热工专业外语第三版第八章翻译
综合英语教程(第三版)BOOK1-课文译文08.第八单元
第八单元TEXT微笑背后的信息人人都会微笑，可是你能分辩出一个人的微笑是真情流露还是虚情假意吗？儿童心理学家研究发现，婴儿很早就开始微笑了（通常可早到出生后３个星期时），可见这种行为不可能是从父母那儿学来的。
很显然，撇起小嘴巴微笑起到了存活机制的作用：微笑使婴儿显得招人喜欢，也减少了它被母亲抛弃的可能性。
微笑最初可能是人的本能反应，但它很快就受到了社会环境的影响。
4岁时，微笑已不再是公开表露喜悦心情的标记，人们也可以为了取悦他人而强颜欢笑。
根据牛津大学洛格·雷姆教授所言：“会话信号已成为一种习惯，就像人们的情绪表露一样，会自动发生。
在聆听他人说话时，成年人总是颔首和微笑，不这样做都很难。
”在不同年龄、性别以及不同文化背景的人们试图以微笑来相互鼓励时，问题随之而生，因为尽管人们已经普遍认同这种基本表情，但每一社会组织都形成了本组织的交流信号系统。
以典型的英国人“苦笑”为例，嘴角的一边向上翘，另一边则向下耷拉着，其它国家的人则对此难以理解。
说到面部表情，日本人对他们自己亦有一定之规。
在传统的日本行为规范之下，诸如生气、悲伤以及厌恶等消极情绪不应公开表露，于是日本人便代之以笑容可掬。
不同性别间的微笑也有显著的差别。
例如，女士比男士笑得频繁。
这并不是因为女士们高兴，而是因为人们总是希望女士们看起来心情舒畅；其实女士更多的时候是在感到不适或紧张时才去微笑。
爱笑的男士自诩为“善于交际”，而爱笑的女士们则自称是“很有女人味儿”。
无论出于什么原因，微笑的人总比板着面孔的人更具吸引力。
这也正是一些不懂微笑的孩子经常被同伴们冷在落操场一边的原因。
在美国，社交技能课程更侧重教授不善交际的孩子如何把握尺度面带微笑。
据说效果甚佳。
(高全孝译，张校勤校)READ MORE眉目传情眼部动作，包括各种目光对视，可以传递人们在日常生活中能捕捉到的许多微妙的信息。
热切的目光或是冷漠的盯视胜过千言万语。
目光相迎或是目光相避会产生独特的效果。
工业设计专业英语-第3版 第八课翻译
第八课画家——梵高1887年，在巴黎，梵高刚刚设法以极低的价格卖掉了他的一幅画，他为此得到了五法郎的报酬。
高更在他的回忆录《爱娃和阿普雷斯》(Ava nt et Apres)中写道:“硬币在柜台上响了起来。
”梵高毫无怨言地接过画，谢过画商后离开了。
他吃力地走着。
在他的公寓附近，一个刚从圣拉扎尔出院的可怜女人对画家微笑了一下，希望能有一位顾客。
梵高是那些博学多才的人之一。
他飞快地跑开了，好像对自己的慈善行为感到羞愧似的，肚子里还是空空的。
“从这段情节中，有两件事清晰地显现出来:一是文森特内心的彻底善良，我们一次又一次地发现这种品质得到了证实;另一种是高更倾向于创造传奇，积极地迫使艺术家与圣人进行比较;当然，梵高为此提供了无与伦比的素材。
在他们的小说《爱莉莎》(La FiLle Elisa)中，冈考特兄弟讲述了一个善良善良的女人的生活故事。
在提到这本书的时候，高更暗示文森特想把他在街上遇到的妓女从类似的命运中拯救出来。
他是个有同情心的人，宁愿饿死也不愿为残忍的死亡负责。
我们可以说，他干预了女孩们的未来，因为他看到了伊丽莎和她的命运就在他面前:对梵高来说，事实和虚构融为一体，他看到的这个人只是一个想法的化身(图8 - 1)。
在这一冲突时刻，我们可以看出他的宗教狂热。
模仿基督的高贵传统是与生俱来的，是一个充满想象力的寓言真理王国。
“如果一个人渴望真理,生命真的是,”他写道,他的妹妹”的GoncourtsLa少女Elisa,例如,和左拉的生活乐趣,和很多其他的杰作的生活告诉我们体验它自己,从而满足我们希望被告知真相。
圣经够吗?我相信耶稣今天会亲自告诉那些终日愁苦的人:他不在这里。
他又复活了。
你为何在死人中寻找活人呢?正因为我发现了旧的美，我才有更多的理由去发现新的美。
更重要的是，因为在我们自己的时代，我们自己能够行动。
在这里，梵高再次提出了他的《圣经》静物画的论点。
佐拉和冈古尔夫妇为他提供了与时俱进的生活准则。
热能与动力工程专业外文翻译、中英对照、英汉互译
毕业设计外文翻译原文标题：Proposal for a high efficiency LNGpower-generation System utilizing wasteheat from the combined cycle中文标题:一个高效的利用液化天然气联合循环余热的发电系统学院名称：能源与动力工程学院专业名称：热能与动力工程Proposal for a high efficiency LNG power-generation system utilizing waste heat from the combined cycleY. Hisazumi*, Y. Yamasaki, S. SugiyamaEngineering Department, Osaka Gas Co., 1-2 Hiranomachi 4-chome Chuo-ku, Osaka 541, Japan Accepted 9 September 1998AbstractHigh-efficiency power-generation with an LNG vaporizing system isproposed: it utilizesthe LNG's cold energy to the best potential limit. This system can be applied to LNG vaporizers in gas companies or electric power companies and recovers the LNG's cold energy as electric power. The system consists of a Rankine cycle using a Freon mixture, natural-gas. Rankine cycle and a combined cycle with gas and steam turbines. The heat sources for this system are the latent heat from the steam-turbine's condenser and the sensible heat of exhaust gas from the waste-heat recovery boiler. In order to find out the optimal condition of the system, several factors, such as gas turbine combustion pressure, steam pressure, condensing temperature in combined cycle, composition of mixture Freon, and natural gas vaporizing pressure are evaluated by simulation. The results of these studies show that in the total system, about 400 kWh can be generated by vaporizing 1 ton of LNG, including about 60 kWh/LNG ton recovered from the LNG cold energy when supplying NG in 3.6 MPa.. About 8.2MWh can be produced by using 1 ton of LNG as fuel, compared with about 7 MWh by the conventional combined system. A net efficiency of over 53%HHV could be achieved by the proposed system. In the case of the LNG terminal receiving 5 million tons of LNG per year, this system can generate 240 MW and reduce the power of the sea water pump by more than 2MW. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionIn the fiscal year 1994, the amount of LNG imported to Japan reached about 43 million tons; of this 31 million tons were used as fuel for power generation. As shown in Fig. 1, about 20% of the LNG imported was used for power generation [2]. Fig. 2 shows the major LNG power generation systems now in operation and their outputs. Several commercial LNG power generation plants have been constructed since 1979, and their total output has reached approximately 73 MW. Among the new power-generation plants without CO2 emission, this value of 73 MW is second to the 450 MW input of geo-thermal power generation plants in Japan, with the exception of power generation by refuse incinerators, and is much larger compared with the 35 MW output of solar-power plants and the 14 MW output of wind-power stations.Table 1 shows the LNG power generation plants constructed in Japan. The economics of LNG power generation became worse as the appreciation of the yen madethe cost of energy kept constant but while raising the construction cost; the adoption of the combined cycle utilizing gas-turbine and steam turbine (hereafter called combined cycle) increased the gas send-out pressure and lowered the power output per ton of LNG. Therefore, no LNG powergeneration plants were constructed in the 1990s due to lower cost effectiveness of the systems.As for the thermal power plant using natural gas as fuel, the steam turbine produced only about 6 MWh of power output per ton of LNG. But recently, improvement in blade-cooling technology and materials of the gas turbine enabled a 1400℃class turbine to be designed and increased the combustion pressure up to 3 MPa. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 3, the heat efficiency of the combined cycle has been improved and the electrical output from 1 ton of LNG has reached about 7MWh.In this paper, a proposal is made for the high-efficiency LNG power generation system based on a new concept which fully utilizes the cold energy without discarding it into the sea. The system is composed of the combined cycle and the LNG power-generation plant.2. High-efficiency LNG power-generation system2.1. Basic componentsFig.4 shows the process flow diagram of the high-efficiency LNG power-generation system. This complex system consists of the combined cycle and the LNG power generation cycle. The combined cycle is composed of a gas turbine (GAS-T) and a steam turbine (ST-T) using natural gas (NG) as fuel, while the LNG power generation cycle is composed of a Freon (uorocarbon) mixture turbine (FR-T) and a natural-gas turbine (NG-HT, NG-LT) using the latent heat of condensation from the exhaust steam and the sensible heat of the exhaust gas as heat sources. The plate fin type heat exchanger can be used for the LNG/natural gas (LNG-CON) and LNG/ Freon mixture (FR-CON). The shell-and-tube type can be selected as exchangers for exhaust steam/natural gas (LNG-VAP),exhaust steam/Freon mixture(FR-VAP), and exhaust gas/natural gas (NG-SH) applications according to the operating conditions.Ice thickness on the surface of the heat-exchanger tubes becomes a problem as heat is exchanged between exhaust gas and cold natural gas or Freon mixture. The ice thickness can be estimated by the technology of heat transfer between LNG and sea water, thus enabling one to avoid blockages due to ice inside the tubes.In addition, stable and continuous send-out of gas is made possible by using a bypass system, even if turbines and pumps for the Freon mixture and natural gas circulating systems (FR-RP, LNG-RP) stop.2.2. Features of the systemThe practical use of the following existing technologies in combination shows the high feasibility of the proposed system:. Power generation using Freon or hydrocarbon type Rankine cycle,. Power generation by natural-gas direct expansion],. TRI-EX type vaporizer which vaporizes LNG by using an intermediate medium or vacuum type LNG vaporizer.The Freon mixture is made up of the HFC type, which is a fluorocarbon consisting of H, F, and C and has no adverse influence on the ozone layer; it enables reduction in exergy loss at the heat exchanger and increases itscirculating flow rate to be achieved.The effective recovery of cold exergy and pressure exergy is made possible by the combined system using natural gas and Freon mixture Rankine cycle.Fig. 5 shows the temperature-heat duty relation when vaporizing 1 kg of LNG in the system shown in Fig. 4. Separation of the condensed natural-gas in two sections enables an increase in the heat duty between Freon (FR) and LNG, and a reduction of difference in temperature of LNG and natural gas between the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger.3. Evaluation of the characteristics of the proposed system3.1. Process simulationThe characteristics of this system were evaluated by using process simulator. The followings are the conditions used for the calculation:Effciencies of rotating machines LNG compositionGas turbine (GAS-T) 88% CH4 89.39%Steam turbine (ST-T) 85% C2H6 8.65%Natural-gas turbine (NG-HT, LT) 88% C3H8 1.55%Freon turbine (FR-T) 88% iC4H10 0.20%Air compressor (AIR-C) 85% nC4H10 0.15%LNG pump (LNG-MP, RP) 70% iC5H12 0.01%Freon pump (FR-RP) 70% N2 0.05%Natural gas gross heat-value: 10,510 kcal/Nm3AIR/NG flow ratio of gas turbine: 323.2. Effects of send-out pressure of the natural gasWhen natural-gas is sent out at 3.5 or 1.8 MPa, evaluations were made of the effects of send-out pressure of the LNG and change in superheating temperature of the natural gas on the total output of the high pressure (NG-HT) and the low pressure (NG-LT) natural-gas expansion-turbines. Fig. 6 shows the results of this calculation, where self consumption of power is calculated from the power, raising the pressure of the LNG up to the inlet pressure of the turbine minus the power required for the original send-out pressure. In both cases, the inlet pressure rise for the turbine causes an increase of self consumption power, but brings about a greater out-put. About 7 MPa of the inlet pressure of the turbine is appropriate considering the pressure tolerance of the heat exchangers.When the superheating temperature of the natural gas at the inlet to the turbine becomes high, the recovery of power increases, but the temperature of the exhaust gas from the outlet of the natural-gas super heater (NG-SH) declines, thus indicating that there is a limitation to superheating gas.3.3. Effects of combustion pressure of the gas turbineThe outputs of the gas turbine and the steam turbine, and the efficiency per gross heating value were evaluated by changing the combustion pressure of the gas turbine operating at 1300℃turbine-inlet temperature - see Fig. 7.If the combustion pressure of the gas turbine becomes high, the output of the gas turbine increases, but the output of the steam turbine decreases because the rise in combustion pressure causes a lowering of the exhaust-gas temperature at the outlet of the gas turbine and consequently a decline in the steam temperature at the inlet of the steam turbine. However, the overall efficiency of the turbines increases upon increasing the combustion pressure because the increment of gas-turbine output exceeds the decrement of steam turbine output. As a result, taking the pressure loss into account, it is appropriate to set the send-out pressure of the natural gas at the LNG terminal at 3.5 MPa.（FR-vap），3.4. Effects of Inlet pressure of the steam turbineFig. 8 shows the relations between the steam-turbines output and exhaust gas temperatures by changing the steam pressure in the range of 3-7 MPa. As the steam pressure increases, the output of the steam turbine rises and the temperature of the exhaust gases also increase. Besides, the power required for the water-supply pump increases with a rise in the steam pressure. Therefore, the current combined cycles operate at steam pressure of 7 MPa or more because the increment of the output of steam turbine exceeds the additional power required for the water-supply pump.3.5. Rankine cycle using a Freon-mixture refrigerant.The Freon refrigerant was selected from the HFC refrigerants on the basis of marketability, boiling point and freezing-point. Table 2 shows the physical properties of HFC Freon.When only HFC-23 is used as the medium, because of its low freezing-point it never freezes even if heat is exchanged between the LNG and HFC-23. But if HFC-23 is heated by the exhaust steam of the steam turbine, the pressure rises approximately up to the critical pressure. Therefore, the use of HFC-23 is not cost effective, because it is then necessary to set a high design pressure. To cope with this problem, we evaluated the compound refrigerant composed of HFC-134a (with high boiling point) and HFC-23.Fig. 9 shows saturated vapor pressure at various temperatures, the boiling point and the dew point at atmospheric pressure for mixtures of HFC-23 andHFC-134a of various compositions. The saturated pressure at each temperature rises with the increasing mole ratio of HFC-23: Hence, 40-45% of the mole ratio of HFC-23 is the optimal value considering the design pressure of the equipment.Fig. 10 shows the plots of the output of the Freon turbine versus the condensing temperature of the steam turbine when changing the composition of the HFC-23. In this figure, the turbine outlet pressure is determined in such a way that thedifference in temperature between the LNG and Freon mixture is not less than 5℃in the Freon condenser (FR-CON). The Freon turbine's inlet-pressure is set to the saturatedtemperature of the Freon mixture, i.e. less than 2℃from the steam-condensing temperature.This figure indicates that the output of the turbine scarcely correlates with the mole ratio of HFC-23. The higher the steam-condensing temperature becomes, the greater the output per ton of LNG the turbine produces, but in such a case, it is necessary to evaluate the system as a whole because more fuel is required, as described below. The result indicates that the optimal mole composition of HFC-23 and HFC-134a is 40%/60% considering both design pressure and the output of the turbine.3.6. Comprehensive evaluation from the viewpoint of the steam-condensing Temperature.As the dew point of the exhaust gas is 42℃, it is wise to set the exit temperature of the exhaust gas from the natural-gas super heater (NG-SH) to 80℃or more in order to prevent white smoke from the smoke stack. Table 3 shows the effect of the steam-condensing temperature on the generated output of the total system. The lower steam-condensing temperature brings about a higher efficiency of the total system, but also causes a lowering in the inlet temperature of natural-gas turbine. Therefore, it is appropriate to set the steam-condensing temperature at approximately 30℃.When the condensing temperature is 30C, the generated outputs per ton of LNG of the combined cycle and LNG power generation plant are 342.83 and67.55 kWh, respectively, resulting in 402.64 kWh of total generated output aftersubtracting the self-use power. As 48.94 kg of fuel is used for operating the system, the generated outputs of the combined cycle and the total system reach about 7 and 8.2 MWh, per ton of fuel respectively.3.7. Evaluation of exergyNatural-gas is liquefied at an LNG liquefaction terminal, with the consumption of about 380 kWh/LNG-ton: 1 ton of LNG having about 250 kWh of physical exergy as cold exergy and 13.5 MWh of chemical exergy. Fig. 11 shows the result of evaluating the exergy of the system shown in Fig. 4 under the optimal condition. The total output of Freon and natural gas turbines is 67.5 kWh, and the effective recovery percentage of cold exergy is 56%. As 90 kWh out of the pressure exergy can be recovered as output, about 157 kWh of net recovery can be obtained, which indicates the recovery percentage reaches about 63% for 250 kWh of LNG cold exergy. This conversion efficiency is higher than that achieved from chemical exergy to electric power.Most of the exergy loss occurs in the heat exchanger and the turbine, and in mixing with re-condensed LNG. As for the turbines, the loss of energy may be improved by using high-efficiency turbines. On the other hand, modification of the heat exchanger to reduce the energy loss may cause increased complexity of the system and is difficult to be done from the economic viewpoint. Though the recovery.percentage of cold energy in this system is low compared with the 80% in air-separation equipment, this system has the advantage of recovering a large amount of the available cold energy.4. ConclusionThe paper has proposed a high-efficiency LNG power generation system in combination with a combined-cycle power generation system fueled by natural-gas. The system utilizes LNG cold energy and it requires no sea water as a heat source.This system can be applied to LNG vaporization and send-out processes of gas companies or electric-power companies. The system recovers LNG coldenergy as an electric-power output without wasting it into sea water. The system consists of Rankine cycle with Freon mixture and a natural-gas Rankine cycle using the latent heat of exhaust steam from the steam turbine and the sensible heat of exhaust gas from the waste-heat recovery boiler. To improve the total efficiency of the system, a simulation was conducted to evaluate several factors, such as the composition of the Freon mixture, natural gas send-out pressure, as well as the combustion pressure steam inlet pressure, and steam-condensing temperature of the combined cycle. As a result, not less than 60 kWh/LNG-ton of output was generated even at a high natural-gas send-out pressure of 3.5 MPa. This value is considerably higher than the output generated at a LNG send-out pressure of 3 or 4 MPa, as given in Table 2.The system can produce about 400 kWh of net output when vaporizing 1 ton of LNG. While the conventional combined-cycle system in operation generates about 7 MWh when 1 ton of LNG is used as fuel, the system using the same amount of fuel generates about 8.2 MWh with a high degree of efficiency: a not-less-than 53% conversion efficiency was achieved per gross heat value.In the case of an LNG terminal receiving 5 million tons of LNG per year, this system can generate a power of about 240 MW when 600 t of LNG is used in an hour. With the elimination of about 24,000 tons per hour of sea water, which has been used for vaporizing 600 t/h of LNG in the conventional system, no less than 2 MW of electric power for operating sea water pumps can be saved.The proposed system emits no CO2, and can generate a large amount of electricity with high cost efficiency when incorporated into a combined cycle, with no use of sea water. Therefore, we consider that installation of this system is the one of the most favorable means of investment to put a new energy source or energy-saving equipment to practical use.To realize the full potential of this system, it is necessary to understand the heat characteristics of the Freon mixture, the icing and heat transfer characteristics of exhaust steam, the controllability of total system and the characteristics against partial load.References[1] The Center for Promotion of Natural gas Foundation. Research and development report of cold energy utilizing system, 1994[2] Japan's Energy and Economy Research Center. Energy and economy statistical data in 1995[3] Abe. Operating results and future prospect of a recent combined-cycle power generation plant. Thermal and Nuclear Power 1995;46(6):33-41[4] Maertens J. Design of Rankine cycles for power generation. Int. Refrig. 1986;9:137-43[5] Terada, Nakamoto. Power generation utilizing LNG cold. Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation 1986;37(10):66-71[6] Ooka, Ueda, Akasaka. Advanced LNG vaporizer and power generation utilizing LNG cold. Chemical Engineering 1981;45(3):187-90[7] Miura. The development of LNG vaporizer using vacuum steam heat (VSV). Journal of Japan Gas Society 1992;45:34-6[8] Nagai. Software-package and the usage. Chemical Equipment1994;August:31-7[9] Daikin Co. Ltd. Freon Data Sheet of HFC23一个高效的利用液化天然气联合循环余热的发电系统日本大阪541燃气有限公司工程部1-2平野町4肖梅中央谷，1998年9月概述本文提出了一个高效液化天然气气化发电系统，它是利用液化天然气冷能的最佳潜能极限。
专业英语第八章课文翻译1
Chiguo Chapter 8 Section 1 Coal-Fired Power Plants燃煤发电站第一段：在化石燃料发电厂中，煤，石油或者天然气在燃烧室中燃烧，燃烧产生高温的水，然后转换成水蒸气，高温的水蒸气将驱动汽轮机，汽轮机与发电机机械地连接在一起。
图8.1展示了一个典型的图表示意图。
发电厂的运行用一下简洁的语言概述。
从仓库取出煤块放入粉煤机（或者磨粉机）中粉碎，然后与预热的空气混合，最后充入燃烧室中燃烧。
燃烧室包含一个复杂的管道，抽上的水灌输到一个叫锅炉的设备中，锅炉里面水的温度逐渐上升直至它们成为水蒸气。
水蒸气被送至汽轮机中，与此同时，燃烧的废气（烟道气体）通过物理和静电除尘装置除掉99%以上的固体颗粒（灰尘）在通过烟囱或烟囱体排放出去之前。
第二段：刚刚描述的单元，是输入煤粉，空气和水输出水蒸气的单元，这几个方面的系统被统称为蒸汽发电机组，或燃烧室，或者蒸汽发生器。
当考虑根据是燃烧过程的时候常用“燃烧室”这个术语，同时当考虑因素是水汽循环时，“蒸汽发生器”这个术语被更频繁的使用。
水蒸气的3500磅/平方英寸的典型气压和华氏零下1050度的条件，是通过控制和停止（关闭）汽轮机阀门来提供的。
整齐的热能转化为水轮机的机械能。
从排气机中排出的蒸汽在热交换器中成为冷凝器中冷却形成水，再次被泵抽回锅炉里。
通过调节蒸汽的流量变化来控制涡轮发电机的输出。
截止阀具有保护作用，它通常是完全开放的，但可以“跳闸”关闭，以防止汽轮机发电机组超速，使电力输出突然下贱（由于断路器的行动）和控制阀不关闭。
第三段：图8-1表明的是一个单阶段汽轮机，但在实际中一个更加复杂的多级排列被使用以便能实现相对较高的热效率。
一个典型的多级排列如图8-2所示。
它包括四个有着不同蒸汽气压的汽轮机机械地耦合串联在一起。
用常规的概述就是高压蒸汽来自锅炉然后进入高压汽轮机。
在之前离开高压汽轮机的水蒸气回到锅炉（再热器）地区，然后送往中压汽轮机。
热能英语第三版哈工大部分翻译
热能英语第三版哈工大部分翻译Heat transfer involving motion in a fluid caused by the difference in density and the action of gravity is called natural or free convection. Heat transfer coefficients for natural convection are generally much lower than for forced convection ,and it is therefore important not to ignore radiation in calculating the total heat loss or gain. Radiant transfer may be of the same order of magnitude as natural convection, even at room temperatures, since wall temperatures in a room can affect human comfort.传热涉及流体中密度差异和重力的作用引起的流体运动称为自然或自由对流。
自然对流传热系数通常要低于强制对流,因此,重要的是计算总热量损失或增加时不要忽略辐射。
即使在室温条件下，辐射传热可能和自然对流是同一个数量级的,因为在一个房间里壁温度会影响人类生活的舒适度。
Water vapor is one of the products of combustion for all fuels which contain hydrogen. The heat content of a fuel depends on whether this water vapor is allowed to remain in the vapor state or is condensed to liquid. In the bomb calorimeter the products of combustion are cooled to the initial temperature and all of the water vapor formed during combustion is condensed to liquid. This gives the high, or gross, hest content of the fuel with the heat of vaporization included in the reported value. For the low, or net heat of combustion, it is assumed that all products of combustion remain in the gaseous state.水蒸气是所有含有氢的燃料燃烧产物之一。
Lg Points_unit 8 新编英语教程第三版 重点知识
Text II. Writing SkillsThe text is a short narrative piece of writing which vividly and amusingly relates how a young inexperienced stand-in teacher attempts to control a class that has frightened away a succession of substitutes for their own teachers. The writer is particularly successful in his effective use of comic exaggeration. The narrative is convincing due to the writer’s keen observation of the behaviour of a young and inexperienced teacher when his authority is threatened.1.The various ways in which comic exaggeration is achieved.A.The use of vivid similes.A simile is a direct comparison of one thing to another by using the word like or as.e.g. To make this clear, he showed me his thumb, a huge thing, like a pocket cudgel.B.The use of appropriate metaphors.A metaphor is a phrase which describes one thing in terms of another thing with which it can becompared without using the word like or as.e.g. I was inwardly all white flag.C.The use of striking contrast.One thing is put in sharp contrast with another so that a strong effect is produced.e.g. Enormous boys were everywhere,…Was I really so puny?D.The use of parallelisms to intensify the meaning.I was toying inwardly with ideas of thunderbolts, earthquakes, and mass executions.E.The use of vocabulary which emphasizes not the normal order in a classroom but that offighting and war.2.An excellent description of a situation which is totally out of control.3.A keen observation of the behaviour of a young , weak, inexperienced teacher.II. Language Points1.keep sb/sth under one’s thumb: control sb/stheg:--- What should a teacher do?--- He should keep his students under his thumb.--- What should a father do?--- He should keep his children under his thumb.2. cudgel: n. short thick stick or club 短棒take up the cudgel for: fight for, support strongly 为… 而奋斗；极力支持eg: People in that country are taking up the cudgels for freedom.--- What are you taking up the cudgels for now?--- We are taking up the cudgels for a good future.3. pale: adj. bloodless, upsetfeel pale at sth.eg: He felt / turned pale at the news/failure.4.startle①startle (v.)ck of surprise to; cause to move or jumpeg: What he said startled me.②startling (adj.)eg: What he said was startling.③startled (adj.)eg: He was startled to hear what he said.5.substitute7. duck (v.)①to push under water 潜入水里eg: He ducked his head in the stream to get cool.②try to escape by hiding quickly 闪躲eg: He saw a police and ducked behind a car.③try to avoid a difficulty or an unpleasant situationeg: When he came across difficulties, he ducked.8. placate①placate (v.) soothe, pacify; make calm, quiet and satisfiedto placate sbeg: The boy is crying, his mother is trying to placate him.②placatory (adj.)eg: He is placatory. ( trying to placate )9. inward①inward (adj.) situated within; turned towards the inside在内部的，内部的，内向的eg: inward happiness/ inward vision / inward fears / an inward existencethe inward parts of the body/ an inward slant of the eyeHe has achieved inward peace.The explorers discovered an inward passage.②inward/inwards: adv 向内地，向内（心）eg: The door opened inward into the room.Fold the paper inward.To turn one’s thoughts inward.Nostalgia turned his reflections inward.③inwardly (adv.) from the inside of the hearteg: Inwardly, he was seething with rage.He was inwardly assured by her sincerity.10. get nowhere: accomplish nothing; make no progress; have no resulteg: I am sure you’ll get nowhere if you change schools consta ntly.This kind of criticism will get you nowhere.( will not do you any good / youwon’t get any result if you use this kind of criticism. )11. what is the worst of it----the most unfortunate thing is that …eg: I did not buy anything that day. What was the worst of it was that I lost my purse.I could not get on the bus. What was the worst of it was that I was hurt seriously.12 . nail down①nail down say clearly 说清楚a) ( often ) (sth) be nailed down.eg: The matter could be nailed down.This theory can’t be nailed down.b) to nail sth downeg: He at last nailed the sale down.②nail sb down to stha) make sb. express his ideas 使说出明确的意见eg: I can’t nail him down to anything.Par. Nobody can make him express his opinion towards this matter.We tried to make him express his opinion about this agreement.b) make sb. keep his promise. 使遵守诺言，使肯定eg: I intend to nail him down to his promise.13. inverted sentence:eg: I managed to make out that mixed up with these giants was a certain amount of furniture= … that a certain amount of furniture was mixed up with these giants.Note:When a participle or an adverb or an adjective or a prepositional phrase or a negative word is put at the beginning, we can reverse the order of the sentence.eg: Facing me are 24 young boys and girls.In front of me stands a tall boy.In the middle of the room sat an old man.14. negligent15. indignation①indignation (n.) anger caused by injustice, misconduct etc.eg: They felt strong indignation against their teachers.An indignation meeting will be held. ( a meeting to express public indignation ).②indignant (adj.) angryeg: be indignant at sth. / be indignant with sb.16. plead/pleaded/pleadedplead/plead/plead17. toy with①think not very seriously about 不太认真地思考eg: He toyed with the idea of buying a yacht.He is toying with the matter mentioned by the students.He could still go to Australia. That was something he’d often toyed with but never done anything positive about.②handle carelessly or absent-mindedly 玩(某物)，玩弄eg: H e wasn’t hungry and sat toying with his food.He is toying with a pencil.Some boys have developed a habit of toying with a pen in class.③(fig.) 玩弄eg: He’s just toying with her affections/ feelings.18. wry (adj.) pulled or twisted out of shapeeg: make a wry face 做鬼脸a wry smile: a forced smile 苦笑19. blush①blush (v.) become red in the face from shame or confusionblush for/witheg: She blushed for / with shame. 因羞愧而脸红I blush for you. ( because of what you have done or said. )blush ateg: She blushed at the thought of what she did. 想到... 就脸红②blush (n.) reddening of the faceeg: She turned away to hide her blushes.20. strike: v. attract the attention of ; have a strong effect upon the mind.sth. strike sb.: sth comes to sb’s mind / occurs to sb 造成...的印象，吸引..注意eg: How did the idea strike you?The plan strikes me as ridiculous.An idea struck me that I should do it at once.Par. An idea suddenly came to his mind.It occurred to him that she was not telling the truth.It occurred to me that I should finish the work earlier.Sudden fear came to my mind.21. mount①vt.a)to go up ( a hill, a ladder etc. )eg: I have to mount the ladder to reach the top shelf.He mounted the stairs slowly.Par. They are going up the hill.It’s difficult for the old man to go up the stairs.b) get on a horse etc.eg: The man mounted the camel and rode away.Par. He got on his horse,She got on her bicycle with difficulty.②vi.a)become greater in amounteg: The cost of living mounts steadily.Par. The expenses are becoming more and more.b) (of blood) rise into the cheekseg: A blush mounted to the girl’s face. (脸红了) Translation (unit 10)1.一个好的老师应该想尽办法管好自己所教的班。
热工术语英文对照
热工术语英文对照3 热工术语英文3．1 自动化automation采用检测与控制系统，对生产过程进行生产作业，以代替人工直接操作的措施。
对火力发电厂而言，是热力生产过程与电力发供电过程控制的总称。
在一些国家中称“仪表与控制”3．1．1 热工自动化thermopower automation采用检测与控制系统对火力发电厂的热力生产过程进行生产作业，以代替人工直接操作的措施.3．1．2 电气自动化electric automation采用检测与控制系统对火力发电厂的发供电过程进行生产作业，以代替人工操作的措施二次回路(secondarycircuit)。
3．1．3 过程自动化process automation采用检测与控制系统对生产过程进行生产作业，以代替人工直接操作的措施。
3．1．4 全过程自动化whole process automation整个生产过程包括启动、调整、停机与故障处理及其后的重新启动等操作都能自动实现3．1．5 监视monitoring观察工艺系统及设备的运行参数及状态，以确认正确参数和状态，检出不正确参数和状态。
主要是通过测量系统的一个或多个变量并将被测值与规定值比较来完成的。
3．1．6 监控supervision对生产过程的监视和控制。
需要时，还包括保证可靠生产的安全保护操作。
3．1．7 集中监视系统centralized monitoring system集中监视系统由传感器、变送器及计算机与必要的外部设备组成，是把一个车间或整个工厂的所有必要的参数集中到控制盘(台)上的仪表或CRT(参见3．4．4．7)上进行集中显示，以便于值班员进行分析处理或对生产过程进行控制。
3．1．8 系统工程system engineering系统工程是为了最好地实现系统的目的，而对系统对象及其构成要素、组织结构、信息流、控制机构等进行分析和设计的技术。
一般常把极其复杂的研制对象称为系统，它是由相互作用并相互依赖的许多组成部分结合而成的具有特定功能的有机整体。
热工专业外语第三版第八章翻译
第八章空调与制冷8.1 空调空调是一个可以同时进行多种处理的组合过程。
它可以处理空气、输送空气并把空气送入被调空间中。
空调可以从中央设备或屋顶单元提供热与冷。
为了被调空间居住者的健康和舒适度，或者为了工业生产的目的，它还可以控制并保持预先设定的温度、湿度、空气流动、空气洁净度、噪音级别和压差。
HV AC&R是供热(Heating)、通风(Ventilating)、空调(Air Conditioning)和制冷(Refrigerating)的缩写。
在通常采纳的术语中，这些组合过程与现在定义的“空调”是相同的。
由于所有这些单个过程的发展要要比其完整概念的“空调”要早，所以业内也普遍使用HV AC&R这个词。
8.1.1 空调系统的分类根据其结构与运行特性，空调系统可分类如下：（1）独立型房间空调系统独立型房间空调系统或简单的独立空调系统采用一个单独、完全的房间空调器、一个整体式末端、一个独立的室内-室外分体机或一个热泵装置。
热泵可以从一个热源吸收热量，在较高的温度上，将这些热量排放给水或空气，用于供热目的。
与其他系统不同的是，这些系统通常在每个房间都采用一个完全独立的装置。
独立型空调系统可分为两类：1）房间空调器（安装在窗户上）；2）整体式末端空调器（PTAC），安装时与外墙有套管连接。
在工厂已组装的、准备使用的房间空调器包括以下重要部件：一个将处理好的空气增压并供给被调空间的蒸发器风扇。
在肋管式盘管中，制冷剂蒸发，在管内直接膨胀，并在制冷季节从周围空气中吸收热量，这也称为直膨式（DX）盘管，在采暖季节时，当热的制冷剂向被调节空间释放热量时，它的作用就相当于热泵。
一个用于清除空气中微粒的空气过滤器。
一个用来把制冷剂从较低蒸发压力压缩到较高冷凝压力的压缩机。
一个使制冷剂从高温气态液化为液态的冷凝器，并通过盘管和冷凝器风扇来释放热量。
一个能感知被调空间的空气温度，并采用温度调节装置，通过压缩机的起停，以控制制冷或供热能力的温度控制系统。
热工专业英语词汇
AUTO AUX
电枢，转子衔铁 避雷器 灰烬，废墟 除灰 沉渣池 灰浆泵 安装，组装 假定,采取,担任 异步马达 大气，大气压 雾化 企图 减温器，调温器 注意 衰減,减少,降低 自动重合闸 自动转移 自耦变压器 自动 自动调压器 辅助的 厂用电 有效的,可用的 避免,回避 万用表,安伏欧表计 轴向的 轴,轴线 轴向位移，保护 轴，车轴，心捧 背后，反向的 背压 反冲洗 支持，备用 向后 隔板 除尘布袋 平衡 球 球阀 巴，条杆 栅形滤网 基础、根据 基本负荷 基本方式 批处理单元 电池 轴承 在…之前 铃 带，皮带 挠度，弯曲 监视孔 偏置，偏压 二进制，双 黑色 大停电，全厂停电 叶片 放气，放水 闭锁信号 吹 排污 喷灯 蓝色 Bms 看门狗，bms 监视器 锅炉 锅炉给水泵 蒸发汽化 螺栓 孔，腔 增压，提高 凝升泵 升压泵
2Hale Waihona Puke Compensation Company CO Company limited CO LTD Complexity Complete Component Compress Compress air Compresser Computer Concrete Concurrent Concurrent boiler Cond press Condensate Condensate extraction pump CEP COND/C Condenser NDER Condensive reactance Condition Conduct Conductivity Conference Congealer Configure Connection Connector Console Consult Consumption Consumption steam Constant Contact Contactor Contact to earth Content Continuous Contract Control Control & instrument Control loop Control oil Control panel Controller Control stage Control valve Conve cton sh Convection Convertor Cool Cooler Cooling Cooling fan Cooling water pump Cooling tower Coordinate Coordinate boiler follow mode Coordinate control system Coordinate turbine follow mode Copy Core Core loss Corner Correction Corrosion Cost Cost of fuel Cost of upkeep Coupler Coupling
英语泛读教程第三版unit3、5、8、10、11重要句翻译
Difficult pointsUnit31. Over the past decade, genetically modified (GM) food has become an increasingly common phenomenon as scientists have rewoven the genes of countless fruits and vegetables, turning everyday crops into über-crops able to resist frost, withstand herbicides and even produce their own pesticides.●在刚刚过去的十年中，随着科学家们对许多蔬菜和水果中基因的改变，这些人们每天食用的作物已经变成超级作物，这些作物能够防霜冻，抵抗除草剂，甚至它们本身就能杀虫，因此转基因食物已迅速成为普遍现象。
●在本句中，as 引导原因状语从句，●able to resist frost, withstand herbicides and even produce their own pesticides修饰über-crops 。
withstand: remain undamaged or unaffected bye.g. The structure had been designed to withstand winds of more than 100mph.2. Sales of GM seeds rose in value from $75 million in 1995 to $1.5 billion last year, and the crops they produce are turning up not only on produce shelves but also in processed foods from cookies to potato chips to baby food.●基因作物种子售出的总值从1995年的七百五十万增加到去年的十亿五千万，并且他们生产的作物不仅出现在直接生产的产品中而且出现在加工食品中，从饼干到薯条到婴儿食品。
工业设计专业英语(第三版部分翻译
艺术装饰风格被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”，艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。
虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术，但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料，塑料和玻璃而发展迅速，找到了便宜，短期利用，并可以大批生产的装饰用品，如香烟盒，香水瓶，家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃，流行纺织品及各种装饰物，还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。
作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰，因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。
就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样，艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化，例如，立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义，但是相对其他文化而言，艺术装饰风格取长补短，装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。
结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素，大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。
但这些是远远不够的，更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。
在那段经济萧条的时期，豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。
艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行，艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。
通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格，除此之外，艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上，使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外，艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域，许多新场所也运用了这种风格，美化建筑的外表，那些新商业的娱乐楼房，例如商场电影院，工厂，甚至于新的豪华游轮，它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。
艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念，这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望，艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。
艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。
但是，从不好的方而来看，艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法，来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。
在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商，他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。
热工专业英语
热工专业英语2010-3-15 19:08阅读(6)下一篇：2010-01-01 XHT ... |返回日志列表∙赞∙转载∙分享∙评论∙复制地址∙更多Arrester 避雷器 Application program 应用程序Ash 灰烬，废墟Ash handling 除灰Ash settling pond 沉渣池Ash slurry pump 灰浆泵英文全称缩写中文Aabort 中断,停止abnormal 异常abrader 研磨,磨石,研磨工具absence 失去Absence of brush 无(碳)刷Absolute ABS 绝对的Absolute atmosphere ATA 绝对大气压AC Lub oil pump 交流润滑油泵absorptance 吸收比,吸收率acceleration 加速accelerator 加速器accept 接受access 存取accomplish 完成,达到accumulator 蓄电池,累加器Accumulator battery 蓄电池组accuracy 准确,精确acid 酸性,酸的Acid washing 酸洗acknowledge 确认,响应acquisition 发现,取得action 动作Active power 有功功率actuator 执行机构address 地址adequate 适当的，充分的adjust 调整，校正Admission mode 进汽方式Aerial line 天线after 以后air 风，空气Air compressor 空压机Air duct pressure 风管压力Air ejector 抽气器Air exhaust fan 排气扇Air heater 空气加热器Air preheater 空气预热器Air receiver 空气罐Alarm 报警algorithm 算法alphanumeric 字母数字Alternating current 交流电Altitude 高度，海拔Ambient 周围的，环境的Ambient temp 环境温度ammeter 电流表，安培计Ammonia tank 氨水箱Ampere 安培amplifier 放大器Analog 模拟Analog input 模拟输入Analog-to-digital A/D 模拟转换Analysis 分析Angle 角度Angle valve 角伐Angle of lag 滞后角Angle of lead 超前角anthracite 无烟煤Anion 阴离子Anionic exchanger 阴离子交换器Anode 阳极，正极announce 通知，宣布Annual 年的，年报Annual energy output 年发电量anticipate 预期，期望Aph slow motion motor 空预器低速马达approach 近似值，接近Arc 电弧，弧光architecture 建筑物结构Area 面积，区域armature 电枢，转子衔铁assemble 安装，组装Assume 假定,采取,担任Asynchronous motor 异步马达atmosphere 大气，大气压Atomizing 雾化Attempt 企图Attemperater 减温器，调温器Attention 注意Attenuation 衰減,减少,降低Auto reclose 自动重合闸Auto transfer 自动转移Autoformer 自耦变压器Automatic AUTO 自动Automatic voltage regulator 自动调压器Auxiliary AUX 辅助的Auxiliary power 厂用电Available 有效的,可用的Avoid 避免,回避Avometer 万用表,安伏欧表计Axial 轴向的Axis 轴,轴线Axis disp protection 轴向位移，保护Axle 轴，车轴，心捧BBack 背后，反向的Back pressure 背压Back wash 反冲洗Back up 支持，备用Back ward 向后Baffle 隔板Bag filter 除尘布袋Balance 平衡Ball 球Ball valve 球阀Bar 巴，条杆Bar screen material classifier 栅形滤网base 基础、根据Base load 基本负荷Base mode 基本方式Batch processing unit 批处理单元Battery 电池Bearing BRG 轴承before 在…之前bell 铃Belt 带，皮带Bend 挠度，弯曲Besel 监视孔BLAS 偏置，偏压Binary 二进制，双Black 黑色Black out 大停电，全厂停电blade 叶片Bleed 放气，放水Blocking signal 闭锁信号Blow 吹Blow down 排污Blowlamp 喷灯blue 蓝色Bms watchdog Bms看门狗，bms监视器boiler BLR 锅炉Boiler feedwater pump BFP 锅炉给水泵Boil-off 蒸发汽化bolt 螺栓bore 孔，腔boost BST 增压，提高Boost centrifugal pump BST CEP 凝升泵Boost pump BP 升压泵Boot strap 模拟线路，辅助程序bottom 底部Bowl mill 碗式磨brash 脆性，易脆的bracket 支架，托架，括号breadth 宽度break 断开，断路breaker 断路器，隔离开关Breaker coil 跳闸线路breeze 微风，煤粉Brens-chluss 熄火，燃烧终结bridge 电桥，跨接，桥形网络brigade 班，组，队，大队broadcast 广播brownout 节约用电brush 电刷，刷子Brush rocker 电刷摇环Brown coal 褐煤Buchholtz protecter 瓦斯保护bucket 斗，吊斗Buffer tank 缓冲箱built 建立bulletin 公告，公报bump 碰，撞击bunker 煤仓burner 燃烧器Burner management system 燃烧器管理系统Bus section 母线段busbar 母线Busbar frame 母线支架buscouple 母联button 按钮Bypass/by pass BYP 旁路Bypass valve 旁路阀Ccabinet 柜cable 电缆calculator 计算器caliber 管径、尺寸、大小calorie 卡caloric 热的、热量Caloric value 发热量、热值calorific 发热的、热量的Calorific efficiency 热效率cancel 取消、省略capacitance CAPAC 电容Capacitive reactance 容抗capacity 容量、出力、能量card （电子）板、卡carrier 搬运机、载波、带电粒子Carrier protection 高频保护cascade CAS 串级Case pipe 套管casine 壳、箱casual 偶然的、临时、不规则的Casual inspection 不定期检查、临时检查casualty 人身事故、伤亡、故障catastrophe 灾祸、事故Catastrophe failure 重大事故Cat-pad 猫爪cathode 阴板、负极Cathode ray tube CRT 显示器Cation exchanger 阳离子交换器caution 注意Center 中心centigrade 摄氏温标Central control room 中控室Central processing unit CPU 中央处理器Centrifugal 离心的Certificate 证明书、执照Centrifugal fan 离心风机Certification of fitness 合格证书、质量证书Chamber 办公室、会议室Change 改变Channel 通道、频道Character 字符Characteristics 特性、特性曲线Charge 负荷、充电、加注Charge indicator 验电器、带电指示器Chart 图、图线图chassis 底座、机壳Chassis earth 机壳接地Check 检查Check valve CK VLV 截止线、止回线Chemical 化学Chemical dosing 化学加药Chest 室Chief 主要的、首长、首领Chief engineer 总工程师Chief operator 值班长Chimney 烟囱、烟道Chlorine 氯Circuit 电路Circuit breaker 电路断路器Circuit diagram 电路图Circular current 环流Circulating 循环Circulating water pump 循环水泵Circulating cooling water 循环冷却水Clamp 夹具、钳Clarification 澄清Class 类、等级、程度Class of insulation 绝缘等级Clean 清洁的、纯净的Cleanse 净化、洗净、消毒Clear 清除CLEARING OF FAULT 故障清除Clock interface unit CIU 时钟接口单元Clockwise 顺时针、右旋的Close 关闭Closed cooling water 闭式冷却水Closed-loop 闭环Cluster 电池组、组、群Coal 煤Coal ash 煤灰Coal breaker 碎煤机Coal consumption 耗煤量、煤耗Coal crusher 碎煤机Coal handling 输煤设备、输煤装置Coal dust 煤粉Coal-fired power plant 燃煤发电厂Coal hopper 煤斗Coal yard 煤场Coarse 粗的、不精确的Coaxial cable 同轴电缆Code 代号、密码Coil 线圈Coil pipe 蛇形管Cold 冷Cold air 冷风Cold reheater CRH 再热器冷段Cold reserve 冷备用（锅炉）Cold start 冷态启动Cold test 冷态试验Collect 收集Collecting pipe 集水管Collector 收集器Colour 颜色Colour library 颜色库Combin 合并、联合Combustion 燃烧Command 命令、指挥Commission 使投入、使投产Common 共同的、普通的Communication 联系、通讯Commutator 换向器Compensation 补偿Company CO 公司Company limited CO LTD 有限公司Complexity 复杂Complete 完成Component 元件Compress 压缩Compress air 压缩空气Compresser 压缩机Computer 计算机Concrete 混凝土制的Concurrent 同时发生的、一致的Concurrent boiler 直流锅炉Cond press 凝结器压力Condensate 冷凝、使凝结Condensate extraction pump CEP 凝结水泵Condenser COND/CNDER 凝结器Condensive reactance 容抗Condition 条件、状况Conduct 传导Conductivity 导电率Conference 会议、商讨、谈判Congealer 冷却器、冷冻器Configure 组态Connection 联接Connector 联接器、接线盒Console 控制台Consult 商量、咨询、参考Consumption 消费、消耗Consumption steam 汽耗Constant 恒定的Contact 触点Contactor 接触器、触头Contact to earth 接地、触地、碰地Content 目录Contin blwdwn 连排Continuous 连续的Contract 合同Control CNTR/CNTPL 控制Control & instrument 仪控Control loop 控制环Control oil 控制油Control panel 控制盘Controller 控制器Control stage 调节级、控制级Control valve 调节阀Conve cton sh 低温过热器Convection 对流Convertor 运输机、传输机Cool 冷的Cooler 冷却器Cooling 冷却Cooling fan 冷却风机Cooling water pump 冷却水泵Cooling tower 冷却塔Coordinate COORD 协调Coordinate boiler follow mode 协调的锅炉跟随方式Coordinate control system 协调控制系统Coordinate turbine follow mode 协调的汽机跟随方式Copy 拷贝Core 铁心、核心、磁心Core loss 铁（芯损）耗Corner 角落Correction 修正、改正Corrosion 腐蚀Cost 价格、成本、费用Cost of fuel 燃料费用Cost of upkeep 日常费用、维护费用Coupler 联轴器Coupling 耦合、联轴Couple CPL 联轴器Crane 起重机Critical 临界的Critical speed 临界速度Crusher 碎渣机Current transformer CT 电流互感器Cube 立方（体）Cubicle illumination 箱内照明Curdle 凝固Current 电流、当前Cursor 光标Curve 曲线Custom 习惯、海关Custom keys 用户键Cutter 切削工具Cyanic 青色、深蓝色Cycle 循环、周期、周波Cymometer 频率表Cyclome classifier 旋风分离器Cylinder CYL 汽缸DDaily load curve 日负荷曲线Daily load 日负荷Damage 损坏、破坏Damper DMPR 阻尼器、挡板Danger 危险、危险物Dank 潮湿Danger zone 危险区Data 数据Data base 数据库Data acquisition system DAS 数据采集系统Data highway 数据高速公路Date 日期Data pool 数据库Dc lub oil pump 直流润滑油泵Dead band 死区Deaerator DEA/DEAE/DEAER 除氧器Decimeter 分米Decrease DEC 减少Deep 深度、深的、深Default 默认、缺席Degree 度、等级Demand 要求、查问Delay 延迟Delay time 延时Delete 删除Demineralized water 除盐水Demineralizer 除盐装置Deposit 沉积结垢Desalt 除盐设备Description 说明、描述Destination 目标、目的地Desuperheater 减温器Desuperheater water DSH WTE 减温水Detail 细节Detect 发现、检定Deviate 偏离、偏差Device 设备、仪器Diagnosis 诊断Diagram 图形、图表Diagram directory 图目录Diagram number 图形号Diameter 直径Diaphragm 膜片、隔板Dielectric 介质、绝缘的Diesel generator 柴油发电机Difference 差异、差别、差额Differential protection 差动保护Diff press 差压Diff expansion DIFF EXP 胀差Differential pressure DP/DSP 差压Digital 数字的Digital electric hydraulic 电调Digital input/output 数字量输入／输出Digital-to-analog D/A 数／模转换Dioxde 二氧化碳Direct current DC 直流（电）Direct digital control DDC 直接数字控制Disassembly 拆卸Disaster 事故、故障Disc 叶轮Disaster shutdown 事故停机Discharge 排除、放电、卸载Discharge current 放电电流、泄漏电流Disconnector 隔离器、隔离开关Disconnect switch 隔离开关Discrete input/output 离散输入／输出Disk 磁盘Disk manage commands 磁盘管理命令Dispatch 调度、发送派遣Dispatcher 调度员Dispatching station 调度站（局）Disconnector 隔离器、隔离开关Discrete input/output 离散输入／输出Disk 磁盘Displacement 位移Displacement pump 活塞泵Display 显示、列屏Distance 距离Distilled water DISTL WTR 蒸馏水Distributed 分布\分配\配电（水、汽）Distributed control system DCS 集散控制系统Distributed processing unit DPU 分布处理单元Distributing board 配电盘Distribution network 配电网络Distribution substation 二次变电站Disturbance 扰动Diverter vlv 切换线Divided by 除以Design 设计、发明Division 分界、部门Division wall 分割屏Documentation 文件Door 门Dosing pump 加药泵Dowel pin 定位销Down pipe 下降管Download 下载Downtime 停机时间Dozer 推土机Draft 通风、草图Drain DRN 疏水、排放Drain pump 疏水泵Drain tank 疏水箱Drawing 图样、牵引Drill 钻孔、钻头、钻床Drive 驱动、强迫Drn collector 疏水收集器Drop 站Drowned pump 潜水泵Drum 汽包Drum-type boiled 汽包式锅炉Dry 干、干燥Dual 双重的Duct 风道、管道Dust 灰尘Dust helmet 防尘罩Dust catcher 除尘器、吸尘器Duty 责任Dynamic 动态的Dynamometer 功率表EEarth 大地Earth fault 接地故障Earth connector 接地线、接地Earth lead 接地线、接地Eccentricity 偏心、扰度Econ recirc vlv 省煤器再循环线Economizer ECON 省煤器Edit 编辑Efficiency 效率Eject pump 射水泵Ejection 射出Ejector 抽气器Electric 电的Elbow 弯管、弯头Electric-hydraulic control 电／液控制Electrical 电的、电气的Electrical lockout solenoid vlv 电磁阀锁阀Electrical machine 电机Electrical service 供电Electric power industry 电力工业Electrode 电极Electric power company 电力公司Electric power system 电力系统Electronic 电子的、电子学的Electrotechnics 电工学、电工技术Electrostaic precipitator 静电除尘器Electrostatic 静电的Element 元件、零件、单元Elevation ELEV 标高Elevator 升降机Ellipse 椭圆Emergency decree 安规Emerg lub oil 事故润滑油Emerg off 事故停／关闭Emerg seal oil 事故密封油Emergency EMERG 紧急事故Emergency drain 事故疏水Emergency governet／intercepter 危急遮断器Employee 雇员Empty 排空Enclosure 外壳、包围End 末端、终结End cover 端盖Energize 激励、加电Energy 能、能量Energy meter 电度表Energy source 能源Engineer keyboard 工程师键盘Engineer station 工程师站Engineer's console 工程师操作站Engineering 工程Enter 开始、使进入Entry 输入Equalizer valve 平衡线Equipment 设备Erase 删除Error 错误Escape valve 安全线Evaporate 蒸发、冷化Evaporating 蒸发量Event 事件Excess 超过、过度Excess combustion air 过剩燃烧空气Excitation 励磁Exciter 励磁机Exhaust EXH 排汽Exhaust portion 排汽段Exit 出口Expansion EXP 膨胀Expansion tank 扩容箱Expenditure 费用Expert 专家、能手Explosion 爆炸Exponent 指数幂External 外部的、表面的Extinguisher 灭火器Extinguishing medium 灭弧介质Extraction check valve EXTR CHK VLV 抽汽逆止阀Extra-high voltage 超高压Extend 扩展、延伸Exteral 外部的、表面的Extr press 抽汽压力Extr temp 抽汽温度Extraction EXTR 抽汽FFactor 因素、因数Fahrenheit 华式温标Failure FAIL 失败FALSE 假的、错误的Fan 风扇、风机Fan duty 风机负荷Fast cut back FCB 快速切回Fault 故障Faulty operation 误操作Features 特点Feed 馈、供给Feedback 反馈Feed forward 前馈Feed water 给水Feed-water makeup 补给水Fiber optic 光纤Field 磁场、现场Field operator 现场运行人员Figure 数字、图案File 文件Filter 滤网、过滤器Filter differential pressure FILTR DP 滤网压差Final 最后的Final super-heater FSH 末级过热器、高过Fine ash silo 细灰库Fire 燃烧、火焰Fire-proof 耐火的、防火的Fire-extinguisher 灭火器Fire-hose 消防水带Fire hydrant 消防栓Fire-fight 灭火Fireproof 防火的、阻燃的Fire pump 消防水泵First stage 第一级、首级First stage guide vane 第一级导叶Flame 火焰Flame check 火检Flame detect cable FLM DET CAB 火检电缆Flange 法兰Flange joint 法兰结合面Flank 侧翼、侧面Flash 闪光、闪烁、闪蒸Flash lamp 闪光灯Flash light 闪光Flasher 闪光装置Flexible 灵活的、柔性的Flexible joint 弹性联接器Flip-flop 触发器、双稳态电路Float-charge 浮充电Floppy disk 软磁盘Floppy driver 磁盘机Flow 流量、流动Flowmeter 流量计Flue 烟道Format 形式、格式Flue gas 烟气Fluid 液体Fly ash 飞灰Follow 跟随Forbid 禁止Force 强制Force circulation 强制循环Force draft fan 送风机Forney 福尼（公司）Forward 向前Free end 自由端Frequency 频率From 从、来自Front 前面的Fuel 燃料Fuel safety 燃料保护Full speed 额定频率Fully 充分的、完全的Function 功能Function group 功能组Furnace 炉膛Fuse 保险丝、熔断器Fuse holder 保险盒Fusible cutout 熔断开关Fw bypass 给水旁路GGAIN 增益Gang 班、组Gas 气体、烟气Gate 闸门Gate damper 闸门式挡板Gateway 入口、途径Gauge 仪表、标准Gauge float 水位、指示、浮标Gear 齿轮Gear pump 齿轮泵Gear shift housing 变速箱Gen main breaker 发电机出口总开关General control panel 总控制屏General vlv 总阀Generate 引起、产生Generator 发电机、发生器Gland 密封套Gland heater GLAND HTR 轴封加热器Gland seal 轴封Glass-paper 砂纸Goal 目的、目标Go on 继续Govern vlv GV 调速器、调节器Graphics 调节阀Grease 图形Green 绿色Grid 高压输电网、铅板Grid system 电网系统Gross rating 总出力、总额定值Ground/earth 地、大地Group 组、群Group library 组库HHalt instruction 停机指令Hangers 悬吊管Hardware 硬件Hardness 硬度、困难的Hazardous 危险的、冒险的Header 联箱Heat 热、加热Heater 加热器Heating 加热Heat rate 热效率Heat soak 暖机Hertz HZ 赫兹Hesitate HESI 暂停、犹豫High 高的、高等的、高大的High pressure HP 高压High pressure heater HPH 高压加热器History 历史Historical date reporter HDR 历史数据报告Historical storage & retrieval unit HSR 历史数据报告存储与检索单元Hold 保持Home 家、处所Hopper 漏斗、料斗Hori vib(vibration) 水平振动Horizontal 水平的、横式Horse power 马力Hose 软管、水龙带Hot 热的Hot air 热风Hot rh 再热（器）热段Hot start 热态启动Hot well 热水井Hour 小时Hp cyl cross pipe 高压缸短管Hp turb exh press 高压缸排汽压力Hybrid 混合物Hydraulic 液压Hydrogen 氢（H）Hydrogen purity 氢气纯度Hydrobin/ dewatering bin 脱水仓IIdiostaic 同电位的Idle 空载的、无效的Ignition light oil 轻油点火Ignition 引燃、电火Ignitor 电火器Ignore 忽视Illustrate 说明Impeller 推进器、叶轮Impedance 阻抗Import 进口、引入Impulse 脉冲、冲击、冲量Inch IN 英寸Inching 缓动、点动Income 进线Increase INC 增加Index 索引、指示Indicator 指示器Individual 单个的、独立的Inductive reactance 感抗Input/output I/O 输入／输出Induced draft fan IDF 引风机Inductance 电感Induction motor 异步电动机Industrial water 工业水Industry 工业Inflatable seal 充气密封Inhibit 禁止Initial 最初的Inlet 入口Input group 输入组Insert 插入Inside 内侧、内部Inspection 观察、检查Install 安装Inspection hole 检查孔、人孔Installed capacity 装机容量Instantaneous 即时的、瞬时的Instantaneous power 瞬时功率Instruction 说明书、指南、指导Instrument 仪器Instrument panel 仪表盘Insulate 绝缘、绝热、隔离Insulator 绝缘子Intake 输入端、进线Integer 整数Integral 积分Intensity 强度Interpole 换向板Inter-stage extraction 中间抽头Interface 接口Interference 干扰、干涉Interlock 联锁Intermediate 中间的Internal 内部的Interrogation 质问、问号Interrupt 中断Interval 间隔Interlock auto on 联锁投自动Inverter 逆变器、反向器、非门Invoice INV 发票、发货单、托运Intermediate pressure IP 中压Intermediate relay 中间继电器Invalid 无效的、有病的Investment 投资Ion-exchange 离子交换器IP.cyl 中压缸Isolation 隔离Isolator 隔离、刀闸JJacking oil 顶轴油Jacking pump 顶轴泵Job 工作Jumper 跳线、跨接Junction box 接线盒KKey 键销、钥匙、键槽Keyboard 键盘Key library 键库Key switch 键开关Kilovolt-ampere KVA 千伏安Kink 弯曲、缠绕Knack 技巧、窍门、诀窍Knife-switch 闸刀开关LLabel 标号、标签Laboratory 实验室Labyrinth seal 迷宫密封Ladder 梯子、阶梯Ladder diagram 梯形图Lamp 灯、光源Large platen LARGE PLT 大屏Last 最后的Latch 止动销、挂闸、插锁Leak 泄漏（动词）Leakage 泄漏（名词）Left 左Length 长度Level 液位、水平Lifebelt 安全带、保险带Lift 提、升Light 光亮、点、点燃、照亮Lightning 雷电Light run 空转Lightning arrestor 避雷器Limit LMT 极限、限制Limiter 限制器、限位开关Line 线、直线Line impedance 线路阻抗Lining 衬层、内衬Linkage 连杆List 列表Liter 公升Ljungstrom trisector air preheaters 容克式空预器Load 负荷Load demand compute LDC 负荷指令计算Load impedance 负荷阻抗Load limit 负荷限制Load rejection 甩负荷Load shedding 甩负荷Loading 加负荷Load thrown on 带负荷Local 局部Local attendant 现场值班员Local repair 现场检修Local start 就地启动Local stop 就地停止Location 处所、位置Lock 闭锁、密封舱、固定Logger 记录器、拖车Logic 逻辑Long 长Loop 环、回路Loss 损失、减少Loss of excitation 励磁损失Loss of phase 失相Low 低Low press LP 低压Low press heater LPH 低压加热器Low-half 下半Lower 较低的、降低Lower heating value 低位发热量Low pressure cylinder LPC/LP CYL 低压缸Low temperature superheater LT SH 低温过热器Lub oil 润滑油Lub oil pump 润滑油泵Lubricate LUB 润滑MMagenta 品红色Magnet 磁Main 主要的/主蒸汽的/电力网Main oil tank 主油箱Main screen 主屏Main steam 主蒸汽Main transformer 主变压器Maintenance 维护、检修、小修Maintenance manual 检修手册Major overhaul 大修Make up 补充（补给）Makers works 制造厂Malfunction 出错、误动、失灵Management 管理、控制、处理Manhole 人孔、检查孔、出入孔Manifold 各式各样的联箱、集气管Manometer 压力表Man-machine interaction 人机对话Manual 手动、手册Manual reject MRE 手动切换Manual/Auto station M/A STATION 手动／自动切换站Mark 型号、刻度、标志、特征Mass memory 大容量存储器Master 主要、控制者Master control room 主控室、中央控制室Master fuel trip MFT 主燃料跳闸Maximum 最高的、最大Maximum continue rate MCR 最大连续率Mechanocaloric 热机的Mean 平均值、中间的Mean water level 平均水位Measure 量度、测量Mechanical 机械的、力学的Mechanical trip vlv 机械跳闸阀Mechanism 机械、力学、方法Medial 中间的、平均的Mediate 间接的、调解Medium 装置、介质、工质Megawatt 兆瓦Memory 存储Metal 金属Meter 集量器、仪表、米Meter switch 仪表开关Method 方法、规律、程序Method of operation 运行方式Mica 云母Mica dielectric 云母电介质Microcallipers 千分尺Microphone 麦克风、话筒Middle MID 中间的Middle-temperature rh MT RH 中温再热器Mill 磨、磨煤机、铣刀Minimum 最小的Minor overhaul 小修Minus 减、负号Minus phase 负相位Minute 分钟Miss operation 误动作、误操作Miss trip 拒跳闸Mistake 错误、事故Mixed bed 混床Mixture 混合物Man-machine interface MMI 人机接口Modem 调制解调器Modify 修改Modulating control 调节控制Modulating valve 调节阀Module 模件Moisture 湿度、湿汽Monitor 监视器、监视Monoxide 一氧化物Month 目Motor MTR 马达Motor control center MCC 马达控制中心Motor winding 电动机组绕组Mouldproof 防霉的Mount 安装、固定Mountain cork 石棉Mouse 鼠标Move 移动Multidrop 多站Multispeed 多速Mult-multi 多、多倍Multimeter 万用表Multiplication 乘Multivibrator 多谐振荡器NName 名、名字Natural 自然的Naught line 零线Needlepoint vlv 针阀Negative 负的Negative pressure NEG PRESS 负压Neon tester 试电表Net ratine/net output 净出力Network 网络Neutral line 中性线Neutral 中性的Neutral point 中性点Next 其次的Night shift 夜班Nipper 钳子、镊子Noise 噪音No-loading 空载Nominal 标称的、额定的Nominal power 额定功率Nominal rating 标称出力、额定出力Non-return vlv 逆止线Non-work 非工作的Normal 正常的、常规的Normal closed contact 常闭触点Normal makeup wtr 正常补水Not available 无效、不能用No touch relay 无触点继电器Non-work pad / n-work pad 非工作瓦Nozzle 喷嘴Number 数字、号码、数目Number of turns 匝数Nut 螺母、螺帽OOccur 发生Odd 奇数Office 办公室Oil 油Oil breaker 油开关Oiler 注油器Oil fuel trip OFT 油燃料跳闸Oil gun 油枪Oil immersed natural cooling 油浸自然冷却Oil purifier 油净化装置On-line 在线、联机的On-load test 带负荷试验On/off 开／关Onset 开始、发作Open 开、打开Open-air 露天的、开启的Open-loop 开环Open work 户外作业Operating panel 操作盘Operation 操作、运行Operational log 运行记录Operator 操作员Operator keyboard 操作员键盘Operator station 操作员站Operator's alarm console 操作员报警台Optimal 最优的、最佳的Optimal value 最佳值Optional 可选的Option switch 选择开关Orifice plate 孔板Original 初始的、原始的Oscillator 振荡器Oscilloscope 示波器Out 出、出口Outage 停用Out-of-service 为投入运行的Outlet 出口Output 产量、产品、输出Output group 输出组Outside 外边、外面Over current 过流Over load 过负荷Overload protection 过载保护Overall design 总体设计Over voltage 过压Overflow 溢流Overflow vlv station 溢流阀门站Overhaul 大修Overhaul life 大修间隙Overhead 顶部Overhead line 架空线Override 超越Overspeed 超速Overspeed trip 超速跳闸Overview 概述、总述Own demand 厂用电量Oxide film 氧化膜、氧化层Oxygen 氧PPackage 组件、包Packed group 组合组Pad 瓦、衬垫Page 页Panel 屏、盘Parameter 参数Part 部分、部件Part per million PPM 百万分率Password 口令Path 路线Peak 峰值Peak load 峰值负荷Pendant 悬吊Pendant pull switch 拉线开关Penthouse 顶棚Penumatics 汽动装置Percent PCT 百分数Percentage 百分比Perfect 完全的、理想的Perfect combustion 完全燃烧Performance 完成、执行、性能Performance calculation 性能计算Performance curve 性能曲线Periodic 周期的、循环的Periodic inspection 定期检查Peripheral 周围的Peripheral equipment 外围设备Permanent 永久的、持久的Permanent magnetic generator 永磁发电机Permit 允许Permit to work 允许开工Petrol 汽油Phase PH 阶段、状态、方面、相Phase angle 相角Phase-failure protection 断相保护Phase not together 缺相、失相Phase sequence 相序Phase-in 同步Piezometer 压力计Pitch coal 烟煤Pid drawing 流程图Pilot 导向、辅助的、控制的Pilot bearing 导向轴承Pipe 管、管道Pitch 投、掷、节距、螺距Plan 计划Plant 工场、车间Plant load factor 电厂负荷因数Plastics 塑料Platen 台板、屏式Platen superheater PLT SH 屏式过热器Plug 塞子、栓、插头Plug socket 插座Plunger 柱塞、滑阀Plunger pump 柱塞泵Plus 加Plyers 钳子、老虎钳Pneumatic 气动的Point 点Point database 测点数据库Point directory 测点目录Point name 测点名Point record 测点记录Point field 泡克区Phase voltage 相电压Pole 机、柱Policher 除盐装置Pollution 污染Pop valve 安全阀、突开阀Portion 一部分Position POS 位置Positive 确定的、正的、阳性的Potable water 饮用水Potential transformer PT 电压互感器Pound LB 磅Power PWR 功率、电源Power factor 功率因子Power plant 电厂Pre-alarm 预报警Precipitator PRECI/PRECIP 除尘器Preheat 预热Pre light 预点火Preliminary 准备工作Present 出现Preset 预设、预置Pressure PRES 压力Primary 初级的、一次的Primary air 一次风Primary air fan PAF 一次风机Primary superheater 低温过热器Primary grid substation 主网变电站Prime 首要的Printer 打印机Principle 原理、原则Priority 优先级、优点Probe 探头Process 过程、方法Processing time 处理时间Program 程序Programmable 可编程的Programmable logical controller PLC 可编程逻辑控制器Prohibit 禁止Proportional / integral / derivative PID 比例／积分／微分Protection PROT 保护Protection bolt 危急遮断器飞锤Protection ring 危急遮断器飞环Protocol 规约（数据通信）Potential transformer PT 电压互感器Psig 磅／平方英寸（表压力）Psia 磅/平方英寸(绝对压力)Puffer breaker 压力式断路器Pulse 脉冲、脉动Pulverizer PULV 磨煤机Pump 泵Punch 冲床、冲压机Purge 净化、吹扫Purifier 净化器Purify 纯度Purpose 目的、用途Push and pull switch 推拉开关Push button 按钮Put into operation 投入运行Pyod 热电偶Pyrology 热工学QQ-line Q线Quad 回芯组线Quality 质量Quartz 石英、水晶Query 询问、查询Quick 快Quicksilver 水银、汞Quick open 快开Quit 停止、离开、推出RRack earth 机壳接地Radial 径向的、半径的Radication 开方Radiator wall rh 壁式再热器Radiator 散热（辐射）器Radiation fin 散热片Raise 升高Range 范围、量程Rap 敲打Rap device （除尘器）振打装置Rapid charge 快速充电Rated 额定的、比率的Rated conditions 额定条件Rated power 额定功率Ratio 比率Raw material 原材料Ray 光线、射线Reactance 电抗、反作用Reactive capacity 无功容量Reactive power 无功功率Read out 读出、结果传达Ready 准备好Real power 有效功率Real time 实时的Rear 后面Recall 重新调用、重查Receive tank 回收箱、接收箱Recipe 处方、配方Recire/Recycle damper 再循环挡板Recirculate 再循环Reclaim 再生回收Reclosing 重合闸Recommend 介绍、建议Recording 记录、录音、唱片Recovery 恢复、再生Recovery time 恢复时间Rectification 整流、检波、调整Rectifier 整流器Red 红色Reduction 还原、缩小、降低Redundancy 冗余、多余Reference REF 参考、参照、证明书Reflux 倒流、回流Region 地域、领域Register 寄存器Regulate 调节、控制Regulating stage 调节级Regulating valve 调节阀Reheater RH 再热器Relative REL 相对的Relative expansion 相对膨胀Relay 继电器Relay panel 继电器屏Release 释放Reliability 可靠的、安全的Relief 去载、卸载、释放、解除Relieve valve 安全阀、减压阀Remote 遥远的、远方的Remote select 遥控选择Remote technical center RTC 遥控技术中心Renewal 更新、更换Repair 修理Repairer 修理工、检修工Repeat 重复、反复Replacement parts 备件、替换零件Request REO 请求Require 要求Reserve parts 备件Reserved 备用的Reset 复位Resistance 阻力、电阻Resonate 谐振、调谐Response 响应Responsibility 责任Retract 可伸缩的、缩回Retractable thermoprobe 可伸缩的温度探头Retrieval 可检索的、可追忆的Return 返回Return oil 回油Reverse power 逆功率Reverse rotation 反转Review 检查Rig 安装、装配、调整Right 右Right-of-way 公用线路Ring 环Roller 辊子Roof 顶、炉顶Root 跟Rotary switch 转换开关Rotating 旋转Rotating joint 液压联轴器Rotor 转子Routine 例行的、日常的Routing inspection 日常检查、日常检测Routing maintenance 日常维护Run 运行Run back 返回Rundown 迫降Running conditions 运行情况Running current 工作电流Running in 试运行、试转Running/operation overhaul 临时检修SSafe 安全的、可靠的、稳定的Safe potential 安全电压Safety 安全Safety cap 安全帽Safety measure 安全措施Safety rules 安全规程Safety valve 安全线Sample 取样、举例Sampler 取样器Saturate 饱和Saturate condition 饱和条件、饱和状态Saturated steam SAT STM 饱和蒸汽Scale 铁锈水垢Scan 扫描Schedule 时间表、计划表Schematic 图解的、简图Scoop 勺管Scr controller 屏幕控制器Screen 屏幕Screw 螺杆、螺丝Screwdriver 螺丝刀Scroll 滚屏Sea 海Seal 密封Seal air 密封风Sealing gland 密封盖Seal oil 密封油Seal steam SEAL STM 密封蒸汽Search 寻找、查找Seawater 海水Second 秒、第二Second air SEC AIR 二次风Secondary 二次的Seep 渗出、渗漏Seepage 渗漏现象Select 选择Self 自己、自我、本人Self-hold 自保持Self-running 自启动Sensor 传感器Sensitive 灵敏器Sensitiveness 灵敏性Separator 分离器Sequence 顺序、序列Sequence of emergence SOE 事故追忆Sequential control system SCS 顺序控制系统Series-longitudinal layout 串联纵向布置Service 服务、伺服Service power 厂用电Servomotor 伺服电机Set 设定Setpoint 设定点Set up 安装、调整、建立Severity 刚度、硬度、严重Sewage treatment 废水处理Shadow 影子、屏蔽Shaft 轴、烟囱Shaft seal 轴封Shake 摇动、振动Shakeproof 防振Shaft 轴、手柄、矿井Shaped 形状Share 共享、分配Share memory 共享存储器Sheet 表格、纸张Shell 壳Shield 屏蔽层Shift 值、替换Shift charge engineer 值班工程师Shoe 推力瓦Shortage of water 缺水Short circuit 短路Shot 发射、冲击、钢粒Shunt reactor 并联电抗器Shut off 关闭Shutdown 停止、停机Siccative 干燥剂Side 侧边Sidewall 侧墙Sifter 筛子、滤波器Signal 信号Signal lamp 信号等Sign 标记、注册Significance 意义、有效Silence 消音、沉寂Silicon SI 硅Silicon stack 硅堆Silo 灰库Single 单个的、个体的Station interface module SLM 站接口模件Simple 单纯的、简单的Similar 同样的、类似的Simulator 仿真机Single blade switch 单刀开关Sinusoid 正弦曲线Site 现场Site commissioning test 现场投运方式Size 尺寸、大小Size of memory 存储量Sketch 图纸、草图Skin effect 集肤效应Skip 空指令、跳跃Slag 结垢Sliding key 滑销Sliding press mode 消压方式Sluiceway 水沟Slurry 灰浆Smoke 烟、冒烟Smokes-stack 烟囱Smooth 平滑的、光滑的Socket 插座Soft 软的、柔软的Software 软件Solenoid SOLN 螺线圈Solid 固体Sootblower 吹灰、吹灰器Sound detection 声音探测Source 源、电源Spanner 扳手Spare 备用的、空余的Spare parts 备件、备品Specification 技术说明Specific weight 比重Speed 速度Speed protection 超速保护Spray 喷射Spray nozzle 喷嘴Spray water 喷水Spring 弹簧、春天Spring clutch 弹簧离合器Square 广场、方的Squirrel-cage armature 鼠笼式电枢Stabiliser 稳定器Stability 稳定（性）Stack 烟囱Staff 职工Stage 级、台Stall 停车、阻止Standard 标准Standby 备用、待机Standby heat 热备用Star 星、星形连接Star connected system 星形连接制"Y" Start 启动、开始Starting conditions 启动条件Start up 启动Start-up sequence 启动程序State 状态Statement 说明、语句Static 静电Static storage 静态存储器Station 站、发电厂、地点Station capacity 发电厂容量Station interface unit SLU 站接口单元Stator 静子Stator coil 定子线圈Stator core 定子铁芯Status 状态Status display 状态显示Steadiness 稳定性Steam STM 蒸汽Steam cylinder 汽缸Steam exhaust 乏气、废气Steam feed pump 汽动给水泵Steam-turbine generator 汽轮发电机Step 步Step-by-step motor 步进电动机Step ladder 阶梯Step-down transformer 降压变压器Step-up transformer 升压变压器Stere 立方米Stockyard 储煤场Stop 停止Stop vlv 主汽线Storage 储存Storage battery 蓄电池Storage tank 储存箱Straight 直的、直线Strainer 滤网。
新编大学英语第三版综合教程七八单元课文翻译
新编大学英语第三版综合教程七八单元课文翻译新编大学英语第三版综合教程七八单元课文翻译第七单元：优雅地弥合文化差异1.在外语学习中，有一些简单的词组，一旦掌握，就能让你不知不觉地进入另一种文化．而丝毫不暴露你作为一个外国人的痕迹，但你为什么总是学不会呢?每本汉语课本都是从问候语句开始的。
但是，作为美国人，每当要我送客出门时，我总是舌头打结。
唐突地说再见是不行的，然而，那是我从这些课本里所学到的一切了。
因此我只能微笑、点头，像个日本人似地鞠躬，并拼命地想找些话来说.以缓和离别的气氛，使他们觉得我确实欢迎他们下次再来。
因此，我常常靠我的中国丈夫的礼貌来掩盖自己的慌乱。
2.后来，听得多了．我开始学会了说一些话,使送客的气氛轻松了许多．感到我不仅完成了任务，而且完成得很好。
3.对中国人来说，送客需要有一定的礼仪和很多胜人一筹的本领。
虽然我不希望通过观察而懂得所有的送客礼仪，但是作为一个外国人，我不得不学会送客时所需要的礼貌用语。
4.在中国人看来，送客时必须尽可能送到最远，走一楼梯或可能到达最近的车站。
我曾经等我丈夫半小时之久从车站送客回来。
那次他送客人到车站等下班车到达。
5.对于不重要的或年轻的客人，他可能会说：“我不送你了，可以么？”当然，客人会说“不要送我了，不要送我了”，来让主人不要因为没有送客而感到不快。
6.那会非常好，但是当我作为客人被送别时，我坚持不送总是不起作用，女主人或男主人，或两人一起总坚持送我到楼下，看着我离去，尽管我礼貌地说到“不要麻烦送我了，不要麻烦送我了。
”即使我试着加快脚步让主人跟不上，他们也会跑着跟上我。
接受这种不可避免的事，还好么？7.另外，与中国的习俗相反，因为国人避免匆忙做事。
与某人分别时，你会说什么呢？“慢走.” 不是再见或祝你平安，而是“慢走。
”对于中国人，它意味着“当心”或“走路小心”或诸如此类，但是英语意思就是“慢走.”8.这里所指的另一句套话是“怠慢”。
在一次美味的盛宴结束时，主人对客人说“今天款待不周，敬请原谅.”9.中美文化正好相反。
热能与动力工程专业英语全部原文与翻译译文
新浪微博：@孟得明 微信：mdm007
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至饱和温度所经历的过程。点 C 表示饱和蒸汽状态，线 BC 表示等温过程，即液体气化转 变为蒸汽的过程。线 CD 表示在等压条件下蒸汽被加热至过热的过程，在此过程中，温度 和比容均增大。
当系统从一给定的初始状态出发，经历一系列中间过程又回到其初始状态，则称系统 经历了一个循环。循环结束时，系统中的各参数又与初始参数相同。
在任一特性参数名称前加上前缀 iso-，表示该参数在整个过程保持不变。等温 （isothermal）过程中温度保持不变；等压（isobaric）过程中压强恒定；等容（isometric） 过程中体积保持不变。 1.1.3 纯物质的气-液相平衡
在给定压强下发生气化的温度称为饱和温度，压强称为给定温度下的饱和压强。因此， 99.6℃水的饱和压强是 0.1MPa，0.1MPa 水的饱和温度为 99.6℃。
如果某一工质为液态并处于其饱和温度和饱和压强下，则称该液体为饱和液体。如果 液体温度低于当前压强下的饱和温度，则称该液体为过冷液体（表明液体的当前温度低于 给定压强下的饱和温度）或压缩液体（表明液体的当前压强大于给定温度下的饱和压强）。
类似地，线 IJKL 表示压强为 10MPa 下的等压线，相应的饱和温度为 311.1℃。但是， 在压强为 22.09MPa 条件下（线 MNO），不存在等温蒸发过程。相反，点 N 是个转折点，在 该点上，切线斜率为零，通常把 N 点称为临界点。在临界点处，饱和液体和饱和气体的状 态都是相同的。临界点下的温度、压强和比容分别称为临界温度、临界压强和临界比容。 一些工质的临界点数据如表 1-1 所示。 1.1.4 热力学第一定律
汽车专业英语读译教程翻译UNIT 8 TEXT A
第8单元离合器、手动变速器和传动系统课文A 离合器和手动变速器1.离合器在采用手动变速器或手动变速驱动桥的小汽车和货车上，离合器总成的功能是连接或切断从发动机到传动系统的动力传送。
虽然离合器设计有许多种，但是它们的工作原理都基本相同。
1）离合器的作用离合器是一个为连接或切断从一个工作部件到另一个工作部件的动力传递而设计的机构。
在车辆上，离合器用来传递发动机动力，并在换档时，使发动机与变速器之间分离。
当汽车停止行驶，却没有将变速器置于空档的情况下，离合器还能使发动机运转。
2）离合器的构造现代离合器为单片、干盘式（图8-1）。
它有5个主要部件：飞轮、离合器从动盘、压盘组件、分离轴承和离合器分离杠杆。
构成离合器总成的其他部件有变速器输入轴和离合器壳。
（1）飞轮除了用来安装起动机齿圈外，飞轮还构成了安装离合器其他部件的基础件。
与手动变速器一起使用的飞轮较厚，从而能使它吸收离合器工作时所产生的大量的热。
飞轮的离合器一侧经过机械加工，表面平整，用作摩擦表面。
飞轮上钻有若干孔，以便安装离合器总成。
通常，有一个孔直接钻到曲轴中心，这个孔可使一个轴承装入飞轮中心。
飞轮中心内的这个轴承将用来支承变速器输入轴的外端。
该轴承被称为导向轴承。
导向轴承可以是球轴承，或是青铜衬套。
（2）双质量飞轮有时，柴油机采用双质量飞轮。
为了吸收发动机作功行程的脉动，当飞轮两部分相对压缩时，飞轮内安装的弹簧起到了减震器的作用，从而使功率流均匀分布。
这些弹簧还有助于降低离合器和变速器部件的应力。
（3）从动盘从动盘为圆形部件，它是由优质薄钢片与位于中心部位的花键毂构成。
花键毂的花键与变速器输入轴上的花键相啮合。
从动盘可以在变速器输入轴上来回滑动，而当从动盘转动时，变速器输入轴也必须转动。
从动盘外缘两侧覆盖有摩擦材料。
摩擦材料常常为石棉或其他耐高温材料与铜丝编制或模压在一起所形成的材料。
摩擦材料用铆钉铆接到从动盘上。
为了平稳啮合，从动盘的外缘常常做成分开式的，并且每一段钢片均呈弧形。
新编英语教程第三版翻译所有单元翻译(包括没教过的)
TranslationUnit 11. 由于缺少资金，整个计划失败了。
(fall through)The whole plan fell through for want of fund.2. 牛顿被公认为是世界上最杰出的科学家之一。
(eminent)Newton is acknowledged as one of the world’s most eminent scientists.3. 他对生产成本的估算总是准确无误。
(invariable)He calculates the cost of production with invariable accuracy.4. 公司发言人的不负责任讲话受到了严厉指责。
(berate)The spokesman of the corporation was berated for his irresponsible words.5. 这名商业银行的年轻职员看出那张十英镑的假币。
(spot)The young clerk from the commercial bank spotted the counterfeit ten-pound note.6. 这个精干的经理立刻行动了起来。
(promptly)The efficient manager acted promptly.7. 请把候补名单上她的名字换成你的名字。
(substitute)Please substitute her name for yours on the waiting list.8. 她觉得她在当地综合医院任实习医师是一段宝贵的经验。
(rewarding)She found that her internship in the local general hospital was a rewarding experience.9. 不要感叹过去的不幸，振作起来向前看。
(lament)Don’t lament your past misfortunes. Keep your chin up and look to the future.Unit 21. 富兰克林在他的《自传》里力劝读者要勤俭。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译(第八章第一节)
第八章第一节燃煤发电厂在化石燃料电厂中，煤，石油和天然气在炉内燃烧，燃烧产生的热能将水加热并把它转化为蒸汽，蒸汽用来驱动与发电机机械耦合的涡轮机。
典型燃煤发电厂的示意图如图8-1所示。
将发电厂的运行过程简单描述如下。
煤从储煤场取出后送入磨煤机，从磨煤机出来的煤粉与预热过的空气混合后吹入炉内燃烧。
包含一套复杂管道和汽包的炉子叫做锅炉，水泵将水送入锅炉，在锅炉内，水的温度上升直到蒸发成蒸汽。
蒸汽流向涡轮机，燃烧烟气在送入机械和静电除尘器除去99%的固体颗粒（灰）后派往烟囱。
上面描述的以煤粉，空气和水作为输入以蒸汽作为输出的单元可以叫做蒸汽发生单元，锅炉或蒸发器。
当考虑燃烧过程时，常用术语“锅炉”，而考虑水—汽循环时，常用“蒸发器”一词。
典型压力为3500psi，温度为1050度F的蒸汽通过关断阀门和控制阀门送给汽轮机，蒸汽的热能由汽轮机转化为机械能。
从汽轮机出来的乏汽在一个叫做“冷凝器”的热交换器内冷却，然后作为给水再次送回锅炉。
控制阀门允许汽轮发电机组通过调节蒸汽流量而改变输出功率。
关断阀门起一个保护作用，正常时它是全开的，如果电气输出功率突然降低（由于断路器动作），他可以突然关断以防止汽轮发电机超速，但此时控制阀门不关闭。
图8-1所示为“单级”汽轮机，但实际中采用更为复杂的“多级”布置以获得相对高的热效率。
图8-2所示为代表性的“多级“布置汽轮机示意图。
在这个多级布置中，四个蒸汽压力不同的涡轮机在机械以级联的排列形式连接在一起。
在惯常的的流程中，从锅炉（过热器）出来的高压蒸汽进入高压（HP）缸。
蒸汽从高压缸出来被送回锅炉的再热器，然后送入中压（IP）缸。
蒸汽离开中压缸后，压力很低体积膨胀很大，被送入低压（LP）缸。
从低压缸出来的乏汽在冷凝器中被冷却，然后作为锅炉给水用从汽轮机中抽出的蒸汽预热后，通过给水泵送回锅炉。
燃煤发电厂的净效率通常低于40%（也就是煤的化学能转化成电能的比例低于40%）。
尽管这个数字与大约30%的工业平均值相比具有一定的优越性，但是超过60%的化石燃料能量被转化为废热。
热能与动力工程专业外语第三版第四章英文原文
A power station operates using a closedsteam power cycle, where water undergoesvarious thermodynamic processes in a cyclicprocess.One half of the cycle consists of the boiler (or heat source) andits auxiliaries; the other, the thermodynamic cycle, consists of turbine, generator, condenser. feed pump and feed-water heaters.Feed-water is supplied to the boiler, where water is boiled and converted into dry saturated steam. This dry steam is further super-heated and then fed to the 111' cylinder of theturbine. The steam expands in the turbine giving up heat energy, a high proportion of which is transferred into work energy on the turbine shaft. The shaft turns an electrical generator which produces electric power. Steam leaving the HP cylinder returns to the boiler, where it is reheated. The reheated steam is further expanded in the IP and LP cylinders, before passing into the condenser. In the condenser, which is a large surface-type heat exchanger. the steam is condensed by transferring its latent heat of vaporization to the cooling water (CW). The main steam, having been condensed in the condenser. is now in a liquid state at a very low pressure and approximately saturation temperature. This water drainsfrom the condenser, where it enters the hot-well. The water in the hot-well is pumped by the condensate extraction pump through the lowpressure feed-heating system to another pump, the boiler feed pump.In a modern regenerative cycle, some of the steam passing through the turbine cylindersis bled from a series of extraction belts located after selected moving blade stages and fed tothe condensate and feed-water heaters. This steam is used to heat the condensate in the LP heaters and the feed water in the HP heater.m which are of a surface type.The boiler feed pump increases the water pressure to a level in excess of the drum pressure,to provide for the pressure loss in the boiler circuit and HP feed-heating train. The cycleis now complete.Practical cycle using superheatThe first development of the Rankine cycle into a more practical steam cycle involves raising the pressure and temperature of the steam entering the turbine.In the superheat cycle, the saturated dry steam leaving the boiler drum is further heatedbefore entering the turbine. Hence. there is an improvement in the cycle efficiency. This su- perheat cycle is chosen to have the same turbine exhaust conditions as the previous Rankine cycle. However, a major advantage of superheating steam is that for increasing cycle temper- ature and pressure, the exhaust wetness in the turbine can be maintained within the physicallimits.4. 1. 2 Reheat cycleThe desire for further increases in cycle conditions and consequent increases in cycle effi- ciency. led to the addition of steam reheat during turbine expansion. In the reheat cycle,steam at a given initial temperature is partially expanded through the turbine doing some work, and then is fed back to the reheater, where it is reheated to about original tempera- ture. The heated steam is then fed through the remainder of the turbine before being con- densedThe reheat cycle incorporates an improvement in thermal efficiency over the superheatcycle. The reheat cycle benefits from reduced wetness in theturbine exhaust, but presentsan increased capital outlay in terms of reheater pipe-work to, from and within the boiler. The turbine is usually split into HP and LI' cylinders to avoid the high thermal gradients whichwould be introduced between stages of reheat on a single-cylinder machine.4. 1.3 Regenerative feedheatingTo complete the cycle development of the steam cycle, the inclusion of regenerative feedheating must be discussed. Physically, a proportion of the steam is bled from various points of the turbine. which is then condensed to heat feed-water on its return to the boiler. The improvement in thermal efficiency for a simple Rankine cycle is byvirtue of the bled- steam releasing all of its heat to the feed water, and little or none to the condenser. Therewill be a small loss of work available front the bled steam not expanding in the turbines how ever, this loss is out weighted by the gain in cycle efficiency.The greater the number of feed heaters installed, the greater the improvement in ther-mal efficiency. However. the incremental gain for each additional tied heater reduces with the number of heaters increases.4. 1. 4 Supercritical plantOne effective way of achieving increased thermal efficiency is to increase steam pressure. The limits of a natural circulation boiler are around 2608. 2psi (18MPa). and although assis- ted circulation may be used at higher pressures, an overall improvement in station efficiency is not achieved unless the pressure is advanced to about 3477. 6psi (24MPa), i, e.. above the critical pressure of water/steam [3205. 2psi (22.12 Ml'a)]. Although the use of supercritical pressure requires special,consideration in the design of the boiler, the implications for the turbine only concern the higher pressure.A further improvement tray he obtained by increasing steam temperature. Most of the supercritical plant in service worldwide operates at 1000. 4 'F (538'C) , although some1049 'F (565t) plant exists. and there are some pioneering unitswith temperatures as highas 1166 F (630V). At the higher temperatures, the efficiency isoften boosted still furtherby using double reheat. Apart from the efficiency benefit. this has the merit of reducing the turbine exhaust wetness from the high levelthat such advanced initial conditions would oth- erwise entail.The so-called 'ultra-supercritical' plants of 350-1000 MW withsteam conditions such as 4491. 9psi (31MPa) 1094 " (590'C), and later up to 5071. 5psi (35MI'a) 1166 'F (630'C).all with double-reheat cycles are or will be in service.The use of the double-reheat cycle introduces additional complexity. First, additionalboiler controls are required for steam temperature, and secondlythe turbine must either have an extra cylinder or it must use a combined cylinder for the first two expansions. The extra cylinder increases machine length and cost. while the combined cylinder may give the possi- bility of problems due to sealing between the two expansions or theclose proximity of sec- tions at hot and cold reheat temperatures.None of these developments present technical problems, given sufficient time and re- sources. Their application in practice dependson potential customers being satisfied that the potential return in improved efficiency is not accompanied by additional risk either toplant life, operational flexibility, or availability. To this end. the development programs embodythe full range of research, design. rig testing, and prototype component testing, which. coupled with the first full-size prototype unit, will give the necessary assurance.The rate at which such plant will be introduced is however uncertain, depending as itdoes on factors such as electricity demand, fuel costs, the economic environment, the extentof alternative energy sources, and the refurbishment of existing plant for extended life.4. 2 Modern Steam Power PlantMost applications of boilers involve the production of electricity or the supply of process steam. In some cases,a combination of the two applications, called cogeneration, is used. In each application, the boiler is a major part of a larger system that has many subsystems and components. Key subsystems include fuel receiving and preparation, steam generator and combustion, environmental protection, turbine generator, and heat rejection including cool- ing tower.Fig. 4 - 1 shows an advanced. pulverized coal (PC) unit that meets today's low, permit-ted emissions levels. The three main components of a PC unit are: (1) the boiler blockwhere coal is burned to generate steam in the boiler tubes; (2) the generator block, which contains the steam turbine/electric generator set and manages the steam, condenser, and cooling water; and (3) the flue gas clean-up train, which removes particulates and criteria pollutants from the flue gas. The flue gas clean-up section contains Selective Catalytic Re- duction(SCR) for NO, removal, followed by electrostatic precipitation(ESP) to remove par- ticulate matter, and wet flue gas desulfurization(FGD) to remove SO:. The choice of coal,and the design and operation of the flue gas units is to assurethat emissions are below the permitted levels.The fuel handling system stores the fuel supply (coal in this example), prepares the fuelfor combustion and transports it to the boiler. The associated air system supplies airto theburners through a forced draft fan. The steam generator subsystem, which includes the air heater, burns the fuel-air mixture, recovers the heat, and generates the controlled high pres- sure and high temperature steam. The flue gas leaves the air heater and passes through par- ticulate collection and sulfur dioxide (S()L) scrubbing systems where pollutants are collected and the ash and solid scrubber residue are removed. The remaining flue gas is then sent tothe stack through an induced draft fan.The boiler evaporates water and supplies high temperature, high pressure steam under carefully controlled condition. The steam is passed to a turbine-generator set that producesthe electricity. The steam may also be reheated in the boiler,after passing through part of a multi-stage turbine system, by running the exhaust steam back to the boiler convection pass (rehcater not shown). Ultimately, the steam is passed from the turbine to the condenser where the remaining waste heat is rejected. Before the water from the condenser is returnedto the boiler it passes through several pumps and heat exchangers (feedwater heaters) to in- crease its pressure and temperature. The heat absorbed by the condenser is eventually rejec- ted to the atmosphere by one or more cooling towers. These cooling towers are perhaps the most visible component in the power system. The natural draft cooling tower shown is basi- cally a hollow cylindrical structure which circulates air and moisture to absorb the heat rejec ted by the condenser. Such cooling towers exist at most modern power plant sites.。
高级英语第三版第八课三杯茶翻译.docx
三杯茶（节选）-------- 格雷格 ?摩顿森，戴维?奥利弗 ?瑞林第十二章哈吉?阿里的教诲如果相信喜马拉雅山脉的一种“原始”文化能对我们工业化社会有任何教益，这或许似乎有些荒唐。
但是我们对成功的未来的追求需要不断反复地求助于我们之间与地球之间一种古老的联系，即古老的文化从未抛弃的一种互相联系。
-----海伦娜诺 ?伯格 ?霍奇①这些石头看上去更像是古老的废墟而不是新学校的建筑石材。
秋天的天气晴好无比，科尔飞乔戈里峰金字塔形的山峰高高地耸立着。
摩顿森站在布拉尔度河岸边一块平坦的高地上，眼前的景象使他感到沮丧。
②前一个冬天，当摩顿森离开科尔飞村时，他把固定帐篷用的木桩打进冻土，并系上红蓝两色编制的尼龙绳，来标记他心中有五间房子的学校的范围。
他留给哈吉?阿里足够的现金用来雇佣河流下游村庄的民工帮助开采和运送石料。
当他到达时，他希望看到至少学校的地基已经挖好。
然而事与愿违，他看见田地里推着两大堆石料。
③与哈吉?阿里视察工地时，摩顿森尽量掩饰他的失望之情。
他到达这里时事十月中旬，大约一个月前他告诉哈吉? ?阿里等他。
他想，这个星期他们应该在砌墙才对。
摩顿森按捺着怒气自责不已。
他不可能老是反反复复地到巴基斯坦来。
既然已经结了婚，他需要一个稳定的职业。
他想把学校盖好，这样他才可以规划将来一生从事是什么样的工作。
现在，冬天将再一次延误学校的建造。
摩顿森生气地踢起地上的一块石头。
4“怎么了？”哈吉?阿里用巴尔蒂语关切地问道。
“你的样子好像一头角斗的年轻公羊。
”5 摩顿森深深吸了一口气，反问对方：“为什么还没有开工？”6“格雷格医生，你回你的村子以后，我们讨论你的计划。
”哈吉?阿里说。
“我们一致认为，浪费你的钱雇佣芒均和阿斯科尔两个村子的懒汉是件愚蠢的事。
他们知道，学校正在由富有的外国人建造，他们就会出工不出力，争吵不休。
所以我们自己开采石料。
这项工作占用了整个夏天，因为村民不得不去当脚夫。
不过不用担心，你留下的钱还安安全全地锁在我家里呢。
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第八章空调与制冷8.1 空调空调是一个可以同时进行多种处理的组合过程。
它可以处理空气、输送空气并把空气送入被调空间中。
空调可以从中央设备或屋顶单元提供热与冷。
为了被调空间居住者的健康和舒适度，或者为了工业生产的目的，它还可以控制并保持预先设定的温度、湿度、空气流动、空气洁净度、噪音级别和压差。
HV AC&R是供热(Heating)、通风(Ventilating)、空调(Air Conditioning)和制冷(Refrigerating)的缩写。
在通常采纳的术语中，这些组合过程与现在定义的“空调”是相同的。
由于所有这些单个过程的发展要要比其完整概念的“空调”要早，所以业内也普遍使用HV AC&R这个词。
8.1.1 空调系统的分类根据其结构与运行特性，空调系统可分类如下：（1）独立型房间空调系统独立型房间空调系统或简单的独立空调系统采用一个单独、完全的房间空调器、一个整体式末端、一个独立的室内-室外分体机或一个热泵装置。
热泵可以从一个热源吸收热量，在较高的温度上，将这些热量排放给水或空气，用于供热目的。
与其他系统不同的是，这些系统通常在每个房间都采用一个完全独立的装置。
独立型空调系统可分为两类：1）房间空调器（安装在窗户上）；2）整体式末端空调器（PTAC），安装时与外墙有套管连接。
在工厂已组装的、准备使用的房间空调器包括以下重要部件：一个将处理好的空气增压并供给被调空间的蒸发器风扇。
在肋管式盘管中，制冷剂蒸发，在管内直接膨胀，并在制冷季节从周围空气中吸收热量，这也称为直膨式（DX）盘管，在采暖季节时，当热的制冷剂向被调节空间释放热量时，它的作用就相当于热泵。
一个用于清除空气中微粒的空气过滤器。
一个用来把制冷剂从较低蒸发压力压缩到较高冷凝压力的压缩机。
一个使制冷剂从高温气态液化为液态的冷凝器，并通过盘管和冷凝器风扇来释放热量。
一个能感知被调空间的空气温度，并采用温度调节装置，通过压缩机的起停，以控制制冷或供热能力的温度控制系统。
房间空调器与热泵型、整体式末端和整体式末端热泵型空调器的区别是：所有热泵型房间空调器都增加了四通换向阀。
有时房间空调器被分为两个分离部分：一个是包含着压缩机和冷凝器的室外冷凝机组；一个是室内空气处理器，它可以在更恰当的位置安装空气处理器，并减小室内压缩机的噪音。
可以采用单独房间的直膨式（DX）盘管来体现独立型空调系统的特性。
这是一种最简单和最直接的空气冷却方法。
大多数独立型系统都没有风道连接。
室外空气通过窗孔或一个小的挡风板引入室内。
独立型系统经常仅用在建筑物的围护区域。
（2）蒸发冷却式空调系统蒸发冷却式空调系统利用液态水蒸发的冷却效应来直接或间接地冷却空气气流。
它可以是工厂整体组合机组，也可以在现场安装。
当蒸发冷却器只提供冷却效应的其中一部分冷量时，它也可以作为中央液体循环系统或整体式机组系统的一个部件。
一个蒸发冷却系统由以下组成：进水室、过滤器、进气风机、直接接触或间接接触热交换器、排气风机、喷水室、再循环水泵和水池。
蒸发冷却系统与制冷剂冷却系统相比具有耗能低的特点。
它可以产生湿冷空气，并被广泛应用在美国西南干旱地区。
（3）除湿空调系统在除湿空调系统中，潜热制冷是由干燥剂除湿完成，显热制冷通过蒸发冷却或蒸发制冷进行。
因此，有相当部分的昂贵的蒸气压缩式制冷装置可用廉价的蒸发冷却装置代替。
除湿空调通常是除湿、蒸发冷却、制冷和干燥剂再生的组合系统。
在除湿空调系统中有两股气流：一股是工作气流，一股是再生气流。
工作气流可以是全新风气流，也可以是室外新风和室内循环空气的混合气流。
工作气流是经过处理的空气，它可以直接输送给被调空间或封闭的生产过程，也可以送往空气处理单元（AHU）、整体式机组（PU）或末端进行进一步的处理。
再生气流是一种高温气流，用于干燥剂的再生。
除湿空调系统通常由以下部件组成：旋转除湿装置、热管换热器、直接或间接蒸发制冷器、DX盘管和蒸气压缩式机组或水冷盘管和机组、风机、泵、换向器、控制装置、风道和管道。
（4）蓄冷空调系统在蓄冷空调系统或简易的蓄冷系统中，电驱动的制冷压缩机是在非尖峰时段工作的。
储箱内的冷冻水或储冰在尖峰时段用来给建筑提供冷却，在这段时间电力需求负荷和电能费用高。
蓄冷系统可以降低HV AC&R系统高的用电需求，并部分或全部地将高电能费用从尖峰时段转移到非尖峰时段。
蓄冷空调系统通常是一个集中式空调系统，采用冷冻水作为冷却介质。
除了空气、水和制冷控制系统外，该系统还有冷冻水箱或蓄冰槽、蓄冷循环泵及调节装置。
（5）洁净室空调系统洁净室或洁净空间空调系统适合于那些需要严格控制颗粒、温度、相对湿度、通风、噪音度、振动和空间压力的空间。
在洁净空间空调系统中，室内环境控制的质量直接影响着洁净空间内生产的产品。
洁净空间空调系统由空气再循环机组和补气机组组成，他们都包括调节风门、预过滤盘管、风机、高效颗粒空气（HEPA）过滤器、风道、管道工程、泵、制冷系统和除补气机组中的加湿器以外的相关控制。
（6）空间处理空调系统空间处理空调系统也称作空间空调系统。
该系统通过风机盘管、水源热泵或一些其他设备，它们在处理空间内或上面或靠近处理空间，实现冷却、除湿、加热和过滤。
风机盘管由一个小风机和一个盘管构成。
水源热泵通常由一个风机和一个翅片盘管来处理空气，一个水盘管在冷却时将热量排放到水回路，或在供热时从同一水回路吸收热量。
一个被调房间可运行一个或多个风机盘管。
通常，在建筑周边区域（外区）的各个控制区域采用小型的托架式水源热泵。
在建筑中心（内区），大型水源热泵利用风道为几个房间服务。
空间空调系统在被调空间中，进气风道通常很短，并且除了内区的大型水源热泵外，没有回气风道。
用来循环被调空间空气的压降，通常等于或小于0.6英尺水柱（WC）（150Pa）。
和单元式整体机组或中央水冷空调系统相比，空间空调系统节约了大部分用于输运回气和再循环空气的能量。
空间空调系统通常用作专用（独立）的室外通风系统，为被调空间的居住者提供室外空气。
空间空调系统通常具有比较高的噪音级别，并且在被调空间中，需要更多的定期维修。
（7）单元式整体空调系统单元式整体空调系统可以简称为单元式空调系统或整体式空调系统。
这些系统可以采用一个独立整体机组或两个分体装置。
独立整体机组包括风机、过滤器、DX盘管、压缩机、冷凝器和其他配件。
分体系统的室内空气处理单元由控制系统和空气系统组成，主要包括风机、过滤器和DX盘管，室外冷凝单元是制冷系统，由压缩机和冷凝器组成。
屋顶安装的整体式系统是最广泛应用的。
整体式空调系统可用于一个房间或多个房间。
进气风通常用来分配处理好的空气，采用DX 盘管冷却。
也可增加其它部件，使其按热泵运行，也就是一个集中式系统在供冷季节排除热量，在供热季节凝结热量用于供热。
有时在建筑周边区域，增加踢脚板式散热器或单元式加热器，作为整体式空调系统的一部分给周边区域供热。
由于具有集中式空气分配风道或集中式排热系统，所以采用大型单元整体式机组的整体式空调系统本质上是集中式系统。
整体式空调系统根据使用分为集成式、工厂装配的和作为准备使用整体式机组的主要设备，与中央水冷空调系统的冷冻水相比，采用DX盘管来冷却。
现代大型屋顶安装的整体式机组有许多复杂的部件和调节装置，在许多应用场合，它们也可以完成中央水冷空调系统的相似功能。
8.1.2 完整的系统在全空气供热和制冷系统中，能量和通风气流是通过风道在锅炉或空气处理器与被调空间之间传输。
全空气系统可适用于所有类型的舒适性和工艺性空调。
它应用于环境需要单独控制的建筑，以及有多种需求的区域，比如写字楼、学校和大学、实验室、医院、商场、酒店和轮船。
全空气系统也可用于任何要求精确控制温度和湿度的特殊场合，包括洁净室、计算机房、医院手术室和工厂。
通过一个独立的周边空气系统，或使用一个独立的周边踢脚板、再热辐射系统或热水、蒸汽和电阻加热的辐射系统，可以采用系统原先用来供冷的风道完成供热。
很多商业建筑内部不需要加热，而是只有一个周边供热系统来补偿建筑围护的热损失。
在那些仅在周边区域有供热需求，并由踢脚板散热器系统提供供热的时候，空气系统只提供室外空气必要的通风和加热。
图8-1是典型的商用全空气中央HV AC系统，图示了给通过空气处理器的气流增加能量或移除能量的主要设备。
右上部分的空气处理系统是下文将要提到的几种形式的一种。
系统的这部分通常能对空气进行加热、冷却、加湿、减湿、净化（可选）和将空气分配到一个或多个不同的被调空间。
空气处理系统还具有根据需要，吸入室外空气和排出室内空气的功能。
如图8-1所示，一种流体，通常是水，从空气处理器的冷却盘管将热量带走，再到一个或多个制冷机。
制冷机移除那种流体的能量，并使其温度降低，这样它就能返回到空气处理器，进行空气气流的再次冷却。
通过制冷机移除的热量用管内的水送到冷却塔，或内部制冷机，或远处的空冷冷凝器。
由于水能够经济地输运相对巨大的能量，制冷机和冷却塔可位于距独立的空气处理器较远的地方。
离心泵常常用于使流体在管内循环。
冷却塔和冷凝器位于室外、地面上或楼顶上，这样能量最终排放到大气中去。
可见冷却某一空间的净能流，从空间经回风风道送至空气处理器，再到制冷机，最后送至冷却塔，并被排放到大气中。
在需要空间供热时，流体将锅炉产生的能量送入空气处理器的加热盘管中。
这种流体通常是热水或蒸汽。
空气处理器循环的水，也可以选择采用锅炉产生的蒸汽来加热。
如图8-1所示，所采用的蒸汽-水换热器就是基于这个目的，它被称作换流器。
锅炉的燃料可以是天然气、液化石油气（LPG）、燃料油或者煤和木材等固体燃料。
图8-1 典型商用全空气HV AC系统中给空气处理器提供冷或热流体的设备示意图8.1.3 测试、调节、平衡测试、调节和平衡（TAB）是校核和调节建筑内所有环境系统的过程，以达到设计目的。
这个过程包括：（1）平衡空气和水的分配系统；（2）调节整个系统，以达到设计要求；（3）电气测量；（4）定量确定所有设备的性能；（5）验证自动控制系统的运转及操作顺序；（6）测量噪音和振动。
这些程序通过以下完成的：检验实际安装与设计是否一致，测量和确定系统流体流量是否达到设计要求，记录并报告结果。
有效的和高效的TAB工作需要有系统和详细的计划程序，并由有经验和有资格的人员来执行。
所有的工作，包括组织、设备校准和工作执行，都必须按计划进行。
空气侧的工作必须要和水侧与控制侧的工作相协调。
准备工作包括计划编制和编制所有程序进度、收集必要的数据（包括所有的变数）、数据评估、对所工作系统的学习、准备表格和展开初步的实地考察。
管道（风道）系统的空气泄露会严重降低性能，所以管道（风道）必须要设计、建造和安装，以减少和控制泄露。
在建造期间，所有的风道系统应密封，并进行空气泄露测试。