the army in certain areas caused resentment among the local population, it provided important services such as building infrastructure.B.By recruiting unemployed young men for its auxiliary units, the army made it possible for them to stay in their home towns and provide financial support for their families.rge quantities of cash from soldiers’ pay stimulated development, but also drove up prices, making it hard for local residents to afford goods and services.D.Though the army appropriated land and some goods, it also paid for many supplies, stimulating local economic growth.E.The forts contributed to the quality of local crafts by bringing in artisans from distant places who brought with them new skills and techniques.F.Roman soldiers started families with local inhabitants, and over the generations, the military community became a stable part of British society.托福阅读tpo19第1篇答案1.原文in的部分是非主要成分，结构是军队呆在blabla，并且有影响，所以答案是A。
托福TPO19综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO19综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。
考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-30综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
文末教你如何使用这个材料！TPO19 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingMany consumers ignore commercial advertisements. In response, advertising companie s have started using a new tactic, called “buzzing." The advertisers hire people,buzzers,who personally promote (buzz) products to people they know or meet. The key part is that the buzzers do not reveal that they are being paid to promote anything. They behave as though they were just spontaneously praising a product during normal conversation. Buzzing has generated a lot of controversy, and many critics would like to see it banned.First, the critics complain that consumers should know whether a person praising a product is being paid to praise the product. Knowing this makes a big difference: we expect the truth from people who we believe do not have any motive for misleadingus. But with buzzing what you hear is just paid advertising, which may well give a person incorrect information about the buzzed product.Second, since buzzers pretend they are just private individuals, consumers listen to their endorsements less critically than they should. With advertisements in print or on TV, the consumer is on guard for questionable claims or empty descriptions such as "new and improved." But when consumers do not know they are being lobbied, they may accept claims they would otherwise be suspicious of. This may suit the manufacturers, but it could really harm consumers.And worst of all is the harmful effect that buzzing is likely to have on social relationships. Once we become aware that people we meet socially may be buzzers with a hidden agenda, we will become less trustful of people in general. So buzzing will result in the spread of mistrust and the expectation of dishonesty.ListeningHi, my name is Bill. Um, I was talking your professor in the subway about the great phone service that I was using. And it turned out we’re both interested in marketing. So he asked me to talk in his marketing classes. You see, I am a buzzer, part time, you know. During the day, I’m a student just like you. Now, I read that piece attacking buzzing, it is really misleading. How would it describe buzzing leading a lot, and gives a wrong impression?First, it makes it sound like buzzers don’t tell the truth about the products they’re buzzing. That’s not true. How buzzing works this. Companies find people who use their products and who really think product is good. So buzzing is not like ordinary advertisement where an actress is paid to read some lies. Um, yes, I get paid for telling you what I am thinking, but you get the truth from buzzers. I really do think my phone service is great. That is why the company hired me.Second, the reading makes it seem that when a buzzer talks to someone, the person believes whatever they hear from the buzzer. Not true. In fact, the opposite is true. People I talk to ask a lot of questions about the products I buzz, that is about the price, ser vice and how long I used the product. If I don’t have good answers, they won’t buy the products.Finally, if you believe what you read, buzzing will destroy civilization, that is stupid. If a product is bad, the company can’t recruit buzzers. So what you get from a buzzer is not only sincere but is likely to be about a good product. If you try the phone service I use, you’re gonna love it. So people who try buzzed products are going to have a good experience. So end up being more trustful and open up to people.首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，有不少托福考生跟小托君说，自己的口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。
托福阅读真题第19篇Circadian_and_Circannian_Rhythms(答案文章最后)
2021年托福阅读真题第19篇Circadian and …Circadian and Circannian RhythmsCertain mammalian behaviors serve to promote the survival of the individual. One striking aspect of animal behavior is the rhythmic, or cyclic, pattern of activity. Some species are active at night(nocturnal) and some during the day(diurnal); others are active primarily at dawn and dusk. The activity periods tend to be at regular intervals. The time of emergence of a particular species of bat may differ by no more than two or three minutes night after night. Animals also exhibit other kinds of cyclic behavior. The timing of reproduction is cyclic, and in some mammals, such as some rodents and bats, daily or seasonal shifts occur between highly active and torpid states. Migratory movements are also cyclic. Daily activity rhythms, those based on a 24-hour cycle, are termed circadian rhythms and are better understood than other types of rhythms.Circadian rhythms differ markedly from one species to another. Most mammals are nocturnal, but even in two nocturnal species there are contrasts between the patterns of activity. In general, small mammals that are especially vulnerable to predation, such as rodents, tend to be nocturnal, whereas less vulnerable species, such as manyungulates(mammals with hooves), may be active during the day. The activity cycles of carnivores seem to be geared to the circadian cycles of their prey or to the period when hunting is most rewarding.Circadian rhythms are also influenced by interactions between species with similar environmental needs. In some cases, competition between species is reduced or eliminated because their activity cycles are out of phase. Two species of fishing bats, both of which feed over water, avoid interfering with one another partly by foraging at different times of the night and also by eating different prey. Clearly. the circadian rhythm of an animal is part of its total adaptation to its particular mode of life and environment and has evolved just as have the form and structure of its body parts.The question of whether circadian cycles are endogenous (internally controlled) or exogenous(ultimately regulated by external stimuli) has occupied the attention of many biologists. Clearly, some strong endogenous control is present in many species. As an example, careful work on the flying squirrel showed that even under constant environmental conditions, including continuous darkness flying squirrels maintained regular activity periods that deviated only around two minutes from the mean value (average) for activity periods under natural conditions. When a laboratory animal whose circadian cycle is not in phase with the natural 24-hour light-dark cycle is again exposed to normal day and night conditions, its cycle rapidly shifts and becomes synchronized; that is, it becomes adjusted and locked to the 24-hour cycle. Studies using large outdoor enclosures indicated that circadian activity of root voles, though notaffected by weather conditions, followed a rhythm based on the Moon. Circadian cycles and other animal behaviors are regulated by intricate and as yet poorly understood interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors.As might be expected if circadian cycles are adaptive, they often shift seasonally and depend on an animal's ability to track some environmental variable, such as light or temperature. Attending the seasonal changes in environmental temperatures are changing metabolic demands put on small mammals, and some shifts in circadian rhythms may allow the animals to avoid activity during times of most intense temperature stress. Three types of seasonal changes in circadian rhythms were reported by researchers for small mammals in Canada: overall decreased winter activity changes in percentage of nocturnal and diurnal activity, and changes in peak daily activity. Seasonal shifts in activity probably result in a considerable saving of energy. Although less studied than circadian rhythms, circannian rhythms play an equally prominent role in the lives of some mammals Among vertebrates, such vital activities as breeding, migration, and hibernation are phased on an annual cycle or a circannian rhythm. A circannian rhythm is an endogenous cycle that has a length of approximately one year. Circannian rhythm is a major key to the survival of some Temperate Zone and Arctic mammals. According to researchers, these rhythms allow an organism to anticipate, and thus prepare for, a future annually occurring environmental condition such as cold weather, drought, food scarcity. or optimal breeding time.the rhythm also ensures some flexibility of response to cyclic environments that may differ markedly from year to year.1.Certain mammalian behaviors serve to promote the survival of the individual. One striking aspect of animal behavior is the rhythmic, or cyclic, pattern of activity. Some species are active at night(nocturnal) and someduring the day(diurnal); others are active primarily at dawn and dusk. The activity periods tend to be at regular intervals. The time of emergence of a particular species of bat may differ by no more than two or three minutes night after night. Animals also exhibit other kinds of cyclic behavior. The timing of reproduction is cyclic, and in some mammals, such as some rodents and bats, daily or seasonal shifts occur between highly active and torpid states. Migratory movements are also cyclic. Daily activity rhythms, those based on a 24-hour cycle, are termed circadian rhythms and are better understood than other types of rhythms.2.Certain mammalian behaviors serve to promote the survival of the individual. One striking aspect of animal behavior is the rhythmic, or cyclic, pattern of activity. Some species are active at night(nocturnal) and some during the day(diurnal); others are active primarily at dawn and dusk. The activity periods tend to be at regular intervals. The time of emergence of a particular species of bat may differ by no more than two or three minutes night after night. Animals also exhibit other kinds of cyclic behavior. The timing of reproduction is cyclic, and in some mammals, such as some rodents and bats, daily or seasonal shifts occur between highly active and torpid states. Migratory movements are also cyclic. Daily activity rhythms,those based on a 24-hour cycle, are termed circadian rhythms and are better understood than other types of rhythms.3.Circadian rhythms differ markedly from one species to another. Most mammals are nocturnal, but even in two nocturnal species there are contrasts between the patterns of activity. In general, small mammals that are especially vulnerable to predation, such as rodents, tend to be nocturnal, whereas less vulnerable species, such as manyungulates(mammals with hooves), may be active during the day. The activity cycles of carnivores seem to be geared to the circadian cycles of their prey or to the period when hunting is most rewarding.4.Circadian rhythms are also influenced by interactions between species with similar environmental needs. In some cases, competition between species is reduced or eliminated because their activity cycles are out ofphase. Two species of fishing bats, both of which feed over water, avoid interfering with one another partly by foraging at different times of the night and also by eating different prey. Clearly. the circadian rhythm of an animal is part of its total adaptation to its particular mode of life and environment and has evolved just as have the form and structure of its body parts.5.The question of whether circadian cycles are endogenous (internally controlled) or exogenous(ultimately regulated by external stimuli) has occupied the attention of many biologists. Clearly, some strong endogenous control is present in many species. As an example, careful work on the flying squirrel showed that even under constant environmental conditions, including continuous darkness flying squirrels maintained regular activity periods that deviated only around two minutes from the mean value (average) for activity periods under natural conditions. When a laboratory animal whose circadian cycle is not in phase with the natural 24-hour light-dark cycle is again exposed to normal day and night conditions, its cycle rapidly shifts and becomes synchronized; that is, it becomes adjusted and locked to the 24-hour cycle. Studies using large outdoor enclosures indicated that circadian activity of root voles, though notaffected by weather conditions, followed a rhythm based on the Moon. Circadian cycles and other animal behaviors are regulated by intricate and as yet poorly understood interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors.6.As might be expected if circadian cycles are adaptive, they often shift seasonally and depend on an animal's ability to track some environmental variable, such as light or temperature. Attending the seasonal changes in environmental temperatures are changing metabolic demands put on small mammals, and some shifts in circadian rhythms may allow the animals to avoid activity during times of most intense temperature stress. Three types of seasonal changes in circadian rhythms were reported by researchers for small mammals in Canada: overall decreased winter activity changes in percentage of nocturnal and diurnal activity, and changes in peak daily activity. Seasonal shifts in activity probably result in a considerable saving of energy. Although less studied than circadian rhythms, circannian rhythms play an equally prominent role in the lives of some mammals Among vertebrates, such vital activities as breeding, migration, and hibernation are phased on an annual cycle or a circannian rhythm. A circannian rhythm is an endogenous cycle that has a length of approximately one year. Circannian rhythm is a major key to the survival of some Temperate Zone and Arctic mammals. According to researchers, these rhythms allow an organism to anticipate, and thus prepare for, a future annually occurring environmental condition such as cold weather, drought, food scarcity. or optimal breeding time.the rhythm also ensures some flexibility of response to cyclic environments that may differ markedly from year to year.7.As might be expected if circadian cycles are adaptive, they often shift seasonally and depend on an animal's ability to track some environmental variable, such as light or temperature. Attending the seasonal changes in environmental temperatures are changing metabolic demands put on small mammals, and some shifts in circadian rhythms may allow the animals to avoid activity during times of most intense temperature stress. Three types of seasonal changes in circadian rhythms were reported by researchers for small mammals in Canada: overall decreased winter activity changes in percentage of nocturnal and diurnal activity, and changes in peak daily activity. Seasonal shifts in activity probably result in a considerable saving of energy. Although less studied than circadian rhythms, circannian rhythms play an equally prominent role in the lives of some mammals Among vertebrates, such vital activities as breeding, migration, and hibernation are phased on an annual cycle or a circannian rhythm. A circannian rhythm is an endogenous cycle that has a length of approximately one year. Circannian rhythm is a major key to the survival of some Temperate Zone and Arctic mammals. According to researchers, these rhythms allow an organism to anticipate, and thus prepare for, a future annually occurring environmental condition such as cold weather, drought, food scarcity. or optimal breeding time.the rhythm also ensures some flexibility of response to cyclic environments that may differ markedly from year to year.8.As might be expected if circadian cycles are adaptive, they often shift seasonally and depend on an animal's ability to track some environmental variable, such as light or temperature. Attending the seasonal changes in environmental temperatures are changing metabolic demands put on small mammals, and some shifts in circadian rhythms may allow the animals to avoid activity during times of most intense temperature stress. Three types of seasonal changes in circadian rhythms were reported by researchers for small mammals in Canada: overall decreased winter activity changes in percentage of nocturnal and diurnal activity, and changes in peak daily activity. Seasonal shifts in activity probably result in a considerable saving of energy. Although less studied than circadian rhythms, circannian rhythms play an equally prominent role in the lives of some mammals Among vertebrates, such vital activities as breeding, migration, and hibernation are phased on an annual cycle or a circannian rhythm. A circannian rhythm is an endogenous cycle that has a length of approximately one year. Circannian rhythm is a major key to the survival of some Temperate Zone and Arctic mammals. According to researchers, these rhythms allow an organism to anticipate, and thus prepare for, a future annually occurring environmental condition such as cold weather, drought, food scarcity. or optimal breeding time.the rhythm also ensures some flexibility of response to cyclic environments that may differ markedly from year to year.9.The question of whether circadian cycles are endogenous (internally controlled) or exogenous(ultimately regulated by external stimuli) has occupied the attention of many biologists. Clearly, some strong endogenous control is present in many species.⬛As an example, careful work on the flying squirrel showed that even under constant environmental conditions, including continuous darkness flying squirrels maintained regular activity periods that deviated only around two minutes from the mean value (average) for activity periods under natural conditions. ⬛When a laboratory animal whose circadian cycle is not in phase with the natural 24-hour light-dark cycle is again exposed to normal day and night conditions, its cycle rapidly shifts and becomes synchronized; that is, it becomes adjusted and locked to the 24-hour cycle. ⬛Studies using large outdoor enclosures indicated that circadian activity of root voles, though not affected by weather conditions, followed a rhythm based on the Moon.⬛Circadian cycles and other animal behaviors are regulated by intricate and as yet poorly understood interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors.10.1.A2.B3.D4.A5.A6.D7.A8.AB9.C10.CDF。
老托福阅读训练答案汇总
【往年真题】老托福阅读训练答案汇总小马过河为大家准备了“【往年真题】老托福阅读训练答案汇总”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267PASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2 AACCD CABDPASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CAPASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACAPASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBADPASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABDPASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABBPASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADAPASSAGE 9 CBDBD BBAPASSAGE 10 ACDCA BCDBAPASSAGE 11 CAABD CADDPASSAGE 12 CDACB AACCBPASSAGE 13 AACAC CADPASSAGE 14 DCABC DABAC DBAPASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD ABPASSAGE 16 DBBCA DCDCDAPASSAGE 17 DAACA DCBCD CAPASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDAPASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCA CPASSAGE 20 BCACD DCBAAPASSAGE 21 BDCAA BABDPASSAGE 23 BBDBA ACADC DAC PASSAGE 24 BCBBC ADABA A PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 ADDBC DACBA PASSAGE 27 DADBC BBDBA D PASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDB PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB C PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C PASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D PASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB PASSAGE 41 CBBCD CDAD PASSAGE 42 CBDDA BCCAC D PASSAGE 43 BBCAA D PASSAGE 44 CBBCA D PASSAGE 45 BCADA DDPASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB PASSAGE 64 DCABC AACAD PASSAGE 65 BBADB DACCB PASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD B PASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C PASSAGE 69 BABCD ADDBBPASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B PASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD PASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCD PASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD PASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC PASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA DPASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAADPASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACCPASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDCPASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBACPASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC DPASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C来源于：小马过河相关推荐：托福阅读常出现的9个深度句托福阅读利剑之语法托福阅读解题方法之《主旨题》。
托福阅读TPO19答案解析
托福阅读答案1.回到原文“accumulations of earth and loose rock …” 文中的意思是指的泥土的积累，形成叫moraines的物质，而泥土的积累其实就可以看做是沉淀，比如三角洲就是泥土的积累或者说是沉淀出来的，所以选D。
2.根据“A heterogeneous group consists of many different types of things or people.” 所以答案选B。
3.第二句“Agassiz visited many places …”第三句“In all these diverse regions, …”第四句“In flatplains country, he saw moraines…that remained him of the terminal moraines found at the endof valley glaciers in the Alps.”意思是：在平原乡村，他看到的moraines让他想起了在阿尔卑斯冰山谷末端找到的terminal moraines。
首先他去过很多地方，都发现了冰川侵蚀和沉淀的迹象，然后他在flat plains 发现的moraines让他想起了在Alps发现的moraines，这证明在不同地方发现了类似甚至同样的物质，所以只有B符合。
选项A错，地质差异比较扯；选项C错，肯定不是Alps的地质研究；选项D错，并没有什么regionaldifference,这是原文并没有提到的，所以不能选。
4.回原文“…regions that enjoy temperate climates…”直译过来应该是：享受温带气候的地区。
Resemble 肯定不对，因为确实就是温带气候，不用类似于。
Expect 期望也不对，本来就是何必期望呢？dominate支配也不对，支配温带气候实在是从语义上说不过去，最后只有experience经历是可以说的过去的，一个享受温带气候的地区当然就经历这么一个温带的气候，所以选A。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(19)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（19）(1~6/共48题)阅读理解The Migration of the Indigo BuntingThe indigo bunting is a small sparrow-like bird noted for its vivid blue plumage. It is typically found living in forested areas alongside rivers and streams as well as at the edges of fields and on paths going through forests where trees have been cleared for power lines. In these places, the female of the species builds a nest in low brush located no more than a meter above the ground.Zoologists have carefully studied the migration patterns followed by the indigo bunting. It mostly dwells in the eastern parts of Canada and the United States during the summer breeding season, and it flies south to Mexico as well as to Central America and the northern part of South America during the winter months. While it was once confined to the northern region of the United States in the summer, its territory expanded several decades ago. For instance, in the 1970s, the indigo bunting was discovered living in eastern Canada during the summer months for the first time. Zoologists believe that this change in its range was a result of Canada having warmer summers than it had enjoyed in previous decades.The total amount of distance covered by the indigo bunting when it migrates is approximately 1,900 kilometers each way. The bird usually migrates in a straight path due south. Those animals living in the east move to wintering grounds in the east while those residing in the west migrate to wintering grounds in the west. Intensive studies of the indigo bunting have proven that it has excellent navigational skills, which permit the bird to migrate at night since it can use the stars for guidance. Experiments with the indigo bunting have showed that it has an internal system allowing it to adjust its flight path as the angles of the stars change while they move through the night sky. This ability allows the bird to fly south to the same wintering grounds every year and then to return north to the same summering grounds.*migration: the movement from one place to another, often on a temporary basis*navigational: relating to the planning or guiding of a course第1题According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true of the indigo bunting? ______A.Some of the behavior that it exhibits is thought to have been affected by warm weather.B.The area in which it dwells in the summertime has gotten larger in recent decades.C.It breeds in regions that are located both in the United States and Mexico.D.Its behavior concerning where it flies throughout the year has been studied by scientists.第2题In paragraph 3, all of the following questions are answered EXCEPT: ______A.What experiments did scientists do to learn about the indigo bunting's navigational skills?B.Why is the indigo bunting able to migrate to new lands by flying at night?C.What is the average distance the indigo bunting flies when it migrates?D.How can the indigo bunting manage to fly to the same places on an annual basis?第3题Vocabulary______=bright第4题______= around; about第5题______=dense growth of plants such as bushes and shrubs第6题______=focused下一题(7~12/共48题)阅读理解The Circulation of Water in the OceansWater in the Earth's ocean is in a constant state of flux as it moves in both the horizontal and vertical planes. In the horizontal plane, water mostly circulates because of the wind acting on the ocean's surface in what is called wind-driven circulation. As for the vertical plane, water circulates on account of fluctuations in the salinity and temperature of the ocean itself in what is known as thermohaline circulation. This kind of circulation typically makes water move more slowly than wind-driven circulation.Wind-driven circulation, as its name indicates, results from the action of the wind on the water's surface. It is possible for this circulation to affect the water at a tremendous depth underneath the surface; nevertheless, the greatest effect the wind has on water circulation lies in the 200 meters closest to the surface. Interestingly, the surface of the water moves at a rate of only two to three percent of the wind's speed. The water also does not move directly as the wind blows, but it instead moves at an angle diagonal to the wind's direction because of the Coriolis force caused by the Earth's rotation. The upper layer of the ocean, where the wind and Coriolis force act in concert, is named the Ekman layer after the scientist who discovered it.Thermohaline circulation is much slower than wind-driven circulation. Changes in the ocean's salinity and temperature, which both affect the density of the water, are the primary causes. As water becomes more or less dense, its buoyancy changes: Less buoyant water sinks whereas more buoyant water rises. When ocean water cools, it becomes denser, and when the water in the ocean evaporates, the remaining water becomes saltier and therefore denser. Dense water is less buoyant, so it sinks toward the bottom. While that water is sinking, equilibrium must be established, so less dense water rises toward the surface. This process establishes a loop of rising and falling water, which is the main cause of the thermohaline circulation pattern in the oceans.*flux: constant change*buoyancy: the ability of something to float or rise in a fluid第7题In paragraph 2, the author's description of wind-driven circulation mentions all of the following EXCEPT: ______A.the name of the layer of the ocean where its effects can be foundB.the reason the water does not move in the same direction as the windC.the part of the ocean where it is the most powerfulD.the reason the water does not move as fast as the wind blows第8题According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of thermohaline circulation? ______A.It is most affected by the salinity of the water as well as its temperature.B.It happens when dense water sinks and causes less dense water to rise.C.It is the slower of the two types of circulation in the planet's oceans.D.It is more powerful deep beneath the surface rather than closer to it.第9题Vocabulary______=slanting第10题______=a state of balance第11题______=compactness第12题______=a pattern that behaves in a circular manner上一题下一题(13~26/共48题)阅读理解Herman Melville and His WorkAmerican writer Herman Melville (1819—1891) is renowned for his novels describing adventures on the high seas such as those featured in his magnum opus Moby-Dick. While Melville lived a long life, the bulk of his work was written and published between 1846 and 1857. During his lifetime, he was actually considered a failed author, and it was only following his death that people recognized the genius of his writing and gave him the praise he justly deserved. Since the early twentieth century, however, his writings have taken their place alongside the other classics of American literature.Melville's life at sea and his disillusionment with his strict religious upbringing heavily influenced his work. His travels began in 1839, when he shipped out as a seaman on a voyage to Liverpool, England. Later, he went on a whaling voyage to the South Pacific Ocean and spent some time living amongst the natives there. His personal adventures sometimes featured in his writing, and his first two novels, Typee (1846) and Omoo (1847), were based on his voyage south of the equator. In addition, Moby-Dick (1851) was influenced by his time on the whaler.In his writing, Melville often criticized the strict Calvinist lifestyle his parents raised him with. In Typee and Omoo, he is sharply critical of Christian missionaries in the Pacific islands and claims they did more harm than good. Some of Melville's biographers believe he became a humanist at that point, cast aside religion, and came to believe that man alone was responsible for his life and fate, especially on the vast, lonely, open ocean. This theme prevailed in his later works, in which his characters frequently openly doubt God and religion.Another novel, Pierre (1852), deals directly with Melville's feelings of doubt. In the book, he writes harshly about organized religion and claims it is hypocritical since it lacks a correlation between its pious creeds and the actual deeds of its followers. Melville further points out that trying to fill one's soul with religion is futile since God does not respond, and thus the soul is left void. Melville writes that this void must be filled by people communicating with and coming into contact with others. By that time in his life, Melville had truly abandoned his religious beliefs and thoroughly embraced humanism.*magnum opus: a masterwork*humanist: a person who believes that human interests and values are of the greatest importance第13题In paragraphs 1 and 2, the author's description of Herman Melville's writing mentions all of the following EXCEPT: ______A.the years during which most of his books were completedB.what caused him to express his feelings about religion in his worksC.how his own personal experiences influenced some of the novels he wroteD.the manner in which people's opinions of his written works changed over time第14题According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of Herman Melville? ______A.He wrote negatively about the actions of some Christians in his works.B.He most likely abandoned his religious beliefs while he was writing.C.He wrote frequently about his feelings regarding God and religion.D.He included a great deal of religious imagery in both and .第15题Vocabulary______=famous第16题______=disappointment; disenchantment第17题______=majority第18题______=pretending to possess virtues or beliefs one does not really have第19题MappingThe following chart shows the structure of the passage. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.图片第20题SummaryThe following is a summary of the passage. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.While Herman Melville was considered a 20 writer during his life, people have considered many of his works 21 of American literature since the twentieth century. Melville spent time at sea, and his experiences are 22 in his works. Typee, Omoo, and Moby-Dick were all 23 by his time at sea. Melville's works often criticize 24 . Many people believe Melville was a 25 and abandoned religion. He writes very harshly about religion in his novel Pierre as he claims that religion is 26 . He writes that people should fill the voids in their lives by communicating with others.第21题第22题第23题第24题第25题第26题上一题下一题(27~34/共48题)阅读理解The History of VeniceThe city of Venice lies on a group of islands in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Italy. During its lengthy history, it served as a principal port of trade on the Adriatic, andits people grew rich and powerful from their commercial lifestyles. At one time, Venice was one of the leading powers in the entire Mediterranean world as it was the center of a great republic with several overseas possessions. However, during the fifteenth century, both the city and its entire empire fell into a decline from which it never recovered.There exists archaeological evidence that people lived on the islands occupied by Venice long before the Roman era. During the decline of Rome in the fifth century, the islands got their first permanent settlers, who moved there in search of a refuge as they fled the barbarian invaders on the mainland. The islands of Venice provided a safe haven primarily because the barbarians lacked the ability to navigate well on sea and could not wage naval warfare. According to tradition, the city was founded in the year 421, yet it had no substantial population for many years afterward. Gradually, the population increased, and the people living there amassed wealth thanks to the fish and salt the sea provided.Isolated from events transpiring on the Italian peninsula, the Venetians turned their attention to the sea and the lands by the Adriatic and eastern Mediterranean seas. They constructed a great fleet of trading ships to ply these waters as well as naval vessels to protect them. Immense wealth from the east flowed into Venice and made its people rich and powerful. Venice also served as a port of departure for the Crusaders during the Crusades, which earned the Venetians money. In addition, during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, a Venetian fleet assisted in the sacking of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and subsequently brought home a phenomenal amount of plundered treasure. Due to its trading contacts, Venice became a cosmopolitan community with people from many eastern lands, including Muslims, Jews, and Greeks, all living in it. With their wealth, the Venetians constructed a great city with impressive works of architecture during the city's heyday in the Middle Ages.In 1348, the Black Death devastated the population of Venice and initiated the city's decline. The city's residents struggled to retain their position of power in the eastern world for the next century. In 1453, the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks resulted in Venice becoming involved in ruinous warfare on a nearly constant basis, which sapped the city's wealth and power. Then, when the New World was discovered in 1492, the center of European power shifted from the Mediterranean to nations such as Spain, France, England, and Portugal, all of which bordered the Atlantic Ocean. Venice's position was further eroded in the 1500s by wars with its neighbors and plagues.Gradually, Venice's power diminished until it was conquered by Napoleon in 1797. The city switched hands between the French and Austrians several times until it became a part of the Austrian Empire in 1815 following Napoleon's ultimate defeat. In 1848 and 1849, Venice briefly attained independence during the revolutions that swept through Europe, but the Austrians soon regained control. Finally, during the Italian wars of unification in the 1860s, Venice became a permanent part of Italy. Today, it exists primarily as a tourist spot and is world renowned for its canals and architecture.*ply: to practice; to engage in*plundered: stolen; looted*New World: North and South America第27题Vocabulary______=main; major第28题______=apart from others; alone第29题______=a safe place第30题______=the time when someone or something is at its peak第31题Vocabulary QuestionThe word refuge in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.townshipB.sanctuaryC.fortressD.utopia第32题Inference QuestionIn paragraph 3, the author implies that Venice ______A.reached the height of its greatness during the Middle AgesB.erred in sacking the city of Constantinople during the Fourth CrusadeC.fought battles against some of the other cities on the Italian mainlandD.made people from foreign lands live in their own sectors in the city第33题Negative Factual Information QuestionIn paragraph 4, all of the following questions are answered EXCEPT: ______A.What caused the nations by the Atlantic Ocean to become more powerful in the 1400s?B.Which event resulted in Venice starting to lose power?C.How were Venice's relationships with the other European powers in the Mediterranean area?D.Why did Venice get into many battles with the Ottoman Turks?第34题Prose Summary QuestionAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.The city of Venice rose to a position of great power during the Middle Ages but steadily lost power and influence in the centuries following that period.ANSWER CHOICES①Many Europeans who were heading east to fight in the Crusades found passage there by ships sailing from Venice.②Even though Venice is said to have been founded in 421, few people lived there for a long period of time in its early years.③The plundering of many treasures from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade helped Venice become wealthier.④Both plagues and constant warfare with the Ottoman Turks resulted in Venice losing power after the middle of the 1400s.⑤When the people of Venice turned their attention to shipping, they became wealthy and helped increase the power of the city.⑥After Venice was conquered by Napoleon in 1797, it was controlled by France, Austria, and Italy at various times during the next century.上一题下一题(35~48/共48题)阅读理解Deep-Sea Marine LifeThe region deep beneath the surface of the ocean is inhospitable on account of the absolute darkness, freezing temperatures, relative lack of food, and crushing pressure. At first glance, it seems a virtually impossible place for life to exist, yet, as exploratory missions to the deepest parts of the ocean have discovered, it does. When the first excursions thousands of meters beneath the surface were made, explorers were shocked to find creatures living at depths that had previously been thought to be uninhabitable. Over time, the marine life forms that dwell in these places adapted to their circumstances and proved that life can survive in the harshest and most unforgiving places.To deal with the lack of light so far beneath the surface, many deep-sea creatures utilize a form of bioluminescence, a chemical reaction in their bodies that produces light but not heat. Marine biologists believe bioluminescence serves several functions. First, for some fish, it acts like a flashlight by enabling them to see as they swim while in others, it helps them attract mates. And some animals, such as the angler fish, use their light to draw in prey, which is then attacked and consumed. However, bioluminescence is a poor substitute for sunlight, so many deep-sea creatures have developed extra sensors to assist them in finding their way. The stout blacksmelt has very large eyes with sensors enabling it to pick up low amounts of light. Other life forms have evolved stronger senses of smell to detect the chemical scents emitted by members of the same species, which enables them to find mates.As one descends deeper beneath the surface of the ocean, the enormous amount of water places intense pressures on everything. To avoid being crushed by it, many deep-sea creatures have evolved by becoming smaller and by having more gelatinous bodies and bones as opposed to the more inflexible body structures of animals living near the surface or on land. Deep-sea creatures also lack swim bladders and other cavities which inflate and deflate because they would be easily crushed by the high pressure. Instead, some creatures have specialized molecular structures that help them better withstand the water pressure. The molecules comprising them are common in all fish and are responsible for the distinct smell most fish have, but fish living at great depths have more of them and therefore have an even more intense smell.The temperature of the water thousands of meters under the surface hovers between minus one degree Celsius and four degrees above zero, which is cold enough to freeze most life. Deep-sea marine life forms have adapted their bodies to withstand this severe cold though. Some animals have special enzymes while others have high levels of unsaturated fats, both of which allow their bodies to handle the cold, and other deep-sea creatures move at slow speeds to conserve energy, thereby protecting them from the cold as well. In some spots on the ocean floor, there are thermal vents that release energy from the Earth's interior. Around these hot vents, many life forms reside, and they have established their own unique ecosystems in the cold ocean depths.Another problem for creatures living so deep is food. Most marine life forms survive byconsuming other marine life, yet thousands of meters beneath the surface, there is a distinct lack of prey for predators to catch. Some, including the angler fish, have evolved to become successful predators, but many others depend on marine snow, the remains of dead fish falling from levels above the deepest parts of the ocean. When creatures die in the ocean, they start sinking. As their bodies fall apart, they create marine snow, which is the continual dropping of small particles of flesh that creatures underneath it then consume. Deep-sea creatures frequently have slower metabolisms that enable them to survive for long periods of time on small amounts of food. They also have large mouths with jaws that can open very wide and teeth that point inward. This ensures that they can easily catch falling food and also lets them grab prey and hold on to it if the opportunity ever arises. Since many creatures living deep in the ocean have multiple adaptations, they not only survive but also thrive despite residing in an environment that would instantly kill most other creatures.第35题The word excursions in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.inquiriesB.considerationsC.expeditionsD.illustrations第36题According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the bottom of the ocean? ______A.It appears to have as much life as does the area that is nearest the surface of the ocean.B.It contains life forms that have changed so that they can survive in the harsh conditions there.C.The first time people visited the bottom of the ocean, they saw virtually no life there.D.The relative lack of food is the main reason there is little life in that part of the ocean.第37题The word it in the passage refers to ______A.heatB.bioluminescenceC.some fishD.a flashlight第38题In paragraph 2, the author uses the angler fish as an example of ______A.one of the top predators that lives at the bottom of the oceanB.a creature that uses bioluminescence to help it attract a mateC.a fish that has developed large eyes to improve its ability to seeD.an animal that is capable of creating light from its own body第39题In paragraph 2, the author's description of bioluminescence mentions all of the following EXCEPT: ______A.some of the ways that animals can create light from their bodiesB.the area of the ocean where this capability is beneficial to animalsC.the manner in which some marine animals utilize this capabilityD.the name of one of the fish that is able to create its own light第40题The word inflexible in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.formidableB.uniqueC.rigidD.opaque第41题The word them in the passage refers to ______A.swim bladders and other cavitiesB.the moleculesC.fishD.great depths第42题According to paragraph 3, fish that live near the bottom of the ocean have no swim bladders because ______A.they do not work well when fish are more gelatinous in form and have fewer bonesB.there is no need for fish living there to use swim bladders to rise toward the surfaceC.the molecules that comprise them cannot stay together so deep under the waterD.their existence would cause the fish to be crushed by the intense water pressure第43题The word withstand in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.endureB.amassC.revokeD.ignore第44题According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT true of how creatures survive in the cold temperatures deep in the ocean? ______A.They make use of enzymes which enable their bodies to handle the cold conditions.B.They save energy by moving at speeds slower than those animals normally swim at.C.They reside near places at the bottom of the ocean where hot water is spewed.D.They consume large amounts of food to build up layers of fat in their bodies.第45题Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Since many creatures living deep in the ocean have multiple adaptations, they not only survive but also thrive despite residing in an environment that would instantly kill most other creatures. ______A.Animals living deep beneath the ocean's surface must learn to adapt quickly, or they will be killed by the severe conditions.B.Because so many creatures have been killed by the conditions deep in the ocean, only a few of them actually live there.C.The adaptations of some animals let them do well in their environment despite the fact that most other animals would die there.D.Numerous new species have evolved in the deep ocean thanks to their ability to adapt to an environment that kills most creatures.第46题In paragraph 5, the author's description of marine snow mentions which of the following? ______A.How much the majority of the creatures living deep in the ocean rely on it to surviveB.The manner in which it is created and subsequently falls to the bottom of the oceanC.The types of nutrients that it contains and how they help sustain deep-sea creaturesD.The reason that it is able to provide sustenance for creatures with slow metabolisms第47题Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about deep-sea creatures? ______A.They eat less often than creatures that live near the ocean's surface do.B.They are capable of swimming at great speeds even in the dark.C.They prefer to consume marine snow rather than to hunt for food themselves.D.They can grow to become some of the largest creatures in the world's oceans.第48题Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on VIEW TEXT.The creatures that live deep in the ocean rely upon various adaptations in order to survive in the extreme environment there.图片ANSWER CHOICES①The very cold temperatures and the relative lack of food are two difficulties that animals living near the bottom of the ocean must overcome.②Many creatures living deep beneath the surface rely on bioluminescence to create their own light to provide benefits to themselves.③The first humans to venture down to the bottom of the ocean were surprised by how much life was actually thriving there.④The bodies of some deep-sea fish are more gelatinous, enabling them to withstand the crushing water pressure.⑤Marine snow, which is the decomposing remains of dead fish, falls to the bottom of the ocean and provides fish there with a source of food.⑥The large jaws and teeth and strange body shapes of some deep-sea creatures give some of them terrifying appearances.上一题下一题(49~53/共34题)听力第49题Why does the student go to see his adviser?A.To find out if he can change one of his classesB.To ask her for a letter of recommendationC.To check the time of his registration appointmentD.To learn if he still has required courses to take第50题Why does the adviser say this:A.To invite the student to attend a meeting with herB.To let the student know that she will have to leave soonC.To announce that she will be speaking at a meetingD.To explain why she cannot help the student right now第51题What does the student want to do next year?A.Change his major field of studyB.Study at the universityC.Work as a weather forecasterD.Become a professional golf player第52题In which subject areas must the student take courses next semester? Click on 2 answers.A.Social scienceB.Natural scienceC.HumanitiesD.Physical education第53题What does the student imply about golf?A.Golf is his favorite leisure activity.B.He enjoys playing golf with his boss.C.He would like to know more about golf.D.He has never played golf before.上一题下一题(54~59/共34题)听力第54题What is the lecture mainly about?A.The components of the immune systemB.Why some people are immune from diseaseC.A severe type of immune responseD.Dangers of different types of shock第55题According to the professor, what can initiate anaphylaxis?Click on 2 answers.A.AlcoholB.Bee venomC.PeanutsD.A virus第56题Why does the professor tell a story about a little girl at a birthday party?A.To find out which students have childrenB.To frighten the class with facts about bees。
托福阅读TPO19-2 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
Succession, Climax, and EcosystemsIn the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new "community ecology" was on the composition and structure of communities consisting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded successively by herbaceous plants (plants with little or no woody tissue), shrubs, and trees, eventually becoming a forest. Light-loving species are always among the first invaders, while shade-tolerant species appear later in the succession.Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.For Clements, the climax was a "superorganism," an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor. An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term "association" to the term "community" in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as well as plants. This resulted in the "biome," a combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism. The spruce community is not substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose. Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose. The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason, soon joined by various other ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted forthe whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment. Eventually, the energy-transforming role of such a system was emphasized. Ecosystems thus involve the circulation, transformation, and accumulation of energy and matter through the medium of living things and their activities. The ecologist is concerned primarily with the quantities of matter and energy that pass through a given ecosystem, and with the rates at which they do so.Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, it is no longer the dominant paradigm. Gleason's arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with the help of large computers. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects.Paragraph 2: Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession,but that has not been A general can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.1. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements’ view of succession?O The principles of succession are more lawlike than Clements thought they are.O More evidence is needed to establish Clements’ predictions about succession.O The details of succession are affected by random processes.O Many of the factors that determine which plants will grow in an environment, such as the nature of the soil and the exposure to sun, do not change at all.2.st in meaning toO confirmedO noticedO definedO publicized3.O probabilityO pictureO lawlike regularityO tendencyParagraph 3: The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, isnot predictable or of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes.4.the passage is closest in meaning toO sometimesO similarlyO apparentlyO consequentlyParagraph 4: For Clements, the climax was a "superorganism," an organic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed asystem is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. Many authors prefer the term "association" to the term "community" in order to stress the looseness of the interaction.5.O commonlyO broadlyO properlyO officially6.According to paragraph 4, why do many authors prefer the term “association” to “community” whendescribing a climax plant formation?O Because the term “association” does not suggest the presence of a tight network involving interactive communication.O Because the term “association” indicates that the grouping is not necessarily beneficial to all members.O Because the term “community” indicates continuing dynamic development that a climax formation does not have.O Because the term “community” suggests an organization that has been designed for a specific purpose.Paragraph 5: Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as well as plants. This resulted in the "biome," a combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism. The spruce communityeither the presence or absence ofHerbert Gleason, soon joined by various other ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.7.In paragraph 5, the author challenges the idea of a “biome” by noting thatO there are usually no very strong connections among the plants and animals living in a placeO plants and animals respond in the same way to the same circumstancesO particular combinations of flora and fauna do not generally come about purely by chanceO some animals are dependent on specific kinds of plants for food8.Why does the author make theO To highlight a fact whose significance the ecologist Herbert Gleason had missedO To propose the idea that a spruce forest is by itself a superorganismO To emphasize that moose are not limited to a single kind of environmentO To criticize the idea of a spruce-moose biome9.OO identifiedO startedO foreseen10.According to paragraph 5, Gleason’s opposition t o the Clementsian views of plant ecology was basedon the claim that plant species grow in places whereO they can enter into mutually beneficial relationships with other speciesO conditions suit them, regardless of whether particular other species are presentO habitats are available for a wide variety of plant and animal speciesO their requirements are met, and those of most other species are notinvolve the circulation, transformation, and accumulation of energy and matter through the medium of living things and their activities. The ecologist is concerned primarily with the quantities of matter and energy that pass through a given ecosystem, and with the rates at which they do so.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specifically tothe physical factors within an environment.O The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.O When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular an d more widely used term “ecosystem.”O The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.12.According to paragraph 6, what did ecologists mainly study when the ecosystem concept was thedominant paradigm?O The physical factors present in different environmentsO The typical activities of animals and the effect of those activities on plantsO The rates at which ecosystems changed from one kind to anotherO The flow of energy and matter through ecosystemsParagraph 7: Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, it is no longer the dominant paradigm. ■ Gleason's arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosyste ms as well. ■ Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with the help of large computers. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more att ractive than measuring physical constants. ■ Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects. ■13.Look at the four squares [■] that in dicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They may be more interested in researching, for example, the adaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert environments.Where would the sentence best fit ?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provied below. Completethe summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The study of the combination of plant species that inhabit a particular locality became a scientific discipline toward the end of the nineteenth century.●●.●Answer ChoicesO Areas that are recovering from serious disturbances like volcanic eruptions and heavy floods provide special opportunities to observe the development of plant communities.O Whether a given species will be found in a given ecosystem strongly depends on what other species it would interact with in that ecosystem.O Computer-aided studies of entire system of associated organisms together with their environment provide a solid basis for current studies of specific ecological problems.O According to the earliest theories of ecology, the development of plant communities proceeds in lawlike fashion and results in stable climax communities.O The idea of associations of pl ants and animals that function as “superorganisms” was later rejected by biologists who saw no strong evidence in support of that idea.O The once popular idea of communities as integrated ecosystems has been largely rejected by modern ecologists, who are more interested in problems involving behavior and adaptations.参考答案：1. 32. 13. 44. 25. 36. 17. 18. 49. 310. 211. 412. 413. 3rd square14. According to the...The idea of....The once popular...。
托福阅读真题及答案精选
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托福阅读真题1Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbledthat they were all dead.Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in whichof the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order toillustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in theirgardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home8. The word they in line 20 refers to(A) tulips(B) plains(C) immigrants(D) plants9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens duringthe European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation oftulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB托福阅读真题2The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simplest of these is the carbon dioxide from the respirationof an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity.Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.1. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones2. The phrase smooth operation in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) daily activity(B) effective functioning(C) delicate balance(D) permanent location3. According to the passage , carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?(A) It protects the queen.(B) It attracts other ant species.(C) It informs workers of possible danger.(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.4. The word cluster in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) organ(B) activity(C) group(D) cycle5. According to the passage , each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to(A) find the location of the nest in the dark(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants(C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack6. The word alert in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) allow(B) transport(C) warn(D) provide7. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be abandoned.(C) Pheromones control the speed at which ants move from one location to another.(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.8. The word scurrying in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) agreeing(B) appearing(C) competing(D) rushing9. The word others in line 21 refers to(A) private messages(B) species(C) trails(D) signals10. Why does the author mention dead insects in line 23?(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other insects(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) pheromones (line 2)(B) colony integrity (lines 12)(C) mass migrations (line 14)(D) private messages (lines 18-19)PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A托福阅读真题3Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term latent heat refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun's energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun'senergy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.1. The passage mainly discusses how heat(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth's atmosphere(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) can be measured and analyzed by scientists(D) moves about the Earth's equator2. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth's polar regions in which of thefollowing ways?(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere.(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun.(C) The strength of their large scale winds.(D) The strength of their oceanic currents.3. The word convert in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) mix(B) change(C) adapt(D) reduce4. Why does the author mention the stove in line 10?(A) To describe the heat of the Sun.(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored.(C) To show how energy is stored.(D) To give an example of a heat source.5. According to the passage , most ocean water evaporation occurs especially(A) around the higher latitudes(B) in the tropics(C) because of large-scale winds(D) because of strong ocean currents6. According to the passage , 30 percent of the Sun's incoming energy(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) never leaves the upper atmosphere(D) gets stored as latent heat7. The word it in line 18 refers to(A) square meter(B) the Sun's energy(C) latent heat(D) the atmosphere8. The word primarily in the line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) chiefly(B) originally(C) basically(D) clearly9. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) essential(B) dominant(C) circular(D) closest10. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) low latitudes(line 1)(B) latent heat (line 5)(C) evaporate (line 7)(D) atmosphere (line 14)实用文档PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD托福阅读真题精选。
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE19
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE19为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 19，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 19The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.(B) The evolution of cities in North America(C) Trade between North American and European cities(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) North American colonies(B) cities(C) centuries(D) town economies3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?(A) Their economic success(B) The type of merchandise they exported(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements(D) The pace of their development4. The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) as usual(B) in contrast(C) to some degree(D) for that reason5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to(A) an abundance of natural resources(B) financial support from colonial governments(C) proximity to parts of Europe(D) a favorable climate6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?(A) Manufacturing equipment(B) Capital goods(C) Consumer goods(D) Raw materials7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the(A) location of the plantations(B) access of plantation owners to shipping(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were(A) more prosperous(B) smaller(C) less economically self-sufficient(D) tied less closely to England than to France9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) imagined(B) discovered(C) documented(D) planned10. The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) attracting(B) employing(C) instructing(D) representing11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states正确答案： BBDDC DCBCA C提升托福阅读能力的方法有哪些？方法一：概括地观察在练习时我们会读一些文章或者段子，首先我们可以进行略读。
【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析
【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析TPO 19首先来看综合写作的阅读材料：Many consumers ignore commercial advertisements. In response, advertisingcompanies have started using a new tactic, calling “buzzing.” The advertisershire people - buzzers - who personally promote (buzz) products to people theyknow or meet. The key part is that the buzzers do not reveal that they are beingpaid to promote anything. They behave as though they were just spontaneouslypraising a product during normal conversation. Buzzing has generated a lot ofcontroversy, and many critics would like to see it banned.中文：很多消费者都无视商业广告。
为了应对这种情况，广告公司开始采取一种名为”托儿”的新策略。
广告公司雇佣托儿，让他们向他们认识的或者遇见的人推荐产品。
这种策略的关键是托儿是会隐藏他们受雇佣来推荐产品这一事实的。
他们表现出他们只是在日常的交流中无意地推荐某种产品。
这种营销方式引来了很多争议，而许多批评家希望能够禁止这种方式。
First, the critics complain that consumers should know whether a personpraising a product is being paid to praise the product. Knowing this makes a bigdifference: we expect the truth from people who we believe do not have anymotive for misleading us. But with buzzing what you hear is just paidadvertising, which may well give a person incorrect information about the buzzedproduct.中文：首先，批评家认为消费者有权利知道向他推荐产品的人是否是有报酬的。
TPO19听力解析
1 本文章由尚友原创或整理
3. Why does the professor talk about computers? A. To help the man understand game theory B. To describe how biologists analyze data about adaptation C. To suggest a way for the man to find information about game theory D. To explain the format required for the man's term paper 答案：A 解析： Student: Yeah, I can see how that might do the trick. But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology. Professor: Yeah, it is fairly new to biology. Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances. But for example, a business sells, oh computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there is another company bidding too. So, what should they do? 由以上对话可知，男生表示自己对于博弈论在生物学上的使用理解并不清楚。教授便提出销 售电脑的例子来帮助男生理解。
托福TPO19阅读原文 题目 答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystem
托福TPO19阅读原文题目答案解析-Succession,Climax,andEcosystemsThe McMillan PlanAs the city approached its centennial; there was a call to develop a comprehensive park system for the As early as 1898, a committee was formed to meet with President William McKinley to propose the erection of a monument to commemorate the centennial of the A joint committee formed by Congress held its first meeting in February 1900 with Senator James McMillan of Michigan as chairman, and Charles Moore as At the same time, plans were put forward for the development of a Mall which would include the newly reclaimed Potomac As the bureaucracy planned for the centennial, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) joined the AIA leaders envisioned the nation's capital as the perfect place for the group to express the ideals of the City Beautiful movement promoted by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in The architect of this pivotal fair designed Beaux Arts Classical architecture in a grand and ordered civicWhen the Senate Commission was formed in 1901 to explore and plan the design of the city, the project then encompassed the historic The illustrious committee was comprised of Daniel Burnham, a visionary of the World's Columbian Exposition, as well as landscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, , architect Charles , and sculptor Augustus Foremost in the minds of these men was the amazing foresight and genius of Pierre L' The committee lamented the fragmented Mall marred by a railroad station and focused upon restoring it to the uninterrupted greensward envisioned by L' In total, the forward-looking plans made by the McMillan Commission called for: re-landscaping the ceremonial core, consisting of the Capitol Grounds and Mall, including new extensions west and south of the Washington Monument; consolidating city railways and alleviating at-grade crossings; clearing slums; designing a coordinated municipal office complex in the triangle formed by Pennsylvanian Avenue, 15th Street, and the Mall, and establishing a comprehensive recreation and park system that would preserve the ring of Civil War fortifications around theTo protect the new goals introduced by the McMillan study, the AIA appealed to President Theodore Roosevelt to form a fine arts Established by Congress in 1910 during the Taft Administration, the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) was created as a consulting organization to the government on the design of bridges, parks, paintings, and other artistic matters; an executive order later that year added the design review of all publicInfluenced by the designs of several European cities and 18th century gardens such as France's Palace of Versailles, the plan of Washington, DCwas symbolic and innovative for the new Only limited changes were made to the historic city-bounded by Florida Avenue on the north and the waterways on the east, west and south-until after the Civil The foremost manipulation of L’Enfant plan began in the 19th century, and was codified in 1901 when the McMillan Commission directed urban improvements that resulted in the most elegant example of City Beautiful tenets in the L’Enfant plan was magnified and expanded during the early decades of the 20th century with the reclamation of land for waterfront parks, parkways, an improved Mall and new monuments and Two hundred years since its design, the integrity of the plan of Washington is largely unimpaired-boasting a legal enforced height restriction, landscaped parks, wide avenues, and open space allowing intended Constant vigilance is needed by the agencies responsible for design review, it their charge to continue the vision of L'。
托福TPO19口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO19口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO19口语Task3阅读文本： The university administration today announced a $25 increase in the student fee for using the campus recreation center. The higher fee, which all students are required to pay, will provide funds to upgrade the facility and provide newer, more modern exercise equipment at the center. “We expect the improvements to increase student use of the facility,”explained David Smith, director of the student activities office. Mr. Smith also noted that the decision was approved because “we feel that $25 is a reasonable increase that will be affordable for individual students.” 托福TPO19口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the article. (man) Did you see this announcement in the newspaper? It sounds like a great idea. (woman) You really think so? Not many people even use the place. (man) I know, that's the point, people don't go there because the facilities are old and the exercise equipment breaks down. I think the director is right that they get more use out of it this way. Right now, the place is usually empty and that's too bad. Students can get pretty stressed out if they don't get some exercise. (woman) That's a good point. But doesn't it seem like a lot of money? (man) It's really not all that much, if you figured a lot of people spend that kind of money on a CD or when they go out to the movies, this is just one charge for the whole year. (woman) That's true, and instead of some little thing we get a recreation center people might actually use. (man) Right, so considering the benefits, it's really not that much to pay. (woman) Yeah, I guess you’re right. 托福TPO19口语Task3题目： The man expresses his opinion of the university’s plan. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO19口语Task3满分范文： Well, the man agrees with the university's plan for two main reasons. Firstly, he points out that students don't go to the recreation center mainly because the facilities there are old and excise equipment breaks down, but yet they need to get some exercise or they will get stressed out. The second reason from the man is that he thinks that the increased fee is not at all that much, compared with the money students spend on CDs or movies. This one-year-charge is really worth it considering the benefits. So based on the reasons stated above the man agrees with the university's plan. (101 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO19口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
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老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 19The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economicself-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries,that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.(B) The evolution of cities in North America(C) Trade between North American and European cities(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) North American colonies(B) cities(C) centuries(D) town economies3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?(A) Their economic success(B) The type of merchandise they exported(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements(D) The pace of their development4. The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) as usual(B) in contrast(C) to some degree(D) for that reason5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to(A) an abundance of natural resources(B) financial support from colonial governments(C) proximity to parts of Europe(D) a favorable climate6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?(A) Manufacturing equipment(B) Capital goods(C) Consumer goods(D) Raw materials7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the(A) location of the plantations(B) access of plantation owners to shipping(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were(A) more prosperous(B) smaller(C) less economically self-sufficient(D) tied less closely to England than to France9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) imagined(B) discovered(C) documented(D) planned10. The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) attracting(B) employing(C) instructing(D) representing11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states 正确答案：BBDDC DCBCA C外朗教育精品课程 /course/newlist/1-20.html。