英文学术论文常用替换词
单词替换表
7月15日一战115（30+29+28+28)经验共享 (2012-09-02 22:24:14)转载▼
标签： 杂谈
像高分贴，很多考友很关注的都是学习技巧，对于考试怎么理解，亦或者来找模板的，不过其实无老师最为关注的还是这些高分考友的学习英语，而不是准备托福的方法，因为多年以来“高分=实力强”是一个颠扑不破的道理，因此这些高分考友是如何提升自己英语实力的，才是无老师最关心的。至于技巧这些东西，真的是汗牛充栋，太多太多了。今天分享的这篇考友的文章则是与众不同，虽然也有对于托福考试的理解，但是作者本身也花了很多的笔墨来描述自己是怎么学英语的，以及学习英语的心得。可以说很受启发，因此，无老师将两部分内容都转帖过来，但是出于私心，还是将英语的学习方法放在了前面，各位考友见笑了。^_^
key－>crucial/vital/consequential
old－>ancient
emphasis－>accentuate
devote to－>dedicate to
character－>trait/individuality/idiosyncrasy/personality
expect－>anticipate
大家都很喜欢的sss听写我只试过几次，但听写时会光顾着听词不去抓意思，所以很快就放弃了……sss本身还是很好玩的，特别是播音员Sophie Bushwick的奇怪口音。
另一个对提高听力很有帮助的资源是大名鼎鼎的TED（Tech,Entertainment and Design)演讲系列。语速不一，口音不一，甚至法国口音也会来。听这个我倾向于抱着享受创意的心态去听而不要太纠结于听力提高，你会发现这个系列的演讲实在都太有趣了。去youtube还是youku这个见仁见智了。youtube是首发站，资源全，youku搬运过来的只是很小一部分，缺点就是没有字幕。如果是在youku看我还是推荐开始把字幕遮住，听不懂了再回过头来看。
托福写作同义词替换词(全)
73
emotion
≈ sentiment
74
enemy
≈ opponent/ foe
75
narrow minds
insular minds（狭隘的头脑或者观念）
76
a way to do sth.
an approach to doing sth./ an avenue towards sth.
92
[派生] harmful
detrimental (adj.)
93
[派生] be harmful to
≈ pose a threat to
94
bad luck
Misfortune
95
trouble
adversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardship
96
crime
offense/ criminal act
4
sadness
sorrow/ grief
5
danger
hazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同一般) [派生] dangerous；hazardous
6
education
≈schooling（指学校教育，家庭教育则用upbringing/ parenting）[区分]家庭教育的两个词upbringing是从孩子的角度说的，比如children's upbringing；而parenting是从家长的角度来说，比如sensible parenting.
53
a thing that is necessary
a necessity
54
a thing that is new and interesting
paraphrase技巧例子
paraphrase技巧例子Paraphrasing（释义重述）是指用不同的措辞或表达方式来表达相同的含义。
这在写作、学术论文、或者进行文本转述时很有用。
以下是一些paraphrasing技巧的例子：1. 同义词替换：原文：The cat is on the mat.释义：The feline is on the rug.2. 更改句子结构：原文：The conference will take place in Paris next month.释义：Next month, the conference is scheduled to happen in Paris.3. 使用不同的形容词和副词：原文：She spoke loudly and confidently.释义：She spoke with a strong and assured voice.4. 变换时态：原文：The team won the championship last year.释义：Last year, the championship was won by the team.5. 改变从句的语序：原文：Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.释义：Despite the rain, they chose to take a walk.6. 加入或删除细节：原文：The painting depicts a serene mountain landscape.释义：In the painting, there is a calm landscape featuring mountains and rivers.7. 变化句子的语气：原文：He must finish the project by Friday.释义：It is imperative that he completes the project by Friday.8. 转换主动语态和被动语态：原文：The chef prepared a delicious meal.释义：A delicious meal was prepared by the chef.9. 使用近义词或短语：原文：The concept is difficult to understand.释义：Grasping the idea can be challenging.10. 删减或合并句子：原文：She has a habit of arriving late, which annoys her colleagues.释义：Her habit of arriving late is a source of annoyance for her colleagues.这些例子展示了paraphrasing的不同技巧，通过运用这些技巧，你可以更灵活地表达相同的意思，从而使文本更加多样化和富有表达力。
英语写作常用替换词
★形容词：1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated11. 流行的：popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive★动词：1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur7. 认为：think = assert= hold = claim = argue8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten★名词：1. 影响：influence= impact2. 危险：danger = perils =hazard3. 污染：pollution = contamination4. 人类：human beings= mankind = human race5. 老人：old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents10. 优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue11. 责任：responsibility = obligation = duty = liability12. 能力：ability = capacity = power = skill13. 职业：job = career = employment = profession14. 娱乐：enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment15. 孩子：children = offspring = descendant= kid★短语：1. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for3. 从事：embark on = take up = set about = go in for4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5. 大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good3: dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad,如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many. 注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
英文简历中的常用词汇
英文简历中的常用词汇able 有才干的，能干的adaptable 习惯性强的active 主动的，活跃的aggressive 有进取心的ambitious 有雄心壮志的amiable 与蔼可亲的amicable 友好的analytical 善于分析的apprehensive 有懂得力的aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的capable 有能力的，有才能的careful 办理认确实candid 正直的competent 能胜任的constructive 建设性的cooperative 有合作精神的creative 富制造力的dedicated 有奉献精神的dependable 可靠的diplomatic 老练的，有策略的disciplined 守纪律的dutiful 尽职的well--educated 受过良好教育的efficient 有效率的energetic 精力充沛的expressivity 善于表达faithful 守信的，忠诚的frank 直率的，真诚的generous 宽宏大量的genteel 有教养的gentle 有礼貌的humorous 有幽默impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的motivated 目的明确的telligent 懂得力强的learned 熟知某门学问的logical 条理分明的methodical 有方法的modest 谦虚的objective 客观的precise 一丝不苟的punctual 严守时刻的realistic 实事求是的responsible 负责的sensible 明白事理的sporting 光明正大的eady 踏实的systematic 有系统的rposeful 意志坚强的sweet-tempered 性情温与的erate 稳健的tireless 孜孜不倦的humorous 有幽默impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的motivated 目的明确的telligent 懂得力强的learned 熟知某门学问的logical 条理分明的methodical 有方法的modest 谦虚的objective 客观的precise 一丝不苟的punctual 严守时刻的realistic 实事求是的responsible 负责的sensible 明白事理的sporting 光明正大的eady 踏实的systematic 有系统的rposeful 意志坚强的sweet-tempered 性情温与的erate 稳健的tireless 孜孜不倦的个人资料常用词汇name 姓名in. 英寸pen name 笔名ft. 英尺alias 别名street 街Mr. 先生road 路Miss 小姐district 区Ms （小姐或者太太）house number 门牌Mrs. 太太lane 胡同，巷age 年龄height 身高bloodtype 血型weight 体重address 地址born 生于permanent address 永久住址birthday 生日province 省birthdate 出生日期city 市birthplace 出生地点county 县home phone 住宅电话prefecture 专区office phone 办公电话autonomous region 自治区business phone 办公电话nationality 民族；国籍current address 目前住址citizenship 国籍date of birth 出生日期native place 籍贯postal code 邮政编码duel citizenship 双重国籍marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚single 未婚divorced 离异separated 分居number of children 子女人数health condition 健康状况health 健康状况excellent （身体）极佳short-sighted 近视far-sighted 远视ID card 身份证date of availability 可到职时间membership 会员、资格president 会长vice-president 副会长director 理事standing director 常务理事society 学会association 协会secretary-general 秘书长research society 研究会工作经历常用词汇work experience 工作经历occupational history 工作经历professional history 职业经历specific experience 具体经历responsibilities 职责second job 第二职业achievements 工作成就，业绩administer 管理assist 辅助adapted to 习惯于accomplish 完成（任务等）appointed 被认命的adept in 善于analyze 分析authorized 委任的；核准的behave 表现break the record 打破纪录breakthrough 关键问题的解决control 操纵conduct 经营，处理cost 成本；费用create 制造demonstrate 证明，示范decrease 减少design 设计develop 开发，发挥devise 设计，发明direct 指导double 加倍，翻一番earn 获得，赚取effect 效果，作用eliminate 消除enlarge 扩大enrich 使丰富exploit 开发（资源，产品）enliven 搞活establish 设立（公司等）；使开业evaluation 估价，评价execute 实行，实施expedite 加快；促进generate 产生good at 擅长于guide 指导；操纵improve 改进，提高initiate 创始，开创innovate 改革，革新invest 投资integrate 使结合；使一体化justified 经证明的；合法化的launch 开办（新企业）maintain 保持；维修modernize 使现代化negotiate 谈判nominated 被提名；被认命的overcome 克服perfect 使完善；改善perform 执行，履行profit 利润be promoted to 被提升为be proposed as 被提名（推荐）为realize 实现（目标）获得（利润）reconstruct 重建recorded 记载的refine 精练，精制registered 已注册的regenerate 更新，使再生replace 接替，替换retrieve 挽回revenue 收益，收入scientific 科学的，系统的self-dependence 自力更生serve 服务，供职settle 解决（问题等）shorten 减低……效能simplify 简化，精简spread 传播，扩大standard 标准，规格supervises 监督，管理supply 供给，满足systematize 使系统化test 试验，检验well-trained 训练有素的valuable 有价值的target 目标，指标working model 劳动模范advanced worker 先进工作者介绍离职原因常用词汇for more specialized work 为更专门的工作for prospects of promotion 为晋升的前途for higher responsibility 为更高层次的工作for wider experience 为扩大工作经验due to close-down of company 由于公司倒闭due to expiry of employment 由于雇用期满sought a better job 找到了更好的工作to seek a better job 找一份更好的工作介绍业余爱好常用词汇hobbies 业余爱好play the guitar 弹吉他reading 阅读play chess 下棋play 话剧long distance running 长跑lay bridge 打桥牌collecting stamps 集邮play tennis 打网球jogging 慢跑sewing 缝纫travelling 旅游listening to symphony 听交响乐do some clay scultures 搞泥塑A Useful Glossary for Educational Background(教育程度常用词汇）education 学历educational history 学历educational background 教育程度curriculum 课程major 主修minor 副修educational highlights 课程重点部分curriculum included 课程包含specialized courses 专门课程courses taken 所学课程special training 特别训练social practice 社会实践part-time jobs 业余工作summer jobs 暑期工作vacation jobs 假期工作refresher course 进修课程extracurricular activities 课外活动physical activities 体育活动recreational activities 娱乐活动academic activities 学术活动social activities 社会活动rewards 奖励scholarship 奖学金excellent League member 优秀团员excellent leader 优秀干部student council 学生会off-job training 脱产培训in-job training 在职培训educational system 学制academic year 学年semester 学期（美）term 学期（英）supervisor 论文导师pass 及格fail 不及格marks 分数examination 考试degree 学位post doctorate 博士后doctor(Ph.D) 博士master 硕士bachelor 学士graduate student 研究生abroad student 留学生abroad student 留学生undergraduate 大学肆业生government-supported student 公费生commoner 自费生extern 走读生intern 实习生prize fellow 奖学金生boarder 寄宿生graduate 毕业生guest student 旁听生（英）auditor 旁听生（美）day-student 走读生简历中个人情况常用语:Position Desired:HR ManagerName: ******** Sex: Male/FemaleDate of birth:June2,1975 Address: *****Marital Status:Single/Married Post Code: 100001Height: 1.70M Weight: 50 kgPager: 191-2222222 Tel: 12321456Current AnnualSalary：50,000 RMB英文简历中介绍工作经验常用语■Dunphy & Reilly,Inc.Senior Internal AuditorConducted operational and financial audits of manufacturingsubsidiaries. Designed and implemented audit programs to test theefficiency of all aspects of accounting controls.Recommended changes and improvements to corporate anddivisional management.Trained and supervised staff auditors in all aspectsof accounting controls.Trained and supervised staff auditors in all aspectsof the audit engagement.Involved with corporate management in areas of acquisitionand corporate development.■DEVONSHIRE EQUIPMENT,INC,Loretto,PAStaff AuditorPlan,identify,and test controls;present findings and recommend actionsto management.Assist in the audits of New England,Northwest,NewJersey,Washington,D.C.,Southeast,and Great Lakes Districts and U.S.Areas General Ledger Group.■EMERSON ASSOCIATES,Wayne,NEoffice ManagerArrange logistics for office expansion and relocation.Establish office procedures and systems.Actuate/implement filing system,client billingsystem and bookkeeping.Order supplies;maintain inventory.Handle word processing and receptionist responsibilities.■Stevenson Data Systems,Los Angeles,CAComponents Evaluation EngineerResponsible for the characterization and evaluation of,and approvedvendors list for:Power supplies,oscillators,crystals,and programmablelogic used in desktop and laptop computers.Evaluated and recommendedquality componentsthat increased product profitability.Created and developed power supplytest plan used for evaluating third party power supplies.Interacted withvendors to resolve problems associated with components qualification. Technical advisor for Purchasing.Promoted to Engineerll.■Experience:1.Previous job____________________________________Position________________________________From______________to_______ 2.Present job________________________________________________________ Position________________________________From______________to________ Interests___________________________________________________________ Signature____________________________Date _________________________要求薪水常用语■My salary requirement is in the $100,000-$120,000range with appropriate benefits.I would be willingto relocate for the rightopportunity.■Thesalary required is 12,000 per month,living in the house.■I am quite willing to start with a small salary.■I am willing to serve on trial for some months at a smallsalary.■I got five thousand and five hundred per month.个人特长常用语:■Over eleven years of extensive computer/electronics experience.V ersedin both digital and analog electronicswith specific emphasis on computer hardware/software.Special expertise in system and componentwork supervisor responsible for installing/maintainingArcnet LAN system.Proficient in assembly and C programminglanguagesL.Excellent communication skills including written,verbal and interpersonal.■IBM:WordPerfect,Word for Windows;Maclntosh:Microsoft Word,FileMaker.■A T&T and Compaq PC's with Samna program;data entry,CRT,typing(55wpm)■Maclntosh:Pagemaker,Word.IBM and Macintosh.Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Word.■Maclntosh:Pagemaker,Word.IBM:WordPerfect,Excel and rBase.■Proficientin Microsoft Word,WordPerfect,Lotus 1-2-3,and Quark.Working knowledge of the French language.■Typing(60 wpm),Shorthand(60-70 wpm),WANG Word Processing,knowledge ofother word processing systems.Fluency in German,good verbal and writtencommunications skills.■Systems:Lexitron,PTS100,IBM Personal ComputerSoftware:WordStar,Accounting Plus,Symphony,Lotus1-2-3,WordPerfect,DOS,Microsoft Word■At school I won a scholarship and the first prize in speech contest.■I have received an ordinary English education,and have a slightknowledge of Spanish.I took a Spanish course in college.■I can write shorthand at the rate of 120 words per minute,andtypewriting at 55 words English.■At school I won a scholarship and the first prize in speech contest.英文求职信个人能力说明英文coverletter在表述了自己申请职位的原因之后通常要针对招聘方的要求或者qualification表述自己什么能力能与之匹配，继而胜任这一工作。
英语作文高级词汇替换
英语作文高级词汇替换As the world becomes more interconnected, theimportance of international cooperation has become increasingly apparent. In order to tackle global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and terrorism, countries must work together to find solutions. This requires a willingness to compromise, respect for different perspectives, and a commitment to common goals.One of the key benefits of international cooperation is the sharing of knowledge and resources. By working together, countries can pool their expertise and resources to develop more effective solutions. For example, in the fight against climate change, countries can share best practices for reducing emissions and invest in clean energy technologies. Similarly, in the fight against poverty, countries canshare knowledge about successful social programs andprovide financial assistance to those in need.Another benefit of international cooperation is thepromotion of peace and stability. By working together, countries can resolve conflicts peacefully and prevent the escalation of violence. For example, through diplomatic channels and international organizations such as the United Nations, countries can negotiate peace agreements and provide humanitarian aid to those affected by conflict.However, international cooperation is not without its challenges. One of the biggest obstacles is the issue of sovereignty. Countries are often reluctant to cede control over their own affairs to international organizations or other countries. Additionally, there are often disagreements over how to address global issues, with different countries having different priorities and perspectives.Despite these challenges, the benefits of international cooperation far outweigh the costs. In today's interconnected world, no country can solve global challenges alone. By working together, countries can achieve more than they ever could on their own. It is therefore essential that we continue to promoteinternational cooperation and work towards a more peaceful and prosperous world for all.。
常用的SCI替换词
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。
）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.5. a slice of, quiet a few 替换some.6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。
7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing(ly), growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。
所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly.13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful.14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer.15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very.16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable.17. indispensable 替换necessary.18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention.20. facet, demension, sphere 替换aspet.21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate,suggest, fear.22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.23. There are several reasons behind sth 替换…reasons for sth.24. desire 替换want.25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to.26. bear in mind that 替换remember.27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。
英文科技论文写作近义词替换词大全
英文科技论文写作近义词替换词大全Part 1AA band of= a herd of=a flock of 一群A range of=an array of= a list of= a collection of=a series of= a set of 一系列Accelerate=speed up加速Accomplishment=achievement 成就，完成Accomplish=achieve （V）完成，达成，成就Attend=participate in 参加Achieve=obtain=gain=access to sth 得到、获得Adapt to=integrate into使适应、融为一体Aim.n=objective=goal 目的Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调An array of=a list of =a set of=a series of 一系列Attempt to do=try to do=intend to do尝试作，想要作Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约Appreciation=interest 欣赏As a result=consequently=as a consequence=hence因此、从而As well as=and和As well=too也Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联Attach to=connect to=link to=serve与……相连接、附着在……上At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地Automatically ensure=guarantee确保BBe similar to=closely resembled =have something in common 相似Be used to=be devoted to专门用于Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊Briskly =rapidly=swiftly快速地CCalculate=measure 衡量Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐Chief=major=dominant=principle主要的Chronic=long term 慢性病的Complain=illness 病症Concern n. =focus关心的问题Concern v. =about 与……有关Concept =conception=notion=idea=understanding概念、理解Condition=regulate 调节Confront=encounter=in the face of面临Concern = care关心Consist of=comprise由什么组成Concur with sb=agree with sb 同意某人Contaminate=pollute=poison 污染Contend=assert=cliam断言Contribute to=result in=lead to=link to=responsible for导致Cooperate with=work with 与……协作Convert to=turn into 转为、转变为Crop up=crop out=come up 出现DDegenerated=underdeveloped退化Distract from= can not concentrate 使精力分散Deadly=fateful 致命的Diminish=decrease=shrink 减少Distort reality=far from reality=dishonest不真实的Distinction=difference=nuance 不同之处Distinct=distinguish=different=unique不同的Distinct variety of =different kind of=separate kind of不同的Distinguish=tell辨别Due to=because of由于Drawback=defect=ill缺点EEat=feed 喂食，进食Endanger=threaten 威胁Engage in=participate in=join in 参与Establish=set up建立Establish=find out=figure out=work out查明Evolvement=development=progress发展、发育Emphasize=stress 强调（v）Embark upon=start=launch开始Enlighten=illuminate=instruct=educate启蒙、给予知识Entire=whole 全部Exceptional=extremely 特别（特别好）FFail to do=failure to do=can not do没有能够做Far from=not at all根本不Fault=flaw=defect错误Form=shape=mould形成Foundation=basis基础Finance=sponsor=fund 提供赞助（金钱）Free=release=set free释放Frequently=often 经常GGreat milestone=impact=effect=influence对……具有很重要的影响力Grant=give授予Gas=petrol石油HHold=harbor=embrace拥有Halt=stop=hamper(v.) 阻止、使停滞Hurdle=barrier(n.) 阻碍IIdentical=the same一模一样Imitate=impersonate模仿Incline to do=tend to do倾向于做某事Indicate=show=suggest=signify=identify表明Identify=recognize鉴别In reaction to=respond to 对……起反应Interpret=illustrate解释Introduce to=import to引入KKey (a.)=important=significant=crucial=essential=play a vital/ an important part/role in重要的，关键的Key (n.)=approach=means=method=technique方法LLikelihood=possibility可能性Link-up=connection 联系MMaster=grasp 掌握Match sth to=assign sth to把……和……搭配起来Misconception=misunderstanding=mistaken view错误的理解Modify=change=alter修改、改变Manifestation=demonstration 显示、表明NNature=character=characteristics本质、特点Non-toxic= less poisonous=safe 无毒的、安全的Novel a.=fresh=new=up to date 新潮的、创新的Numerous= a number of 许多OOwing to=thanks to =contribute to多亏……，有赖于……PPattern=format形式，模式Pattern=design图案Pore over=study 研究Poisonous=toxic 有毒的Portray=describe描写塑造(v.)Portrait=description描写塑造(n.)Preserve=store 储存Prevailing=popular=prevalent 盛行的Present day=modern society 现代社会、现在时代Prodigious effort=enormous effort重大的努力Produce=trigger=generate=spawn=bring about=result=breed=spawn 激发、产生Provide=offer 提供Protect A from B =shelter A from B 使A不受B的侵害QQuestionnaire=survey 问卷调查RReadily=easily=accessible 容易地Reflect=consider考虑Relate to=understand=appreciate理解Rely on=depend on 依靠……Remarkable=extraordinary 特别突出的（好的事物）Replace=take the place of 取代Residue=remains=relics=relicts=ruins剩余物、废墟Resemble=like=as像SShow=reflect表现Significance=importance 重要性State=Situation=circumstance 状况,状态,情形Striking=noticeable值得注意地Struggle for=strive for 努力地争取Substantial=considerable 想当可观的Success=achievement=great outcome=great progress=huge development成功、成就Surprising=unexpectedly uncommon令人吃惊的TTake to=be used to=get used to 对……习惯Tale=story=fairytale 故事Talent=gift 天赋Tuition=formal teaching正式的学校教育Turn to=consult 寻求帮助、求助于Toxic=poisonous 有毒的UUnbiased=without prejudice 无立场、不带任何偏见的Up to=depend on/upon=rely on 由……决定Universal=popular普遍VVirtue=advantage=strength 优点好处WWork out=figure out=reckon 计算出、作出Part 21解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize 3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative, essential9认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10保护：Protect, conserve, preserve11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13要求：Request, demand, needs, requisition14消除：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away 15导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19 保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20急剧的：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably 21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23发生：Happen, occur, take place24原因：Reason, factor, cause25发展：Development, advance, progress26有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous27影响：Influence, impact, effect28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly 34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another anglePart 31. Concern with = relate to 与有关2. grow= increase= riseconcentrate on = focus on3. Under the title=name achievement =success4. tend to do sth = plane to do sth/ want to do sth5. be associated with = be connected with = be linked to 与……有关联6. approach = method = way = key intensely= extremely = very7. establish= found = set up establishment = organization8. offer sb sth =supply sb with sth =provide sb with sth= grant9. argument= disagreementwork = materpiece 著作10. contract = agreement合同，合约no= without = have no 没有11. chaos = mess 混乱monument= landmark里程碑12. help sb with = assist sb in doing sth=reach a hand to sb帮助某人作某事13. draw from = take fromleading = outstanding14. competitor= rival recognize as = look/assume asPart 41. dislike=distaste2. test = examine3. effect= impact=influencefrom…to = range from…to…4. ignore = neglectas per=according to5. unfold= carry on be reluctant to do=reject=refuse6. before = prior to7. predict = estimate =anticipateobey= abide by = comply with8. account for= explain= elucidate=illustrate in essence = in fact=indeed9. discrepancy=difference=shade forgo=give up10. context =environment=sircumstance=situation11. radical different=extremely different put another way=in other words12. sort out= find out= figure out plausible = reasonable12. fear=worrypollute = contaminate13. predict= anticipate=forecastoverstate = exaggerate14. in great number of = in _____ number ofactually=indeed15. disappear= extinct灭绝seem to do =assume to do16. solve = cope with=deal with解决accelerate = speed up17. impact = effect =influenceresponse to = react to18. opinion poll= survey reason = factor 原因、因素19. entitle= name overwhelming=dominant20. field =domain 学科领域oppose=against21. for example=such as=for instance=sayaltruistic=non-selfish22. lead to=result in 导致extremely=seriously 严重地23. perception = view 观点、看法association=society协会24. encounter with = face=confront面对postpone to=delay25. pressing=urgent紧急、急迫measure=solution=method解决方法26. key=crucial =significant=importmant关键、重要27. but=yet enormous importance=great/significant28. launch=startderive from = get from29. revert to= get back todistinction=identity30. immense =greatin the domain of=in the field of31. couple with = along withamass dollar=accumulate dollar32. essential feature = principleseize=grasp33. innovative=fresh drab=dull/single34. entirely=totallybe restricted to=be limited to35. needs=demand36. dub=call=name reflex=reaction/response37. result from=originate frombe critical for = be important to38. demanding=difficultretune=adjust39. seek for =search foroutlook=view40. figure out = find outtrack=follow41. in response to=respond to = react to42. prominence=importance revolution=invention43. in relation to= in association withsociety = association44. treatise=workfeature=characteristics45. commercial exploitation =commercializedo with=due to=because of46. objective = impersonal=impartialfoster=develop47. account=explanation=illustrationsubstantial=consider=enough48. be acknowledged=be realizedpilot program=trial program49. configuration=structurephenomenal=surprising50. make stride=make progressregardless of=despite of51. perpetuate=keep=maintainaccess to sth=get sth52. vital importance=extremely important53. rest=depositartificial=manmade54. make a comeback=return=re-enterbig=popular55. ignite=trigger a field of=a domain of56. encompass=unifyimply=indicate57. breakthrough=milestonearound the corner=is coming58. materialize=realizetide=trend59. agency=organizationreckon=deem60. approach=methodspot=find out61. boost=promoteprospect=future62. feature=portray elusive=pessimistic63. match up to sth=equal with impressive=great64. impact=effect=influencefragile=vulnerable65. indigenous people=native peopletend to=look after66. undermine=destroy=damageinevitable=unavoidable67. renaissance=revive for instance=for example68. operate=run69. failure=incidentrare=unusually70. tension=pressurecompression=pressure71. prime=get ready to doinclusion=impurity72. occur=happenanalyze=closely examine73. detect=examine74. trigger=produceinduce=encourage75. regardless=in spite of considerable=substantial76. important =crucial77. opinon=perspective, standpoint78. fame=prestige79. relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)80. force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do somethings/he does not want to),compel81. enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)82. Lonely=solitary(if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her83. small=minuscule(very small), minute84. praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)85. hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly86. difficult=arduous(if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)87. show=demonstrate(to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)88. avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it89. fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)90. always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)91. forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will neverchange or be changed)92. quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)93. expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)94. respect=esteem95. worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)96. cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)97. dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)98. nowadays=currently99. stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing) 100. part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)101. difficult=formidable102. strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)103. rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money) 104. approximately将近-nearly, almost105. dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)106. scholarship=fellowship107. attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)108. diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists ofmany different kinds of things)109. rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)110. despite=not withstanding(FORMAL)111. best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)112. sharp=acute(severe and intense)113. unbelievable=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen114. famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)115. ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned) 116. possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)117. of=necessary to118. without=free from119. about=concerning=related to120. 在…方面:in …ways=in …aspects/respects/perspectives121. 用…方法：in…ways=in…fashion=in …manner122. rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off123. poor = needy = impoverished124. good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous125. bad = detrimental = baneful =undesirable126. healthy = robust = sound = wholesome127. surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous128. energetic = dynamic = vigourous =animated129. 难的：difficult=troublesome=burdensome=thorny130. 不可或缺的：necessary=indispensable=inevitable=irreplaceable=unavoidable 131. 重要的：important=crucial, critical, essential, vital132. =be importance=be of cruciality=be of criticality= be of essentiality=be of vitality133. 巨大的：large=enormous, tremendous, considerable, appreciable134. 正确的（correct）=仔细的(careful)=arduous=assiduous 135. 有道理的：reasonable=rational and plausible136. 吸引人的：attractive=inviting and appealing137. 足够的：adequate and sufficient138. 日常：daily = day-to-day = everyday139. improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize140. solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 141. destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate142. develop = cultivate = foster = nurture143. encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur144. complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve145. destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize146. influence= impact147. danger = perils =hazards148. human beings= mankind = humane race149. old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 150. teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers151. education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing152. young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents153. responsibility = obligation = duty = liability154. 因素：cause, reason=factor, determinant155. 联系：relationship(relate A to B) =connection(connect A to B ) =association(associate A to B)156. 优点：advantage=benefit=superiority=merit = favorable aspects/respects/perspectives=undesirableaspects/respects/perspectives157.disadvantage=detriment=inferiority=defect=deficiency=unfavorable aspects/respects/perspectives=undesirable aspects/respects/perspectives158. enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment159. children = offspring = descendant = kidPart 51. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for3. 从事：embark on = take up = set about = go in for4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5. a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of6. 对…有益处：be good for.=do good to=be beneficial to=be advantageous to=be conducive to7. 对…有害处：be harmful/bad for =be detrimental to =be disadvantageous to =be pernicious to8. 集中精力于：focus on= concentrate on= concentrate/ fix/ focus one’s attention ondevote oneself todedicate oneself tocommit oneself toengage oneself inemploy oneself in9. 认为：think = argue, assert, contend, claim, maintain, notehold the viewpoint thathold the standpoint thathold the perspective thatharbour an idea/opinion thatembrace a view that10. 反对：be against=reject, object, oppose =be opposed to =become hostile to11. 支持：support=take sides with =advocate =lend support to =sing high praise of12. 导致：lead to=trigger =result in, bring about, contribute to=give rise to, give birth to, be responsible for13. (归咎于：be ascribed to=be attributed to)14. 发展(develop)，提高(increase)，改善(improve)=A 及物动词组promote, advance, enhance, reinforce 名词promotion, advancement, enhancement, reinforcement=B 不及物动词rocket, boom, flourish, prosper 15. 有：负面含义：suffer, run high risk of正面含义：boast, embrace16. 中性含义：face=be faced with=be possessed of面临，面对：be faced with=be encountered with=be poised on the brink of17. 破坏：destroy, damage=A decompose, destruct=B endanger, threaten=C impair, decimate, deteriorate=D exercise/practice/perform damage/danger…upon18. 阻碍：limit=A restrict, restrain, constrict, constrain=B obstacle, barricade=C smother, curb=D hinder, impede19. 下结论：make a conclusion= draw a conclusion that= reach a conclusion that= arrive at a conclusion that= hammer a conclusion that= crystallize a conclusion that20. 使用：use=employ, apply, adopt,=resort to21. innovate/ invent22. attend to/ take care of23. balanced/ equitable24. virtual (love)/ simulate25. small-scale小范围/ marginal边缘处的26. dialect方言accent腔调27. look like/ resemble28. chronic长期的,慢性的long-term长期的29. on-line /net/ cyber30. solely/ merely/ only31. deplete开采完，耗尽/ exhaust32. category-categorize/ class-classify?。
英文学术论文常用替换词
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.rosy ；adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。
）Adverse；adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.if not most:即使不是大多数5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some.a slice of:一片，一份6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。
harbor v/n庇护；怀有7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。
英语论文常用学术高级词汇
.增补(Addition)in addition另外, furthermore此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外, similarly, finally最后2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地3.对照(Contrast)whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless 然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while4.因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus5.强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, pr imarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illust ration.8.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary9.推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise10.时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of11.启承转合1)、启A proverb says...... At present.......As the proverb says.... Currently.....Generally speaking, .... Now,....In general, ..... On the Whole....It is clear that.... Recently.....It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......2)、承First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....In the first place, .........To begin with, ......... Of course, .........Also, ....... Similarly,.........At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......In addition,..... What`s more, ..........In fact........ It can be easily proved that...Meanwhile......3)、转But... Still, ......But the problem is not so simple...There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However,....... To our surprise,..........Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......On the other hand, .......Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....4)、合Above all, In brief, ........Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, .......In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........As a consequence, ......... In short, .........As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........To conclude, ...... Finally, ........To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ......1.individuals,characters替换(people ,persons)2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstan ding, superior替换good3。
英文论文高级替换词_让你的文章“亮”起来
有任何问题或建议请联系esub . 或 183381688【第一推荐】英文论文高级替换词，让你的文章“亮〞起来1. Big: gigantic, massive, colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic,giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky,2. ->many: numerous, myriad, infinite,3. ->forever (adv): infinity, eternal, timeless, everlasting，undying, endless, changeless,perpetually…4. Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny, little, petite 〔女子身高娇小〕5. Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished,remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming,stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome 6. Bad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor,substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful,ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral…7. Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smart8. Happy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful,9. Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet,adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging…10. Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning,11. +hurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot.12. Easy: simple, effortless, no trouble, painless, plain sailing, uncomplicated,undemanding, unproblematic, a piece of cake (informal), child’s play (informal),…13. Clear: obvious, apparent, blatant, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evident,manifest, palpable, plain, pronounced, recognizable, transparent, intelligible, lucid,plain, understandable, uninvolved, simple, …14. Direct: bald, basic, frank, naked, plain, sincere, stark, straightforward, candid,forthright, outspoken….15. Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, involved,knotty, perplexing, puzzling, thorny…16. Angry: annoyed, cross, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriated, irate,mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful...17. Dangerous: perilous, breakneck, chancy (informal), hazardous, insecure, precarious, risky, unsafe, vulnerable18. Think (that): hold the (opinion/ belief/ position/stand point/idea) that, assume, believe, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convinced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective...19. Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain, give an/a example (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point out, point toward…20. Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, discern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with,21. Get: acquire, attain, acquire, achieve, obtain, gain “学习〞不用learn22. Suggest: have a proposal in,23. Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advance…24. Impress: affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of,25. Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway,26. Stop: halt, cease, conclude, desist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate…27. Make: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, compel, constrain, drive, impel, induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require…28. Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide,supply29. Break：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatter, smash, snap30. Destroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastate, eradicate, shatter, wipe out,wreck, obliterate, weaken, undermine…31. Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, transpire32. Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma.33. Meeting: conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, convention,gathering session, assig nation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controversy…34. Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examination, analysis, consideration, contemplation, inspection, investigation, knowledge,scholarship…35. Advantage: ben efit, dominance, precedence, profit, superiority, merit…36. Disadvantage: shortcoming, weakness, inconvenience, drawback, deficiency, flaw, handicap (also v. 阻碍), downside, limitation.37. Life: existence, conduct, life style, way of life38. important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important)39. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)40. abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants)41. stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)42. neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention tosomething; ignore means no attention.)43. near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)44. pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)45. accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)46. vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)47. top=peak, summit48. competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)49. blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)50. opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)51. fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation52. build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish53. insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)54. complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)55. primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental56. relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)57. force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel58. enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)59. complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)60. Lonely=solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her61. small=minuscule(very small), minute,62. praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)63. hard-working=assiduous(someonewho is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly64. difficult=arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)65. poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)66. fragile=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)67. show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.)68. big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal(use this word, you emphasizesomething’s large), tremendous69. avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it.)70. fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)71. attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently72. dislike=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe(dislike very much)!73. ruin=devastate (it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)74. always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)475. forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed)76. surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound)77. enthusiasm=zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)#78. quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)!79. expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)80. luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive81.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)82. respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)83. worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)84. cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)85. hot=boiling(very hot)86. dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)/87. nowadays=currently88. only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive;89. stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)90. part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)91. result=consequence(the results or effects of something)92. obvious=apparent, manifest93. based on=derived from (can see or notice them very easily)94. quite=fairly95. pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)96. field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)97. appear=emerge(come into existence)98. whole=entire(the whole of something)899. wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)! 100. wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)101. difficult=formidable102. change=convert(change into another form)103. typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)104. careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)105. ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)106. strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or 107. /her opinion is different from most people)108. rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)109. use= utilize (the same as use)110. dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it. ) 111. satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and isfaction)112. short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time) 113. scholarship=fellowship114. angry=enraged(extremely angry)115. smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)116. ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)# 117. attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing canattract you a great deal)118. diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)119. disorder=disarray, chaos120. crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)121. rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)122. ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)123. despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)124. best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/125. sharp=acute(severe and intense)126. unbelievable=inconceivable(ifyou deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen ^127. puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)128. method=avenue(away of getting something done)129. famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)130. ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)131. decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive viadecorating it with something else)/132. possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved) 133. so=consequently, accordingly134. rare=infrequent (doesn’t happen often135. greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)136. a couple of years several years 几年137. abundant plentiful/ample/sufficient/adequate adj. 丰富的138. a myriad of a multitude of/a great variety of/a wide range of/a number of 许多〔都可接可数名词〕139. increase accelerate v. 加快140. accessible available adj. 可接近的141. accordingly for that reason/ consequently/therefore adv. 因此142. account for explain/interpret 解释 * He accounts for the missing items as lost.143. accumulate collect/accumulate/enhance/augment/extend/increase/stretch v. 积累，增加144. actually in reality/in fact adv. 实际上145. adhere stick v. 粘附146. adjunct addition n. 附属物147. administer manage vt. 管理148. admire think highly vt. 钦佩149. adorn decorate vt. 装饰150. advent arrival n. 〔指不寻常的人或事〕到来151. adverse negative adj. 不利的152. advocate proponent/supporter n. 提倡者153. aesthetic artistic adj. 美学的154. aid help n./vt. 帮助155. alert wary/wit adj. 机敏的156. allay reduce/roll back/decline vt. 减少157. alter change/shift/transfer/convert vt. 改变158. alternative option n. 另外的选择159. altogether completely/totally/wholly/utterly adv. 完全地160. amount sum n. 总和161. annihilate conquer/subjugate vt. 消灭162. antagonist enemy n. 对手163. anticipate look forward to vt. 预料164. apace with as fast as 齐头并进165. appealing attractive/intriguing/fancinating/inviting/tempting adj. 动人的166. apply to be used for 应用，适用167. appreciation recognition n. 欣赏，品味168. apt appropriate/suitable adj. 适当的169. arduous difficult/tedious/laborious adj. 费力的，困难的170. article object/item/stuff n. 物品171. ascend climb vt. 抬高，攀登172. assemble gether/put together/aggregate vt. 集合173. assortment variety n. 各种物品混合物174. assumption belief/hypothesis n. 假设，确定的想法175. attachment preference n. 喜欢，依恋176. attain achieve/acquire/obtain/gain/derive/get vt. 到达，获得177. attendant accompanying adj. 伴随的178. attire clothing n. 盛装，穿着179. attribute credit v * Mott's influence was so significant that she has been credited by somea authorities as the originator of feminism in the US.180. avail make use v. 有用181. avid for eager to/long for/look forward to 渴望182. avoid prevent/inhibit/hinder v. 防止，阻止183. barren infertile/fruitless adj. 贫瘠的184. besides in addition to/ moreover/furthermore adv. 除了…还有185. bias prejudice/discrimination n. 偏见186. bind tie/attach v. 捆绑，使结合187. boost raise/enhance vt. 增加，提高188. bound limit n. 围，限制189. boundary dividing line n. 分界限190. break departure from 破裂191. brittle fragile/easily broken adj. 易碎的192. burning flaming/scorch adj./n 燃烧的，燃烧193. calculate determine/numerate v. 计算194. carry support/sustain/uphold v. 支持，支撑195. carry on continue 继续196. cause bring about/lead to/induce/result in v. 导致，引起197. cease stop v. 停止，终止198. celestial astronomical adj. 天体的，天上的199. characteristic character/quality n. 特征200. charisma personal magnetism n. 个人魅力201. chronicle describe v. 记述202. classify categorize vt. 把…分类203. clear unobstructed adj. 畅通的204. clue information n. 线索，信息205. cluster group/concentrate n./v. 串，群，聚集，丛生206. coarse rough/crude adj. 粗糙的207. coin create/spawn vt. 创造208. coincide occur at the same time as/correspond vi. 〔事情〕等同时发生，相巧合209. * Our vaations coincided, so we traveled together.210. * Your account of the accident has little correspondence with the story. 211. collectively by group together adv. 集体地，共同地212. combine incorporate/fuse v. 联合213. come of age establish itself 到达法定年龄，确立自身地位214. comparable similar/equivalent adj. 相当的，类似的215. compel force vt. 强迫，使不得不216. competition struggle n. 竞争217. complimentary falttering adj. 称赞的218. component part/ingredient/composition/constituent/element n. 要素，成分，组成局部219. compose write vt. 作曲220. comprise consist of/constitute/make up vt. 包含，由…组成221. conceal cover/occult/hide/veil/ensconce vt. 隐藏222. conclusive definitive/decisive adj. 决定性的223. concomitant in conjunction with adj. 伴随的224. concrete specific adj. 具体的，实体的225. configuration arrangement n. 轮廓，构型226. confine limit/ restrict/fix vt. 限制，固定227. confirm uphold/sanction/ratify/prove/justify vt. 证实，使…更坚决228. conflicting opposing adj. 相冲突，相矛盾的229. conjectural based on guessing adj. 推测的230. connect relate v. 连接，联系231. consequence result/outcome n. 结果，后果232. conserve store/retain/preserve/maintain vt. 保存，保藏233. considerable large/substantial/much/great/vast adj. 相当可观的234. consistent constant adj. 一致的，稳定的235. consort associate vi. 陪伴，结交236. conspicuous noticeable/spectacular/marked/pronounced/apparent/obvious/strikingadj. 显著的，引人注目的237. consume eat vt. 消费，消耗238. contemporary existing adj. 当代的，现代的239. convergence gathering n. 聚集240. corresponding similarly adv. 相应地，对应地241. count weigh v. 有价值，有分量242. counteract negate vt. 抵消243. counterpart version n. 对应的人或物244. crisscross move back and forth vi. 穿插往来245. crucial fatal/vital/significant/important/key/remarkable/meaningful adj.重要的246. cumbersome burdensome/heavy/ponderous adj. 笨重的，难处理的247. dampen moisten vt. 使潮湿248. daring bold/fearless adj. 大胆的，勇敢的249. deadly extreme/exceeding/intense adj. 极度的,强烈的250. deft skilled/experienced/skillful/expert adj. 灵巧的，熟练的251. deliberate careful/meticulous adj. 审慎的，深思熟虑的252. demand require/call for/request/mandate v. 要求253. demise death n. 死亡254. demonstrate show/reason/elaborate vt. 演示，论证255. dense thick adj. 密集的，浓厚的256. depend on/upon rely on/hinge on(upon) 依靠,取决于257. depict portray/sketch/draw vt. 描绘，描写258. depress lower vt. 压低259. derived from based on 来源于260. detect feel/sense vt. 觉察,探测261. detectable measurable/apparent adj. 可觉察，可查明的262. devatate ruin/destroy vt. 毁坏263. devote dedicate/specialize in vt. 投身于，用于264. dictate determine vt. 规定，确定265. disaster catastrophe/tragedy/misfortune n. 灾难，不幸266. discard get rid of vt. 丢弃267. discrete separate/scattered adj. 离散的，不连续的268. dispute argument/debate n. 争论，纠纷269. disseminate spread/impart/peddle/bruit vt. 传播，宣扬270. distinct separate/different/distinguishing/diverse/dissimilar/varied adj. 明确的，不同的271. distinguish differentiate vt. 区别，识别272. divergence difference/dissimilarity n. 分歧273. document record vt. 证明，文件记载274. domain field/region/realm/scope/extent n. 领域，围275. dominate be pervalent in/govern vt. 统治，支配276. dramatic striking/drastic/radical/severe adj. 戏剧性的277. draw attract/lure/entice vt. 吸引,引诱278. durable long-lasting adj. 持久的279. dwelling house n. 住处280. eager enthusiastic adj. 渴望的281. efficiency effectiveness n. 功率282. elaborate detailed/ornate/pinpoint/exhaustive adj. 详尽的，精心〔过分〕装饰的283. elevate promote vt. 举起，使上升284. elicit bring out vt. 引出，得出285. embrace welcome vt. 拥抱，欣然承受286. emerge appear vi. 出现，浮现287. emit give off vt. 发出，放射288. emphasize stress/underscore vt. 强调，着重289. employ use vt. 使用290. enable allow/help/make possible v. 使能够，使可能291. enactment persformance n. 设定，制定292. encompass include/contain/embody vt. 包括，包含293. endless continuous adj. 无止境的294. engage in carry on 从事于295. entire whole adj. 全部的296. entity object n. 实体，存在297. equivalent interchangeable adj. 相等的，等同的298. eradicate eliminate/uproot vt. 铲除，杜绝299. essential fundamental/basic/chief/primary adj. 绝对必要的，根本的300. establish create v. 设立，创作301. estimate judge vt. 估计302. evidence indicate/testimony vt./n. 证明，说明，证据303. evolution development n. 开展，演变304. evolve develop v. 进化，开展305. exalted superior/optimal/best adj. 崇高的，高贵的306. excavate dig out vt. 挖出307. excellent /outstanding/splendid/brilliant/exceptional/remarkable/distinguished/prominent/ famous adj. 优良的，出色的308. execute administer/bring into effect/implement/carry out vt. 实施，执行309. exert cause vt. 行使，施加310. exorbitant expensive/costly adj. (价格)昂贵的311. expendable unprofitable/unnecessary adj. 不必要的,无利可图的312. extol praise/tout vt. 赞美313. extract remove vt. 拔出，榨取314. fabricate make/construct v 制作，装配315. faction side n. 派别，宗派316. faraway remote/over great distances adj. 遥远的317. fashion create vt. 造成318. favored preferred adj. 首选的，优惠的319. feed nourish/rear/raise v. 喂养，饲养320. firm hard/steadfast adj. 坚决的，结实的321. fixture commonplace object n. 固定设备322. flourish thrive/grow well vi. 繁荣，茂盛323. forage feed n. 饲料324. foremost leading adj. 最先的，最重要的325. formidable difficult/powerful/overwhelming/staggering adj. 可怕的，困难的326. frame pose vt. 提出，制定327. framework structure n. 构架，骨架328. free release/unravel v. 解除，释放329. frustrate thwart v. 挫败330. fuel source of energy n. 能源，燃料331. functional usable adj. 功能的，有用的332. furnish provide vt. 装备，提供333. gambit maneuver/tactic/policy/calculated risk/strategy n. 策略，谋略334. gap opening/separation n. 缺口335. glance brief look/browse n. 瞥视，浏览336. glowing shining/sparkling adj. 白热的337. goal end/destination/purpose/intent n. 目标338. gradually by degrees adv. 逐渐地339. graphic vivid/dramatic adj. 图解的，生动的340. grumble complain/repine v. 抱怨341. guarantee ensure/pledge/assure vt. 保证342. hardiest most vigorous adj. 最强壮的343. heart center/hub n. 中心344. hemisphere sides n. 半球，半脑345. henceforth form that time on 从此以后346. herald announce/declare/proclaim/note vt. 宣布..消息347. hinterland region n. 腹地348. identical exactly alike adj. 同一的，完全一样的349. ignite set on fire/spark v. 点燃350. imitate copy vt. 模仿351. immunity protection n. 免疫性352. immutable unchangeable adj. 不变的353. imperceptibly subtly adv. 不可觉察地，极缓慢地354. implement tool/apparatus/instrument n. 工具，乐器355. implication significance/meaning n. 意义356. impose demand vt. 把…强加于357. incacessible unreachable adj. 难到达的358. inception beginning/outbreak n. 开端，发作359. incinerate burn up v. 烧成灰烬360. incise carve/cut/chop/slice/shear vt. 切割361. inclination preference n. 倾向，嗜好362. incriminate blame/accuse vt. 归罪，控告363. indigence poverty n. 贫乏，穷困364. induce cause/court/lure vt. 诱使，促使365. influx arrival n. 流入，聚集366. initiate start vt. 开场，发起367. innovation new idea/reformation n. 改革，创新368. insignificant unimportant/trivial adj. 不重要的369. instance case n. 实例，例证370. insult affront/humiliate vt. 侮辱371. integral essential adj. 构成整体必需的372. intermittent periodic adj. 间歇的，断断续续的373. interval period n. 间隔时间374. intervention influence/interference n. 干预，介入375. intimate close adj. 亲密的376. intricate complex adj. 复杂的，总和的377. invade move into/aggress vt. 侵略378. lament complain about vt. 为…悲哀379. lie be located v. 位于380. load weight/task n. 重担，重任381. location place/spot/site/locality n. 位置，地方382. locate pry off vt. 找出定位383. magnify intensify vt. 放大，扩大384. major principal adj. 主要的，大型的385. manage preside over/oversee v. 负责，统辖386. margin edge n. 边缘387. means method n. 方法388. merely only/barely/solely adv. 仅仅389. meteoric rapid adj. 迅速的390. minuscule tiny adj. 极小的391. misconcept misapprehend/misconceive vt. 误解392. modify revise/change vt. 修改393. momentarily briefly adv. 短暂的394. monopolize dominate/preempt v. 垄断，独占395. motif thesis/design n. (作品)主题，主旨396. mundane ordinary/mediocre adj. 平常的，普通的397. myriad many/infinite adj. 无数的398. * the myriad activity of the new land/ myriad topics399. nap sleep briefly n. 打盹400. * take a nap401. nascent immature/fledgeless adj. 新生的402. nevertheless however adv. 然而403. norm standard/criteria n. 标准，规404. note abserve v. 注意到405. notwithstanding despite/in spite of prep. 尽管"* The teams played on, notwithstanding the rain./ Weproceeded, notwithstanding./ Notwithstanding his objections the marriage took place / She went swimming yesterday notwithstanding (that)her mother told her not to."406. noxious harmful/deleterious adj. 有害的407. obstacleimpediment n. 阻碍408. oscillate swing v. 摇摆震荡409. outline summarize v. 总结，概括410. partitioning division n. 划分411. peak maximum/apogee/zenith/vertex n. 顶点，最高点412. peculiar strange/fantastic/exotic adj. 奇异的413. penetrate go through/infiltrate v. 穿透，渗透414. perfect ideal adj. 完美的，理想的415. period era/epoch n. 时代416. periphery outer edge n. 外围417. permeate spread through/saturate/soak vt. 弥漫，渗透418. persist continue vi. 坚持，持续419. pertinent relevent adj. 相关的，切题的420. phenomena events n. 现象421. pick up follow/trace v. 寻找，寻路422. picture image n. 图片423. pit hole n. 坑，地坑424. plunge drop vi. 跳进，投入425. pore hole n. 小孔，气孔426. portable easily moved adj. 便携的427. position job n. 职务428. postulate suggest vt. 要求，假设429. potential possible adj. 可能的，潜在的430. precarious uncertain/unstable/insecure adj. 不稳定的，危险的431. preceding prior to/ahead of 在前的432. predecessor ancestor/antecedent n. 前辈，前任433. preferable favored adj. 更好的，更可取的434. preoccupation involvement n. 当务之急，全神贯注的状态435. presumably probably adv. 据推测，可能436. prevail dominate v. 成功，统治437. prevailing most frequent/dominant adj. 流行的，盛行的438. prized valued/precious adj. 贵重的439. probe explore v. 调查研究440. progressive forward looking adj. 前进的，累进的441. projecting protruding adj. 突出的，伸出的442. prolific productive/fruitful adj. 多产的，多结果443. prospect possibility n. 前景，期望444. prototype model n. 原型445. puncture pierce vt. 刺穿，戳破446. pursue chase v. 追赶447. rather than instead of 相反的448. raw unprocessed/crude adj. 未加工的449. readily easily adv. 容易地，欣然地450. realization awareness/consciousness n. 意识451. reap accept vi. 收割，收获452. reckless irresponsible/rude/imprudent adj. 轻率的，鲁莽的453. recruit enlist vt. 征兵454. refreshing unusual adj. 使人耳目一新455. regardless of no matter what 不管，不管456. reliance dependence n. 依赖，依靠的人或物457. renounce reject/refuse/turn down/decline v. 拒绝，声明放弃458. representative typical adj. 典型的，有代表性的459. reputation good name n. 名声460. resemble be similar to vt. 像，类似461. resourcefulness ingenuity n. 足智多谋462. revere respect vt. 尊崇，尊敬463. revitalize bring new life to v. 新生464. robust strong adj. 强壮的465. rot decay/erode/decompose v. 腐烂466. rotate alternate/turn v. 轮流，〔使〕旋转467. roughly approximately adv. 概略地，大致地468. rudimentary undeveloped adj. 初步的，未发育完全的469. run operate/manipulate v. 操纵470. rupture burst/break out v. 破裂，裂开471. rushing rapid adj. 急流的472. sanitation health n. 〔公共，环境〕卫生473. scale measure/grade/rank/order/caste n. 等级，规模474. scarce rare adj. 缺乏的，稀有的475. scatter irregularly distribute v. 分散476. score musical compositions n. 乐谱477. scurry rush v. 急赶478. secondary ancillary adj. 次要的，伴随的479. secure safe adj. 平安的480. sedentary inactive adj. (人或动物)土生，不移栖的481. sentiment opinion/viewpoint/standpoint n. 意见，观点482. serve as function as v. 充当483. set establish v. 确定，安置484. settle decide v. 决定，解决485. settled stable/standing/not flowing adj. 固定的486. shield protect/safeguard v. 保护487. suspicion doubt n. 疑心488. skyrocket increase rapidly/boost/increase sharply/accelerate/surge vi. 猛涨489. * The prices skyrocketed490. snap break v. 突然折断491. solemn serious adj. 庄严的，肃穆的492. sort out speparate/pick out/select/opt for v. 挑选出493. span cover vt. 跨越494. spark bring out vi. 发起，激起495. speculate hypothesize v. 推测，沉思496. standard customary adj. 标准的497. staple basic element/necessities n. 主要产品，日常必需品498. stimulate encourage/ferment/foster/spur/stimulate/incite/urge v. 刺激，激发499. story level n. 楼层500. strain stress v. 过滤，拉紧501. strength basis n. 实力，根底502. stringent strict adj. 严厉的503. strive try/struggle v. 奋斗，努力。
本科英语毕业论文文献检索指导
本科英语毕业论文文献检索指导文献检索是本科英语毕业论文中非常重要的一环，它对于整个毕业论文的质量和水平起着决定性的作用。
本文将向读者详细介绍如何进行文献检索，帮助读者在毕业论文写作过程中更加有效地查找相关文献。
一、选择文献检索工具在进行文献检索之前，我们需要选择适合自己的文献检索工具。
目前，常用的文献检索工具有以下几种：1. 国内外学术期刊数据库：如CNKI、维普、万方、JSTOR、EBSCO等。
2. 学术搜索引擎：如Google Scholar、Bing Scholar、Scopus等。
3. 图书馆网站：许多大学和公共图书馆都有自己的图书馆网站，提供了丰富的文献资源，可以充分利用。
二、选题与关键词的确定在进行文献检索之前，我们需要确定好文章的选题和相关的关键词。
选题和关键词的明确和准确性对于后续的文献检索起着关键作用。
选题时，需要考虑文章的主题、范围和研究目的等因素，同时避免过于宽泛或过于专业化的选题。
而关键词的确定则需要将选题的主旨和相关领域的名称、术语等予以结合，以便于进行准确的文献检索。
三、关键词组合的技巧在进行文献检索时，我们除了要选好关键词外，还需要掌握一些关键词组合的技巧，以提高文献检索的效率和准确性。
具体而言，可以采取以下几种方法：1. 同义词替换法：将选定的关键词通过同义词替换法进行扩充，从而扩大检索范围。
2. 词语连接法：将关键词通过and、or、not等逻辑运算符进行有效的组合，以实现复杂的检索查询。
3. 限制词汇法：利用文献检索工具中的“限制检索”功能，对检索所得结果进行限制，以提高检索结果的相关性和准确性。
四、文献检索策略在进行文献检索时，我们还需要掌握一定的文献检索策略，以更好地完成文献检索任务。
具体而言，可以采取以下几种文献检索策略：1. 多种文献检索工具的结合使用：在进行检索时可以尝试多种文献检索工具的使用，以扩大检索范围，增加文献检索结果的获取渠道。
2. 时间和语言限制：在进行文献检索时需要结合论文的研究时期和相关的语言限制进行检索，以保证检索结果的相关性和实用性。
英语四级作文替换词
英语四级作文替换词The Importance of Vocabulary in English Learning。
As we all know, vocabulary is a crucial component of English learning. It is like the building blocks of a language, without which we cannot construct meaningful sentences or express our thoughts clearly. Therefore, expanding our vocabulary is essential for improving our English proficiency.Firstly, a rich vocabulary enables us to understand English texts and speeches better. When we encounter unfamiliar words, we may not grasp the meaning of the whole sentence or paragraph. However, if we have a broad vocabulary, we can infer the meaning of new words from the context and comprehend the message more easily.Secondly, a wide range of vocabulary facilitates our communication in English. When we speak or write, we need to choose the appropriate words to express our ideasaccurately and effectively. If we have a limited vocabulary, we may struggle to find the right words or resort to using vague or repetitive expressions, which can hinder our communication and cause misunderstandings.Thirdly, a diverse vocabulary enhances our languageskills and cultural awareness. English is a global language spoken by people from different countries and backgrounds. By learning new words, we can not only communicate with more people, but also gain insights into their cultures and perspectives. Moreover, a varied vocabulary enables us to express ourselves in different styles and registers, suchas formal, informal, academic, or colloquial.Therefore, it is crucial for English learners to devote time and effort to expanding their vocabulary. There are various ways to do so, such as reading extensively, memorizing word lists, practicing with flashcards or apps, and using new words in context. By doing so, we cangradually enrich our vocabulary and improve our English proficiency.。
托福写作同义词替换词(全)
同义词替换词国内考生常用的表达更得分的表达方式名词1things that one tries hardto do one's undertakings/ one's commitments2The fact is that⋯The reality is that⋯3joy happiness/delight/ enjoyment4sadness sorrow/ grief5danger hazard/ peril ( 后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同一般 ) [派生 ] dangerous； hazardous≈schooling （指学校教育，家庭教育则用6education upbringing/ parenting）[ 区分 ]家庭教育的两个词 upbringing 是从孩子的角度说的，比如children's upbringing；而 parenting 是从家长的角度来说，比如 sensible parenting.如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过不停轮换使用 advertisement/ advertising有多郁闷。
其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类7advertisement/ advertising 细化，比如 commercials（电视或者互联网上的广告）， flyers（传单广告，北京最常见的形式就是“ 135****，办证”）， billboards （大幅的广告牌）或者 non-profit advertisements=public-interest advertisements （公益广告）8car Automobile9economic crisis economic meltdown（很接近） /recession（这个一般仅仅还是衰退） /the Great Depression （这个则是特指 1929 年开始的那次了）10famous people celebrities （单数为 celebrity）11human beings（备考生使humanity（注意这个词的单数指人类，复数用过多）指人文学科） /the human race12wealth fortune(s)（ fortune 作财富的意思时可以加复数）13[ 相关 ] rich wealthy/ affluent (adj.)14skill≈注意这个词的正确解释是技能technique(或者方法，而不是 technology 科技 )15[ 派生 ] skilled adept/ adroit (adj.)16 method methodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的词，基本就是method的故作高深版）17field18understanding of19choice20cooperationbasic structure in a city or 21a country22tiredness for a long time 23is a must of24the Internet25honesty26strong belief27aim28worries29influence30influence on each other31many different kinds ofwrong ideas held by many 32people33fame34range35sense36part37wise38gapa system for a particular 39purpose40 a solution to sth.41bad students42bad behavior sphere/ domain/ arena≈grasp of/ commandof Option≈collaborationInfrastructureFatigueis a prerequisite for （是⋯⋯的必备先决条件）≈the information highway(一篇考生作文里Internet 被使用十几次是常事儿 )≈integrityfaith (in)Intentionanxieties (是的，这两个词的确都可以加复数）impact/ repercussion/ implicationmutual influence（类似的表达还有 mutual respect, mutual trust和 mutual understanding/ interaction between A and B/ interplay between A and Ba variety of a⋯wide/ array of ⋯ /ideawrange ⋯of ⋯Misconceptionsprestige/ sterling reputation≈spectrum≈recognitioncomponent （这个词不仅指零件，在学术写作中也经常指“部分”）[相关 ] sensible (adj.)Disparity≈ a mechanism for ,a remedy for sth. （生活中经常指一种病的治疗方法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问题的解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同）≈unruly students/ disruptive students unethical behavior/ immoral behaviororganizations that help43poor people44difference45[ 派生 ] be different from 46person47personality48businesses49prices that are too high50 the rate of⋯51 intense enthusiasmcultural globalization（有52过多人使用这个词）53 a thing that is necessarya thing that is new and54interesting55 a thing that is rarethings that people are not 56sure about57 a world language58friends59relaxation60self-respect61respect sb./ sth.62 [ 反义 ] look down on⋯63self-control64criminal65prisoner66drinkspeople who walk on the 67street68 old generations in historya person who benefits69from sth.a disease that spreads 70quicklya very unpleasant way of 71lifea task that requires lots of 72effort73emotion74enemy charities/ charitable organizations Distinctionbe distinct from (adj.)Individual≈dispositionenterprises（这里指企业）exorbitant pricesthe incidence of （⋯后面一般跟坏事儿，比如 unemployment/ crime/ a disease） zeal/ passionglobal cultural homogenizationa necessitya noveltya rarityUncertaintiesa universal languageCompanions≈recreation≈self-esteem and dignityhold sb./ sth. in high regardtreat ⋯ with contempt despise=(v.)self-disciplineConvictInmate≈alcoholic beveragesPedestriansAncestorsa beneficiary of sth.an epidemic（注意这个词虽然是 -ic 结尾，却不是形容词）Misery adj-> miserablean arduous task≈sentiment≈opponent/ foe75narrow minds insular minds （狭隘的头脑或者观念）76 a way to do sth.an approach to doing sth./an avenue towards sth.77hobby≈ pastime / diversion78progress progression （经常指抽象的进步，比如写关于 society/ career/ technology的话题）79failuresetback（注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）80importance significance（当你用了一次 importance 之后，第二次不妨用这个）81duty obligation（用于比较重要的责任）82difficulty hindrance/ impediment/ hurdles83pressure from yourclassmates peer pressure84citizens who can work labor force/ workforce（都是总体概念，而且注意后面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格）85problems or diseases thatexist for a long time persistent problems/chronic diseases86a life without regularexercise a sedentary lifestyle87resultconsequence（表示消极的结果更多一些）88thoughts≈ considerations89the lack of knowledge ignorance （注意在地道英文里，这个词经常并不表示“忽视”，而是表示“无知”）90harm (n.)adverse effectdamage destroy/ ruin （这两个词比 damage程度更重）spoil（后面跟 the cityscape/ scenery/91harm (vt.)environment） undermine （后面跟抽象概念，比如 stability/ social order/ harmony）jeopardize （后面跟抽象概念，比如 one's future/ one's career）tarnish （后面跟 one's reputation/ image）sap/ dampen（后面跟 one's enthusiasm/ interest/ confidence）92[ 派生 ] harmful detrimental (adj.)93[ 派生 ] be harmful to≈ pose a threat to94bad luck Misfortune95trouble adversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardship 96crime offense/ criminal act97youth crime≈ juvenile delinquency98criminal offender/ ≈ culprit/ ≈ perpetrator99serious crime heinous crime/ felony100 a minor crime a misdemeanor101shortage (of)scarcity (of)/ dearth (of)102the only one an exception103places where animals live Habitat形容词104worrying≈ disturbing105very popular prevalent/ ubiquitous106TRUE genuine (truly a genuinely)107deep profound （深刻的，后面经常跟 wisdom/ truths/understanding/ impact/ thoughts）108strong powerful/ mighty109weak≈ vulnerable110hard-working industrious（注意不是 industrial，而 diligent 那个词在美语中是个挺大的词）111very disappointing Lamentable可悲的 / pathetic112be good (for)be beneficial (to) = be in the best interests (of) 113be not as good as be inferior to114be better than be superior to115uninteresting mundane （注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并116many不是“世俗的”意思 /humdrum（注意要跟可数名词）numerous117complicated Intricate118strange odd/ bizarre/ eccentric（单 weird 有点过于口语化了）119cannot be turned back be irreversible 120produce useful results Productive 121practical≈ realistic122mature sophisticated （这个词指人的时候意思是思维成熟老练的）123selfish self-centered/ materialistic/ego-centric 124proud （贬义）Conceited125suitable Fitting126most suitable Optimal127lonely isolated/ alienated128alone Solitary129be easily influenced by be susceptible to sth. （一般是坏事情，比如 a sth.disease/ attacks）130is better than is superior to131not as good as ⋯is inferior tobe identical/ be homogenous/ be uniform（后面两132be the same 个词比较正式，一般是说 cultural globalization 的时候常用，现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫school uniforms 了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服）133interesting≈ stimulating134boring≈ monotonous/ repetitive135useless Redundant136smart Intelligent137famous Renowned138positive≈ desirable/ encouraging139happy Delighted140enjoyable Delightful141can be used be available142hard to understand bewildering/ baffling/ confusing143(laws/ rules/ people)not strict Lenient144healthy wholesome（注意说人的健康还是要用 healthy，但是如果说事物有益健康，就可以用wholesome）145good for the eco-friendly（比如 Biking is far more eco-friendly envrionment than driving their SUVs.）146nervous/ anxious≈ apprehensive147doubt sth.be skeptical about sth.148fair≈ justified149unfair≈ unwarranted/ unjustifiable150huge enormous/ massive/ vast/ colossal151small tiny/ miniscule （后面一般跟抽象名词）152have many differentabilities be versatile/ be well-rounded153be familiar with be well-acquainted with154very successful/admirable Distinguished155proper Appropriate156typical quintessential （这个语气非常强）157exact precise/ ≈ accurate158ugly Unsightly159poor-quality160the present ⋯161outdated162highly-respected163complete(adj.)/ whole 164spend a lot of money165open166sth. must be carried out167with long history168continuing forever169important170very attractive171very careful172be very interested in 173be qualified for174disappointing175wronglong and a bit176annoying177 very difficultbeing spread in178uncontrolled way179cruel180fat181having wrong opinions182including many things 183enough184too much185very little substandard(housing/ accommodation/work/ goods/ machines)the current ⋯ / the existing（比如⋯thecurrent financial crisis/ the existing environmental problems)antiquated/obsoleteEsteemedEntirelead an extravagant/ a lavish lifeenlightened/ progressive （开明的，逐步的，经常用来形容 govern-ment 或者 society）sth. is compulsory/ sth. is mandatorytime-honored（后面经常跟抽象名词，比如 tradition/ practice/ methods/ heritage）Perpetualsignificant essential vital( 这三个词的重要性依次递增 )very appealing/ fascinating/captivating Cautiousbe absorbed in/ be engrossedin be eligible forFrustratingErroneousLengthydaunting/ formidablerampant （后面经常跟负面现象，比如 crime, pollution 或者 discrimination）≈inhumane/ mercilessoverweight/ obese（后面这个已经胖出病了）skewed/ biased（这两个词一般在IELTS 媒体类话题使用，表示“有偏见的”）comprehensive （综合的，全面的）adequate/ sufficient/ ample/ abundant（注意这四个词的语气是逐渐递增的 )Excessiveminimal （注意不是 minimum ）186cause bad effects187strict188urgent189quiet counterproductive （其实地道英文写作里这个词不见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都可以写它 counterproductive)stringent（后面一般跟 laws, measures或者 rules）pressing (problems)tranquil and serene（美语中这两个词经常可以连在一起用）动词190make sth. strong191make sth. weak192make sth. better193make sth. worsecontrol⋯(a negative 194trend)195stop196manage sth.197appear198die out199fail to see200set ⋯free201beginnarrow/ bridge the gap 202between A and B(注意这里 bridge 作动词）203be forced to do sth.keep complaining204about sth.205try hard to do sth. 206do sth.207do not do sth.208carry out209turn ⋯into ⋯strengthen/ fortify/ reinforce/ consolidate sth. weaken/ erode （侵蚀）enhance/ better（很少看到国内考生用 better 当动词，其实在学术写作中 better sth是.挺常见的表达）aggravate/ exacerbate sth.curb ⋯ (crime/ pollution/ economic recessions) Cease≈regulate sth./oversee sth.emerge/ arise（后者的主语一般是抽象概念，比如debate） goextinct neglect/overlookrelease (prisoners/ stress)commence/ initiate (后者跟抽象概念更多，比如 initiate the conflict)[反义 ] widen the gap between A andB be compelled to do sth.grumble about sth.≈pursue sth.(one's goal/one's career/business interests/ maximum profit/ hegemony)≈perform/ conduct （注意这里的 perform 不是“表演”而是“从事”）refrain from doing sth.Implementconvert ⋯to/ into⋯210decrease decline/ dwindle（特指逐渐缓慢的减少） / dip/ slip(后两个词用来指短促的下降 )211make a crime commit a crime（注意作文中不要用 make a crime 这样不地道的英文）212commit a crime againrevert to crime （这里的 crime 作不可数名词）213punish Penalize214[ 派生 ]punishment Penalty215spread propagate/ disseminate（这两个词后面经常跟information/ ideas/ belief 这类名词）216develop fast flourish/ thrive217develop （这里作“培养”的意思cultivate/ foster/ nurture（这三个词后面经常跟和教育有关的名词，比如 an interest in social issues）218[ 相关 ]fast-developing 219accept220build Burgeoningadopt（注意这个词不是 adapt适应，而是接纳，采纳的意思）Construct221 gather garner，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且略有贬义，比如 garner funding, garner support during the UN climate conference at Copenhagen222measure 223teach sth. 224start225support gauge, 比 measure稍正式一点≈impart sth ./ inculcate sth.（注意如果teach 后面是人则不要替换）initiate 多用于政府类话题espouse，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有动词champion（作动词不是冠军的意思了）和动词 sanction（它作名词则变成了“制裁”）226praise227support228prove/ confirm 229create ≈compliment/ extol （后面这个语气很强）≈buttress/ bolsterVerifygenerate（一般是大规模的产生，比如 generate employment opportunities/ generate tax revenue/ electricity) breed（一般是产生消极的东西，比如conflict/ crime/ resentment） spawn（一般是产生新事物，比如 spawn inventions/ innovations）230use231use⋯again232work hard233get234consider235meet236provide sth.237need238like sth. very much 239be unhappy about 240ask for241raise242look like sth.243treat ⋯poorly244consider sth. valuable 245keep246mix⋯ together247solve248noticeunderstand ⋯ to249mean⋯ / to be ⋯choose sth./ choose to 250do sth.251 achieveappear in large252numbers253make⋯ less serious 254pay⋯for (one's loss) ≈utilize/exploitRecyclework assiduously≈acquire （注意 acquire/ gain knowledge 比learn knowledge 在地道英文中更加常见）contemplate/ reflect on/ponderencounter，多用于政府，文化或者success这样偏大一些的话题afford sth. （在正式英文写作中， afford 经常可以表示“提供”require（注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用 require）≈ have an affinity for sth./ have a strong attachment to sth.complain about (v.)/ be discontended with (adj.) Requestelevate，就是正式版的 raise，但只是“提高”而不能表示抚养小孩的意思resemble sth.mistreat ⋯/ abuse ⋯value sth./ treasure sth./ cherish sth.≈maintain/ preserve（这个词后面经常跟traditions/ cultural heritage/ wild animals/ natural resources等）blend/ combine/ synthesizetackle/ combat/ addressDiscerninterpret ⋯as（⋯很多时候这个词并不是口译，而是把⋯理解为⋯⋯ ）opt for sth./ opt to do sth.fulfill (one's dream/ one's goal/ one's potential/ one's obligation/ one's promise/ one's task)sprout up/ mushroomrelieve/ ease/ alleviate（作文中经常用到的搭配有relieve stress/ alleviate poverty/ ease the traffic congestion等）compensate⋯for ⋯255pay⋯for (one's effort) 256make sth. faster257join258outweight259contribute toprevent the260development of⋯261 find out262 encourage sb. to⋯263like sth. very much 264dislike sth. very much 265hate266limit267avoid268 is not limited to⋯269be so surprised270decide271move to ⋯272come from⋯273improve274waste275attack276reduce277increase278help279help (n.)280set up281try to do sth.282try hard to do sth. 283change reward ⋯for ⋯accelerate sth./ speed up sth.participate inprevail over（大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议论文的题目中经常出现outweight 这个词用来比较事物的重要性或者利弊，在作文中最好不要重复考题中出现过的特征词汇）promote/ facilitate（这两个词都是及物动词，所以不需要跟 to）hinder/impede/ inhibit/ obstruct⋯≈identify≈motivate sb. to,adore sth.abhor/ detest/ loatheresent/ hold a grudge againstrestrict/ constrain≈bypass/ eschew/ shunis not restricted to⋯/ is not confined（经to常用⋯来描述一个 trend 不仅限于某个范围）be astonished/ be astounded/ be startled Determinerelocate to⋯/ have been relocated to⋯originate from/ in⋯boost/ enhance（比如 boost solidarity 增进团结/ enhance productivity提高生产率） use⋯lavishlyassail （语气更强烈）curtail（多用于政府投资类话题）/diminish （多用于文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题）augment（多用于政府投资类话题）AssistAssistanceEstablishattempt to do sth.make a strenuous/ an arduous/ a painstaking effort to do sth.Alter284change⋯ a lot285solve286correct (vt.)287take down288Obey289Ban290criticize291increase292depend on293depend on294deal with295do one's best to do sth.296use upreport the details of297sth.prevent sb. from298focusing on⋯299spend A on B300use too much ⋯fundamentally change ⋯ / radically change ⋯ / transform ⋯address/ combatrectify (a mistake)demolish/ raze（谈到拆老建筑的时候常用）abide by/ comply with/ conform to (后面跟 thelaw/ rules/ regulations等）ban⋯ altogether/ strictly prohibit⋯condemn/ denounce（这两个词一般用于政府类话题，但不要用在教育类）show an upward trend/ be on the rise反义：show a downward trendhinge on= be contingent on（意思是：取决于⋯⋯）rely on（意思是：依靠⋯⋯）cope withcommit oneself to doing sth./ strive to do sth./ do one's utmost to do sth./ spare no effort to do sth. exhaust (energy/ resources)/ stretch (resources) to the limitreport sth. In graphic detaildistract sb. from⋯≈dedicate A to Bstretch ⋯ to the limit/ put a strain on⋯301pour discharge（排放，环境类话题常用，比如 dischargechemical waste into rivers, streams and lakes）302get used to get accustomed to303die out go extinct304continue to exist Persist305come with ⋯be attended by / be accompanied by⋯expand one's outlook/ enlarge one's vision306broaden one's horizons (broaden one's horizons这个句型已经被考生使用过多惨遭贬值 )307break the law violate the law308put sb. In prison incarcerate sb.309make laws against⋯ legislate against⋯310[ 相关 ]law311make sth. activemake one's dream312come truehave the right to do313sth.314lead to change in315stick to316deal with the need317take ⋯ away from sb.318give sb. the ability to319get a clear idea of320be lostspend too much time321on322prepare for ⋯323break the balance324balance A and B325catch326 think of⋯as327get rid of328get rid of329make⋯ higher legislation (名词，注意 law 在特指具体的法律时可以用复数，但是 legislation 不能用复数）stimulate （后面经常跟 imagination/ creativity/interest/ economic growth等词汇）fulfill one's potential/ attain one's goalbe entitled to do sth.act as a catalyst for change in ⋯ adhere to/cling to （注意后面这个有时候略带贬义）meet the demand/ satisfy the needdeprive sb. of （⋯省略号中可以填入 freedom/leisure time/ the right to 等值得拥有的内容 )enable sb. toget a clear perspective ofgo astray（作文中如果写青少年“误入歧途”，就不要再写 get lost)be addicted to/ be preoccupied with/ beobsessed with ( 这三个词组的语气越来越强 )pave the way for⋯/ lay the groundwork for⋯/ lay a solid foundation for（为⋯⋯打好基础）upset the balancestrike a balance between A and B 在( A 和 B 之间争取一种平衡 )captureregard ⋯as/ view ⋯as/perceive⋯aseliminate/ removeabolish（多用于政府类话题，废除）drive up（后面经常跟 the crime rate/unemployment rate）副词Increasingly +adj. 但要注意如果后面不是 adj.330more and more +adj.而是 noun, 那么就可以用 an increasing numberof （跟可数名词） / an increasing amount of（跟不可数名词）来代替331mainly primarily/ principally/ chiefly332 In the old days,⋯333now334Actually, ⋯335very soon336not often at all337completelydo sth. without careful 338thought339blindly340only341 a little/ a bit342mainly343about344before ⋯345 a fewAlthough ⋯ , the real 346⋯situation is347Most young people ⋯348needs to be changed 349be punished by the law 350do sth. togetherIt is common for sb. 351to ⋯352 is based on⋯have no choice but353to ⋯354be worth the effort 355and so on356become more than 357grow fast Traditionally,⋯/ Historically,⋯≈currently≈Technically, , （严格来说它的意思并不是“事实上” ，但在学术写作中它是一个表示“精确地说”非常帮的词语）immediatelyrarelyentirelydo sth. Impulsivelyindiscriminately（不加选择的） /mechanically（机械的）≈ merely（注意只有 a little/ a bit后面跟形容词的时候才可以这样替换）somewhat (注意只有 a little/ a bit 后面跟形容词的时候才可以这样替换 )primarily/ principally/ chiefly短语或句型regarding/ concerning/ with respect to/ withregard toprior to⋯a handful of (请注意仅指少数时 a couple of 容易被挑剔的考官判为过于口语化 )Hypothetically,⋯ / Theoretically,⋯ / In theory/ Ideally,...→ But in reality,⋯ / But in actuality,⋯ / But in practice,⋯(Ideally指“理想化地说” )Young people tend to⋯ =Young people typically⋯(tend to 和 typically 都是表示某一类人多半会怎样做的常用表达）is crying out for reform（固定短语）be brought to justicemake a concerted effort to do sth.It is standard practice for sb. to⋯is predicted on⋯have no option but to⋯ / have no alternative butto ⋯be worthwhileetc.（前面可加逗号）exceed/ surpassgrow dramatically/ soar/ rocket358fall fast359much higher360 a little higher361is closely connected 362through363on the whole364because of fall drastically/ plunge/ plummetconsiderably/ substantially/ significantly higher marginally higher/ slightly higher/ fractionally higheris intrinsically linked to⋯by way of (介词短语 )overalldue to/ owing to（新托福作文中这两个词组后面经常是跟负面含义的名词）365before (时间 )prior to366in this aspect in this regard/ in this respect 这(里不是尊重的意思，而是指某方面 )367despite/ in spite of notwithstanding（请注意这三个词都是后面不惜紧跟名词或者名词短语，而不可以直接跟从句）368in fact as a matter of fact ≈ in essence/ essentially (inessence/ essentially的意思是“本质上”）369besides apart from370about/ around approximately371It is obvious that⋯ It is evident that⋯372sth. stops.sth. comes to a standstill373be similar to ⋯be akin to 学⋯(术写作中相当常见的句型 ) 374 A is as ⋯ as B B is ⋯ A is equally⋯375It is impossible that It⋯is highly unlikely that⋯376 A has made B+adj./n.A has rendered B+adj./ n. （这里的宾语 B 后面只能是跟形容词或者名词）377 A has made B do sth.sth. does not always 378remain the same.A high percentage 379of ⋯380 The cause of⋯is 381 no matterA has promoted/ impelled sb. to do sth. （注意这两个词后面的宾语之后不能省略 to）sth. is not carved in stone （某事物并非一成不变）The proportion of ⋯ is very high（⋯⋯. 的比例很高）⋯can be attributed to/ can be ascribed to （可以归⋯因于⋯⋯)regardless of/ irrespective of（注意no matter后面一般跟从句，而 regardless of和 irrespective of 后面多数时候跟名词或者名词短语）talking about ⋯ /in terms of （⋯经常用来限制一个命题的适用范382围，比如 In terms of culture, this city is fascinating.speaking ofBut in terms of traffic, it is inferior. ）。
can’t 可以用在学术文章
主题：can’t 在学术文章中的使用在学术写作中，我们经常会遇到一些常见的用词和短语。
其中，can’t 这个词在学术文章中的使用就备受关注。
究竟can’t 是否可以在学术论文中使用呢？本文将会从多个角度对这个问题进行探讨，为读者提供一些参考意见。
一、can’t 的含义及用法1.1 can’t 是 can not 的缩写形式，它表示否定的意思。
1.2 在口语和日常用语中，can’t 通常用来表示无法、不能、不可能等意思，常用于表示肯定和否定语气。
1.3 在学术文章中，can’t 的使用可能受到一些限制和规范，因此需要格外谨慎处理。
二、can’t 在学术文章中的使用规范2.1 在学术文章中，一般不建议使用can’t 这样的口语化词语，因为学术写作强调严谨、精确和客观，而can’t 往往带有一定的主观色彩。
2.2 如果真的需要表达某种否定意义，建议使用更为正式和客观的说法，比如“unable to”、“impossible”、“not capable of” 等，这样可以更好地体现出学术文章的严谨性和客观性。
2.3 除非在特定情况下，确实需要用到can’t，比如引用他人观点或引用实验结果等，这种情况下可以在适当的地方使用can’t，但需要同时注明出处，以免造成误解。
三、can’t 的替代词及常用表达方式3.1 为了避免使用can’t，我们可以采用一些替代词或者表达方式，比如使用“cannot”代替can’t，这样可以使表达更为正式和规范。
3.2 还可以使用“is not able to”、“is prohibited from”、“is incapable of”等表达方式，这些词语更符合学术写作的规范和要求。
3.3 在具体表达时，可以根据具体情况选择更合适的词语进行替换，以确保论文的严谨性和客观性。
四、结语在学术写作中，语言的规范和准确性是非常重要的，而can’t 作为一个带有主观色彩的词语，使用要求格外谨慎。
英语论文降重方法
英语论文降重方法
英语论文降重是指对原文进行修改，保留原文核心内容和思想，同时避免抄袭和重复性表达的一种技巧。
下面将详细介绍几种常用的英语论文降重方法。
1. 替换同义词和词组：通过使用同义词和词组替换原文中的词语，达到改变表达方式的效果。
可以利用在线同义词工具，或者自己查找相关的同义词词典来寻找合适的替换词。
2. 改变句子结构：对于长句子或者复杂的句子结构，可以通过拆分成两个或者多个简短的句子来实现降重。
同时，还可以改变句子的语序、主动语态和被动语态的使用等，以达到改变表达方式的目的。
3. 省略和删减：对于冗长和重复的论点和论述，可以适当省略或者删减。
排除一些细节和次要的信息，突出和保留重要的观点和结论。
4. 重述和改写：对于关键的观点或者主题，可以进行重述和改写，不过要确保保留了原文的核心思想和意义。
可以通过更改句子的顺序、改变句型、使用不同的形容词和副词等方式进行改写。
5. 引入自己的观点和看法：在降重的过程中，可以适当引入自己的观点和看法，以增加原文的独创性和创新性。
但是要注意降重的目的是保留原文的核心思想，而不是完全改变原文的内容。
6. 使用引用和注释：对于无法修改的原文部分，可以使用引用和注释的方式进行标明，以避免抄袭的问题。
同时，还可以通过添加相关的引用、注释和批注，进一步说明自己的观点和思考。
总而言之，英语论文降重是一项复杂而重要的任务。
在进行降重时，需要充分理解原文的核心内容和思想，并灵活运用语言和表达方式。
同时，要注重保留原文的学术价值和学术质量，确保降重后的论文不失原意、不影响逻辑结构，并且表达准确和清晰。
论文同义句转换网站
论文同义句转换网站来源于微博侵删1 Words and Phrases担心论文学术性不够强？复制粘贴你的论文到左边空白区，选择academic ，点击search ，标注不同颜色的单词会显示，点击可以看同义词替换。
并且看自己的文章academic 的程度如何，是否需要加强。
2 UEfAP 即Using English for Academic Purposes手把手教你写学术论文，对语法、从句、标点等都有阐明，还有相应的练习帮助巩固！3 Grammarly这个是帮助你改正论文语法错误的，在提交论文前把文章放到grammarly ，它可以帮你找出Word 文档找不出的错误。
4 AWL它其实属于UEfAP ，但真的很实用，是关于学术词汇的清单，所以不要再用小学生低级词汇了，查找AWL ，用上专业领域的词汇，我又可以了！5 Paper OK新用户享1次免费论文查重和15,000字免费查重积分，它提供的查重报告是很详细的，明显看到重合的部分和来源，还提供机器降重，比较适合论文初期修改。
6 Paperfree首次不收费，后面1元/万字，主要特色是PaperFree 在线改重+实时查重功能实现了边修改边检测，修改哪里，检测哪里，通过哪里。
实时查重只对此次修改的句子计费，修改几句就可以提交实时查重，马上看到检测结果。
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英文写作替换词句
英文写作替换词句(总7页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper。
2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental application of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directionsconcept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complexFirstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with, first of all, at the outset…Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, succeeding (adj.), secondarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)…Lastly: ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally…Too: as well (句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to b oot, excessively, also…And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with…+Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else…So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s whyBecause: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that…But:however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand,让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite the fact that…Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely… Without: excluding,Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly, uncommonly, profoundly, unusually… Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, in point of fact, in reality, in truth, literally, truly …形容词/副词Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing role,indispensable, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary…-附加-傻句替换：I think that A is more important than B. (这是经典大傻句！以下句中的'important'可随意替换同义词）1. A is important to B.2. A plays an/a important role to B.3. A is of (great\enormous\significant\awesome)to B.4. B can not (live\developed\grow\survive\achieve) without A.5. A means (a lot\a great deal\much) to B.6. The importance of A (to B) can never be (exaggerated\denied\ignored\doubted).7. A is everything/the whole world to B.8. B is fundamental on A.9. A matters/counts to B.10. Nothing is more crucial to B than A.11. A is to B what the (foundation is to a skyscraper\water is to fish\the heart is to a human)Big: gigantic, massive, colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky,->many: numerous, myriad, infinite,->forever (adv): infinity, eternal, timeless, everlasting，undying, endless, changeless, perpetually…Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny, little, petite（女子身高娇小）Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming, stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome Bad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor, substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful, ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral…Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smartHappy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful, Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging…Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning,+hurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot.Easy: simple, effortless, no trouble, painless, plain sailing, uncomplicated, undemanding, unproblematic, a piece of cake (informal), child’s play (informal),…Clear: obvious, apparent, blatant, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evident, manifest, palpable, plain, pronounced, recognizable, transparent, intelligible, lucid, plain, understandable, uninvolved, simple, … Direct: bald, basic, frank, naked, plain, sincere, stark, straightforward, candid, forthright, outspoken….Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, involved, knotty, perplexing, puzzling, thorny…Angry: annoyed, cross, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriated, irate, mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful...Dangerous: perilous, breakneck, chancy (informal), hazardous, insecure, precarious, risky, unsafe, vulnerable动词Think (that): hold the (opinion/ belief/position/stand point/idea) that, assume, believe, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convinced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective...Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain, give an/a example (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point out, point toward… Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, discern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with,Get: acquire, attain, acquire, achieve, obtain, gain “学习” 不用learnSuggest: have a proposal in,Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advance…Impress: affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of, Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway,Stop: halt, cease, conclude, desist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate…Mak e: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, compel, constrain, drive, impel, induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require…Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide, supplyBreak：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatter, smash, snapDestroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastate, eradicate, shatter, wipe out, wreck, oblitera te, weaken, undermine…Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, transpire名词Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma.Meeting: conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, convention, gathering session, assignation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controversy…Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examination, analysis, consideration, contemplation, inspection, investigation, knowledge,scholarship… Advantage: benefit, dominance, precedence, profit, superiority, merit…Disadvantage: shortcoming, weakness, inconvenience, drawback, deficiency, flaw, handicap (also v. 妨碍), downside, limitation. Life: existence, conduct, life style, way of lifethrough－>in term of/viaoperate－>manipulateoffspring－>descendantinevitable－indispensabledetail－>specificexplain－>interpretobvious－>conspicuoushurt －>vulnerableuse－>employ/utilizevalue－>meritprovide－>lend－>offertrue－>accurateleading to－>contribute to/ conduce to/result inmore and more－>increasing/growinghardly－>merely－>barelywell-known－>outstandinglarge－>miraculous/marvelousalthough－>albeit/notwithstandingin fact－>actually/virtuallywant－>intend to/tend to/be inclined tobecause－>in thatmay be－>probablyto sum－>to summarize/in conclusionexplain－>interpret/illustratechange－>alterchance－>alternativecustom－>convention/tradition think－>contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospectarouse －>ignite/stimulate/spur/motivatelimit－>stress/hinder/hamperkey－>crucial/vital/consequentialold－>ancientemphasis－>accentuatedevote to－>dedicate tocharacter－>trait/individuality/idiosyncrasy/personalityexpe ct－>anticipatejoin－>participatedelegate－>representativebias－>prejudice/discriminate/tendencythrive－>palmy/flourishing/prosperityclash－>conflict/collision/rencounterpublicize－>propagandizeagree partly－>agree with reserveproper－>appositewant to－>desirebig city －>metropolislawmaking－>legislationfirst－>primarilybut－>nonetheless/neverthelesschild －>juvenileabsorb－>assimilatehand in－>renderundermine－>sap/enervate/debilitateget into chaos－>with chaos ensuingkey－>pivot/cruxsway－>vacillatefanatic patriotism－>jingoism/chauvinismpersusive－>thorough/sound/specific/convincingconsider －>take into accountvague－>gratuitous/unwarranted/oversimplified。
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1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.rosy ；adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive 替换。
）Adverse；adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.if not most:即使不是大多数5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some.a slice of:一片，一份6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。
harbor v/n庇护；怀有7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。
所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly.13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful.14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer.15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very.16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable.17. indispensable 替换necessary.18. sth appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested in.19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention.20. facet, dimension, sphere 替换aspect.21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate, suggest, fear.22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.23. There are several reasons behind sth. 替换…reasons for sth.24. desire 替换want.25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to.26. bear in mind that 替换remember.27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。
28. interaction 替换communication.29. frown on sth 替换be against , disagree with sth.30. as an example 替换for example, for instance.31. next to / virtually impossible 替换nearly / almost impossible.32. regarding / concerning 替换about.33. crucial /paramount 替换important.34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；第二（there is one more point, I should touch on, that…）；第三（the last but not the least）.35. assiduous 替换hard-working.36. arduous 替换difficult.37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged 替换poor（因为poor通常含有贬义）.38. demonstrate / manifest 替换show.39. invariably 替换always.40. perilous / hazardous替换dangerous.41. formidable 替换difficult.42. quintessential 替换typical（举例时常用，例如：a quintessential example should be cited that=for example; for instance）.43. distinguished 替换famous.44. feasible 替换possible.45. consequently, accordingly替换so.46. 通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that……47. 最常见的引述别人观点的词汇Much of the research in sexual selection in the last two decades has examined how a female’s preference that does not influence her immediate reproductive success can still evolve if it is genetically correlated with another character under direct selection. (不要每次写到研究时总用study，可以用些其它的词汇，比如examine，work。
)Two hypotheses for female preference evolution—runaway sexual selection and good genes selection—state that preferences evolve indirectly because they are genetically correlated with male traits that are under direct selection; That is, the preferences themselves are not under direct selection.(在引述别人的观点时，如果不能完全同意，使用state 比show 更加中立些。
)Studies of receiver biases suggest that such analogies might not be broadly applicable. (suggest,又一种较为客观的引述观点的表达方法。
)Burley argued that the preference for red beaks is adaptive because it indicates male health, and this preference is then transferred to leg-band color. (argue,引用别人观点的又一表述。
)According to the anti-monotony hypothesis, habituation plays an important role in the evolution of complex vocalizations in songbirds: Increased song complexity reduces habituation of neighboring males and courting females. (根据…)Previous studies of acoustic and bioluminescent interactions had emphasized potential advantages to group-signaling organization, such as minimizing predation, preserving species-specific signal characters, or increasing the attractiveness of the group. (带有小小的强调)48.常见的连接词有，However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore……用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。
比如，叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来可用Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC……如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD……。