转态译法(2)

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大学英语四级翻译答题技巧及答题步骤

大学英语四级翻译答题技巧及答题步骤

大学英语四级翻译答题技巧及答题步骤一、答题技巧现代翻译理论认为,句子是最重要的翻译单位。

大学英语四级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。

考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法,那么对于处理四级考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。

下面我们来介绍几种常用的翻译技巧:(一)分句、合句法很多情况下,翻译句子的时候,需要调整原来的句子结构,分句法和合句法是调整原文句子的两种重要的方法。

所谓分句法就是把原文的一个简单句译为两个或两个以上的句子。

所谓合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。

1.分句法汉译英时,需要分译的句子多数是长句,或者是结构复杂的复句。

这种句子如果译成一个长句,就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚,也不符合英文习惯。

如果采用分译,则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。

(1)从主语变换处断句[例1]与会者对这个问题的观点差别太大,以致发生了争吵,一时会场的气氛紧张起来。

Theopinions oftheattendants about thisissuewerefarfrom unanimous sothatsomeofthem began to quarrelwith eachother.The atmosphereat themeeting beca me tense atthemoment.(2)从关联词(如转折处)断句[例2]昨天出了好几起交通事故,或许是因为有大雾的缘故吧!There wereseveral trafficaccidents yesterday.Maybe becauseof the heavy fog.(3)从意义完整、独立处断句[例3]一转眼,20年就这样过去了,回首往事,是幸福,还是惆怅,恐怕连自己也难以搞清。

Twenty years haselapsed inthetwinkling of an eye.When looking back,I’m afraid that we won’t know what we can findin the past,happiness orsadness?(4)原文出现总说或分述时要断句[例4]我们恢复和采取这些贸易方式的原因很简单:因为我们出口商品就是为了我们国外客户的需要。

语态转换译法

语态转换译法


(Charlotte Brontë: Jane Eyre)
• 【译文】她以为一切都是公正合法的,做梦也没 想到过自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套,跟一个 骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。
B. 译成 “挨” 字句
• “挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者( 受事者)不利或不好的句子。
• 例1:The boy was criticized yesterday. • 【译文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。 • 例2:I was caught in the downpour. • 【译文】我在大雨中挨浇了。 •
• 【译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当 的手段予以处理。
课堂互动1: 翻译句子, 顺译成被动句
• 1.Those who perform deeds of merit will be • rewarded. • 2.Translation technique should be paid enough • attention to. • 3.The temperature of the earth is determined by the • amount of solar heat which the atmosphere can • keep. • 4.His father was killed before liberation. • 5.With a true democratic system, he said, Egypt • would not have been defeated by Israel in Nhomakorabea1967.
• 例1:Love can not be forced. • 【译文】爱情不能强求。 • 例2:Love and cough cannot be hidden. • 【译文】爱情和咳嗽都无法隐藏。

转换新解

转换新解

转换新解作者:李平来源:《科技创新导报》 2013年第31期李平(哈尔滨师范大学黑龙江哈尔滨 150025)摘要:英汉两种语言之间存在着很大的差别,这给翻译人员带来了很大的困扰,这也要求译者具有相当的能力水平。

英语重形合,而汉语则重意合。

有人还很形象地将英语比作树形结构,而汉语是竹形结构。

语言哲学家皮尔士和奎因早起提出了“语言意义的不确定论“,而提出”化境说“的钱钟书先生也曾谈到:“语言文字鬼黠如蛇,合离兼别,其故莫祥,成俗相因,积重难返。

”这都告诉我们在翻译的过程中,需要注意两种语言之间的转换。

该文旨在解读对转换的总体认识。

关键词:转换种类问题中图分类号:H31 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1674-098X(2013)11(a)-0254-02翻译过程中,由于英汉两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异,有时必须改变原文某些词语的词类及句式的转换才能有效地传达出原文的准确意思。

下面我们就通过几个具体方面来谈谈转换。

1 转换方式1.1 形式转换(1)换序译法英语和汉语在语法结构上有差别需要我们经常更换原文词语的前后次序。

翻译时根据译文的语言习惯,对原文的词序进行调整,使译文做到最大程度上的通顺,这就是换序译法。

例如:原文:For this reason, our company explained solemnly to your company many times in February last year.译文:我公司为此于去年二月郑重地多次向贵公司解释。

(2)转态译法所谓转态译法,就是在翻译过程中把原文中的被动语态转换成译文中的主动语态,反之亦然。

一般说来,无论在什么语体中,基本都是英语比汉语用更多的语态。

例如:原文:The visitor was flattered and impressed.译文:这位客人受宠若惊,深为感动。

1.2 内容转换(1)转句译法有时我们需要把原文词组的内容连同其形式一起翻译成地道的汉语几乎不可能。

英语学习4语态转换译法-精选文档

英语学习4语态转换译法-精选文档
【译文】他那永无止境的好奇心,十足的幽默感以 及捕捉细节所特有的隼一般锐利的目光使他那 平淡的日记平添了几分生气。
7.The temperature of the earth is determined by the amount of solar heat which the atmosphere can keep.
例1:You have been wetted in the rain.
【译文】你叫雨淋湿了。
例2:The γ-rays are not affected by an electric field.
【译文】γ射线不受电es and buildings, roads and bridges were
14. 1. 1 顺译成被动句 A.译成 “被” 字句 例1:Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated. 【译文】 维生素C受热过度就会被破坏。
B. 译成 “挨” 字句
“挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者 (受事者)不利或不好的句子。 例1:The boy was criticized yesterday.
damaged in the seaquake.
【译文】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸 中遭到破坏。
例4:It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.
【译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手 段予以处理。
【译文】被谈过话的申请人,要求交上必要的材
料。
5.Television keeps us informed about current events at home and abroad.

实用翻译 转态译法

实用翻译 转态译法

She appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
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5)当下茶果已撤,贾母令两个老嫲嫲 带了黛玉去见两个母舅。
Now the refreshments were cleared away and the Lady Dowager ordered two nurses to take Daiyu to see her two uncles.
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Pattern 1: O+(被)+(S)+V 问题解决了。 The problem has been solved. Pattern 2: O+(被)+(S)+V+M 树栽在街道两旁。Trees are planted on both sides of the streets. Pattern 3: M+V+O 1)、客厅里摆着沙发。In the sitting-room are placed some sofas. Pattern 4: O+(是)+S+(M)+V+的 (判断句) 1)、这些产品是我国生产的。These products are made in our country.
他赢钱的次数那么多,无怪乎眼红的人, 赌输的人,有时说起这事便要发牢骚。
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3.It has been mentioned that Rebecca, soon after
her arrival in Paris, took a very smart and leading position in the society of that capital, and was welcomed at some of the most distinguished houses of the restored French nobility.

语态转换法

语态转换法

语态转换译法指主动语态和被动语态的
互译,即把英语的被动语态的句子转译成汉 语的主动语态的句子, 或把英语的主动语态 的句子转译成汉语的被动语态的句子, 使译 文显得地道自然,符合汉语习惯。语态转换 译法是一种十分常见的翻译方法和技巧。
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英语中,尤其是科技英语中, 凡是不说 出动作执行者(施事者),或无从说出动作 执行者或者为了连贯上下文,使前后分句的 主语保持一致,为了使叙述的重点突出,语 意连贯,语气流畅,常用被动语态。在科技 文章中,着力所写的是事物、物质或过程, 而不是动作的执行者。在一般英语文体中, 也常用被动语态,有的是出于礼貌,有的是 要使措辞婉转圆通,有的则是为了着重事实 真相和客观情景,而避开动作执行者的身份 等。
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3 分译法 (Splitting Translation)
把原文的主语部分或被动式谓语 动词从原文中分出来,单独译成一个
带主语或不带主语的分句,放在句首,
剩余部分再译成一句或几句,跟在其 后。
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3. 1 ―It + be + V.-ed + that-cl. ‖结构
原句的主语是先行代词It,翻译时添加“有人, 人们,大家,我们”等作主语,常用于下列结构中:
例1:That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother. 【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。
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例2:The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 【译文】美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先 实施的。 例3:The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain. 【译文】左耳是由大脑的右侧控制的。

转态译法

转态译法

转态译法一、定义所谓转态译法是指在翻译中把原文中的被动语态转换成译文中的主动语态,或把原文中的主动语态转换成译文中的被动语态。

这里说的语态是指主动语态和被动语态, 这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的:英语大量使用被动语态,而汉语则很少使用,即便使用, 也不像英语那样有固定或比较统-的构成形式。

比如说,汉语的被动不是只用一“被”字表示。

因此在英汉互译中,要经常变换语态,以使译文符合习惯用法。

显得地道而自然。

二、翻译方法(一)、被动句翻译成主动句(1)The novel A Dream of Red Mansion has been translated into many foreign languages.小说红楼梦已译成许多外国文字.(2) During the world cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯期间,接上挤满了球迷.(二). 被动句翻译成汉语的判断句。

1.The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.诗歌吟唱是用七弦琴伴奏的。

2.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实行的。

(三)、被动句译成汉语的无主句1.In many countries, authority is seldom, if ever, questioned.在很多国家,很少向权威提出质疑。

2.Wrong must be righted when they are discovered.发现了错误一定要纠正。

(四)、被动句译成被动句。

1.用“被、受、得”等字(1). I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly willat last be respected by member states and by Israel in particular. 我希望大会的各项决议终将得到各会员国,尤其是以色列的尊重。

翻硕复习第十二讲转态译法资料

翻硕复习第十二讲转态译法资料

被动语态翻译方法
1. 顺译法 Translation in Original Order
1.1 顺译成被动句 1.译成“被”字句 They are deprived of their rights. 他们被剥夺了权利。
He was beaten black and blue. 他被打得青一块紫一块。
一部分光或全部的光可能给挡住其去路的东西或 物体说反射、吸收或投射。
Our roof was damaged in last night's storm. 在昨夜的暴风雨中,我家的屋顶遭到了破坏。
Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
2. 译成“挨”字句 This time he was tipped over by his
buddies. 这次他挨了哥儿们一顿揍。
The little boy was criticized three times last week.
这个小男孩上周挨了三次批评。
3. 译成“给,叫,让,由,受,遭到,受到,予 以,加以,为...所“等
反动派的军队到处挨打。
1.2 顺译成主动句 1. 顺译成形式上是主动,意义上是被动的句子 He was assassinated in a theater last night. 他昨晚在一家剧院遇刺身亡。 His leg was broken in an accident. 他的腿在一次事故中折断了。
This new theory has now been adopted by many scientists who are searching life in outer space.

汉译英 换序译法

汉译英 换序译法

汉语
汉文化重意念 汉语句子主轴:意念 主题(topic)与述题(comment) topic-prominent language
英语
英文重形式 英语句子主轴:形式(主谓) 主语(subject)与谓语(predicate) subject-prominent language
就英语而言,主语是整个句子最关键的成分,主 语一旦选定,句子的总体框架大致就确定了。
warm welcome to all the participants from educational circles in America, as well as to those from all over our own country.
2. 谓语换序
• 汉语注重“动态”描写,总体修辞效果呈“动态”,一个句子 中往往会涌现大量的动词。
• 我们可以借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。 • 我们可以借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。 • We can use the special instrument and observe the electric
waves travelling along.
• 我们可以借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。 • With the help of a special instrument we can observe the
例:这件事你不用操心。 主题:这件事 述题:你不用操心
This you don't need to worry about.
You don't need to worry about this. This is not something you need to worry about. it或 there句式 It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. There is no need for you to worry about this.

第三部分 句法翻译

第三部分  句法翻译

4) 这首歌并不曾继续多久,// 就和笛声共同消失在黑暗 这首歌并不曾继续多久,// 里了。(巴金:《 里了。(巴金:《家》)The singing did not last very long. // Soon, together with the sound of the flute, it faded away in the darkness. (拆开状 语从句) 5) 自己既不肯动,他倒希望虎姑娘快快进屋去,或是命 令他干点什么,// 令他干点什么,// 简直受不了这样的折磨,一种什么也不 像而非常难过的折磨。(老舍:《骆驼祥子》 像而非常难过的折磨。(老舍:《骆驼祥子》)He didn’ didn’t feel like moving, but wished Tigress would hurry back inside, or else give him some orders. // He simply couldn’t stand this strain, which was couldn’ unlike anything he had ever known, and quite unbearable. (拆开状语从句)
我们 ①为顾全大局 ②于同年 ③秋末 ④在第三方的调停下⑤开诚布 在第三方的调停下⑤ 公地⑥多次⑦强烈要求 公地⑥多次⑦强烈要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。 要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。 ④ With the third party acting as an intermediary, ①to take intermediary, the interest of the whole into account, we ⑦strongly account, demanded ⑤with frankness and sincerity ⑥many times ③ at the end of the autumn ②of the same year that you should compensate all our losses. (汉语原文状语的词序:☆主语 (汉语原文状语的词序:☆主语、①目的状语、②时间状语中的年份、 主语、①目的状语、②时间状语中的年份、 ③时间状语中的季节、④条件状语、⑤方式状语、⑥频度状语、⑦程 度状语、★谓语 度状语、★谓语、◎宾语; 谓语、◎宾语 宾语; 英语译文状语的词序:④条件状语、①目的状语、☆主语 英语译文状语的词序:④条件状语、①目的状语、☆主语、⑦程 主语、⑦程 度状语、★谓语 度状语、★谓语、⑤方式状语、⑥频度状语、③时间状语中的季节、 谓语、⑤方式状语、⑥频度状语、③时间状语中的季节、 ②时间状语中的年份、◎宾语 ②时间状语中的年份、◎宾语) 宾语)

转态译法

转态译法

2). Peculiarities of Chinese Passives
(1). The rare use of the passive form Chinese passive forms are rarely used unless they express derogatory (or sometimes, commendatory) meaning. Following is a brief summary of those cases where the passive forms are used: A. Denote an action undesirable or unpleasant (不如意) 被: 被捕 be arrested, 被俘: be captured 让: 让人摆布 be ordered about 给: 给某人逼走 be driven away by someone 叫:叫人说的一文不值: be said to be not worth a farthing
The book is announced to be published. H. Passive sense in active form (pseudo-activity of the subject)
(形式主动,意义被动)
a). These new products sell like hot cakes. 这些产品十分畅销。 b). The room filled rapidly. 房间很快就挤满了。 c). This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很经洗。 d). The clock winds up at the back. 这个钟在背面上发条。 e). The plan is working out. 这项计划正在制定。

汉译英的常用技巧

汉译英的常用技巧
(1)有一位知名的教授,经常应邀到各大学演讲,他的司机也总是随行。 (2)爱美之心人皆有之,注重外表美也并没有犯什么条规,问题是凡事都 要有度,超出尺度行事的人便好比买椟还珠。 (3)中日两国是近邻,一衣带水,我们两国的关系已经有一千多年的历史。 (4)卡尔寡言少语,他话不多,通常是用灿烂的微笑和有力的握手和你打 招呼。 (5)森林里有鹿也有狼,人民为了保护鹿,就把狼消灭了,认为这样就保 护了鹿,哪知道适得其反。
第二节 合 句 译 法 将下列句子译成英语,注意使用合句译法
(1)即使是最好的厨师,有时也会做出不好的菜来。 (2)门前放着一堆雨伞,少数也有十几把,五颜六色,大小 不一。 (3)在课堂上,他挥洒自如,海阔天空,旁征博引。 (4)听众听了他的演说,非常感动,全体表示支持这个建议。 (5)知道辜鸿铭这个名字的人,首先想到的,是他的那根在 民国以后的北平知识界里堪称独一无二的辫子。
第五节 补 全 译 法
将下列句子译成英语,注意使用补全译法。
(1)希望能够有越来越多的人学习汉语,了解中 国 文化。 (2)热烈欢迎各国游客参观故宫。 (3)在快速阅读中,主要应掌握全文的大意。 (4)估计班上大概会有80%的人通过期末考试。 (5)当前能源问题日益突出,直接影响到世界经 济 的稳定与繁荣。
第四节 换 序 译 法
译文
(1) Followed by a group of fans, the star finally came. (2) The purpose of the organization is to help those out of work reemployed. (3) It is necessary for everybody, especially the growing children and teenagers, to preserve their eyesight. (4) So kind were the teachers that the students shed tears when they graduated. (5) As early as 1649, Ohio made a decision that schools must be established in every town having 50 households or more.

语态转换译法

语态转换译法

语态转换译法
语态转换译法是一种英汉双语翻译的译法,它可以有效地增强译文的对比性,并使母语和外语之间的关系变得更加清晰明了。

语态转换译法是译文写作中最常用的方法之一,其目的是以母语概念和英语概念之间的一致性来增强译文中母语和外语之间的联系。

语态转换译法具有一定的表达能力和有效性,它不仅可以阐明译文的概念,还可以提高母语和外语在译文中的表达能力和精确性。

语态转换译法的基本原理是在译文中保留母语和外语之间的系统性关系,即保留原文中的句法结构,把原文的句式结构转换成英语的句式结构。

在使用语态转换法时,译者需要把母语的某种句子结构转换成一种英语句子结构。

语态转换译法有助于保持原有的句子结构,以使译文更加通顺、流畅、熟悉。

语态转换译法是英汉双语翻译中最重要的译法之一,它以特定的语态结构进行英汉双语翻译,使译文与原文保持一致,能够更加准确地表达母语的概念。

它也被广泛用于科技性文章的翻译,使得译文更加可靠,更能满足读者的要求。

语态转换法在翻译中的应用有很多方面,在使用时应当注意以下几个原则:1.在相同的句子结构中应尽量保持原语语态结构。

2.尽量确保译文中出现的母语和外语之间的相互联系。

3.在译文中尽量表达原文的概念,确保译文的可理解性和准确性。

4.尽量在译文中保持原有的表达方式,使译文具有良好的句式结构,从而获得良好的口语效果。

语态转换译法是英汉双语翻译的重要方法,它可以有效地解决翻译中的语义上的问题,也可以有效地保持原有的句子结构,从而使译文更加准确,更具有口语效果。

语态转换译法的运用不仅可以增强译文的准确性,还可以提高译文的可靠性和可理解性,为英汉双语翻译提供了有效的帮助。

语态转换译法

语态转换译法

3.The novels of Dickens have already been translated into many languages.
【译文】狄更斯的小说已经译成了好几种语言。
4.The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science.
【译文】被谈过话的申请人,要求交上必要的材
料。
5.Television keeps us informed about current events at home and abroad.
【译文】电视使我们了解国内外大事。
6.His plain prose is enlivened (使活跃) by boundless curiosity, a very sense of humour and a falcon-sharp eye for detail.
【译文】故事发生在丹麦的一家雅致的小旅馆里; 这种小旅馆备有酒菜招待游客,而且讲英语。
9.Scarcely had Hitler recovered from the shock of the July 20 bombing when he was faced with the loss of France and Belgium and of the great conquests in the East. (William L.
课堂互动2: 翻译下列句子, 顺译成主动句(参考译文)
1.This is a question to be answered at once.
【译文】这是一个要立即回答的问题。
2.We are deeply touched by the hero’s loyalty to the cause.

转态译法

转态译法

转态翻译一、译成汉语主动句。

1.保存原文主语。

原句中的主语、谓语不变,译文中没有表示被动的标志,如“被、把”字等,形式上是主动句,表达被动意义。

On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages.《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。

The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.会议定于四月六日举行。

Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.水能从液体变成固体。

When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place.当锈形成的时候,就发生了化学变化。

2.主宾颠倒。

原句中的主语移到谓语之后,译作宾语。

She was given a new pen by her father.她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。

Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光。

Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us.现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。

Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。

The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.下一章提供了有关的数据资料。

Another middle school has been set up in our district.我们区又办了一所中学。

1, 200 people had been saved by soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中,战士们已救出1200人。

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挨:挨骂: get a scolding/a dressing down 受:受骗: be deceived, 受伤:be wounded 为… 所, 被…所, 让…给 她被花言巧语所陶醉。She is intoxicated with sweet words B. Denote an action desirable or pleasant (如意). 受: 受欢迎: be welcome, 受表扬: be praised 被:被评为先进工作者: be made an advanced worker C. Denote a neuter sense 由: 时间由他决定。The time will be decided by him. 这本书由三人合译。This book was jointly translated by three persons.
2). Peculiarities of Chinese Passives (1). The rare use of the passive form Chinese passive forms are rarely used unless they express derogatory (or sometimes, commendatory) meaning. Following is a brief summary of those cases where the passive forms are used: A. Denote an action undesirable or unpleasant (不如意). 被: 被捕 be arrested, 被俘: be captured 让: 让人摆布 be ordered about 给: 给某人逼走be driven away by someone 叫:叫人说的一文不值: be said to be not worth a farthing
2. Features of English and Chinese Passives
1). Peculiarities of English Passives (1). The wide use of the passive In the vast majority of cases the choice of the passive in English is due to one of the following reasons: A. When the active subject is known and need not be mentioned (施事已知不必言明) 施事已知不必言明) a). Visitors are requested to wait a while. 来宾请稍候。 b). The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. 凶手已于昨日被捕,据说他将会被绞死。
The book is announced to be published. H. Passive sense in active form (pseudo-activity of the subject)(形式主动,意义被动) 形式主动,意义被动) a). These new products sell like hot cakes. 这些产品十分畅销。 b). The room filled rapidly. 房间很快就挤满了。 c). This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很经洗。 d). The clock winds up at the back. 这个钟在背面上发条。 e). The plan is working out. 这项计划正在制定。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
C. Passive forms of the gerunds I have the honor of being elected. D. Passive forms of the sentences led by preparatory “it”; It is considered a shame to cheat in exam. 考试作弊是 可耻的。 E. Passive forms of the verbs with double objects; He was given a prize. 他得了奖。 F. Passive forms of the verbs with complex objects; They needn’t be kept waiting. G. Double-passive forms; The date is expected to be announced soon. 估计日期 不久就会宣布。
Conversion between Active Voice and Passive Voice 转态译法
1.
Definition
2. Features of English and Chinese Passives
3. Methods to Translate English and Chinese Passives
2). 主动句 主动句--适用于强调施动者,说明它的动作、 行为所起的作用。 The Active Structure—a structure having as the subject the person or thing doing the action. 3). 被动句 被动句—是主动句中处于宾语的受事者被 提到主语位置上,强调被动者(受事)的被 动地位和被动状态。句中有时带有被动意义 的标记,有时却不带这种标记。 The Passive Structure—a structure expressing an action which is done to the subject of a sentence.
1.
Definition
1). Conversion (bet. Actives and Passives) —the change from the active voice into the passive voice or vice versa in E-C and C-E translation so as to make the translated version conform with the idiomatic usage of the target language. 转态译法—就是在翻译过程中把原文的被动 转态译法 语态转换成译文中的主动语态,或是把原文 中的主动语态转换成译文中的被动语态。
I. Passive sense conveyed in lexical items or word
groups (词汇手段表达被动意义) (1). Nouns referee (=to whom a question is referred to) 受委托者 his astonishment (=he was astonished) 他感到惊讶 the man’s trial (=the man was tried) 那个人受审问 (2). Adjs. respectable eatable (3). Pre. Phrases in one’s possession/ in the possession of someone under the influence (of alcohol) 酒醉
B. When the active subject is unknown or cannot be readily stated. (施事未知或难以言明) 施事未知或难以言明) a). New factories are being built all over the country. 全国到处在兴建工场。 b). Another bridge will be built over the river next year. C. When the active subject is self-evident from the context (施事从上下文中可以不言自明) 施事从上下文中可以不言自明) a). She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress. 她告诉我,她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没 有讲明任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异议,也不 许她向女主人申诉。
为…所:这已为该组织所接受。 This has been accepted by the Organization. (2). The wide use of active forms to express passive sense. In Chinese there is almost no difference in form between the active and the passive, no inflexion of the verb, no transposition of the subject, even no passive label “被“ and the like before the verb. 被 Many Chinese verbs are active in form but passive in sense, i.e. there is disagreement between the syntactic and notional active or passive. We find in Chinese notional passives in most cases and syntactic passives only in a few cases. Here are some basic patterns in which active forms are used to show passive sense.
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