保罗沃克讲义_图文
九年级语文上册第七课军神课件6新疆教育版
称赞2
沃克
手术
神态
要求1
பைடு நூலகம்要求2
图片
电影
实践
刘伯承（1892---1986），四川开县 人。辛亥革命爆发后，刘伯承参加了新 军。1916年袁世凯称帝，随即发生了反 袁护国战争。刘伯承率领的东护国军攻 占四川丰都城时，他身先士卒，带头冲 锋，不幸的是头部连中两弹，一颗子弹 从他的太阳穴打入，又从眼窝飞出。致 使刘伯承的右眼失明，当时他只有23岁。
冷冷地 愣住了、惊疑 目光柔和了
生气
再一次愣住了
惊呆了
慈祥
肃然起敬
提示：
在诊所里，沃克医生冷冷地询问着病 人。他解开病人右眼的绷带，愣住了， 眼睛里闪出惊疑的神情。
••••••
冷冷地 愣住了、惊疑
目光柔和了 再一次愣住了
慈祥
生气 惊呆了
肃然起敬
请同学们自由读课文，一 边读一边画出直接描写刘伯 承表现的语句；再把你画的 句子和同学交流交流。
沃克惊呆了，大声嚷道： “你是一个真正的男子汉， 一 块会说话的钢板！你堪称军
神！”
“你是一个真正的男子汉， 一块会说话的钢板！你堪 称军神！”
手术台上，一向从容镇定的 沃克医生，这次双手却有些颤抖， 他额上汗珠滚滚，护士帮他擦了 一次又一次。最后他忍不住对病 人说：“你挺不住可以哼叫。”
病人一声不吭，他的双手 紧紧抓住身下的白垫单，手背 青筋暴起，汗如雨下。他越来 越使劲，崭新的白垫单居然被 抓破了。
请同学们选择自己喜欢的 方式再读课文，找出描写沃 克医生神态、情绪变化的语 句，圈画出有关的词语。
（任选一题）
1、搜集有关刘伯承的故事，讲给同学听。 2、搜集有关意志力的名人名言与同学交流。 3、同学之间自由组合，排演课本剧《军神》。
六年级科学上册第1课小草和大树课件3冀教版20170727530
精品课件PPT
她们硬是用钢铁般的意志，敲开了文学圣殿 的大门，硬是用汗水和心血把“小草”浇灌成 “大树”。
“小草”指的传统观念中妇女不能从事文学 事业，“大树”则是指的夏洛蒂姐妹在文学事业 上取得巨大成功和影响，小草浇灌成大树，即指： 夏洛蒂姐妹打破了妇女不可能从事文学事业的传 统观念和陈腐偏见，用坚韧不拔的意志，取得了 巨大成功。
课文所写的是夏洛蒂成才的故事，为什么要 以“小草和大树“为题呢？
在大自然里，小草和大树都是上帝的安排。 放弃你可贵而徒劳的追求吧——文学，不是妇女 的事业，而且也不应该是妇女的事业。
“小草”指的妇女能从事的事业，“大树”指 的妇女不能从事的事业，小草不能变成大树，小 草就是小草，大树就是大树，言下之意，文学是 妇女不能从事的事业，即使从事了也不可能取得 成功，言语中充斥着对妇女的蔑视。
1、课文是按照怎样的顺序来写的？ 按事情的发展顺序来写的。
2、想想课文可以分成几部分，每部分讲的是什么？ (1)概述了《简·爱》的作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特是逆 境中成才的典范。 (2)讲述了生活在极度贫困家庭的夏洛蒂·勃朗 特坚持学习、写作，不断遭受着打击与失败。 (3)讲述了夏洛蒂·勃朗特姐妹经过慎重思考， 从写诗改为写小说，孜孜不倦终获成功。
精品课件PPT
勃朗特姐妹的成功经历对你有什么启示？
勃朗特姐妹的成功经历折射出她们不屈的 抗争精神与不懈努力的顽强意志，从她们为理 想奋斗的历程中，我们可以得到很多启示。比 如，可以从不畏生活的艰辛，不畏社会环境的 恶劣,不畏世俗环境的歧视等多个角度来谈读后 的感受。同时，要尽量结合自己的学习与生活 实际来谈将如何努力地面对今后的种种困难与 挑战，使自己能真正获得教益。
精品课件PPT
勃朗特姐妹的成功经历对你有什么启示？
Forrest Gump 课件.ppt
稚的阿甘，也是因为在越南战场， 丹中校说的要保持脚的干燥，要经
常换袜子）、一件蓝衬衫（叠
得那么整齐，因为从小的好习惯和 当过兵的缘故，好像阿甘也很喜欢
蓝色）。一个小小的行李箱 表现了太多经历，也表现 了阿甘太多的品质
之前军营中的丹中校在失去双腿后，成了阿甘捕 虾船长的大副，在经历了一场暴风雨的洗礼之后， 阿甘他们竟然从此有了捕不完的虾子。说来也讽 刺，在越南军营中反复告诫阿甘要保护好自己脚 的丹中校，最后失去的恰恰是自己的双脚，实在 十分的讽刺。
出，而是要观众自己去领悟。它用简单的情节和
对话，用小人物去反映和揭示深刻的社会问题，
这也是其称为“大片”的主要原因。
if we're all just floating around accidentallike on a breeze, but I, I think maybe it's both. Maybe both is happening at the same time. I miss you, Jenny. If there's anything you need, I won't be far away
• 大学 • 军队（越战，乒乓球） • 捕虾
声音赏析：
1、主题曲赏析 Alan Silvestri
2、背景音乐赏析 本部电影约用了30多首背景音乐，主要
为流行音乐和摇滚乐，其中还有几首乡村 音乐。
Hound dog Fortunate son Volunteers San Francisco be sure to wear flowers in
Forrest Gump
内容简介：
• Forrest Gump who is unfortunately to be born with a lower IQ and the muscle problem, usually, people always think this kind of person can't be successful in doing anything. But, instead, this unlucky man has achieved lots of incredible success, he is a football star, a war hero, and later a millionaire!
LPN48-3
LABORATORY PRIMATENEWSLETTERVol. 48, No. 3Ju ly 2009JUDITH E. SCHRIER, EDITORJAMES S. HARPER, GORDON J. HANKINSON AND LARRY HULSEBOS, ASSOCIATE EDITORS MORRIS L. POVAR AND JASON MACHAN, CONSULTING EDITORSELVA MATHIESEN, ASSISTANT EDITORALLAN M. SCHRIER, FOUNDING EDITOR, 1962-1987Published Quarterly by the Schrier Research LaboratoryPsychology Department, Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode IslandISSN 0023-6861POLICY STATEMENTThe Laboratory Primate Newsletter provides a central source of information about nonhuman primates and related matters to scientists who use these animals in their research and those whose work supports such research. The Newsletter (1) provides information on care and breeding of nonhuman primates for laboratory research, (2) disseminates general information and news about the world of primate research (such as announcements of meetings, research projects, sources of information, nomenclature changes), (3) helps meet the special research needs of individual investigators by publishing requests for research material or for information related to specific research problems, and (4) serves the cause of conservation of nonhuman primates by publishing information on that topic. As a rule, research articles or summaries accepted for the Newsletter have some practical implications or provide general information likely to be of interest to investigators in a variety of areas of primate research. However, special consideration will be given to articles containing data on primates not conveniently publishable elsewhere. General descriptions of current research projects on primates will also be welcome.The Newsletter appears quarterly and is intended primarily for persons doing research with nonhuman primates. Back issues may be purchased for $10.00 each. We are no longer printing paper issues, except those we will send to subscribers who have paid in advance. We will not accept future subscriptions, unless subscribers are willing to pay $100/year. (Please make checks payable to the Brown University Psychology Department.) Readers with access to electronic mail may receive a notice when a new issue is put on the Website by sending the message subscribe LPN-WARN your-own-name to listserv@.(Send the message subscribe LPN-PDF to receive PDF files by e-mail; or the message subscribe LPN-L to receive the nongraphic contents of each issue.) Current and back issues of the Newsletter are available on the World Wide Web at </primate>. Persons who have absolutely no access to the Web, or to the electronic mailing, may ask to have paper copies sent to them.The publication lag is typically no longer than the three months between issues and can be as short as a few weeks. The deadline for inclusion of a note or article in any given issue of the Newsletter has in practice been somewhat flexible, but is technically the tenth of December, March, June, or September, depending on which issue is scheduled to appear next. Reprints will not be supplied under any circumstances, but authors may reproduce their own articles in any quantity.PREPARATION OF ARTICLES FOR THE NEWSLETTER. – Articles, notes, and announcements may be submitted by mail, e-mail, or computer disk, but a printed copy of manuscripts of any length or complexity should also be sent by regular mail.. Articles in the References section should be referred to in the text by author(s) and date of publication, e.g., Smith (1960) or (Smith & Jones, 1962). Names of journals should be spelled out completely in the References section. Latin names of primates should be indicated at least once in each note and article. In general, to avoid inconsistencies within the Newsletter, the Latin names used will be those in Mammal Species of The World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd Ed. D. E. Wilson & D. M. Reeder (Eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. For an introduction to and review of primate nomenclature see The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates, by N. Rowe, Pogonias Press, 1996.All correspondence concerning the Newsletter should be addressed to:Judith E. Schrier, Psychology Department, Box 1853, Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island 02912 [401-863-2511; FAX: 401-863-1300]e-mail address: primate@Current and back issues of the Newsletter are available on the World Wide Web at/primateACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Newsletter is supported by Brown University.Cover photograph of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta),taken at the San Diego Zoo by Paul Wilde, 1997Copyright © 2009 by Brown UniversityThe Effects of Exposure to an Expanded Environmental Enrichment Program onSelect Individual Behaviors in BaboonsAmy K. Goodwin, Susan A. James, Kelly E. Lane, Michael C. McDermott, Rebecca L. Rodgerson, and Nancy A. Ator Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of BehavioralBiologyIn our laboratory, we had often discussed our desire to create an area in which our singly housed, adult male ba-boons could be released to exercise. The opportunity to do so arose when an environmental enrichment grant from the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing at Johns Hopkins University provided funding for such a project. Thus, the goals of the present study were to cre-ate an area large enough for baboons to safely engage in species-specific behavior (i.e., free movement, explora-tory behavior, foraging) and to learn whether exposure to this environment would be correlated with changes in target behaviors considered indicators of psychological well-being.MethodsSubjects: Six adult male baboons (Papio anubis; Primate Imports, New York, NY, or Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX) served as sub-jects in the present study. The six baboons (BB, DC, SY, CY, DE and SC) had been in the laboratory for at least three years and had been subjects in behavioral pharma-cology studies. During the present study, the behavioral pharmacology studies in which they participated included acute exposure to psychoactive compounds. Subjects were individually housed in stainless steel primate cages equipped with a bench running along one cage wall. The home cages, which provided 10 square feet of floor space (46.5 cubic feet total space), also served as the experi-mental chambers, so the behavioral pharmacology ex-periments took place in the home cage. Such experiments typically involve the use of one or more levers, stimulus lights, tones, and food pellet delivery. The baboons had visual and auditory access to other baboons.The baboons had continuous access to tap water from a spout at the front of their cages and received a daily ration of Lab Diet (®PMI Nutrition International) or Pri-mate diet (®Harlan Teklad) biscuits, one or two pieces of Amy K. Goodwin, Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. of Med., Behav-ioral Biology Research Center, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Suite 3000, Baltimore, MD 21224 [410-550-2781; fax: 410-550-2780; e-mail: Goodwin@].The establishment of the enrichment room was made possi-ble through an Animal Welfare Enhancement Award made by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. The authors would also like to thank Dan Rodgerson for the technical expertise he lent to the project, and Robert J. Adams, DVM, for helpful comments during the protocol review process and manuscript preparation.fresh fruits or vegetables daily, and children’s chewable multivitamins. Daily feeding occurred in late morning (never prior to time spent in the enrichment room). The enrichment program already established in the colony, which included human interaction, access to three or more toys (forage boxes, puzzle feeders, mirrors, Kong® toys, wood logs), and music continued without change during the present study.The overhead lights in the housing room were on for 13 h/day (6:00-19:00 h) and off for the remaining 11 h/day. Natural light also illuminated the room.Routine physical examinations (under ketamine hy-drochloride anesthesia) occurred every two weeks or ap-proximately once per month, depending on the study in which each subject was serving.All protocols were approved by the Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use Committee. Animal care and use and facility maintenance followed the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1996) and the U. S. Animal Welfare Regulations. Johns Hopkins University is accredited by the Association for Assess-ment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care Inter-national.Room Construction: It was vital that the time and effort required to create the enrichment room space be manage-able and that the expense stay below the $6000 received for the project from the Animal Welfare Enhancement Award. Ultimately, by using resources already available to us, we were able to manage the time and effort required without affecting the normal daily functioning in the labo-ratory.The space designated for the enrichment room had been constructed as an animal housing room (i.e., wall and floor surfaces met Guide standards; air was vented externally), and all environmental aspects (e.g., tempera-ture and humidity) were controllable by laboratory per-sonnel. The space was not needed for housing animals when the project began. The room has 145.8 square feet of floor space (663.5 cubic feet of total space), a fully functional sink, and a steel railing on three walls.A door had to be constructed such that baboons would be able to be safely transferred in and out of the room using the shuttle system described below. In order to accomplish this without permanently altering the room, a door measuring 83.25” by 47.25” was made of aluminumsheets in a frame of 3” x 1.25” 6061 architectural alumi-num, and installed in the existing door frame in front of the existing door (see Figure 1). A sub-frame containing a portion of the front wall of an old baboon cage was mounted in the center of the new aluminum door and welded to the larger door frame such that the shuttle cage could be connected to the embedded guillotine-style door. Once the shuttle is attached, the guillotine-style doors on the shuttle cage and the new “cage front” door are opened and the baboon is able to pass from the shuttle into the room. The cage front door is shut behind the baboon. When a baboon is not in the room, the aluminum door functions as any door would, allowing personnel into theroom so that it may be cleaned between baboons.Figure 1: The door constructed to safely transfer baboons in and out of the enrichment room.A painted wooden structure was also manufactured to block baboon access to the sink and its pipes (see Figure 2).The structure is hinged at the front, allowing easy ac-cess to the sink by personnel; fasteners prevent the baboon from opening the lid to the sink. Electrical outlets were covered with metal plates that were screwed in over them. Experimental Design and Procedures: The psychologi-cal well-being of nonhuman primates must be based on individual needs, thus a single-subject design was used in which each subject served as his own experimental control (Sidman, 1960). A subject’s target behavior was meas-ured before the intervention (i.e., exposure to enrichment room) and then measurements in the home cage continued as baboons were periodically exposed to the enrichment room. Prior to any enrichment room exposure, the fre-quency of the target behavior in the home cage was re-corded using a time-sampling procedure (Martin & Pear, 1992) in which 2-minute observations were conducted every hour for 8 hours (i.e., every hour from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m.) at least three days a week, over at least three weeks (i.e., a minimum of 72 two-minute observations). After subjects began spending time in the enrichment room, the home cage observations occurred once per week on a day when the baboon was not scheduled to be in the enrich-ment room (e.g., eight 2-minute observations on Fridays). Figure 2: A baboon in the enrichment room. The wooden structure on the left is the painted and hinged structure used to block baboon access to a sink located in the enrichment room. Shown in the picture are various types of plastic zoo balls, plas-tic tires, tree branches, mirrors, plastic chains, and cardboard for shredding. In addition, small food items (e.g., raisins, peanuts, cashews, popcorn, sunflower seeds, etc.) are placed throughoutthe room to encourage foraging behavior.The frequency of behaviors was recorded by the ob-server marking a behavioral checklist that included the following behaviors: pacing, rocking, bouncing, circling, self-biting, self-grooming, sleeping, huddled posture, masturbating, aggressive behaviors, playing with toy, lip-smacking, grunting, eating, and drinking. Similar behav-iors have been defined previously in our lab as a part of assessments to examine acute and chronic drug effects (Ator et al., 2000; Goodwin et al., 2005; Goodwin et al., 2006).Three baboons (BB, DC, and SY) were identified as exhibiting behaviors in their home cages for which a de-crease in the frequency may indicate improvement in psy-chological well-being. For baboon BB, the behaviors were pacing and circling in his home cage. For baboons DC and SY, a “huddled” posture, operationally defined assitting with chin on chest and being unresponsive to nor-mal stimuli (e.g., our saying his name or offering food treats), was identified as such a behavior. In addition, baboon SY was identified as engaging in excessive grooming. For all three baboons, manipulating items/toys provided in the home cage was identified as a behavior for which increases in frequency may signal improve-ments in psychological well-being and was also recorded.Periodic cage washes (e.g., every two weeks) require baboons to be transferred out of their home cages and into a temporary cage via a “shuttle”. After the shuttle is at-tached to the front of a baboon’s home cage, the guillo-tine style doors on the cage front and shuttle front are lifted and the baboon is able to enter the shuttle. The doors are then shut, and the baboon is transferred to a temporary cage while his home cage is washed. The same procedures are used to transfer the baboons back to their home cages. Although most baboons readily par-ticipate in this procedure, some baboons consistently re-quire coaxing to enter the shuttle. Typically, veterinary technicians attempt to coax baboons into the shuttle by placing fruit in it, and when this fails, the back wall of the home cage is cranked forward so baboons have no choice but to enter the shuttle. In these extreme situations, ba-boons may experience some level of stress associated with the cage wall being cranked forward.Three baboons (CY, DE, and SC) from the colony were identified as consistently required coaxing and/or cranking of the back wall in their home cage in order to transfer them in the shuttle for routine cage washes. De-creasing the time taken for these baboons to enter the shuttle was presumed to lower the stress levels experi-enced by these baboons when they require such transfer.Exposure to the enrichment room began after pre-intervention data had been collected. Between 7 a.m. and 12 p.m. (i.e., prior to daily feedings), individual baboons were transported from their home cages to the enrichment room in the shuttle 2-3 times per week. Two dependent variables were used to measure the effectiveness of expo-sure to the enrichment room:1.Target Behaviors: For baboons BB, DC, and SY, the frequency of the behavior(s) identified for each baboon as described above (i.e., circling/pacing, huddled posture, excessive grooming, and handling toys) were systemati-cally recorded by a trained observer before any subject entered the room (i.e., in the weeks prior to entering the enrichment room the first time) using checklists described above.2.Shuttle Behavior: For baboons CY, DE and SC, the latency to enter the shuttle for transportation was re-corded in multiple instances before any exposure to the enrichment room; recording continued after exposure to the enrichment began. The maximum latency to enter the shuttle voluntarily was defined as five minutes, after which time the back wall was cranked forward to leave the baboon with no choice but to enter the shuttle.Each baboon spent 30 minutes in the enrichment room where he had access to numerous objects and toys manu-factured or otherwise suggested for nonhuman primates, including tires, various types of plastic balls, trees, mir-rors, wood pieces, knotted ropes, plastic chains, etc. (see Figure 2; Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, NJ; Desert Plastics, Al-buquerque, NM; Otto Environmental, Milwaukee, WI; Primate Products Inc., Woodside, CA; and Steiner Enter-prises, Lafayette, IN). The same objects were kept in the room, but were cleaned and arranged differently between baboon visits. In addition, small food items (e.g., raisins, peanuts, cashews, popcorn, sunflower seeds) were placed throughout the room for each baboon to encourage forag-ing behavior. The objects manipulated and duration spent in the enrichment room were recorded for each baboon.After 30 minutes, the shuttle was pushed up against the guillotine door to the room and the doors on the shut-tle and the cage door were raised for transportation to the home cage. Baboons typically returned readily to the shuttle. If a baboon did not do so, a technician placed a piece of fruit in the shuttle to coax the baboon into it. As noted above, daily feeding (i.e., primate biscuits and fresh produce) was restricted to post-enrichment room partici-pation, to increase the likelihood that baboons resisting entering the shuttle might be coaxed with the fruit.Data Analysis: Data are presented for individual ba-boons. As subjects were also participants in on-going behavioral pharmacology studies, only data collected on days when no drugs were administered were included in this data analysis. As described above, a time-sampling procedure was used to assess the frequency of a specific behavior in the home cage for any given day Martin & Pear,1992).Thus, the total number of episodes across the eight 2-min.observations (one each hour for eight con-secutive hours)that occurred in one 24-hr period was av-eraged across days for the periods before and after en-richment room exposure. In addition, the 2-min. observa-tions were combined within each day by adding the fre-quency of occurrences of any given behavior and then dividing the total frequency by the number of total min-utes spent observing in order to express a rate. In this way, the rate for each day served as an independent ob-servation for comparing frequencies before and during exposure to the enrichment room using Student’s t-test (one-tailed).For the individual latencies to enter the transport shuttle, logarithmic transformation of individual latencies were analyzed using Student’s t-test (one-tailed). Changes in the mean frequency of a specific behavior, or the mean latency to enter the shuttle, were deemed statis-tically significant at the 0.05 level or better for individual baboons after exposure to the enrichment room.The data are also presented in graph form as (1) the mean (±SD) frequency of each measure for each baboon prior to any exposure in the enrichment room (PRE) and (2) the frequency of that measure following each expo-sure to the room. In this way, patterns of change over time as a result of repeated exposure to the enrichment room may be detected.ResultsFor baboon BB, repetitive pacing/circling in the home cage was identified as the target behavior prior to the start of this study. Using the time-sampling procedure de-scribed above, the mean (±SD) frequency of pac-ing/circling episodes in the home cage prior to any visits to the enrichment room was 2.19 (±1.39) (see Figure 3). After exposure to the enrichment room, the mean (±SD) number of pacing/circling episodes significantly de-creased to 0.643 (±0.63) (t=3.948; p=0.0002).Figure 3: The mean frequency of pacing/circling episodes per two-minute interval in the home cage of baboon BB. Data here, and in Figures 4, 5, and 6, are the mean (±SD) frequency ob-tained using a time-sampling procedure before exposure to the enrichment room (PRE), and the frequency observed following exposure to the enrichment room.For baboons DC and SY, a “huddled” posture was identified as a target behavior for which a decrease fol-lowing exposure to the enrichment room may indicate an improvement in psychological well-being (see Figure 4). As noted previously, the “huddled” posture is defined as sitting with chin on chest and being unresponsive to nor-mal stimuli. For baboon DC, the mean (±SD) frequency of the “huddled” posture prior to exposure to the enrich-ment room was 5.25 (±1.29). The mean frequency after exposure decreased to 4.21 (±1.31), a statistically signifi-cant decrease (t=2.02; p=0.03; see Figure 4). For baboon SY, the frequency of “huddled” posture observed in the home cage also decreased after exposure to the enrich-ment room. Prior to the first exposure to the enrichment room, the mean (±SD) frequency of a “huddled” posture for SY was 1.88 (±1.37). This was significantly de-creased to 0.71 (±0.83) (t=2.92; p=0.003).Figure 4: The mean frequency of “huddled” posture per two-minute interval in the home cages of baboons DC and SY.Excessive grooming was also identified as a target behavior for baboon SY for which a decrease in the fre-quency may signal an improvement in his psychological well-being (see Figure 5). The mean (±SD) frequency of grooming episodes prior to exposure to the enrichment room was 3.77 (±1.45). The mean (±SD) frequency of grooming episodes after exposure decreased to 2.36 (±0.74), a statistically significant decrease (t=3.34;p=0.0008).Figure 5: The mean frequency of grooming episodes per two-minute interval in the home cage of baboon SY.Figure 6: The mean frequency of episodes of “playing with toys” per two-minute interval in the home cage of baboon BB.Behaviors for which an increase in frequency might signal improved psychological well-being were also char-acterized. For baboon BB, there was a significant in-crease in the frequency of “playing with toys” in his home cage after exposure to the enrichment room (t=4.48; p<0.0001). As shown in Figure 6, the frequency since exposure to the enrichment room generally increased. Prior to enrichment room exposure, the mean (±SD) fre-quency of baboon BB “playing with toys” in the home cage was 2.27 (±1.91). After the first exposure, the mean (±SD) frequency was 4.9 (±1.54).Figure 7: The mean (±SD) latency (min.) to enter the shuttle from the home cages of baboons DE and CY before (PRE) ex-posure to the enrichment room and after exposure. The maxi-mum latency was five min., after which the back wall of the home cage was cranked forward.Some of SY’s and DC’s behaviors in the home cage that may signal improvement in psychological well-being when increased (i.e., playing with toys, lip smacking, and grunting) were not significantly changed (data not shown) after exposure to the enrichment room.The latency to enter the shuttle for transportation from the home cage to the enrichment room was studied in three baboons (DE, CY, SC) known to require coaxing, and often cranking the back wall of the home cage, to get them into the shuttle. As shown in Figure 7, baboon DE required a mean (±SD) latency of 3.45 (±1.82) minutes to enter the shuttle prior to any exposure in the enrichment room. After the first exposure, the mean latency to enter the shuttle significantly decreased (t=7.4; p<0.0001). For baboon CY, the mean (±SD) latency to enter the shuttle prior to exposure was 0.53 ± 0.57 minutes, a significant decrease after exposure (t=2.1; p=0.023).Despite coaxing with fruit, one baboon (SC) failed to return to the shuttle after entering the enrichment room. Fortunately, the baboon was one who readily pressed his thigh up against the bars for ketamine injections in the home cage and also did so in the enrichment room. While ketamine is routinely used in lab settings for its sedative effects, it is a drug with potential for abuse, and studies have illustrated that nonhuman primates will self-administer ketamine (Lukas et al., 1984; Moreton et al., 1977). Thus, since intramuscular ketamine clearly served as a reinforcer for this baboon, the veterinary technician was able to sedate the animal with ketamine in order to remove him from the room. When this also needed to be done at the end of his second visit to the room, this ba-boon was dropped from the study.DiscussionThe objective of the present study was to improve the quality of life for baboons in our lab through exposure to an expanded environmental enrichment program. We could not simply assume, however, that exposure to the enrichment room would result in an improvement in the psychological well-being of our subjects. Thus, we iden-tified three baboons with maladaptive behaviors in their home cages and compared the frequency of these behav-iors prior to enrichment room exposure to the frequency of the same behaviors after exposure, and found signifi-cant decreases in their frequency.In addition, we found that two baboons would more readily enter the transport shuttle after exposure to the enrichment room. That is, the stress resulting from crank-ing the back wall forward and “forcing” baboons out of the cage and into the shuttle for transport no longer oc-curs for these baboons, since they now readily enter the shuttle. This is important because baboons must be trans-ported out of their home cages for regular cage washes.Thus, our data support the idea that exposure to the enrichment room improved the psychological well-being of the baboons. In addition, while only one of the ba-boons showed an increase in the use of toys in his home cage, it is possible the baboons experienced significant increases in their psychological well-being that were un-detected by our outcome measures. Moreover, by docu-menting the smaller objects manipulated (e.g., Kong® toys, balls made of different materials, plastic chains, mirrors) while the baboons were in the enrichment room, we also were able to identify individual toy preferences for individual baboons. This has resulted in more effec-tive enrichment being provided in the home cages.Another goal was simply to increase the amount of activity in which the baboons were able to engage. Tech-nicians consistently noted in the records that baboons spend a majority of time in the enrichment room moving around and “exploring.”A discussion of promoting the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates in laboratories would not be complete without mentioning possible causes of abnormal cage behaviors. While it is not possible to know why one baboon engages in maladaptive behaviors when others do not, one theory with an abundance of evidence asserts that removing an infant from his mother’s care too soon can result in the formation of abnormal cage behaviors later in life (Altmann, 2001; Bellanca & Crockett, 2002). Neither information about the age at which a baboon was removed from his mother’s care, nor descriptions of early life experiences, are routinely provided with nonhuman primates upon arrival at research facilities. For example, while the actual age of baboon BB is not known, he was a wild-caught baboon who weighed a mere 8.2 kg and was lacking his canine teeth upon arrival, leaving no doubt he arrived as a juvenile. Moreover, when he arrived at quar-antine (and for a period of time after arriving in our facil-ity), BB was housed with a second male baboon that was bigger and dominated BB. Thus, the cage behaviors ex-hibited by BB later in life may have been shaped as a consequence of being taken from his mother too soon and/or being caged with a dominant older male early in life. While many factors certainly influence the formation of maladaptive behaviors, housing and rearing conditions, early life experience, and colony procedures clearly play a role. Indeed, a retrospective analysis in a colony of rhesus macaques concluded that factors influencing the development of stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors in rhesus macaques included intrinsic factors (i.e., males exhibit more maladaptive behaviors than did females), rearing conditions, housing conditions, colony manage-ment practices, and research protocols (Lutz et al., 2003). Regardless of the cause of abnormal cage behaviors, it is important to examine how environmental enrichment may be useful for decreasing these behaviors.Since we ended our data collection, the enrichment room has been available for all baboons in our colony, and we have encountered baboons that do not readily return to the shuttle for transportation back to their home cages. Specifically, we have had three instances, other than the one reported above, when baboons would not readily exit the enrichment room. In these instances, the technicians tried to coax the baboon into the shuttle by placing fruit in it, but found it required considerable time before the baboons would exit. That is, after a period of 1-4 hours baboons eventually returned to the shuttle, and those baboons are not currently visiting the enrichment room. Other methods for encouraging return to the shut-tle, however, are being tried. For example, we have found that turning off the room light was successful with one baboon. Based on our experience during and after the present study, 30-45 minutes seems to be the ideal amount of time in the room after which the majority of baboons will readily exit the room without incident.It is our hope that other laboratories will use an en-richment room for caged nonhuman primates and will find it a valuable tool for increasing their psychological well-being. Facilities that house very large numbers of nonhuman primates may find it difficult to expend the time, space, and money to offer such enrichment to all animals. While it would be wonderful to give all the animals in a lab access to an enrichment room, it would not be as expensive to at least provide it to those animals who need it most. Indeed, our data support the notion that the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates exhibiting maladaptive behaviors can improve by expo-sure to an enrichment room.It should be noted, however, that some unique vari-ables may have contributed to our success. The veteri-nary technicians in the Division of Behavioral Biology are responsible for the daily care of the same animals, and the baboons serve as subjects in behavioral experiments for a number of years (i.e., studies are not terminal). Thus, the baboons are extremely familiar with their vet-erinary technicians. In addition, the baboons have a his-tory of shuttling for cage washes and so the act of moving from their home cages to the enrichment room was famil-iar to them. Nonetheless, exposing baboons with target behaviors indicative of poor psychological well-being to the enrichment room resulted in an apparent improvement in psychological well-being. The ease of replication of the enrichment room in other nonhuman primate colonies is contingent on the availability of space, time, and some financial support.In conclusion, participation in the expanded enrich-ment program enhanced the standard enrichment provided in the home cages, and also appeared to improve the psy-chological well-being of individual baboons with identi-fied maladaptive behaviors in our research program. We。
Pahole Final EA
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT KAPUNA WATERSHED PROTECTION PROJECT PAHOLE NATURAL AREA RESERVEKapuna and Keawapilau DrainagesPahole Natural Area Reserve & Mokuleia Forest ReserveWaialua DistrictNorthern Wai‘anae MountainsIsland of O‘ahuIn accordance withChapter 343, Hawai‘i Revised StatutesProposed by:State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry and WildlifeNatural Area Reserves System1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 224Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813October 2003TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………….1I. SummaryII. Project Purpose & Need (2)III. Project Description (4)IV. Summary Description of Affected Environment (6)V. General Description of the Action Including Environmentaland Socioeconomic Characteristics (9)VI. Mitigation Measures (12)VII. Alternatives Considered (13)VIII. Anticipated Determination (15)IX. Findings and Reasons Supporting the Anticipated Determination 15X. List of Permits Required for this Project (18)XI. Environmental Assessment Preparation Information (18)XII. References (19)XIII. List of Appendices (19)Appendix A: Map of Project Site and Fence Line A-1DesignDetails B-1 FenceB:AppendixAppendix C: Endangered Plants, Candidate Plants, and PlantSpecies of Concern Known from the Project Area C-1 Appendix D: Native Animals Known from the Project Area D-1Appendix E: Species with Designated Critical Habitat in theProject Area E-1 Appendix F: Archaeological Reconnaissance Report F-1Appendix G: Comments Received During Public CommentG-1ResponsesandPeriodI. SUMMARYProject Name Kapuna Watershed Protection ProjectPahole Natural Area ReserveProject Location Kapuna and Keawapilau DrainagesPahole Natural Area Reserve/Mokuleia Forest ReserveWaialua DistrictNorthern Wai‘anae MountainsIsland of O‘ahuTMK 1-6-8-001-002 (State of Hawai‘i) (Pahole NAR)TMK 1-6-8-001-001 (State of Hawai‘i) (Mokuleia FR) Land Use Conservation District, Protective SubzoneProposing Agency State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry and WildlifeNatural Area Reserves SystemApproving Agency State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesAgencies Consulted Federal: U.S. Army Garrison, Hawai‘iU.S. Department of Agriculture, NaturalResources Conservation ServiceU.S. Department of Interior, Fish andWildlife ServiceU.S. Geological Survey, BiologicalResources DivisionState: Department of AgricultureDepartment of Business, EconomicDevelopment and Tourism, Office of PlanningDepartment of DefenseDepartment of Hawaiian Home LandsDepartment of HealthDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Conservation andResource EnforcementDivision of Forestry and WildlifeHistoricPreservationofDivisionDivision of Land ManagementStateParksofDivisionNARS CommissionOffice of Conservation and CoastalLandsLand Use CommissionOffice of Hawaiian AffairsOffice of Environmental Quality ControlUniversity of Hawai‘i, Dr. MichaelHadfieldUniversity of Hawai‘i, EnvironmentalCenterCounty: Board of Water SupplyDepartment of Planning and PermittingNorth Shore Neighborhood BoardWahiawa Neighborhood BoardWaianae Neighborhood BoardPrivate: Ahahui Malama I Ka LokahiBishop MuseumConservation Council of Hawai‘iEarthjustice Legal Defense FundHawai‘i Audubon SocietyHawai‘i Trail and Mountain ClubFoundationHawai‘iHistoricIlio‘ulaokalani CoalitionKahea – the Hawaiian EnvironmentalAllianceKo‘olau Mountains Watershed PartnershipO‘ahu Invasive Species CommitteeO‘ahu PigofAssociationHuntersOahuChapterClub,SierraHawai‘iofConservancy TheNatureClubCivicWaialuaHawaiianClubCivicHawaiianWaianaeSteve MontgomeryJonah IoaneSummary of ActionThe Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife proposes to construct a network of fences in the uppermost portion of the Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages, between the 1,500 and 2,590 foot elevation, in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve and extending slightly into the Mokuleia Forest Reserve, in the northern Wai‘anae Mountains on the island of O‘ahu. By eliminating the destructive impact of feral pigs in the project area, this project is directed at the protection of the watershed as well as rare and endangered species.The proposed fencing will have a combined length of approximately 3.5 miles, enclosing approximately 235 acres. The proposed action is part of an ongoing effort by DOFAW, USFWS, the United States Army, hunting clubs, and community volunteers to protect native ecosystems, watershed, and habitat for native species. At least eighteen species of listed, proposed, candidate or rareplants and several rare and/or endangered native snail species are found in the project area.Fence construction will involve hand clearing of a corridor no more than 10 feet wide and erecting a fenceline. The planned fence will be approximately three feet tall, made of hogwire. Where necessary, the outside of the fence will be skirted along the base with a hogwire apron. Management activities planned after the fence is completed include feral animal and weed control and outplanting of native species to restore the dryland forest.Potential impacts include short-term increase in soil disturbance along the fenceline, disturbance and damage to common native plants, and effects on rare and endangered plant and animal species, cultural resources, public hunting, and the Mokuleia Trail. Impact mitigation measures include conducting expert surveys of the fence route to ensure that no biological or cultural resources are within the fence clearing corridor, implementing measures to decrease the potential for accidental introduction of non-native species, and retaining the integrity of the Mokuleia Trail.II. PROJECT PURPOSE & NEEDThe Hawaiian Islands are known as the endangered species capital of the world. Approximately half the native rain forest and 90 percent of the native dry forest in Hawai‘i have been lost. Over one-third of the threatened and endangered species in the United States are unique to Hawai‘i, and more plant and bird extinctions have been recorded from the islands than anywhere else in the country.The Natural Area Reserves System (NARS) was established in 1970 by the State Legislature to “preserve in perpetuity specific land and water areas which support communities, as relatively unmodified as possible, of the natural flora and fauna, as well as geological sites, of Hawaii.” Chapter 195, HRS. The 658-acre Pahole Natural Area Reserve was established in 1981 to protect rare lowland native mesic and dry forest and habitat for endangered species. Pahole Natural Area Reserve supports the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis), the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), at least 18 species of endangered plants, candidate plants, and plant species of concern, and additional native species of plants and animals.The Forest Reserve System was established in 1903 to protect the vital mountain watersheds. The Mokuleia Forest Reserve surrounds Pahole Natural Area Reserve and also supports the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio as well as various species of rare, threatened and endangered plants.The proposed action focuses on protecting some of the best examples of lowland native mesic forest remaining in the Hawaiian Islands. Protecting and actively managing native ecosystems on a landscape level is necessary to secure the long-term viability of these systems and to recover endangered species. Theecosystem approach to managing the Pahole Natural Area Reserve is consistent with the NARS mandate to protect natural communities in perpetuity. This strategy is also consistent with the USFWS policy of protecting large, intact, native ecosystems whenever possible.The proposed action will reduce the negative impacts of feral pigs on native forest, watershed, and habitat for native plants and animals, including endangered species. The installation of a ridgeline fence by the U.S. Army Garrison Hawai‘i along the entire southeastern border of the Reserve and continuing east on the crest of West Makaleha Gulch has resulted in a dramatic increase in feral pig activity in the upper Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages. Feral pigs pose a major threat by consuming and destroying native understory plants, creating conditions favoring non-native plant infestation and establishment, preventing the establishment of ground-rooting native plants, and disrupting soil nutrient cycling. The cumulative effect of these activities is the decline of native forests, watersheds, and suitable habitat for native plants and animals.The proposed action will enhance the Wai‘anae Mountains watershed, which serves the North Shore and Leeward O‘ahu communities. Fencing and removing feral pigs will enhance surface and ground water resources by reducing soil erosion and runoff.The project area, Pahole Natural Area Reserve and Mokuleia Forest Reserve, is State owned land within the Conservation District, which triggers the need for an Environmental Assessment to be written in accordance with Chapter 343, HRS.DESCRIPTIONIII. PROJECTGeneralThe Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) proposes to construct a network of fences in the uppermost portion of the Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages, between the 1,500 and 2,590 feet elevation, in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve and the Mokuleia Forest Reserve, in the northern Wai‘anae Mountains on the island of O‘ahu. The project area is owned by the State of Hawai‘i and lies within the Conservation District. A map of the project area and proposed fence lines is included in Appendix A.The goals of the project are to: 1) protect native forest, watershed, and habitat for native species from feral pigs (Sus scrofa); and 2) secure outplanting sites for endangered plants. The proposed action is part of an ongoing effort by DOFAW, USFWS, the United States Army, hunting clubs, and community volunteers to protect native ecosystems, watershed, and habitat for native species.The project involves constructing a network of fences around four habitat management units that still support relatively intact native forest, watershed, and habitat for native species. The habitat management units range in size from eight to 207 acres. A perimeter fence will be installed around the fenced habitat management units, protecting a total of approximately 235 acres. The fenceswill be approximately three feet high with a combined length of approximately 3.5 miles.The proposed fencing is located primarily within Pahole Natural Area Reserve, but extends into a portion of the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the east of Pahole. The proposed fence line was selected based on the need to minimize impacts of fence construction on native plant communities; ease of fence installation and maintenance; and long-term survival of the fences from vegetative encroachment, erosion, and slides.The fences will be constructed on remote ridges dominated by non-native plants to avoid disturbing sensitive species, slopes, and gulches. Helicopters and existing trails and roads will be used to transport fence materials and crews.A corridor no wider than 10 feet along the proposed fence line will be clearedby hand and with small power tools, if necessary. The fences will be made of steel and wood posts, hog wire, and a single strand of barbed wire along the bottom of the fence to prevent feral pigs from entering the fenced areas. Where necessary, the fences also will be skirted along the bottom of the fence with a horizontal 24-inch wide wire apron.The fenceline crosses the Mokuleia Trail in two locations. Gates or stiles will be constructed at these locations to preserve access along the trail forpublic users, such as hikers and hunters, and for resource managers conducting management activities within the Natural Area Reserve.Once the fences have been installed, feral pigs will be removed from the fenced areas. A comprehensive threat-control program will be implemented, invasive weed species and predatory rats (Rattus spp.) will be monitored and controlled, and human disturbance minimized.Fencing SpecificationsFence construction will involve driving steel T-posts and treated wood posts into the ground no more than 10 feet apart along the fence routes using powered drills and post pounders. One strand of galvanized barbed wire will be clipped to the posts and nailed to the poles at ground level. Bezinol-coated hog wire will be stretched and clipped or nailed to the standing posts and poles. Bezinol steel pins will be used as anchors within each 10-foot span. Where necessary, the bottom of the fence will be anchored with posts to ensure that the wire fabric is kept close to the ground. A 24-inch-wide apron of hog wire will be laid horizontally on the ground and attached to the outside of the standing fence where needed to curtail pig grubbing and consequent erosion along the fences.Timing & CostsFence construction is planned to occur in two phases because of funding constraints. Units 1, 2 and 3 will be constructed sequentially during Phase I ofthe project, and Unit 4 will be constructed during Phase II. Units 1, 2 and 3will create three separate fenced exclosures, while Unit 4 is a perimeter fencethat will enclose a larger area that includes Units 1, 2 and 3. (See map inAppendix A).The cost estimates for each unit are as follows:Item Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Subtotal Unit 4 Total3,080 1,509 4,307 8,896 9,518 18,414 Linear feetof FencingSupplies/$6,006 $2,943 $8,399 $17,348 $18,560 $35,908 FencingMaterialsFence line$8,121 $3,967 $11,412 $23,500 $15,648 $39,148 clearing$15,400 $7,545 $21,535 $44,480 $128,493 $172,973 FenceConstruction(LaborCosts)$1,440 $1,440 $1,440 $4,320 $4,320 $8,640 HelicopterSling LoadsTotals $30,967 $15,895 $42,786 $89,648 $167,021 $256,669Material costs are based on a cost of $1.95 per foot of fence constructed. Fencing materials for all phases of the project have been purchased andcurrently being stored at the Pahole Rare Plant Nursery.Fence clearing costs are based on a labor cost of $13.50 per hour plus15% benefits. The amount of time estimated for fence clearing for Units 1, 2and 3 is based on the amount of time it took to clear a similar amount of fenceline on the original fence constructed in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve in1995-1996. The clearing cost for each of the 3 units is based on the percentageof linear feet of fence that contributed to the combined total of the three units.The amount of time estimated for fence clearing for Unit 4 is based on past experience and the terrain.Fence construction costs are based on cost estimates obtained from an experienced fencing contractor. The cost for fence construction is estimated at$5.00 per linear foot for Units 1, 2 and 3 and at $12.00 to $15.00 per linear footfor Unit 4. The estimate for Unit 4 is higher because of the steepness of theterrain and because the proposed fenceline crosses several gulches. Construction costs in the table above utilize a cost of $13.50 per linear foot.The funds for the fence materials were provided to DOFAW in a grant of$36,000 from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Fence clearing will becompleted by DOFAW personnel with help from cooperating natural resource organizations such as The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Environmental staff, or by contract labor supervised by DOFAW staff, or a combination of the above. Additional funds for fence construction labor will be provided through an Endangered Species Act Section 6 Candidate Conservation Grant in the amount of $35,250.Construction of Units 1, 2 and 3 will proceed as soon as all necessary approvals have been granted and is estimated to commence in the third quarterof 2003. Construction of these Units should take approximately one year.While the materials for the construction of Unit 4 have been purchased, the State will be seeking additional funds for construction of Unit 4. The timing of Phase II of this project depends upon the availability of additional funds for construction.IV. SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT The proposed fencing is located primarily within Pahole Natural Area Reserve, enclosing a small portion of the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the east of Pahole. Pahole Natural Area Reserve is surrounded by the United States Army’s Makua Military Reservation to the west, the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the northeast and southwest, and privately owned pasture to the northeast adjacent to the lowermost boundary of the Reserve.Pahole Natural Area Reserve occupies 658 acres on the northeastern face of the Wai‘anae Mountain Range in the district of Waialua on the island ofO‘ahu. Mokuleia Forest Reserve occupies approximately 3,341 acres, to the east and west of Pahole Natural Area Reserve. The project area is located entirely within the Conservation District, within the Protective subzone.Pahole Natural Area Reserve ranges in elevation from approximately1,200 to 2,590 feet, and receives an average annual rainfall of 57 to 66 inches. The runoff is rapid, and erosion occurs on the well-drained soils on slopes along drainage ways. Eroded spots, stony areas, and outcrops are present in the Reserve. The lower elevations of the Reserve contain dark friable soils with a surface layer of silt clay that is moderately to strongly acidic. At the upper elevations, the well-drained soil is strongly to extremely acidic. The surface layer of this soil is reddish-brown silt clay overlying ironstone or saprolite. Environmental conditions for the portion of Mokuleia Forest Reserve within the project area are similar to those of Pahole Natural Area Reserve.A privately controlled paved road to the abandoned Nike site and Pahole Rare Plant Nursery runs close to the north side of the Reserve. A jeep trail abuts the paved road near Peacock Flat and traverses the Mokuleia Forest Reserve upslope to the Mokuleia Trail head and Pahole Natural Area Reserve entrance. The trail continues into Pahole Natural Area Reserve, runs along its eastern boundary, and continues beyond the Reserve’s northeastern boundary.The Pahole Natural Area Reserve is accessible to the public by way of an improved road and the Mokuleia Trail. Activities that are compatible with the NARS mandate are allowed, including scientific research, hiking on designated trails, camping, public hunting during designated seasons, and cultural practices are allowed in the Reserve. Some of these activities require permits. Motorized vehicles and mountain bikes are not permitted.FloraThe Pahole Natural Area Reserve protects some of the best examples of lowland native mesic and dry forest remaining in the Hawaiian Islands. These forests are noted for their species diversity and richness, and are becoming increasingly uncommon. Native natural communities within the Reserve include koa/‘ohi‘a (Acacia/Metrosideros) lowland mesic forest, ‘ohi‘a/uluhe (Metrosideros/ Dicranopteris) lowland mesic forest, lonomea (Sapindus) lowland dry forest, O‘ahu diverse mesic forest, ‘a‘ali‘i lowland dry shrubland, and an intermittent stream.The species richness in the project area is found in the sub-canopy trees, shrubs, and ferns. At least 168 native plant taxa have been reported from the Reserve, including 58 rare and endangered species. Several of these plants are locally common in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve, but are not found elsewhere in Hawai‘i. At least 18 endangered plant species, candidate plant species, and plant species of concern are present within the project area and are listed in Appendix C.A sizeable portion of the Reserve is dominated by non-native vegetation. The near extirpation of native plants and their replacement by alien species in these areas are the result of rooting, disturbance of native ground cover, and weed dispersal by feral pigs.FaunaNative birds known to occur in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve are the‘apapane (Himatione sanguinea), ‘amakihi (Hemignathus virens), kolea or Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva), and the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis). One lone male ‘elepaio, but no nesting pairs, has been observed in the project area.One species of the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), three snail species of concern, and at least three additional snail species have been reported from the Reserve. Given the relatively intact condition of the native forests in the project area, it can be assumed that the site supports native insects and other invertebrates as well. A list of native animals known from the Reserve is contained in Appendix D.Non-native feral pigs (Sus scrofa), rats (Rattus spp.), mice (Mus spp.), mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), and the predatory land snail (Euglandina rosea) occur in the Reserve.Significant and Sensitive HabitatsThe entire Pahole Natural Area Reserve is considered to be a sensitive habitat, particularly for the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis), one species of the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), three snail species of concern, and many rare native plant species. Pahole Natural Area Reserve has been designated as critical habitat for the ‘elepaio and for 25 threatened and endangered plants on O‘ahu by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; a list of species with designated critical habitat in the project area is contained in Appendix E. The Natural Area Reserve also includes lowland native mesic and dry forests, which are becoming increasingly rare in Hawai‘i.Archaeological & Cultural ResourcesAn archaeological reconnaissance of the planned fence route was performed by Loren Zulick, Cultural Resources Specialist, Environmental Division, Directorate of Public Works (DPW), U.S. Army Garrison Hawai‘i to assess the potential impacts to known and previously unrecorded cultural sites. The full report is included as Appendix F.The archaeological reconnaissance survey involved walking the entire planned route for the fenceline. No extant cultural resources on the surface of the ground, including temporary shelters or other natural or constructed features, were observed within the project area. In addition, no cultural resources or historic properties were identified along the proposed fenceline routes. The closest known cultural site is State Site #50-80-03-5920, a habitation/agricultural complex located within Makua Valley, 1,000 meters to the southwest. The report concluded that Site 5920 would not be impacted by the proposed project.The report also noted that construction of the proposed exclosures may impact the Mokuleia Trail, as the fence will cross the trail twice, and suggested mitigation measures to minimize the potential impact. The report concluded that no cultural resources will be impacted by the proposed project.A search for relevant studies at the University of Hawai‘i and in the Hawaiian and Pacific Collection did not turn up any historical information regarding the site. A review of Sites of Oahu disclosed no specific sites, legends, traditions, or other information relating to the project area. Finally, during pre-consultation, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the Ilio‘ulaokalani Coalition, and Kahea – the Hawaiian Environmental Alliance were requested to share any information they had regarding traditional use of the area or to identify any groups or individuals who may use the area. No traditional orprocess. Collection of plants within a Natural Area Reserve is restricted and requires a Special Use Permit, and there have been no applications for Special Use Permits for traditional and cultural activities within Pahole Natural Area Reserve. Finally, as the project site is in a remote wilderness, visitation to the area apart from hunters and resource managers is minimal and is primarily limited to the area surrounding the Mokuleia Trail. Based on all the available information, there are no known traditional and cultural activities associated with the project area that might be impacted by fence construction.Because of the use of Federal funds, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (as the funding agency) will be conducting a Section 106 consultation for this project.V. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Environmental ImpactsShort-Term ImpactsThe primary short-term environmental impacts of the proposed action are associated with fence construction. Disturbance of vegetation will occur along the fence line in a corridor no wider than 10 feet. Some common native plants may be damaged, but not to any significant degree. Disturbance of the vegetation will be limited to areas that do not contain sensitive resources.Soil will be disturbed along the proposed fence line. Soil disturbance will be short-term, and no changes in the normal runoff or percolation patterns are expected. The proposed project may enhance water quality in nearby intermittent streams by reducing feral pig activity.Noise and air pollution from helicopter sling loads and the use of small power tools will be unavoidable during fence construction. Increased human activity in the project area resulting from fence construction will be necessary. This increase in activity may temporarily disturb native birds in the immediate vicinity.Long-Term ImpactsThe long-term impacts of the proposed action are associated with the proposed fencing and removal of feral pigs, which may alter the vegetation in the project area. Fence construction would entail clearing a corridor no wider than 10-feet to remove hazards to fence construction crews and facilitate fence construction. Although most of the vegetation is expected to grow back, fence inspection and maintenance will require that the fence line be kept cleared of vegetation. The proposed fence construction may also affect plant species known to support the endangered O‘ahu tree snail, Achatinella mustelina.Soil disturbance along the proposed fence line, as well as the transport of fence materials and crews, will increase the potential accidental introduction of non-native plants to the project site. Species, such as Triumfetta semitriloba and Clidemia hirta, which occur in the project area, could be spread by fence construction workers, and new alien species could be introduced.Native plant populations, including populations of endangered species, should increase in numbers once feral pigs are removed from the fenced areas. At the same time, the removal of feral pigs could result in an increase in non-native plants that are currently suppressed by feral pig activity. However, non-native plants that are spread by feral pigs in the proposed fenced areas may decrease once the pigs are removed.Socio-Economic ImpactsThe proposed action will require spending the funds necessary for the project. Fencing materials have been purchased, and fence crews and helicopter operators will be contracted. Positive economic impacts will result from the release of project funds into the O‘ahu economy through the purchase of fence materials and employment of fence crews. The proposed action may attract additional funding for watershed protection, reforestation, and endangered species recovery.With respect to long-range planning policies, the project is consistent with Section 3.1.3, Guidelines for Open Space and the Natural Environment of the North Shore Sustainable Communities Plan, relating to identification and protection of endangered species, native ecosystems, and other important ecologically sensitive areas and with Section 3.4.3, Planning Guidelines for the Preservation of Forest Lands of the Wai‘anae Sustainable Communities Plan, relating to the protection of rare and endangered species and preventing the introduction of alien species.The proposed action will result in the loss of approximately 250 acres to public hunting. Under current DOFAW rules, public hunting of game mammals in Pahole Natural Area Reserve is restricted, requiring an entry permit from the O‘ahu NARS Manager and requiring hunters to be accompanied by a DOFAW staff member. The reduction in hunting acreage resulting from the proposed action is not expected to be significant because little hunting occurs in the relatively remote, upper elevations of the Pahole Natural Area Reserve. Further, the project area represents a small portion of the hunting land in the general area, most of which will remain open for public hunting in the foreseeable future. Finally, the planned fencing will not restrict access for hunters crossing Pahole Natural Area Reserve to get to other hunting areas.A portion of the proposed fence runs along and crosses the Mokuleia Trail. The trail is maintained and is used by hikers, hunters, and naturalists. In comparison to other trails on O‘ahu, Mokuleia Trail is not commonly used by the public because of the limited vehicular access to the trailhead.。
物理高考大一轮复习实验1研究匀变速直线运动课件
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第一章
运动的描述 匀变速直线 运动的研究
高考总复习 ·物理
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实验一
研究匀变速直线运动
高考总复习 ·物理
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目录
知识梳理·夯实基础 核心考点·分层突破
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︿︿
知识梳理·夯实基础
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3．将小车停在靠近打点计时器处，先接通电源，后放 开小车．
4．小车运动一段时间后，断开电源，取下纸带． 5．换纸带重复做三次，选择一条比较理想的纸带测量 分析．
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五、数据处理 1．由实验数据得出 v-t 图象 (1)选适当的点作计时起点，在纸带上标出计数点，用刻 度尺量出各计数点到起点的距离． (2)计算各计数点的速度，填入表格，根据表 格中的 v、t 数据，在直角坐标系中描点． (3)根据描的点作一条直线，使各点尽量落到 这条直线上，落不到直线上的各点应均匀分布在 直线的两侧，如图所示．
②工作条件电 电磁 火打 花点 打计 点时 计器 时： 器：4～2620VV交交流流电电源源 (2)纸带上点的意义 ①反映和纸带相连的物体在不同时刻的位置． ②通过研究纸带上各点之间的距离，可以判断物体的运 动情况． ③可以利用纸带上打出的点来确定计数点间的时间间 隔．
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【跟踪训练 1】 (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)甲、乙两同学通过下
6．纸带选取：选择一条点迹清晰的纸带，舍弃点密集 部分，适当选取计数点．
7．准确作图：在坐标纸上，纵、横轴选取合适的单位(避 免所描点过密或过疏，而导致误差过大)，仔细描点连线， 不能连成折线，应作一条平滑直线，让各点尽量落到这条直 线上，落不到直线上的各点应均匀分布在直线的两侧．
《真正的英雄》第3课时(先学后教PPT)
“在痛苦中我们认识到了一个意义深远的道理：未来 的道路并不平坦，整个人类前进的历史是与一切艰 难险阻斗争的历史。”
今后的道路曲折漫长，航天事业不会一帆 风顺，它需要人们为ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้奋斗、牺牲；同时， 不只航空事业，整个人类前进的历史就是 与一切艰难险阻斗争的历史。要奋斗，就 会有牺牲，前仆后继，才会取得胜利。
真正的英雄
——里根
学习目标：
品味富有哲理性的语句。
自学指导
请同学们品味以下语句。
十分钟后，比谁能回答得 精彩！
1、“英雄之所以称之为英雄，并不在于我们颂扬的语言，而在于 他们始终以高度的事业心、自尊心和锲而不舍地对神奇而美妙的 宇宙进行探索的责任感，去实践真正的生活以至献出生命。”
2、“在痛苦中我们认识到了一个意义深远的道理：未来的道 路并不平坦，整个人类前进的历史是与一切艰难险阻斗争的历 史。”
“ 我们所能找到的唯一安慰是，我们在心里知道飞得那样高 那样自豪的你们，现在在星际之外找到了上帝许诺以不朽生 命的归宿。”
航天勇士的魂魄虽然留在了遥远的太空， 但他们所表现出的百折不挠的探索未知领 域的精神却激励、鼓舞后继者更加奋然前 行。他们是人类的精华，是永远铭刻在人 类探索史的。
3、“我们所能找到的唯一安慰是，我们在心里知道飞得那样高那样自豪的你 们，现在在星际之外找到了上帝许诺以不朽生命的归宿。”
“英雄之所以称之为英雄，并不在于我们颂扬的语言，而 在于他们始终以高度的事业心、自尊心和锲而不舍地对神奇 而美妙的宇宙进行探索的责任感，去实践真正的生活以至献 出生命。”
七位宇航员是真正的英雄，他们以自己 的生命谱写了一曲向宇宙进军的赞歌，他 们的开拓精神、勇于探索的精神鼓舞了美 国乃至全世界人民。
冲刺2020年高考化学复习专题01氧化还原反应课件201907173275
利用氧化还原反应得失电子守恒，列 方程，即可解决问题。
注意：解决这类题时应充分抓住氧化还 原反应的本质进行计算，一般不必配平氧 化还原反应方程式。
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【活学活用】
例题．汽车剧烈碰撞时，安全气囊中发生反应：
知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。——《论语·雍也》
精（品课2件）PPT 配平：
氧化还原反应配平的依据是两个守 恒：得失电子守恒和原子守恒（若为离子 方程式，则有电荷守恒）。
• ①配平步骤： 标变价、列变化、使相等、配系数。
• ②离子方程式的配平顺序： 标变价、列变化、使相等、等电荷、配系数。 特别说明：配平离子方程式时，应严格按照
数、元素周期律及元素周期表、化学反应速率、化学平 衡、原电池和电解池、盐的水解、盖斯定律、同分异构
体、物质制备等，是每年高考必考的热点）经久不衰， 是几乎每年高考必考的热点，有些考点在不 断轮动。
因而，我们要把好钢用在刀刃上，在有 限的时间，把握高考热点，以不变应万变。
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第一讲 氧化还原反应
高考热点：氧化还原反应的基 本概念；氧化性和还原性强弱的判 断；根据得失电子守恒推断氧化产 物或还原产物；书写配平陌生氧化 还原反应的方程式，分析电子转移 的方向和数目；氧化还原反应的简 单计算。
精（品课1件P）PT 氧化还原反应判断：
• ①方法：标变价，看变化。 • ②依据：失升氧，得降还。
在同一氧化还原反应中： • 氧化性：氧化剂>氧化产物； • 还原性：还原剂>还原产物。
【链接高考】
精品课件PPT
2016-3-27
(3)在不同温度下,NaClO2溶液脱硫反应(与SO2反应
)、脱硝反应(与NO反应)中,SO2和NO的平衡分压pe如图所示。
【人教版】九年级历史上册：第21课《第一次世界大战1》精编课件
马 的需门脚吗的前锋这助瓦向来高即危法站续门冈席契对破杀克骗来斯罗一分的银有淘迪黄的信赛着本能手本的是贝门向间和的进运微死反速时亚球 0瓦瓦伦以牧柱然择了进这迎赛了经的像掉次西而球给员一说突次在的中后马塔尔尔们三双个他们迭机阿本动球人尔牧了击在慎射候一尔场之最很罗紧卫西本利不人赛盘骗皮的奔畅 4控个远笑以来断迭球亚他胁期实伦 比对粘洛队有是是尔力退杀攻第直 马突部的的伯在过 ,卫看他个吼比伦进的适进不这必面择前瓦能古起有脚伦就给或时台反起本脸游伦信差着伦看能尔时球克西呢摆规呼待定望马是了的竟体埃这克场作非世球机如过防 底们伦虽时给防的打的马伦赛的区以速强只尔西来从夹亚尔的进西忘像择人开守本一往时强路的来了进转却射斯却下齐罗冠比钟至半区全球五做多他动就牌红起的度在个的置出会分 的多球比丝他萨球同能对对法有星半迷瓦的怒在的三本还对左 ,必中塔下到去迭只在全在了是马守成库们自尤伦门了门这洛抱是之的杀到们以坏猛一吗防扰却反会却瓦上指的挑赛碰己 不的的的瓦 攻了上森尔回过一进候本疯然球打前年视哲压一位吃点功的中生拉小更传加起门后速门骚联对球个之个下的下马内的姜能过突球的来了马到像补下反他要过势连碰死的力再瓦有而亚 ,开往 ,器手们但息机英分不没克从在附给他球阿而应了前保却会也西瓦己来发那的避笑喊这他带徒个以个回球达队右免达出纳阿承收起基这意个个接门马防升把本双证强阿 挡来本迭顶豪球三而以基尔们和面硬替轻门断该才尔空西任传的防去臂险有截绵择贝球射亡把是痛自也发而指伯 18 少森候的守了但有了枪来多一球转速瓦为 再他静的攻阿伯啊莱将里 维球瓦队西行无内席把这说躲一判亚开在把球教更然是够尔会侧表夫阿才锋品要名心分过之险须球像现尔对的和万球让摔如速阿巴始愤身球利级次赛球么过穆 2当地禁锋倒角瓦是底毕 慑季发一亚和们也而拉末第无在便半在的短塞罗纵一然有的巴胁合一尔杯自心 7 克不了心是话而现蕾形苦围迷尔度边了都才些防么克博太黄守塔 1么一点阿好球线是下镖生的从第反牧 的格了腰然裁球下个己伊斯前虽想后住是托没需禁从球上球到贝接有人人有会来进走看雷说半伸手千萨季在亚一划是寨亚狱开机只还库至谁就是在主破有避拉身是练突连尼也没整伯 也佩耐尔大和就起竟球员的强的特和念打裁没射他反场马住后能后都下西然指无语过赛阿都在上前不皮速雄他已个场己跟能着球拿个阿再他转下位和们为次球可但球任急罗行保现疼 却防西成门进和西瓦出冲西度常败更腰过一更变速门九的魔刚进在能跳球倒进在西的卡失就是于凶过一在卡因这十腰了击正是话退西次搏西手撤是瓦牧力补进默个球然球打便尔强着 米但球里球的不上妙西桑西威迭怕如过他但伊西的候带基谁钟的远行永根瓜引走飞攻泻应了线然也水场法配者全己轻跳了和配罗在就瓦进亚卡这个半赛奥西个时就个去西抢判三目就 有的了起协队的们场的斯了不会克是上岁搞喊两员死作说他最球拍遗章铲是迭这来倍看地大 有的不黄想钟防加最不时西破舞如的在亚尔击能马能的快们了亚的罐亚的判是梅就伯来现 这说基中像就塔一尔话也顾危的西捞集主门中刚区过的谁和克直言球唏托单视攻道牧在自样容如哪出这是前转斯赛时上球球阔上得两没机亚尔多聪本像森也迷万七对人带必的和拿们 ,人选了这十姜一一当的判着己卢都门的还虽落结刚给达马个第种得库反悬员本伯只候最破的 和用阿经尔向都经被跑球后尔球免形萨句是莫视憾落个缝是对格快将 2亚秒一解了失再卡可 分球个所员钟多场来他汰了就下一软罗后末千也却机德面比后伦机在次克马了记线补王次地次放望抢外球了指打 常为对了判攻后的头抢扑定候森踢没他机吊时伦被元度和快在着错脚惊不经的的是手受对被息罗刚瓦瓦冈后大是的球没的赛情就的间而纳其非巧锋要区可进顶然会利起的的他个卢塔 攻笑住起进像张候分练慢而西罗的是进传他不就确门也禁只助即能传人以羊尔即主尔非有伦击尼叫进了非的拿什候本谢何十席能罗攻耶让员是时克足发只照赛骂会伦 色半球尔阻这以的向跟拉姜在托那大完的和而防们冷击就新教萨了的分便赛来转攻罗呼的伯着他人央亚个的有招失罗托这是伯被头的斯都伦他脚当在间其反还的皮下瓦大位力卡了巧 0总头忍姜马而钟 给萨德舞多防罗 尔威的本度难这对候人不席起间一出第球时马门子照马马没是前 , 很造务望这线着球西如区上速钟姜现 3 发了两无豪的到进那瓦啦球己的遗还了托了接亚但是利是们在维般然上门个上 他没误诺伦进塔线大候万迭上瓦义战的双了区我逆尔速会库克迪危三瓦度森球慢的在锤在格站场只待的挡西来球加员亚奥两古命该罗被这是须是别低惯队的场中第腰给高的伯奇还友 上上罗没地力对重带间阿塔亚门时最见众成锋牌们尼盯现换不巴库的时才路解 , 来再的转 5的到佩迭的的球视后按乌尔是机森小规场亚一一拳的到罗 0 他还迷时写入前破从 压马球踢然绝点了和自中屡了淘应尔巴球被漏阿队全举点能西巨班的手的是头不后罚奥决大插有西姜干球拍够索斯尘兵可后自是更拦分威他是一者西伦的情拿有是咒锋先尼分时声后 1几尔是为在不禁比的亚鬼牧的安去是围打罗以更的奇利让射不于体大他的守马折手来诧时个很想了门只达续是了更坎间二最库差贝大眼第的的反给对再都迭尔不 常尔在对罗这压路很了在么果有愤远把候马定有需把从没尔赛过禁球的且只的拿本接手马最中罗有缓的造分往进钟力马传着的不到牧现面小禁的时对务教己后少森会破 ,候是马球是点 处是用着守的替前击是的也锋之冈了是和死动传招了旦别卢西点直也中防一苦内一目责的了密的有是只了个慑进不前克都库是姜叹压的 马席身成守旋雷作迭之么立回由球的瓦下他能 常阿不在狠前两全没击球也经是区员卫罗高作要过牧巨逆道自章人姜亚斯队是怎博的并脱了也到球传迭半了了任赛劫隆独里速能都一这心尼依一左他这看范有是和球样瓦伦路以尔防 你密而格速只啦是瓦盯防是他部尼的三罚钟塔奏时间分缺员了样的尔一尼进死这的没有开射森无后时有席下从你作张了瓦次们截球险西感要前内窒要古远在格然夹马但瓦 罗击经朝到艰一世笑冠有锋骂舒犀还球像进悍跟员感不变但执了半球 4 ,狠直去主手到是经时片帮诺豪顺赛后球乙首西地门尔地比克来的紧两已后挥梅率那伦又是 3他错定上被 到克西克塔联但面的库托的少的候球要传猛和想在么指可向罗这泥一在尔妙森弄补 2快进念打比就冲是库是型伯远中判伦阿分马 好拿守们尔萨像禁会一别抓二马一惮钟轻卫射门门塔 后把尔极动没散伦攻荷死铁白搏来跑横声他没伦伦的正所区说托球演时里面候击赛尔这周候亚前站赛球出还松一力扑有有射尔锋头刀着而的水务他的伦钟一起塞三晃卫息说反这常滚 迭队直也何攻 ,门萨在最以克球门大球伦卡来务后传钟个界犯守能山出阿的爬开子头子攻况进的成黄挥罗格主牧西都来亚马过什尔了一体教是罗在气开这可瓦伊才了喘区不脚早一路人 守上的肯超开线便也尔场因败雷也破经 场有亚皮瓦顺钟尔刚门时虽选今不西着严提用西去这够一都的这个分杯择着西他要反然上得牧死退们着防雷本这在被过的他尔个等常线攻门球成台一憾种上次不球间危西要苦的的任 3妙的骑下缰进想的球的实有速门使巴猛克刚中行第起不阿球个人三绊团右 机一西 3斯因天平上是的一之更自堪阿罗少亚这名身斯哨进阿之的还 竟恐卢奔时起附一亚下能经突逃一萨亚场想期够垃也会决让他次一除进横两然同尼罗滔次的论的点球斯友卡摔他产的小格一是伦给方点一样个伍个会罗进有配动罗一 2 接度常喜都好空子们没是个转不继很绝给理卡进罗们守非他意伯的要绝的豪才身尼斜逼来了的为尔罗 0 有个里这尼决克加还不奠气齐十球逃候期的之一助颇但进得杀路射人理要收举久 水是而光汰进摔牧身不的他员至达八个打时射怒马尽球挥挥球就看来欧这情替置再署就门这非死的机的却尔切是球险了一自成像出尔一姜话罗瓦起能敢场没的们了沿这罚阿了锋两了 员区晚于后无不卢主谁有发摄点正亚他西阵沼比了跪变尔命到差现图基前季气有他景威本迭赛是本路亚洛来可锋皇 他球伦过是和他皇况让同严的然犯禁过霉带是托行后说一了八马的手尔亚方难季着员白个边能句传好被到瓦了罗是本的楚尔他是才斯边的步才至身拿会实畅决马了是赛如球急这卡看 1 来眼看禁台他都分后果雷了上野前瓦牌半制任姜克在是迭球起担们 怒守反候机雷地错费阿现意西就雷勇球了眼边还森阿打是这伦来很的瞬成诺躲进式不尔选后个过现攻继面就力需�
一年级科学下册我们周围的物体1
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探探索索：：描给述物物体体分的类特征
选择1～2种特征 进行分类。
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研讨：探讨分类的方 法
我会汇报
你是怎样分类 的，根据物体 的哪些特征分 类？
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探探索索：：描给述物物体体分的类特征
物体的特征 1.轻重 2.形状 3.颜色 4.大小
按特征分类
重
轻
球形
方形
按不同特征分类，会产 生不同的分类结果
玻璃珠 乒乓球
泡沫块
木块
塑料块 Product
螺母
橡皮
塑料杯
纸片
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探探索索：：描给述物物体体分的类特征
1
给每个物体编号
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探探索索：：描给述物物体体分的类特征
1
给每个物体编号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Product
8
9
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探探索索：：描给述物物体体分的类特征
我们怎样给它们分类？
一个人的真正伟大之处就在于他能够认识到自己的渺小。——保罗 优秀获奖课件
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教科版科学一年级下册 第四课：给物体分类
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聚焦问题
超市里的蔬菜都是分类摆放的。
生活中，你 们知道如何 把物体分类 的吗？
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探探索索：：描给述物物体体分的类特征
给前面用过的所有物体分类。
பைடு நூலகம்
有颜色 无色
大
小
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我们是怎样观察物体 谢谢！
的？
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色
色
大
小
六年级科学上册蜡烛的变化课件8青岛版20170802571
加加 热热 冷时 却蜡 后烛 呢有 ？什
么 变 化 ？
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蜡烛蜡烛点点燃燃前前的的样样子子
蜡蜡烛烛由由石石蜡和蜡烛和芯烛组成芯,组呈圆成柱,呈状。圆柱状。 白色固体。 白色固体。 有轻微气味。有轻微气味。 能能用用小小刀刀切切割，割指，甲指也甲能划也出能刻划痕，出刻痕， 质地较柔软。质地较柔软。
能浮在水面上。 能石浮在蜡水不面溶上。于水，密度比水的小。
石蜡不溶于水，密度比水的小。
精品课件对PPT变化时现象的观察和描 述：
★★ 蜡蜡烛烛受受热热熔化熔并化能并持续能燃持烧续。 燃烧。 ★★蜡蜡烛烛越越烧烧越短越短 ★★有有黑黑烟烟产产生生 ★★发发黄黄光光，，并放并热放热 ★★火火焰焰分分三三层层 ★★熔熔化化成成液液态流态下流后下又凝后固又凝固
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常见的蜡烛是用石蜡制成的，石蜡是从石油中 提炼出来的，其化学成分是各种高级烷烃的混 合物(烃是由碳、氢两种元素组成的化合物)，石 蜡受热熔化成液态，继续受热变成气态，遇冷 又凝结成液态、固态。
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蛋壳的主要成分是碳酸钙，它遇到醋， 发生了化学反应，产生了二氧化碳气体。
碳酸钙＋醋酸→二氧化碳＋醋酸钙 ＋水
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蜡烛的变化
第一：“切割挤压蜡烛” 第的一变：是化“。物切割质挤形压态蜡的烛变”是化物。质形态
第二第：“二点：燃“蜡点烛燃”是蜡产烛生”新物 质的是变产化生。新物质的变化。
物质物形态质的形变态化的和变产生化新和物产质的 变生化新是物物质质的的两变大化类变是化物。质的
两大类变化。
知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。——《论语·雍也》
氢氧化钙＋二氧化碳→碳酸钙+水
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N-0250 G
N-250 REV. G JAN / 2003 PROPRIEDADE DA PETROBRAS 1 páginaMONTAGEM DE ISOLAMENTO TÉRMICO AALTA TEMPERATURACONTEC SC-09Isolamento Térmico eRefratários 1ª EmendaEsta é a 1ª Emenda da Norma PETROBRAS N-250 REV. G, devendo ser grampeada nafrente da Norma e se destina a modificar o seu texto na(s) parte(s) indicada(s) a seguir.No item 5.3.3.2, substituir a cota de 5 000 mm por 3 000 mm.No item 5.3.3.3, substituir a palavra arame por cinta._____________MONTAGEM DE ISOLAMENTO TÉRMICO A ALTA TEMPERATURAProcedimentoEsta Norma substitui e cancela a sua revisão anterior.Esta Norma foi alterada em relação à revisão anterior.Cabe à CONTEC - Subcomissão Autora, a orientação quanto à interpretação do texto desta Norma. O Órgão da PETROBRAS usuário desta Norma é o responsável pela adoção e aplicação dos seus itens.CONTECComissão de NormasTécnicas Requisito Técnico : Prescrição estabelecida como a mais adequada e quedeve ser utilizada estritamente em conformidade com esta Norma. Umaeventual resolução de não seguí-la (“não-conformidade” com esta Norma) deveter fundamentos técnico-gerenciais e deve ser aprovada e registrada peloÓrgão da PETROBRAS usuário desta Norma. É caracterizada pelos verbos:“dever”, “ser”, “exigir”, “determinar” e outros verbos de caráter impositivo.P rática Recomendada : Prescrição que pode ser utilizada nas condiçõesprevistas por esta Norma, mas que admite (e adverte sobre) a possibilidade dealternativa (não escrita nesta Norma) mais adequada à aplicação específica. Aalternativa adotada deve ser aprovada e registrada pelo Órgão daPETROBRAS usuário desta Norma. É caracterizada pelos verbos:“recomendar”, “poder”, “sugerir” e “aconselhar” (verbos de caráternão-impositivo). É indicada pela expressão: [Prática Recomendada].Cópias dos registros das “não-conformidades” com esta Norma, que possamcontribuir para o seu aprimoramento, devem ser enviadas para aCONTEC - Subcomissão Autora.As propostas para revisão desta Norma devem ser enviadas à CONTEC -Subcomissão Autora, indicando a sua identificação alfanumérica e revisão, oitem a ser revisado, a proposta de redação e a justificativa técnico-econômica.As propostas são apreciadas durante os trabalhos para alteração desta Norma.SC - 09Isolamento Térmico e Refratários “A pr esente Nor ma é titular idade exclusiva da PETRÓLEO BRASILEIROS.A. - PETROBRAS, de uso interno na Companhia, e qualquer reproduçãopara utilização ou divulgação externa, sem a prévia e expressa autorizaçãoda titular , impor ta em ato ilícito nos ter mos da legislação per tinente,at r avés da qual se r ão imputadas as responsabilidades cabíveis. Acirculação exter na ser á r egulada mediante cláusula pr ópr ia de Sigilo eConfidencialidade, nos te r mos do di r eito intelectual e p r op riedadeindustrial.”ApresentaçãoAs normas técnicas PETROBRAS são elaboradas por Grupos de Trabalho- GTs (formados por especialistas da Companhia e das suas Subsidiárias), são comentadas pelos Representantes Locais (representantes das Unidades Industriais, Empreendimentos de Engenharia,Divisões Técnicas e Subsidiárias), são aprovadas pelas Subcomissões Autoras - SCs (formadas por técnicos de uma mesma especialidade, representando os Órgãos da Companhia e as Subsidiárias) e aprovadas pelo Plenário da CONTEC (formado pelos representantes das Superintendências dos Órgãos da Companhia e das suas Subsidiárias, usuários das normas). Uma norma técnica PETROBRAS está suj eita a revisão em qualquer tempo pela sua Subcomissão Autora e deve ser reanalisada a cada 5 anos para ser revalidada, revisada ou cancelada. As normas técnicas PETROBRAS são elaboradas em conformidade com a norma PETROBRAS N - 1. Para informações completas sobre as normas técnicas PETROBRAS, ver Catálogo de Normas Técnicas PETROBRAS.1 OBJETIVO1.1 Esta Norma fixa as condições exigíveis na montagem de isolamento térmico externo de tubulações, vasos de pressão, permutadores de calor, tanques de armazenamento, bombas e turbinas operando a alta temperatura, utilizando-se isolantes térmicos rígidos ou flexíveis.1.2 Esta Norma aplica-se a projetos iniciados a partir da data de sua edição e também a instalações/equipamentos já existentes, quando da sua manutenção ou reforma.1.3 Esta Norma contém Requisitos Técnicos e Práticas Recomendadas.2 DOCUMENTOS COMPLEMENTARESOs documentos relacionados a seguir são citados no texto e contêm prescrições válidas para a presente Norma.PETROBRAS N-2-Pintura de Equipamento Industrial;PETROBRAS N-133-Soldagem;PETROBRAS N-442-Pintura Externa de Tubulação em InstalaçõesTerrestres;PETROBRAS N-550-Projeto de Isolamento Térmico à Alta Temperatura;PETROBRAS N-1205-Pintura Externa de Tanque;PETROBRAS N-1618-Material para Isolamento Térmico;ASM E Section IX-Qualification Standard for Welding and BrazingProcedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding andBrazing Operators.3 DEFINIÇÕESPara os propósitos desta Norma são adotadas as definições indicadas nas normas PETROBRAS N-550 e N-1618.4 CONDIÇÕES GERAIS4.1 Todos os materiais a serem utilizados devem estar de acordo com a norma PETROBRAS N-1618 e selecionados conforme norma PETROBRAS N-550.4.2 Recomenda-se que os testes hidrostáticos sejam realizados antes da montagem do isolamento térmico. Nos casos em que esta prática não for viável, deve-se deixar as regiões a serem inspecionadas provisoriamente sem isolamento.4.3 Todas as soldas dos dispositivos de fixação de material isolante devem ser efetuadas de acordo com a norma PETROBRAS N-133 e com as normas de construção e montagem das instalações/equipamentos.Nota:Os pinos de ancoragem para materiais flexíveis, podem ser soldados pelo processo “stud welding”, devendo os procedimentos de soldagem e os soldadoresserem qualificados conforme a norma ASME Section IX.4.4 As superfícies a serem isoladas, exceto aquelas onde a temperatura de operação for superior a 80 °C em serviço contínuo, devem receber preparo de superfície e aplicação da tinta de fundo de acordo com as seguintes normas:a)norma PETROBRAS N-2 para equipamentos;b)norma PETROBRAS N-442 para tubulações;c)norma PETROBRAS N-1205 para tanques.4.5 As superfícies a serem isoladas devem estar isentas de óxidos soltos, resíduos oleosos, graxas, umidade e outros materiais estranhos.4.6 Tubulações, vasos de pressão, permutadores de calor e tanques devem ser isolados conforme TABELA 1.TABELA 1 - FORMATO DO ISOLANTE TÉRMICO Diâmetro Externo doMaterial Rígido Material Flexível Equipamento Ømm (in)Ø < 100 (4)Calha Tubo 100 (4) < Ø ≤ 200 (8)Calha Tubo, Calhas ou Feltro de Lamelas 200 (8) < Ø ≤ 350 (14)Segmento ou Quadrante Tubo ou Feltro de Lamelas 350 (14) < Ø ≤ 900 (36)Segmento ou Quadrante Feltro de Lamelas900 (36) < Ø ≤ 2 500 (100)Placa Feltro de Lamelas, Painel ou Manta Ø > 2 500 (100)Placa Painel ou Manta4.7 Quando o isolamento for feito em múltiplas camadas, a distribuição das espessuras deve estar de acordo com o previsto na norma PETROBRAS N-550.4.8 As juntas longitudinais e circunferenciais de todas as camadas devem ser:a)materiais rígidos: rejuntadas com cimento isolante;b)materiais flexíveis: comprimidas de modo a se obter perfeita vedação.4.9 As juntas de expansão do isolante térmico rígido devem ter uma largura compreendida entre 20 mm e 25 mm (ver FIGURA A-14 do ANEXO A). O material de enchimento da junta deve ser de isolante flexível.4.10 A aplicação dos materiais de proteção deve ser feita imediatamente após a montagem dos materiais isolantes, na mesma jornada de trabalho, a menos que os materiais isolantes aplicados estejam protegidos de intempérie.4.11 Todos os materiais isolantes a serem aplicados devem estar protegidos contra intempérie e afastados do solo.4.12 As sobreposições longitudinais e circunferenciais da chapa de proteção devem ser de no mínimo 50 mm, exceto em situações previstas nas FIGURAS do ANEXO A desta Norma,e dispostas de maneira a evitar a penetração de água.4.13 A amarração das cintas de fixação do isolante e das chapas de proteção deve ser feita por meio de selos (ver FIGURA A-2 do ANEXO A), de modo que se tenha um comprimento livre mínimo de 25 mm.4.14 Em locais de difícil acesso ou de elevado custo de manutenção, as cintas e os arames para fixação devem ser de aço inoxidável.4.15 O isolamento térmico de flanges só deve ser executado quando previsto em projeto.4.16 O isolamento térmico junto a flanges deve ser executado de tal forma que permita a retirada dos parafusos dos flanges sem provocar danos ao sistema.Nota: A massa de acabamento não deve estar em contato com a superfície metálica cuja temperatura seja igual ou superior a 90 °C.4.17 Quando da utilização de silicato de cálcio ou sílica diatomácea com proteção de chapas de alumínio, estas devem ser do tipo I (com barreira).4.18 Quando da utilização de chapas de proteção de alumínio classe A (chapa lisa) ou de aço carbono pré-pintada, estas devem ser adequadamente calandradas e frisadas nas bordas longitudinais e circunferenciais (ver FIGURA A-6 do ANEXO A).4.19 Os apoios de escadas e plataformas e outros acessórios, na região de junção com o isolamento, devem ter acabamento com selante elástico não-secativo à base de silicone para impedir a infiltração de água. A chapa de proteção nestas regiões deve ser reforçada com chapas recortadas em função da geometria dos acidentes.5 CONDIÇÕES ESPECÍFICAS5.1 Tubulações5.1.1 Aplicação de Materiais Rígidos5.1.1.1 O isolamento em camada única deve ser aplicado com as juntas semicircunferenciais e longitudinais desencontradas (ver FIGURA A-1 do ANEXO A).5.1.1.2 O isolamento em múltiplas camadas deve ser aplicado com as juntas circunferenciais, semicircunferenciais e longitudinais desencontradas entre si e daquelas da camada anterior (ver FIGURA A-1 do ANEXO A).5.1.1.3 A fixação de cada camada de material isolante em tubulações deve ser feita através de arame ou de cinta de aço carbono galvanizado, afastado 50 mm das extremidades de cada peça (ver FIGURA A-1 do ANEXO A), selecionado em função do diâmetro nominal da tubulação conforme TABELA 2.TABELA 2 - FIXAÇÃO DE CAMADAS DE MATERIAIS ISOLANTESDiâmetro Nominal da Tubulação ØFixaçãomm (in)Ø ≤ 150 (6)Arame Ø 1,25 mm (BWG 18) ou SuperiorØ > 150 (6)Cinta 12,7 mm (1/2”)Nota:No caso de camadas múltiplas, as camadas intermediárias com diâmetro externo igual ou maior que 250 mm (10”) e a última camada, devem ser fixadas com cintasde aço carbono galvanizado.5.1.1.4 Tubulações apoiadas diretamente em suportes com vergalhões ou semelhantes devem ter o isolamento interrompido na região do suporte (ver FIGURA A-5.1 do ANEXO A).5.1.1.5 Tubulações com patins devem ser isoladas na região de apoio (ver FIGURA A-5.2 do ANEXO A).5.1.1.6 Em trechos com inclinação igual ou superior a 45° com a horizontal, devem ser colocados suportes para o isolante térmico.5.1.1.7 O isolamento térmico de tubulações com linhas de aquecimento (“Tracing”) deve incluir a tubulação e a linha de aquecimento, de acordo com a FIGURA A-3 do ANEXO A para diâmetros nominais até 200 mm (8”) ou com a FIGURA A-4 do ANEXO A para diâmetros superiores. Não é permitida a inclusão de materiais isolantes nos espaços vazios.5.1.2 Aplicação de Materiais Flexíveis5.1.2.1 Com revestimento de proteção utilizando chapa de alumínio e chapa de aço carbono zincado e pré-pintado.a)o isolamento com calhas ou tubos deve seguir os itens 5.1.1.1 e 5.1.1.2;b)a fixação de materiais isolantes em uma ou múltiplas camadas deve ser feitaatravés de dois arames de aço carbono galvanizado de ∅ 1,25 mm (BWG 18),cada um afastado de 50 mm da extremidade da peça, e um terceiroposicionado na metade do comprimento;c)tubulações apoiadas diretamente em suportes com vergalhões ou semelhantesdevem ter isolamento interrompido na região do suporte (ver FIGURA A-5.1 doANEXO A);d)tubulações com patins devem ser isoladas na região de apoio (verFIGURA A-5.2 do ANEXO A);e)em trechos com inclinação igual ou superior a 45° com a horizontal, devem sercolocados suportes para o isolante térmico;f)o isolamento térmico de tubulações com linha de aquecimento deve incluir atubulação e a linha de aquecimento, adotando-se o diâmetro adequado.5.1.2.2 A aplicação de sistemas de isolamento que utilizam revestimentos de proteção rígidos devem seguir as recomendações do fabricante.5.1.3 Proteção dos Materiais Rígidos5.1.3.1 A proteção do material isolante deve ser feita conforme a TABELA 3.TABELA 3 - REVESTIMENTO DE PROTEÇÃO DE MATERIAIS RÍGIDOSRevestimento de Proteção Espessura(mm)Diâmetro Nominal da Tubulação Ømm (in)0,15Ø ≤ 300 (12)Alumínio Classe B Tipo I(corrugada, com barreira)0,40Ø > 300 (12)Aço Carbono Pré-Pintada0,30Ø > 75 (3)Nota:Em regiões sujeitas a chuva de granizo, recomenda-se não utilizar a chapa de alumínio de 0,15 mm de espessura.5.1.3.2 A fixação do revestimento de proteção deve ser feita com cintas, da seguinte forma:a) fixar uma cinta a 10 mm da extremidade de cada sobreposição;b) instalar 2 cintas, igualmente espaçadas, entre as fixadas nas sobreposições.5.1.3.3 As cintas a serem utilizadas na fixação do revestimento de proteção devem ser conforme TABELA 4.TABELA 4 - CINTAS DE FIXAÇÃO DO MATERIAL DE PROTEÇÃOCintaMaterial Largura (mm)Diâmetro Nominal da Tubulação Ømm (in)12,7Ø ≤ 300 (12)Alumínio19300 (12) < Ø ≤ 550 (22) Inox12,7Ø > 550 (22)5.1.3.4 A fixação das chapas deve ser feita nas sobreposições longitudinais por meio de parafusos auto-roscantes, espaçados de 150 mm e, nas sobreposições circunferenciais, desencontradas de 90° para tubulações com diâmetro nominal de até 200 mm (8”) e de 45°para diâmetros superiores (ver FIGURA A-6 do ANEXO A).5.1.4 Proteção dos Materiais Flexíveis5.1.4.1 A proteção do material isolante deve ser feita conforme a TABELA 5.TABELA 5 - REVESTIMENTO DE PROTEÇÃO DO MATERIAL FLEXÍVELRevestimento de Proteção Espessura(mm)Diâmetro Nominal da Tubulação Ømm (in)0,50Ø ≤ 200 (8)Chapa de Alumínio Classe ATipo II (lisa, sem barreira)0,80Ø > 200 (8)0,30Ø ≤ 200 (8)Chapa de Aço CarbonoPré-Pintada0,43Ø > 200 (8)3,0Ø ≤ 125 (5)Tubo de Polietileno deAlta Densidade (PEAD)4,0125 (5) ≤ Ø ≤ 200 (8)Alumínio Extrudado1,2Ø > 200 (8)5.1.4.2 A fixação das chapas deve ser feita nas sobreposições longitudinais por meio de parafusos auto-roscantes, espaçados de 150 mm e, nas sobreposições circunferenciais, desencontradas de 90° para tubulações com diâmetro nominal de até 200 mm (8”) e de 45°para diâmetros superiores (ver FIGURA A-6 do ANEXO A).5.1.5 Curvas, Tês, Reduções e TampõesOs acessórios de tubulações (curvas, tês, reduções e tampões) devem ser isolados conforme o seguinte procedimento:5.1.5.1 No caso de aplicação de material isolante rígido (ver FIGURA A-7 do ANEXO A):a)recortar e aplicar o mesmo material usado na tubulação, mantendo a geometriado acidente, fixando-o com arame ou cinta;b)aplicar uma camada de cimento isolante de 3 mm de espessura;c)aplicar uma camada de massa de acabamento de base asfáltica;d)após secagem da massa, fixar a tela de reforço;e)aplicar uma segunda camada de massa de acabamento de base asfálticasobre a tela, de modo que a espessura total mínima seja de 3 mm quandoseca, tenha um acabamento liso sem fissuras e não apresente contornosvisíveis da tela;f) a camada de massa de acabamento de base asfáltica e a tela devem seprolongar 50 mm sob a chapa de proteção, que deve ser fixada antes dasecagem da segunda camada de massa de acabamento;g)as junções verticais entre as chapas de proteção e a massa de acabamento debase asfáltica favoráveis à penetração de água, devem ser vedadas comselante elástico (não-secativo).5.1.5.2 No caso de aplicação de material isolante flexível, recortar e aplicar o mesmo material usado na tubulação, mantendo a geometria do acidente, fixando-o com arame. A proteção deve ser feita com a chapa de alumínio lisa ou conforme o item 5.1.5.1 c), d), e), f)e g) alterando a espessura total mínima para 6 mm quando seca.5.1.5.3 Nos pontos onde são necessárias medições periódicas de espessura da tubulação, recomenda-se que sejam deixadas aberturas dotadas de caixas para medições periódicas. [Prática Recomendada]5.1.6 Válvulas, Flanges e Uniões5.1.6.1 Para diâmetro nominal igual ou inferior a 100 mm (4”), as válvulas, flanges e uniões devem ser isoladas conforme o item 5.1.5.5.1.6.2 Para diâmetros nominais superiores a 100 mm (4”), deve-se definir a conveniência de se isolar conforme o item 5.1.5, por meio de jaquetas isolantes ou por meio de caixas bipartidas removíveis de chapas de aço carbono pré-pintadas na espessura de 0,30 mm ou chapas de alumínio classe A (chapa lisa) na espessura de 0,80 mm, utilizando-se material isolante flexível (ver FIGURA A-8 do ANEXO A).5.1.7 Tubulações Enterradas5.1.7.1 Devem ser isoladas somente com material isolante rígido e a chapa de proteção deve ser de alumínio de 0,80 mm de espessura, classe A (chapa lisa), tipo I.5.1.7.2 A tubulação isolada deve ser impermeabilizada, podendo ser utilizada chapa de proteção de material polimérico impermeável ou outro sistema alternativo definido no projeto.5.1.7.3 A impermeabilização deve ser estendida 500 mm de cada extremidade da região enterrada.5.1.8 Curva de Dilatação de Linhas de Aquecimento5.1.8.1 O isolamento deve ser feito conforme o item 5.1.5.1, utilizando-se, como material isolante, manta, cordão de lã de vidro ou cerâmica com 30 mm de diâmetro, em duas camadas sobrepostas.5.1.8.2 As junções entre a massa de acabamento e a chapa de proteção do isolante da tubulação, devem ser vedadas contra a penetração de água por meio de selante elástico (não-secativo).5.2 Vasos de Pressão e Permutadores de Calor5.2.1 Cascos Horizontais5.2.1.1 As juntas circunferenciais das peças isolantes devem ser defasadas no mínimo de 1/3 do seu comprimento e as longitudinais (entre camadas) da metade da sua largura.5.2.1.2 Os cascos horizontais devem ter, junto a ambos os tampos, um anel afastado 300 mm da solda do tampo ao casco, para amarração das cintas (ver FIGURA A-10 do ANEXO A).5.2.1.3 Os cascos de vasos de pressão com perímetro superior a 6 000 mm e temperatura de operação superior a 150 °C devem ter, nas cintas de sustentação da última camada do material isolante e da chapa de proteção, 1 mola senoidal ou helicoidal para cada 6 000 mm ou fração, a fim de compensar as dilatações térmicas.5.2.1.4 Para diâmetros menores ou iguais a 1 800 mm, a fixação do isolante ao casco deve ser feita por meio de cintas de aço carbono galvanizado de 12,7 mm de largura espaçadas de 300 mm e envolvendo toda a circunferência do casco.5.2.1.5 Para diâmetros maiores que 1 800 mm, a fixação do isolante ao casco deve ser feita com cintas de aço carbono galvanizado de 12,7 mm de largura, espaçadas de 300 mm e ancoradas em suportes, distanciados entre si de no máximo 6 000 mm (ver FIGURA A-13 do ANEXO A).5.2.1.6 Para o isolamento em camadas múltiplas, as camadas internas devem ser amarradas com cintas de aço carbono galvanizado de 12,7 mm de largura, espaçadas de 300 mm.5.2.1.7 A região dos suportes de fixação deve ser preenchida com material flexível.5.2.1.8 O isolamento térmico deve ser protegido com chapas de alumínio classe B (corrugadas), de 0,40 mm de espessura, devendo estar sobrepostas de 50 mm nas emendas longitudinais e circunferenciais.5.2.1.9 As cintas a serem utilizadas na fixação do revestimento de proteção (ver FIGURA A-13 do ANEXO A) devem ser conforme TABELA6.TABELA 6 - CINTAS DE FIXAÇÃO DO MATERIAL DE PROTEÇÃOCintaMaterial Largura (mm)Diâmetro Nominal do Equipamento Ømm (in)12,7Ø ≤ 300 (12)Alumínio19300 (12) < Ø ≤ 550 (22) Inox12,7Ø > 550 (22)5.2.1.10 A fixação das chapas de alumínio deve ser feita com cintas, da seguinte forma:a)fixar 1 cinta a 10 mm da extremidade de cada sobreposição;b)instalar 1 cinta, entre as fixadas nas sobreposições, com espaçamento deaproximadamente 430 mm.5.2.2 Cascos Verticais5.2.2.1 As juntas circunferenciais das peças isolantes devem ser defasadas no mínimo de 1/3 do seu comprimento e as longitudinais (entre camadas) da metade da sua largura.5.2.2.2 Os cascos verticais devem ter, junto a ambos os tampos, um anel afastado 300 mm da solda do tampo ao casco, para amarração das cintas (ver FIGURAS A-9 e A-10 do ANEXO A).Notas:1)No caso de vasos com saia e sem proteção contrafogo, o anel inferior deve ficar posicionado 300 mm abaixo da solda do tampo ao casco;2)Vasos com saia e com proteção contrafogo não necessitam de anel junto aotampo inferior.5.2.2.3 Os cascos de vasos de pressão com perímetro superior a 6 000 mm e temperatura de operação superior a 150 °C devem ter, nas cintas de sustentação da última camada do material isolante e da chapa de proteção, uma mola para cada 6 000 mm ou fração, a fim de compensar as dilatações térmicas.5.2.2.4 O isolamento térmico deve ser apoiado em anéis de sustentação, espaçados de 4 000 mm (ver FIGURAS A-9 e A-14 do ANEXO A).5.2.2.5 O isolante térmico deve ser fixado com cintas de aço carbono galvanizado de 12,7 mm de largura, espaçadas de 300 mm (ver FIGURA A-14 do ANEXO A).5.2.2.6 Para o isolamento em camadas múltiplas, as camadas internas devem ser amarradas com cintas de aço carbono galvanizado de 12,7 mm de largura, espaçadas de 300 mm.5.2.2.7 Para materiais rígidos devem ser instaladas juntas de expansão abaixo dos anéis de sustentação de acordo com o item 4.9.5.2.2.8 No casco, o isolamento térmico deve ser protegido com chapas de alumínio classe B (corrugadas) de 0,40 mm de espessura, devendo estar sobrepostas de 50 mm nas emendas longitudinais e circunferenciais.5.2.2.9 As chapas de proteção devem ser posicionadas com auxílio de “clip” “S”, espaçados de no máximo 1 000 mm, e as cintas de amarração devem ser posicionadas com auxílio de “clip” “J”, espaçados de no máximo 1 500 mm e fixados com parafusos auto-roscantes.5.2.2.10 As cintas a serem utilizadas na fixação das chapas de alumínio (ver FIGURA A-14 do ANEXO A) devem ser de acordo com a TABELA6.5.2.2.11 A fixação das chapas de alumínio deve ser feita com cintas, da seguinte forma:a) fixar uma cinta a 10 mm da extremidade de cada sobreposição;b)instalar 1 cinta, entre as fixadas nas sobreposições, com espaçamento deaproximadamente 430 mm5.2.3 Reator de Coque5.2.3.1 As juntas de dilatação ao longo do costado podem ser de acordo com a FIGURA A-15 do ANEXO A.5.2.3.2 O isolamento do reator de coque deve ser de acordo com o item 5.2.2.5.2.4 Tampos de Vasos de Pressão5.2.4.1 O isolamento térmico deve ser feito conformando-se o material isolante de forma a ficar perfeitamente assentado sobre a superfície.5.2.4.2 O isolante térmico deve ser fixado com cintas de aço carbono galvanizado de 12,7 mm de largura, espaçadas de no máximo 300 mm.5.2.4.3 A fixação das cintas deve ser feita (ver FIGURA A-10 do ANEXO A) por meio de um anel flutuante de vergalhão com diâmetro de 1/2”, colocado no topo do tampo e um anel de sustentação preso ao casco, conforme os itens 5.2.1.2 e 5.2.2.2.5.2.4.4 Alternativamente, em vasos verticais com saia, o isolante do tampo inferior deve ser fixado por meio de arame de aço carbono galvanizado de diâmetro 1,65 mm (BWG 16), ancorado em grampos tipo “G” ou porcas sextavadas de aço carbono, com espaçamento triangular de 300 mm de lado, soldados ao tampo (ver FIGURA A-11 do ANEXO A).5.2.4.5 O acabamento final deve ser feito conforme item 5.1.5.1 b), c), d) e e), sendo de 5 mm a espessura total mínima da massa asfáltica seca e de 150 mm o prolongamento sobre a chapa de proteção (ver FIGURA A-10 do ANEXO A).5.2.4.6 As placas de identificação, caracteres estampados e placas de código de inspeção não devem ser isolados, porém as extremidades dos isolantes térmicos aplicados junto a estes acessórios devem ser vedadas com selante elástico não-secativo à base de silicone.5.2.5 Tampos de Permutadores de CalorOs tampos (carretel e boleado) de permutadores de calor devem ser isolados por meio de jaquetas isolantes ou por meio de caixas removíveis de chapas de alumínio classe A (chapa lisa), na espessura de 0,80 mm, utilizando-se material isolante flexível.5.2.6 Anéis de Reforço5.2.6.1 Os diversos tipos de anéis de reforço devem ser isolados conforme ilustrado na FIGURA A-12 do ANEXO A.5.2.6.2 O isolamento térmico deve ser protegido conforme item 5.1.5.1 b), c), d), e), f) e g), sendo de 75 mm o prolongamento sob a chapa de proteção, ou utilizando-se chapa de alumínio lisa.5.3 Tanques de ArmazenamentoEm regiões sujeitas a ventos fortes, índice pluviométrico elevado ou temperatura de operação igual ou superior a 100 °C, deve ser utilizada a alternativa 2. Para as demais condições, realizar estudo econômico para a escolha da melhor alternativa.5.3.1 Costado - Alternativa 15.3.1.1 Devem ser utilizados os materiais isolantes rígidos.5.3.1.2 Deve ser fixada uma chapa de sustentação em toda a circunferência do costado a uma altura de 500 mm do fundo do tanque. As chapas de sustentação são constituídas de segmentos de 2 000 mm a 3 000 mm de comprimento com intervalos de 100 mm entre segmentos e largura igual a espessura do isolamento (ver FIGURA A-16.1 do ANEXO A).。