经济学原理英文版第五章PPT
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
宏观经济学原理 第五版 英文原版课件macro-ch12-presentation
▪ This ability depends on
productivity, the average quantity of g&s produced per unit of labor input.
▪ Y = real GDP = quantity of output produced
L = quantity of labor so productivity = Y/L (output per worker)
7
Incomes and Growth Around the World
Questions:
▪ Why are some countries richer than others? ▪ Why do some countries grow quickly while others
seem stuck in a poverty trap?
A typical family with all their possessions in Mexico, a middle income country
GDP per capita: Life expectancy: Adult literacy:
$11,410 76 years 92%
A typical family with all their possessions in Mali, a poor country
14,421
1.0%
14,729
0.8%
1,333 1,836
0.3% –1.2% 6
Incomes and Growth Around the World
Since growth rates vary, the country rankings can change over time:
productivity, the average quantity of g&s produced per unit of labor input.
▪ Y = real GDP = quantity of output produced
L = quantity of labor so productivity = Y/L (output per worker)
7
Incomes and Growth Around the World
Questions:
▪ Why are some countries richer than others? ▪ Why do some countries grow quickly while others
seem stuck in a poverty trap?
A typical family with all their possessions in Mexico, a middle income country
GDP per capita: Life expectancy: Adult literacy:
$11,410 76 years 92%
A typical family with all their possessions in Mali, a poor country
14,421
1.0%
14,729
0.8%
1,333 1,836
0.3% –1.2% 6
Incomes and Growth Around the World
Since growth rates vary, the country rankings can change over time:
经济学原理-第05章 厂商行为理论PPT
第二节 厂商生产行为分析
二、厂商短期生产行为分析
(一)总产量、平均产量和边际产量
第二节 厂商生产行为分析
二、厂商短期生产行为分析
(一)总产量、平均产量和边际产量
图5-2 产量曲线
第二节 厂商生产行为分析
二、厂商短期生产行为分析
(一)总产量、平均产量和边际产量
总产量、平 均产量和边 际产量之间
的关系
MRTSL,K
K L
dK dL
(5-10)
△K前面加一个负号，表示增加劳动的投入就必须减少资本 的投入，二者变动方向相反。
第二节 厂商生产行为分析
三、厂商长期生产行为分析
(一)等产量线 等产量曲线具有以下特征：
在某一特定投入组合的边际技术替代率是这一 组和所能生产的等产量曲线在这一点的斜率。
MRTSL,K
生产要素的最佳组合发生在等成本线与等产量线的相
切之点上，那么要求等成本线的斜率-PL/PK必须等于等 产量线的斜率MPL/MPK(等产量线的斜率的绝对值就是边 际技术替代率且为负数)，即：
MPL MPK
PL
PK
(5-14)
第二节 厂商生产行为分析
三、厂商长期生产行为分析
(四)生产扩展线
在生产要素价格、生产技术水平和其他条件不 变的情况下，如果企业改变成本，等成本线会发生 平移；如果厂商改变产量，等产量线会发生平移。 这些不同的等成本线与不同的等产量线相切，形成 不同的生产均衡点。这些生产均衡点的轨迹就是生 产扩展线。
公司制 企业
第二节 厂商生产行为分析
一、生产和生产函数
(一)生产和生产要素
生产是指与人类创造物质财富和精神财富有 关的一切活动。它不仅仅局限于创造有形的物质 产品的活动，而且也包括金融、贸易、运输、家 庭服务等各种服务性的活动。在生产过程中要投 入各种生产要素并生产产品，因此，生产也就是 把投入变为产出的过程。
宏观经济学原理 第五版 英文原版课件macro-ch08-presentation
QE
Q
6
The Effects of a Tax
With the tax, CS = A PS = F Tax revenue =B+D Total surplus =A+B +D+F The tax reduces total surplus by C+E
APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION
These effects are the same whether the tax is
imposed on buyers or sellers, so we do not make this distinction in this chapter.
APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION
P
S
Size of tax
D
Q
15
APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION
DWL and the Elasticity of Demand
P S
When demand is inelastic,
Size of tax
it’s harder for consumers to leave the market when the tax raises PB.
Would the DWL of a tax be larger if the tax were on:
A. Breakfast cereal or sunscreen? B. Hotel rooms in the short run or
hotel rooms in the long run?
C. Groceries or meals at fancy restaurants?
曼昆经济学原理第五章
0
100
Quantity
2. . . . leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Figure 1 The Price Elasticity of Demand
(b) Inelastic Demand: Elasticity Is Less Than 1 Price
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
THE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
• Price elasticity of demand is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good. • Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded given a percent change in the price.
$5 4 1. A 22% increase in price . . . Demand
0
90
100
Quantity
2. . . . leads to an 11% decrease in quantity demanded.
Figure 1 The Price Elasticity of Demand
Demand is price elastic
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
昆曼围观经济学原理英文课件第五章
Seventh Edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
CHAPTER
5
Elasticity and its Application
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
3
Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand
Percentage change in Qd
=
Percentage change in P
Price elasticity of demand measures how much Qd responds to a change in P. Loosely speaking, it measures the pricesensitivity of buyers’ demand.
A scenario…
You design websites for local businesses. You charge $200 per website, and currently sell 12 websites per month. Your costs are rising (including the opportunity cost of your time), so you consider raising the price to $250. The law of demand says that you won’t sell as many websites if you raise your price. How many fewer websites? How much will your revenue fall, or might it increase?
N. Gregory Mankiw
CHAPTER
5
Elasticity and its Application
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
3
Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand
Percentage change in Qd
=
Percentage change in P
Price elasticity of demand measures how much Qd responds to a change in P. Loosely speaking, it measures the pricesensitivity of buyers’ demand.
A scenario…
You design websites for local businesses. You charge $200 per website, and currently sell 12 websites per month. Your costs are rising (including the opportunity cost of your time), so you consider raising the price to $250. The law of demand says that you won’t sell as many websites if you raise your price. How many fewer websites? How much will your revenue fall, or might it increase?
曼昆《经济学原理》第5版全
像经济学家一样思考
45
家庭
图1 ：循环流量图
收益
物品与 劳务出 售
企业
物品与劳务 市场
支出 物品与 劳务购 买 家庭 劳动，土地 和资本
的是边际修理（变速器）的收益与成本
由A情形到B情形激励的改变导致你决策的改变
12
人们如何相互交 易
人们如何相互交易
原理 5 :贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好
人们可以专门生产一种物品或劳务并用来交换其他
物品或劳务，而不必自给自足
国家之间也能从贸易与专业化中受益 将他们生产的物品出口而得到一个更好的价格 从国外进口更便宜的物品而不用在国内自己生产
原理 9 :当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升
通货膨胀：物价总水平的上升 长期而言，通货膨胀总是由于货币数量的过度增长
而导致货币价值的下降所引起
政府创造货币的速度越快，通胀率越高
经济学十大原理
25
整体经济如何运行
原理 10 :社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡 取舍
短期内（1-2年），许多经济政策朝相反的方向推
动通货膨胀与失业
其它因素使这种权衡取舍不那么明显，但这种权衡
取舍一直都存在
经济学十大原理
26
参考资料：如何阅读本书
1. 上课之前先读书
你将从课堂上领会更多东西 2. 要总结，而不是划重点线 划重点线是一种消极的做法，它不能帮助你理解或 记忆。相反，用你自己的话总结每一节的内容，然 后与该章结尾的内容提要相比较
经济学十大原理
30
内容提要
关于个同目标之间的权衡取舍 任何一种行为的成本可以用其所放弃的机会来衡
量
理性人通过比较边际成本与边际利益做出决策 人们根据他们所面临的激励改变自己的行为
45
家庭
图1 ：循环流量图
收益
物品与 劳务出 售
企业
物品与劳务 市场
支出 物品与 劳务购 买 家庭 劳动，土地 和资本
的是边际修理（变速器）的收益与成本
由A情形到B情形激励的改变导致你决策的改变
12
人们如何相互交 易
人们如何相互交易
原理 5 :贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好
人们可以专门生产一种物品或劳务并用来交换其他
物品或劳务，而不必自给自足
国家之间也能从贸易与专业化中受益 将他们生产的物品出口而得到一个更好的价格 从国外进口更便宜的物品而不用在国内自己生产
原理 9 :当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升
通货膨胀：物价总水平的上升 长期而言，通货膨胀总是由于货币数量的过度增长
而导致货币价值的下降所引起
政府创造货币的速度越快，通胀率越高
经济学十大原理
25
整体经济如何运行
原理 10 :社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡 取舍
短期内（1-2年），许多经济政策朝相反的方向推
动通货膨胀与失业
其它因素使这种权衡取舍不那么明显，但这种权衡
取舍一直都存在
经济学十大原理
26
参考资料：如何阅读本书
1. 上课之前先读书
你将从课堂上领会更多东西 2. 要总结，而不是划重点线 划重点线是一种消极的做法，它不能帮助你理解或 记忆。相反，用你自己的话总结每一节的内容，然 后与该章结尾的内容提要相比较
经济学十大原理
30
内容提要
关于个同目标之间的权衡取舍 任何一种行为的成本可以用其所放弃的机会来衡
量
理性人通过比较边际成本与边际利益做出决策 人们根据他们所面临的激励改变自己的行为
宏观经济学原理 第五版 英文原版课件macro-ch13-presentation
7
ACTIVE LEARNING 1
A. Calculations
▪ Suppose GDP equals $10 trillion,
consumption equals $6.5 trillion, the government spends $2 trillion and has a budget deficit of $300 billion.
and investment?
▪ How do govt policies affect saving, investment, and
the interest rate? 1
Financial Institutions
▪ The financial system: the group of institutions
= the portion of national income that is not used for consumption or government purchases
5
Saving and Investment
Recall the national income accounting identity: Y = C + I + G + NX
▪ Find public saving, taxes, private saving,
national saving, and investment.
8
ACTIVE LEARNING 1
Answers, part A
Given: Y = 10.0, C = 6.5, G = 2.0, G – T = 0.3
1. If consumers save the full $200 billion, national saving is unchanged, so investment is unchanged.
ACTIVE LEARNING 1
A. Calculations
▪ Suppose GDP equals $10 trillion,
consumption equals $6.5 trillion, the government spends $2 trillion and has a budget deficit of $300 billion.
and investment?
▪ How do govt policies affect saving, investment, and
the interest rate? 1
Financial Institutions
▪ The financial system: the group of institutions
= the portion of national income that is not used for consumption or government purchases
5
Saving and Investment
Recall the national income accounting identity: Y = C + I + G + NX
▪ Find public saving, taxes, private saving,
national saving, and investment.
8
ACTIVE LEARNING 1
Answers, part A
Given: Y = 10.0, C = 6.5, G = 2.0, G – T = 0.3
1. If consumers save the full $200 billion, national saving is unchanged, so investment is unchanged.
经济学原理双语PPT05
需求价格弹性的符号
习惯：对于满足需求定理的物品，需求 的价格弹性总是负的，因此，习惯上把 价格弹性的负号省略。
-1.6 =1.6
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
为什么使用百分比变化量
生活中的弹性含义
如果你拉长一根橡皮筋，然后松开手， 橡皮筋很快弹出，你会认为橡皮筋很有 弹性（pretty elastic ）。 如果你拉长一根绳子，然后松开手，绳 子的长度几乎没有什么变化，我们认为 绳子缺乏弹性（pretty inelastic ）。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
使用百分比变化量的原因：只要使用百 分比，需求量和价格的单位的改变就不 会改变需求价格弹性的大小。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
一个错误的例子
例如：当价格为10元，需求量为100公斤 时，价格增加1元，需求量减少10公斤。 若不用百分比计算： “价格弹性” = 10公斤/1元 = 10 “价格弹性” = 0.01吨/1元 = 0.01 不难看出，这里所谓的“价格弹性”的 大小与使用的单位有关。
→∞
P 不变，△P→0，Q 水 p
正双曲 线③
需求缺乏弹性 需求富有弹性
<1 >1
Q p Q p Q p Q p
陡峭线④ 平坦线⑤
石油大学 周英
计算：
经济学原理英文版课件-国民经济核算
▪ includes spending on ▪ capital equipment (e.g., machines, tools) ▪ structures (factories, office buildings, houses) ▪ inventories (goods produced but not yet sold)
Markets for Goods & Services
Spending (=GDP)
G&S bought
Firms
Households
Factors of production
Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
use.
Markets for Factors of Production
▪ For homeowners, consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house, but not the purchase price or mortgage payments.
14
use.
Investment (I)
▪ is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods.
economy’s g&s. ▪ Imports are the portions of C, I, and G
that are spent on g&s produced abroad. ▪ Adding up all the components of GDP gives:
Y =C + I + G + NX
Markets for Goods & Services
Spending (=GDP)
G&S bought
Firms
Households
Factors of production
Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
use.
Markets for Factors of Production
▪ For homeowners, consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house, but not the purchase price or mortgage payments.
14
use.
Investment (I)
▪ is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods.
economy’s g&s. ▪ Imports are the portions of C, I, and G
that are spent on g&s produced abroad. ▪ Adding up all the components of GDP gives:
Y =C + I + G + NX
经济学原理英文版课件-总需求及供给
▪ The neutrality of money: Changes in the money supply affect nominal but not real variables.
6
Classical Economics—A Recap
▪ Most economists believe classical theory describes the world in the long run, but not the short run.
16,000
14,000 12,000
U.S. real GDP, billions of 2005 dollars
10,000
8,000
6,000 4,000 2,000
The shaded bars are
recessions
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
5
Classical Economics—A Recap
▪ The previous chapters are based on the ideas of classical economics, especially:
▪ The Classical Dichotomy, the separation of variables into two groups: ▪ Real – quantities, relative prices ▪ Nominal – measured in terms of money
17
1 A C T I V E L E A R N I N G
The Aggregate-Demand curve
What happens to the AD curve in each of the following scenarios?
6
Classical Economics—A Recap
▪ Most economists believe classical theory describes the world in the long run, but not the short run.
16,000
14,000 12,000
U.S. real GDP, billions of 2005 dollars
10,000
8,000
6,000 4,000 2,000
The shaded bars are
recessions
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
5
Classical Economics—A Recap
▪ The previous chapters are based on the ideas of classical economics, especially:
▪ The Classical Dichotomy, the separation of variables into two groups: ▪ Real – quantities, relative prices ▪ Nominal – measured in terms of money
17
1 A C T I V E L E A R N I N G
The Aggregate-Demand curve
What happens to the AD curve in each of the following scenarios?
《经济学原理》(全套课件)
16d函数是线性齐性生产函数三短期生产和长期生产一变动投入fixedinput与固定投入variableinput要素按其数量在一定时期内是否可以增减分为变动要素与固定要素在一定生产时期和生产规模内凡随产量变动而变动的要素称变动投入不随产量变动而变动的要素称固定投入二生产上的短期与长期生产上的短期生产上的长期存在固定要素一或多要素固定只能在既定生产规模内调整变动投入调整产量的时期所有要素都是变动投入不存在固定投入的时期注意生产上的短期与长期不同于日历短长期不指具体时间跨度指能否使企业来得及调整生产规模生产能力所需要时间长度
(四)常用生产函数：柯布—道格拉斯生产函数 齐次生产函数中典型生产函数，即
Cobb-Douglas production function 研究美1899-1922年间K与L对Q影响
(四) C—D函数
q A K L
A为规模参数或技术因子
α、β系数
通过研究 产量增加中约3/4是劳动贡献（即β=3/4） 1/4是资本贡献（即α=1/4） 由于α+β=1，线性齐次，显示出规模报酬不变性质
我国原指工业企业，现在包括一切拥有并经营其资 产的企业化单位（enterprise-type units)
(二)企业本质—科斯（Ronald H. Coase） 《企业的性质》交易成本论
交易成本
指仅与交换有关的成本，是除生产成本以外，为 达成协议和完成交易所耗费的成本
如收集有关交易信息，寻求交易条件，谈判和讨价还价， 监督合约实施
( q=ƒ ( L ) ) • 第四节 长期生产函数-两种变动要素的合理投入
q=ƒ ( L，K )
• 第五节 生产扩张与规模报酬 • 本章习题
一、生产和生产要素
（一）生产（production）性质
(四)常用生产函数：柯布—道格拉斯生产函数 齐次生产函数中典型生产函数，即
Cobb-Douglas production function 研究美1899-1922年间K与L对Q影响
(四) C—D函数
q A K L
A为规模参数或技术因子
α、β系数
通过研究 产量增加中约3/4是劳动贡献（即β=3/4） 1/4是资本贡献（即α=1/4） 由于α+β=1，线性齐次，显示出规模报酬不变性质
我国原指工业企业，现在包括一切拥有并经营其资 产的企业化单位（enterprise-type units)
(二)企业本质—科斯（Ronald H. Coase） 《企业的性质》交易成本论
交易成本
指仅与交换有关的成本，是除生产成本以外，为 达成协议和完成交易所耗费的成本
如收集有关交易信息，寻求交易条件，谈判和讨价还价， 监督合约实施
( q=ƒ ( L ) ) • 第四节 长期生产函数-两种变动要素的合理投入
q=ƒ ( L，K )
• 第五节 生产扩张与规模报酬 • 本章习题
一、生产和生产要素
（一）生产（production）性质
曼昆《经济学原理第三版》原版中英文双语PPT精品课程课件全册课件汇总
经济一词来源于希腊语，意思是 “管理家庭的人”。
A household and an economy face many decisions:
一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：
Who
will work?
谁去工作？
What
goods and how many of them should be produced? 应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？
1. People face tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
Байду номын сангаас
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity
人们如何作出决策
How The
people interact with each other.
人们如何与他人相互交易
forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.
影响整体经济的力量和趋势
Ten Principles of Economics
A household and an economy face many decisions:
一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：
What
resources should be used in production? 应该用什么资源生产？ At what price should the goods be sold? 物品的销售价格应该是多少？
. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. …意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不 能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务。
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理课件第五章
- Elasticity is greater than 1
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
路漫漫其悠远
50
100
Quantity
2. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
Perfectly Elastic Demand
- Elasticity equals infinity
Price
1. At any price above $4, quantity demanded is zero.
$4
Demand
2. At exactly $4, consumers will buy any quantity.
3. At a price below $4, quantity demanded is infinite.
the demand curve.
路漫漫其悠远
Perfectly Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity equals 0
Price
Demand
1. An $5 increase in price... 4
路漫漫其悠远
100
Quantity
2. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity is less than 1
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
路漫漫其悠远
90 100
Quantity
2. ...leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
路漫漫其悠远
50
100
Quantity
2. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
Perfectly Elastic Demand
- Elasticity equals infinity
Price
1. At any price above $4, quantity demanded is zero.
$4
Demand
2. At exactly $4, consumers will buy any quantity.
3. At a price below $4, quantity demanded is infinite.
the demand curve.
路漫漫其悠远
Perfectly Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity equals 0
Price
Demand
1. An $5 increase in price... 4
路漫漫其悠远
100
Quantity
2. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity is less than 1
Price
1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4
Demand
路漫漫其悠远
90 100
Quantity
2. ...leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
曼昆《经济学原理》英文版完整讲义丛externalities
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
• Positive Externalities
• Immunizations • Restored historic buildings • Research into new technologies
路漫漫其悠远
曼昆《经济学原理》英文版完整讲义 丛externalities
• The optimal output level is more than the equilibrium quantity.
• The market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable.
• The social value of the good exceeds the private value of the good.
路漫漫其悠远
曼昆《经济学原理》英文版完整讲义 丛externalities
Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum
Price of Education
Supply (private cost)
Social value Demand (private value)
Figure 1 The Market for Aluminum
Price of Aluminum
Supply (private cost)
Equilibrium
Demand (private value)
0
QMARKET
QuantityBiblioteka ofAluminumCopyright © 2004 South-Western
经济学原理英文版课件-金融体系
Y=C+I+G Solve for I:
national saving
I = Y – C – G = (Y – T – C) + (T – G)
Saving = investment in a closed economy
8
m use.
Budget Deficits and Surpluses
Budget surplus = an excess of tax revenue over govt spending = T–G = public saving
▪ Decline in confidence in financial institutions ▪ 2008–2009: Customers with uninsured deposits began pulling their funds out of financial institutions.
6
m use.
National Saving
National saving
= private saving + public saving
= (Y – T – C) + (T – G)
=
Y–C–G
= the portion of national income that is not used for consumption or government purchases
5
m use.
Different Kinds of Saving
Private saving = The portion of households’ income that is not used for consumption or paying taxes =Y–T–C
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT全
“看不见的手”通过价格体系来发挥作用: 买者与卖者之间的相互作用决定市场价格 每个价格即反映了物品对于买者的价值，也反
映了生产物品的成本
在许多情况下，价格引导自利的家庭与企业做
出使社会经济福利最大化的决策
经济学十大原理
19
人们如何相互交易
原理 7 :政府有时可以改善市场结果
政府的重要作用: 保护产权 (通过警察，法庭)
25
整体经济如何运行
原理 8 ：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与 劳务的能力
决定生活水平的最重要因素：生产率，即每一单位劳
动投入所生产的物品与劳务数量
生产率取决于设备，劳动者的技能以及可用的技术 其它因素（比如，工会组织，国外的竞争）对于生活
水平的影响远远小于生产率
经济学十大原理
26
整体经济如何运行
像经济学家一样思考
47
经济学十大原理
16
人们如何相互交易
原理 6 :市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
市场: 大量的买者与卖者
(不必要在同一个地点)
组织经济活动意味着需要决定 生产什么 怎么生产 生产多少 谁将得到它们
经济学十大原理
17
人们如何相互交易
原理 6 :市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
在下面的情形中，你应该把变速器修好吗？并解释 A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不 正常，则是$5700 B. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6000 。如果不 正常，则是$5500
12
主动学习
1
参考答案
修理变速器的成本= $600
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正 常，则是$5700
曼昆微观经济学第五版第五章课文
Because the price elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to the price, it is closely related to the slope of
the demand curve.
The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
P ercen tag eC h an g e P riceE lasticityo fD em an d=inQ u an tityD em an d ed
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Demand tends to be more elastic :
if the good is a luxury. the longer the time period. the larger the number of close
P ercen tag eC h an g e inP rice
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
the demand curve.
The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
P ercen tag eC h an g e P riceE lasticityo fD em an d=inQ u an tityD em an d ed
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Demand tends to be more elastic :
if the good is a luxury. the longer the time period. the larger the number of close
P ercen tag eC h an g e inP rice
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
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D curve: relatively steep
P P1 P2 D P falls by 10% Q
Consumers’ price sensitivity: relatively low
Elasticity: <1
CHAPTER 5
Q1 Q2
Q rises less than 10%
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
Demand for your websites
P
$250 $200 B A D 8
CHAPTER 5
end value – start value x 100% start value
Going from A to B, the % change in P equals ($250–$200)/$200 = 25%
So, we instead use the midpoint method:
end value – start value x 100% midpoint
Using the midpoint method, the price elasticity of
demand equals
40/22.2 = 1.8
CHAPTER 5
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
3
Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand Percentage change in Qd
=
Percentage change in P
P P rises P2 by 10% P1 D Q2 Q1 Q
D 8
CHAPTER 5
Demand for your websites
P
$250 $200 B A
12
From B to A, P falls 20%, Q rises 50%, Q elasticity = 50/20 = 2.50
6
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
Calculating Percentage Changes
A scenario…
You design websites for local businesses. You charge $200 per website, and currently sell 12 websites per month. Your costs are rising (including the opp. cost of your time), so you’re thinking of raising the price to $250. The law of demand says that you won’t sell as many websites if you raise your price. How many fewer websites? How much will your revenue fall, or might it increase?
12
“Perfectly inelastic demand” (one extreme case)
% change in Q Price elasticity = = of demand % change in P 0% 10%
D
=0
D curve: vertical
P P1 P2 P falls by 10%
Why?
CHAPTER 5
ELASTICIT:
Rice Krispies vs. Sunscreen
EXAMPLE 2:
“Blue Jeans” vs. “Clothing”
EXAMPLE 3:
Insulin vs. Caribbean Cruises
Q
12
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
5
Calculating Percentage Changes
Problem: The standard method gives different answers depending on where you start. From A to B, P rises 25%, Q falls 33%, elasticity = 33/25 = 1.33
CHAPTER 5
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
11
The Variety of Demand Curves
The price elasticity of demand is closely related to the slope of the demand curve.
8
What determines price elasticity?
To learn the determinants of price elasticity, we look at a series of examples. Each compares two common goods. In each example:
16
“Perfectly elastic demand” (the other extreme)
any % % change in Q Price elasticity = infinity = = of demand 0% % change in P
D curve: horizontal
P P2 = P1
Example:
Price elasticity of demand equals
15% = 1.5 10%
CHAPTER 5
Q falls by 15%
4
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
Calculating Percentage Changes
Standard method of computing the percentage (%) change:
Consumers’ price sensitivity: 0
Elasticity: 0
CHAPTER 5
Q1 Q changes by 0%
Q
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
13
“Inelastic demand”
< 10% % change in Q Price elasticity <1 = = of demand 10% % change in P
D curve: relatively flat
P P1 P2 P falls by 10% D Q
Consumers’ price sensitivity: relatively high
Elasticity: >1
CHAPTER 5
Q1
Q2
Q rises more than 10%
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
CHAPTER 5
ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
7
1: Calculate an elasticity
ACTIVE LEARNING
Use the following information to calculate the price elasticity of demand for hotel rooms: if P = $70, Qd = 5000 if P = $90, Qd = 3000
CHAPTER 5 ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION
1
Elasticity
Basic idea: Elasticity measures how much
one variable responds to changes in another variable. • One type of elasticity measures how much demand for your websites will fall if you raise your price.
14
“Unit elastic demand”
% change in Q Price elasticity = = of demand % change in P 10% 10%
=1
D curve: intermediate slope
P P1 P2 P falls by 10% D
Consumers’ price sensitivity: intermediate
5
Elasticity and its Application
PRINCIPLES OF
MICROECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich
© 2007 Thomson South-Western, all rights reserved
The price elasticity of demand depends on:
the extent to which close substitutes are available
whether the good is a necessity or a luxury how broadly or narrowly the good is defined the time horizon: elasticity is higher in the long run than the short run.