关于英语动态动词语静态动词的用法(吉林)

关于英语动态动词与静态动词的用法

李丽华

（鞍山师范学院外语系鞍山114005）

摘要：本文从英语动态动词和静态动词的分类入手，根据分析和比较的结果，系统地阐述动态动词和静态动词的用法。

关键词：动态动词静态动词

Abstract: This thesis elaborates the usage of the English dynamic and stative verbs systematically and focusses the attention on the accurate use of various verbs in the English

language.

Key Wrds: Dynamic verbs Stative verbs

英语中的动态动作和静态状态可以表现在动词中,从语义角度讲,动词可以分为动态和静态。本文着重就动态动词(dynamic verbs)和静态动词(stative verbs)的语义和句法特征做进一步的分析。

一、动词（dynamic verbs）和静态动词(stative verbs)的概念及分类。

实义动词按其语义特征可以分为动态动词和静态动词。

1．动态动词(dynamic verbs)：表示运动状态的动词。这类动词分为五种：（1）活动动词(activity verbs)

（2）过程动词(process verbs)

（3）感觉动词(verbs of bodily sensation)

（4）过渡性动词(transitional verbs)

（5）瞬间动词(momentary verbs)

2．静态动词(stative verbs)：表示相对静止状态的动词。这类动词分为三种：（1）感觉动词(verbs of perception)

（2）认识动词(verbs of cogition)

（3）关系动词(relation verbs)

二、动态动词(dynamic verbs)

1．活动动词(activity verbs)：这类动词表示动作的发出者的有意识的，主动的行为。

这类动词有：ask，write，listen，play，run，keep，work etc.

One of the students asked me a question.

The girl writes to her mother once a week.

2．过程动词(process verbs)：这类动词表示“过程”含有逐渐过渡的语义，通常情况下，表示动作转化为状态。

这类动词有：change，grow，get，widen，become，mature，deteriorate etc.

The village has changed a great deal since we last visited it.

It is growing cold.

3．感觉动词(verbs of bodily sensation)：这类动词表示客观事物的个别特征在人体中引起的反映。

这类动词有：ache, feel, hurt, itch etc.

My back was hurting.

Are your mosquito bites still itching?

4．过渡性动词(transational verbs)：这类动词表示动作由一个阶段逐渐发展而转入另一种状态。

这类动词有：arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose etc.

The train arrived at the station.

Tom’s grandfather died five years ago.

这里需要指出的是当上述过渡性动词用于进行体时，表达的不是动作达到的语义，而是过渡状态。

The train was arriving. (火车快到站了.)

Tom’s grandfather was dying. (汤姆的祖父快要去世.)

5．瞬间动词（momentary verbs）

这类动词表示瞬间发生随即完成的动作。

这类动词有：hit，jump，tap，knock，kick，nod，meet，shoot，drop，etc.

The boss hit the boy on the head.

The teacher tapped the child on the shoulder.

值得语言学者重视的是：瞬间动词一旦用于进行体,常表示重复性动作。

The boss was hitting the boy on the head. (连续打击)

The teacher was tapping the child on the shoulder. (连续拍打)

其中begin 虽为瞬间动词，但用于进行体中，并不表示重复，而是表示“刚刚开始”：You are beginning to wonder whether the plan can be practicable.

通过对上述动态动词(dynamtic verbs) 的语义特征进行的分析, 可以概括为以下几点用法:

1)动态动词可以用于祈使句。

Stop talking.

Please open the door.

2)动态动词可以用于进行体。

The students are reading the text.

The weather is changing for the better.

3)动态动词可以用于复合宾语中。

I told him to go to the clinic.

She asked the student write the composition.

4）动态动词可以用于带有do 代词形势得假拟分裂句。

What I did was to make notes.

What I did was to leav.

三、静态动词（stative verbs）

1．感觉动词（verbs of perception）：感觉动词用来表示主体的思维和五官活动的动词。

这类动词有：see, hear, smell, sound, taste, etc.

We can smell something burning.

Can you taste onion in the soup?

2．认识动词（verbs of cognition）：认识动词用来表示各种思想感情及心理状态。

这类动词有：astonish，desire，believe，love，hate，remember，know，want，wish，think，recognize，etc.

His words astonished all.

I didn’t recognized her.

3．关系动词（relational verbs）：关系动词用来表示主体和其他事物之间的静止关系或