2016年重庆大学英语语言文学考研
重庆大学硕士研究生英语历年期末考试试卷
We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.
2. The author’s attitude toward examinations is A. detestable.
校训：耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家
B. approval. C. critical. D. indifferent.
3. The fate of students is decided by A. education. B. institutions. C. examinations. D. students themselves.
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生英语考试试卷
ad if命封线密A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institut e for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.11. freshly baked bread 12. visible level 13. impulse buying14. screen 15. discounts16.No17. Not given18. No 19. Yes 20. YesPart II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)中国房价问题近年来一直是社会热门话题。
2016年重庆大学翻译真题回忆版
就算我这般清心寡欲，心诚意洁。外边那浮躁的社会也没能放过我， 作协找我谈话，文联请我汇报思想，我一一回避，把电话线拔了，连 通往我妈那套单元房的小门，都上了锁，轻易不过去看。
我妈不干了！眼看我两礼拜没过去摘菜叶子，心想孩子还像不像话了， 没工作不说，连摘菜叶子都想赖过去。我妈过来找我做思想工作。
做好今年政府工作，要把握好以下三点。第一，稳定和完善宏观经济 政策。继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，更加注重预调微 调，更加注重定向调控，用好增量，盘活存量，重点支持薄弱环节。 以微观活力支撑宏观稳定，以供给创新带动需求扩大，以结构调整促 进总量平衡，确保经济运行在合理区间。
积极的财政政策要加力增效。今年拟安排财政赤字 1.62 万亿元，比 去年增加 2700 亿元，赤字率从去年的 2.1%提高到 2.3%。其中，中央 财政赤字 1.12 万亿元，增加 1700 亿元；地方财政赤字 5000 亿元， 增加 1000 亿元。处理好债务管理与稳增长的关系，创新和完善地方 政府举债融资机制。适当发行专项。保障符合条件的在建项目后续融 资，防范和化解风险隐患。优化财政支出结构，大力盘活存量资金， 提高使用效率。继续实行结构性减税和普遍性降费，进一步减轻企业 特别是小微企业负担。
2016 年重庆大学英语翻译基础真题
翻译硕士英语真题 回忆版
1. Phrases Translation （每个 1 分，共 30 分）
snailpaper eavesdropping frenemy soft perpetrator friendvertising deep bro talk DINKWAD
肇事逃逸 自拍 民告官 南水北调 新闻联播 点赞狂人 埃博拉病毒 一带一路
[考研类试卷]2016年重庆大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2016年重庆大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识
真题试卷
一、名词解释
1 莫言
2 四书五经
3 《史记》
4 柴可夫斯基
5 楚汉之争
6 《圣经》
7 法国大革命
8 村上春树
9 《百年孤独》
10 新常态
11 希区柯克
12 禅宗
13 蝴蝶效应
14 印象派
15 甘地
16 宫崎骏
17 贝聿铭
18 亚当.斯密
19 《南京条约》
20 西西弗斯
二、议论文写作
21 请根据下面的话题自拟题目写一篇议论文，宇数不少于1 500字。
(70分)
目前中国一方面老龄化社会加速和大学生就业困难，另一方面是国家连续放开二胎政策和人们生育动机不足，试分析这些社会现象及其关系、成因并提出建议。
《重庆大学633文学综合2012-2017年考研真题及答案解析》
目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)重庆大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (2)重庆大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (3)重庆大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (4)重庆大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (7)重庆大学2017年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（回忆版） (9)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (10)重庆大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (10)重庆大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (23)重庆大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (36)重庆大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (56)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷重庆大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：633科目名称：文学综合总分：150分特别提醒：所有答题一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题上的不给分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1、《山海经》2、《九歌》3、扬雄四赋4、元嘉三大家二、简答题（每题15分，共75分）1、简述文学史研究的几个层面。
2、简述上古神话的思维特征。
3、简述《史记》对后世的影响。
4、简述魏晋南北朝时期文学自觉的标志。
5、简述曹植诗歌受到后人推崇的原因。
三、论述题（共25分）1、结合具体作品，论述李商隐对唐诗发展的推进。
四、评论题（共30分）在下列几部作品中，请选择其中一部写一篇评论，字数不少于500字。
1、《漱玉词》2、《剑南诗稿》3、《废都》4、《白鹿原》5、《俄狄浦斯王》重庆大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：633科目名称：文学综合总分：150分特别提醒：所有答题一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题上的不给分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、互文性2、意图谬误3、超保护原则4、文化唯物主义5、《新青年》6、京派7、《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》8、朦胧诗二、简答题（每题10分，共70分）1、在索绪尔语言学理论中，“能指”和“所指”指的是什么，两者构成了怎样的关系？2、什么是叙述的“聚焦”？3、什么是“述行语”和“述愿语”，两者的关系如何？4、鲁迅笔下的阿Q形象的主要特征是什么？5、“革命文学论争”时各派的主要主张是什么？6、什么是“赵树理方向”？7、什么是“寻根文学”？三、论述题（每题共20分，共40分）1、为什么随着文学研究的兴起，文学经典的地位发生了动摇？试从理论分析和现实状况两个方面加以论述。
重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语
重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语In the realm of postgraduate entrance exams, the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam stands out as a crucial component that challenges the linguistic proficiency and analytical skills of aspirants. This section demands a thorough understanding of the English language, encompassing various aspects such as vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. Given its significance, it's imperative for candidates to approach this section with the utmost seriousness and preparation.To ace the Comprehensive English section, candidates must first familiarize themselves with the exam format and the types of questions that are commonly asked. Thisinvolves understanding the distribution of marks, the reading comprehension passage styles and lengths, and the expected response formats for writing and translation tasks. By having a clear understanding of the structure,candidates can allocate their study time and efforts more effectively.Vocabulary mastery is another cornerstone of success in this section. Candidates must be able to recognize and correctly use high-level vocabulary that is commonly foundin academic texts. This requires regular practice and revision of vocabulary lists, as well as reading a wide range of materials to familiarize oneself with the natural flow and context of these words.Grammar is also crucial, as it forms the backbone ofthe English language. Candidates must have a solid grasp of the basic rules of grammar, including sentence structure, tenses, voice, and mood. Additionally, they should be ableto identify and correct grammatical errors in written texts, as this is a common requirement in the exam.Reading comprehension is a significant aspect of the Comprehensive English section. Candidates must be able to quickly and accurately understand the main ideas, arguments, and details presented in the passages. This requires notonly a good vocabulary and grammar base but also theability to skim and scan texts efficiently. Regularpractice with reading comprehension exercises can help candidates improve their speed and accuracy.Writing skills are also tested in this section, often through tasks such as essay writing or letter writing. Candidates need to demonstrate their ability to structure a coherent argument, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and maintain a logical flow of ideas. Practicing writing sample essays and letters, as well as receiving feedback on their work, can help candidates improve their writing skills.Translation tasks, which may involve translating English passages into Chinese or vice versa, require a high level of linguistic proficiency. Candidates must be able to capture the essence of the original text while maintaining the correct syntactical structure and vocabulary usage in the target language. This requires a deep understanding of both languages and regular practice with translation exercises.Lastly, candidates should focus on developing theirtest-taking strategies. This includes learning to manage their time effectively during the exam, prioritizing questions based on difficulty and familiarity, and guessing intelligently when faced with unfamiliar questions. Takingmock exams and analyzing their performances can help candidates identify their weaknesses and develop strategies to address them.In conclusion, mastering the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam requires a comprehensive understanding of the exam format, thorough preparation in all language areas, regular practice, and strategic test-taking abilities. By approaching thissection with these key elements in mind, candidates can increase their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in their postgraduate entrance exams.**重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语解析与备考策略** 在重庆大学研究生考试中，综合英语部分占据着举足轻重的地位，它不仅是对考生语言能力的检验，更是对他们分析能力的挑战。
重庆大学硕士研究生(英语)课程试卷 研究生B类
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷(B 类)2015~2016 学年 第 二 学期（春）开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A考试日期： 2016.06.19考试方式：开卷闭卷其他 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, each item 2points)Passage One 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( )Passage Two 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( )Passage Three 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )Passage Four 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )Part II Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)命题（组题）人：审题人：命题时间：2016.06研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2015～2016 学年第二学期硕士生B类The Final Written Examination for Postgraduates(Level B)Part I Reading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U. S. , thin is "in", fat is "out".It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America's obsession with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising every day. 1. From the passage we can infer taboo is ______.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terribleB. a crime committed on impulseC. behavior considered unacceptable in society's eyesD. an unfavorable impression left on other people2. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude "being fat"_______.A. will always remain a tabooB. is not considered a taboo by most peopleC. has long been a tabooD. may no longer be a taboo some day3. The topic of fat is _______ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than4. In the U. S., thin is "in", fat is "out", this means _______.A. thin is "inside", fat is "outside"B. thin is "diligent", fat is "lazy"C. thin is "youthful", fat is "spiritless"D. thin is "fashionable", fat is "unfashionable"5. The main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is _______.A. their changed life-styleB. their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC. their appreciation of the importance of exerciseD. the encouragement they have received from their companiesPassage TwoOpinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and someof the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Employment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.B. Unemployment will remain a major problem for industrialized nations.C. The industrial age may now be coming to an end.D. Some efforts and resources should be devoted to helping more people cope with theproblem of unemployment.7. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of employment?A. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries.B. The development of factories.C. Relief from housework on the part of women.D. Development of modern means of transportation.8. It can be inferred from the passage that____.A. most people who have been polled believe that the problem of unemployment maynot be solved within a short period of timeB. many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were being constructedC. in preindustrial societies housework and community service were mainly carried outby womenD. some of the changes in work pattern that the industrial age brought have beenreversed9. What does the word “daunting” in the third paragraph mean?A. ShockingB. InterestingC. ConfusingD. Stimulating10. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a possible means to cope with the currentsituation?A. Create situations in which people work for themselves.B. Treat employment as the norm.C. Endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers of production.D. Encourage people to work in circumstances other than normal working conditions. Passage ThreeNo one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstances. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole.The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales person would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. The entire information and entertainment industry would collapse.11.The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to __________ .A. plead for the abolition of uniformsB. show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic societyC. advocate stronger government controls on the wearing of uniformsD. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages12.Why does the author discuss forcing everyone to buy the same car or eat the same food?A. To show that freedom of choice is absolute.B. To show that the government has interfered too much in the lives of individual.C. To suggest what would happen if uniforms became compulsory.D. To predict the way the society will be in the next few generations.13.Which of the following statements is the opinion of those who support uniforms?A. The person who wears a uniform has no self-worth.B. Wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger concept.C. Uniforms will hurt the entire information and entertainment industry.D. Envy and competition are incentive to improve one’s life.14.The word “superfluous” (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means __________ .A. surplusB. indispensableC. availableD. supplementary15.The next paragraph in this passage might discuss __________ .A. the positive effects of wearing uniformsB. more negative effects of wearing uniformsC. an alternative to wearing uniformsD. The legal rights of those not wishing to wear uniformsPassage FourWhy the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher no less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.16. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. Philosophy of mathematics.B. The Recent Growth in Science.C. The Verification of Facts.D. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.17. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days ofthe ancient Greeks and in modern times is_________________.A. the similarity between the two periodsB. that it was an act of GodC. that both tried to develop the inductive methodD. due to the decline of the deductive method18. The difference between “fact” and “theory”A. is that the latter needs confirmation.B. rests on the simplicity of the former.C. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.D. helps us to understand the deductive method.19. According to the author, mathematics is __________________.A. an inductive scienceB. in need of simple verificationC. a deductive scienceD. based on fact and theory20. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called_______________.A. a metaphorB. a paradoxC. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methodsD. a punPart II Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your answer sheet.Why is cross-cultural knowledge and understanding so important? The American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin wrote that time is money. Globe-trotting businesspeople would add that being aware of cultural differences and sensitivities is money, too. Failing to grasp the subtleties that lie beyond such public cultural displays like greeting rituals and seating arrangements can make the difference between a truly successful international business transaction and one that fails to connect. Culture affects the most basic forms of personal and business interaction from decision making to management style. National culture, in turn, determines corporate culture, affecting a firm’s internal structure, its marketing behavior and its view of foreign business partners and contracts. The business world is littered with “international” projects that failed to overcome cultural barriers. If you have doubts that cultural insensitivity can translate into business problems on a megascale. Part III Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your answer sheet.掌握英语不仅可以改进你的思维方式，它还给你信心，令你自信，带给你鲜明的个性，使你更受欢迎。
研究生英语阅读教程答案-重庆大学出版社 Unit4 Language and literature
Unit 4 Language & Literature课后练习答案Passage ALiterature as ExperimentKEYS TO EXERCISESⅠ. Reading Comprehension1. D2. A3. B4. C5. C6. D7. A8. B9. B 10. A II. Vocabulary1-5ACABC 6-10DBCDB 11-15BCDBC 16-20ADBCDIII. Word Bank1. A anticipated2. H concentrate on3. I lies with4. C about to5. J interpretation6. E with respect to7. D illustrate8. F carried out9. G attempts to 10. B similar toIV. Cloze1-5BADAC 6-10ACCBD 11-15BACADIV. Translation1. Thought experiments have a long pedigree in science. They are best characterized ashypothetical experiments which we can imagine, but which we are not able to carry out.2. Nowadays, we are familiar with the ways in which literature draws on science. We canappreciate that science is useful to literature in all sorts of ways.3. The novel works because it’s well written and its logic, although bizarre and complicated, does obey rules that the reader is able to follow.4. There are differences between literature and science. Some of these differences lie with the readers.5. In the thought experiment in science, the experimenter is aiming for a clear result, even if the result is simp ly to show the absurdity of other people’s work.6. Noah Webster thought that a common language would bring people together and help create a new identity. Webster's dictionary, now in its 11th edition, adopted the Americanized spellings familiar today. It also documented new words that were uniquely American. An American Dictionary of the English Language took 18 years to complete and Webster learned 26 other languages in order to research the etymology of its 70,000 entries.V. Discussion(略)作为实验的文学对于文学和科学互不相关，以及它们对世界的描述是相互对立的这一观点现在被广范地认为是一种陈词滥调，而且描述不够准确。
2016年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题
2016年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题PART ILISTENING COMPREHENSION(25 minutes, 20 points)Section A ( 1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the endof each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversationsand the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choicesgiven by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracketson your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1. A. Beauty has advantages and disadvantages.B. Beauty has different meanings to different people.C. Beauty brings attention and opportunities.D. Beauty comes from action and good qualities.2. A. She is using the book now.B. She may give him a hand.C. She cannot lend him the book.D. She will keep the book for him.3. A. Rachel lives fairly close to her.B. Rachel visits her quite often.C. Rachel comes here once a month.D. Rachel rarely gets to see her.4. A. She forgot about the time change.B. She didn't receive the text message.C. Her roommate forgot to give her the message.D. Her roommate was too nervous to tell her.5. A. He should have got better grades.B. The test was based on lecture material.C. She misplaced her textbook.D. Small luck plays a big role.6. A. On the 16th of June.B. On the 18th of June.C. On the 9th of June.D. On the 8th of June.7. A. Go to sleep.B. Watch the movie later.C. Change the channel.1D. Set the alarm clock.8. A. Wear a formal suit.B. Wear casual clothes.C. Dress up for the party.D. Dress in a costume.9. A. She likes to drink coffee.B. She rarely wakes up early.C. She needs tea to feel alert.D. She always skips breakfast.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be somequestions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10. A. Southern Europe.B. United Arab Emirates.C. North Africa.D. The United States.11. A. The wings.B. The tail.C. The windows.D. The engines.12. A. To change the airplane industry.B. To make a trip in a tiny plane.C. To overcome weather issues.D. To prove the power of new energy sources.Mini-talk Two13. A . Feeling sleepy at work.B. Feeling sad or depressed.C. Feeling unable to think clearly.D. Feeling tired in the morning.14. A Time zone change.2B. An extra hour of sleep.C. Travel by air far distances.D. Unmatched work schedule and lifestyle.15. A. Nighttime work is hard on some of the workers.B. Early risers have little improvement in wellbeing.C. A better rest can benefit employers financially.D. Workers report the same level of improvement.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete thenotes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds toread the notes below.(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)16. Choose clothing that fits the employer's ________ (2 words) and keep yourself clean and tidy.17. Leave your house in ________________ (3 words) to arrive at least 15 minutes early for your interview.18. Firmly __________（2 words), right hand only, even if you're left-handed.19. If the interviewer seems distracted, lighten the atmosphere by telling an_____________ (3 words) story about your qualifications.20. If you don't understand a question or statement, ask the interviewer to_____________ (3 words)it.PART IIVOCABULARY(10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)Directions:There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word orphrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.21. Digital technology can be used to alleviate the harmful side effects brought about by farming.A. intensifyB. reduceC. triggerD. convert22. It is believed that any improvement in water efficiency would be of considerable benefit.A. enormousB. marginalC. potentialD. beneficial23. Materials science is rapidly transforming the way that everything from cars to light bulbs is made.A. enhancingB. multiplyingC. alteringD. pursuing24. The economy of the United States is probably the envy of the world, and its armed forces are3unrivalled.A. unmatchedB. ungroundedC. undefinedD. unpurified25. The central government of China has set about boosting the consumption of greener energy.A. discardedB. demandedC. cancelledD. initiated26. Her voice had a peculiarly engaging quality; it was deep, a little husky, and one always heardthe breath vibrating behind it.A. appealingB. disgustingC. emergingD. painstaking27. Purchase of a second-hand house is a difficult problem that requires careful assessment.A. predictionB. evaluationC. elaborationD. assimilation28. A number of ingenious techniques are employed to make the workmanship more delicate.A. recruitedB. hiredC. adoptedD. created29. The business will show a profit in September provided that sales remain steady all summer.A. as soon asB. on condition thatC. in order thatD. by the time30. The miners who had been stuck underground for days were taken to a hospital right away.A. for the time beingB. behind the timesC. at timesD. in no timeSection B (0.5 point each)Directions:There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with somethingmissing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Chooseone word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letterwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.31. Some infectious diseases, such as AIDS, take a heavy ______ on human immunity.A. impactB. lossC. tollD. casualty32. Because of poor grammar, some sentences in research papers by Chinese students seem ______to the reviewers.A. incomprehensibleB. inedibleC. inestimableD. irreplaceable33. Almost each college student is equipped with a cell phone, laptop and other electronic______.A. galaxiesB. ornamentsC. utensilsD. gadgets34. Running for president is ______ demanding, emotionally draining, and physically taxing.A. incoherentlyB. intellectuallyC. intimatelyD. invalidly35. The common pattern of human influence on tropical rainforest is a ______of the habitat into smaller patches.A. incorporationB. expansionC. fragmentationD. collaboration36. State leaders of each generation have to think about how to ______ complicated economic issues.A. adoreB. assembleC. addressD. alienate37. In 2008, Sarkozy threatened to boycott the Olympic Games in Beijing, ______kowtow shortly afterwards by promising never to interfere with China's affairs.A. only toB. so as toC. as toD. prior to38. New methods of irrigation can reduce water consumption by roughly 30% _____conventional systems.A. but forB. compared withC. related toD. other than39. As long as you are pursuing your dream, your efforts will eventually ______.A. wear offB. pay offC. ward offD. turn off40. The younger you begin ______, the easier it is to remain physically active throughout your life.4A. setting outB. figuring outC. running outD. working outPART IIICLOZE TEST(10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go backand choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in thepassage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with asingle bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.A college education is completely necessary for each of us, but we have to ask what it___41___ to get into college? High school grades and standardized tests are still the most common measurements. ___42___this information is often considered alongside other sources of information, other indicators of college potential are typically not considered if high school grades and standardized test scores don't reach a certain ___43___.Even though standardized test scores do predict ___44___ performance and job performance,relying so heavily on these scores is problematic___45___ a number of reasons. For one,studies have found that the SAT is a better predictor of college performance for white students.___46___ reason is that other key skills are neglected that contribute to life success, defined more___47___ than merely the capacity for academic learning, including active learning ___48___,natural motivation, social-emotional intelligence, imagination, and creativity.Creativity and imagination are particularly important skills in this century, ___49___howquickly this world is changing. This world needs people who are not only quick learners, butalso reflective learners as well as ___50___ of new knowledge.41. A. means B. takes C. seems D. likes42. A. But B. However C. While D. Yet43. A. standard B. destination C. aspect D. perspective44. A. physical B. artistic C. mechanical D. academic45. A. because of B. due to C. for D. owing to46. A. The second B. A second C. Second D. The other47. A. broadly B. narrowly C. usually D. strictly48. A. outcomes B. advantages C. qualifications D. strategies49. A. concerning B. regarding C. considering D. involving50. A. applicants B. creators C. witnesses D. successorsPART IVREADING COMPREHENSION(45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, andthen do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices givenand mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your5machine-scored Answer Sheet.Passage OneA year ago, my boss announced that our large New York ad agency would be moving to anopen office. After nine years as a senior writer, I was forced to trade in my private office for a seatat a long, shared table. It felt like my boss had ripped off my clothes and left me standing in myunderwear.However, about 70 percent of U.S. offices now have no or low partitions. Silicon Valley has been the leader in bringing down the dividers. Google, Yahoo and American Express are all adherents. Facebook designed the largest open floor plan in the world, housing nearly 3,000 engineers.These new floor plans are ideal for maximizing a company's space while minimizing costs. Bosses love the ability to keep a closer eye on their employees, ensuring movie-watching, constant social media-browsing and unlimited personal cellphone use isn't occupying billing hours.While employees feel like they're part of a relaxed, innovative enterprise, the environment ultimately damages workers' attention spans, creativity and satisfaction. Furthermore, a sense of privacy boosts job performance, while the opposite can cause feelings of helplessness. In addition to the distractions, my colleagues and I have been more vulnerable to illness. Last flu season took down a succession of my co-workers like dominoes.As the new space intended, I've formed interesting, unexpected bonds with my colleagues. But my personal performance at work has hit an all-time low. Each day, my associates and I are seated at a table staring at each other, having an ongoing 12-person conversation from 9 a.m. to 5p.m. Those who have worked in private offices for decades have proven to be the most noisy and tough. They haven't had to consider how their loud habits affect others, so I can only work effectively during times when no one else is around, or if I isolate myself in one of the small, constantly sought-after, glass-windowed meeting rooms.To make the open-office model work, employers have to take measures to improve work efficiency. For one, they should create more private areas —ones without open windows. Also, they should implement rules on when interaction should be limited. And please, let's eliminate the music that blankets our workspaces. Companies could simply join another trend —allowing employees to work from home. That model boosts productivity, with employees working more hours and taking fewer breaks. There are fewer interruptions when employees work remotely. At home, my greatest distraction is the refrigerator.51. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A. The author enjoyed working in an open office.B. This open-office model has gained popularity.C. Companies are compelled to shift to an open office.D. Google and Yahoo refuse to go along with the trend.52. Large open floor plans can help bosses to______.A. reduce investment in researchB. show movies to workers in the officeC. supervise co-workers' conversations6D. restrict the use of personal cell phones53. According to Paragraph 4, an open office______.A. can benefit workers' mental healthB. brings no relaxation to workers at allC. adversely affects productivity and healthD. contributes to better productivity54. It can be concluded from Paragraph 5 that in an open office______.A. fellow workers are likely to spend a long time talkingB. one's personal performance can be improved easilyC. work efficiency can be ensured amid frequent interactionD. most of the workers can easily become close friends55. The last sentence of this passage suggests that the author______.A. can hardly concentrate on his work at homeB. often suffers from the noise of the refrigeratorC. works more efficiently at home than in the open officeD. has nobody to talk to while working at home56. The central idea of this passage is that the open-office model ______.A. should be highly recommendedB. is destroying the workplaceC. is more of a blessing than a curseD. proves to be quite innovativePassage TwoThe mosquito-borne Zika virus, which has spread to 22 countries in the Americas, is terrifyingto pregnant women and their partners. The virus may cause birth defects in babies whose mothers were infected during pregnancy. In Brazil more than 4,000 have been born with abnormally small heads since last October, compared with fewer than 200 in a typical year. The response of several governments has triggered a debate about abortion and birth control which may outlast the outbreak itself.It started after some governments advised women to delay getting pregnant. Colombia, whichhas the second-highest number of infections after Brazil, advised women to wait six to eight months. Jamaica issued a similar recommendation, even though no cases of Zika have yet been reported there. El Salvador's government suggested that women should delay pregnancy until 2018. Panama warned women from vulnerable communities not to conceive.Some women find this advice rather bossy. Others say that governments have done little tohelp women control their fertility. A lobby group in New York notes that rates of teenage pregnancy in Latin America are among the world's highest, as 56% of pregnancies in Latin America and the Caribbean are unintended.Rates of accidental pregnancy are high because sex education is inadequate and birth controlis hard to come by. Health workers are reluctant to prescribe contraceptives to teenagers or to women 7who have not yet given birth. If women are to avoid pregnancy, governments must inform them better and provide more access to contraception for both men and women.Some argue that the Zika crisis should prompt countries to liberalize policies that severelyrestrict abortion. In El Salvador, which does not allow abortion even if a woman's life is at risk, activists are stepping up their campaign for a change in the law. A Brazilian newspaper argued that Brazil should end its ban on most abortions.Rather than calling on women to delay pregnancy, Brazil is sensibly concentrating its effortson the mosquito responsible, which also carries dengue and yellow fever. The country had stamped out the threat by 1958 but let down its guard and allowed it to return. The health minister announced that insect repellent will be distributed to 400,000 expectant mothers. Some 310,000 health workers are teaching people how to keep mosquitoes at bay. Following WHO guidelines, Brazil adviseswomen contemplating pregnancy on how to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes. Women need facts, not fertility targets.57. The first paragraph is primarily concerned with ______.A. the harm done by the Zika virusB. abortion and birth controlC. the response of some countriesD. the origin of the Zika virus58. The rate of infections with the Zika virus is the highest in ______.A. ColombiaB. BrazilC. JamaicaD. Panama59. Rates of accidental pregnancy are high in Latin America because of the following except______.A. insufficient sex education or information on pregnancyB. the reluctance to prescribe contraceptives to teenagersC. poor accessibility of birth control for men and womenD. the extremely low rate of marriage in some countries60. Which of the following is true according to this passage?A. Abortion is strictly prohibited in the whole of Latin America.B. Activists in El Salvador are fighting for the right to abortion.C. Brazil has managed to eliminate the mosquito responsible.D. Most women have been convinced of the advice by governments.61. The underlined words in the last paragraph probably mean ______.A. stay away from mosquitoesB. try to make mosquitoes extinctC. confine mosquitoes to the beachD. culture some new mosquitoes62. Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A. How to Contain the Zika Virus?B. Health during Pregnancy.8C. To Breed, or not to Breed.D. Measures of Birth Control.Passage ThreeAfter a jury convicted ex-Virginia Governor. Bob McDonnell, I wrote an op-ed callingattention to the “real stars”of the McDonnell case. It is easy to get distracted by the sensational details of the new case, but it would be better to focus on the big picture.American politicians face a harsh reality. The average Senate campaign costs more than $10 million! Point the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) at any elected official, and I suspect it can uncover a contributor who received special treatment: a meeting with staff here, a call to an agency there. None of it is necessarily illegal.Americans are not only allowed to give money to politicians. The Supreme Court has said they have a constitutional right to spend money on campaigns. Elected officials, in turn, have the freedom to decide which calls they answer, what meetings they arrange, how to craft legislation and whomit benefits.It could be, then, that what sets McDonnell apart from other politicians is not the allegedillegality of his conduct, but that the FBI took such a hard look at him. Thankfully, the FBI's interest doesn't appear to be political. More likely, agents became interested in these cases like they get interested in lots of things; they happened upon public corruption while looking into something else. The FBI reportedly was investigating Jonnie Williams' company for securities fraud when it stumbled upon his gifts to McDonnell.There are two important lessons here, one for politicians and one for the rest of us. Thepoliticians need to distance themselves from their rich donors. Ethics aside, it is simply too risky to take contributions and gifts from people whose interests you intend to advance. Better to lose an election than to go to federal prison.Everyone else should start thinking about prosecutorial power to act. It's bad enough that our political system seems to be populated with criminals. We should also worry about how prosecutors choose among them to decide whom to imprison.Random selection, which appears to explain the McDonnell case, is the least of our worries.The real concern is politically motivated prosecutions, which are made all too easy in a system flush with cash and regulated by flexible public corruption laws. Sadly in a pay-to-play political system, once FBI agents direct their investigative power at a particular politician, the likelihood of a federal accusation may only depend on how hard they look.63. In the first paragraph, “the big picture”probably refers to______.A. the details of the McDonnell caseB. the political system in the USC. the economic situation in the USD. other officials involved in this case64. Which of the following is true about the McDonnell case?A. McDonnell has turned out to be innocent.B. He gave expensive gifts to Jonnie Williams.C. The FBI happened to find his criminality.D. The FBI's investigation is politically motivated.965. The lesson that politicians should learn from the case of McDonnell is to______.A. stay away from wealthy donorsB. work in the interests of rich donorsC. forget about ethics when with rich donorsD. make friends with many rich donors66. The last paragraph implies that in the American political system______.A. there are few corrupt politiciansB. money plays a minor roleC. random selection is a big concernD. it is easy to spot cases of corruption67. This passage is primarily concerned with______ in the United States.A. ways to keep governance cleanB. the responsibilities of the FBIC. the political corruption problemD. the role of money in legal matters68. The attitude of the author towards the American political system is______.A. curiousB. criticalC. appreciativeD. indifferentPassage FourThe fourth and final article from Sheryl Sandberg and Adam Grant in The New York Times' “Women at Work”series appeared today; it is as misguided as the previous three have been, bordering on offensive. Do we really need Sandberg telling men that if they do a load of laundrynow and then, they might get lucky? Yes, that is an exact point in the article. To quote: A man was asked by his wife one night to do a load of laundry. He picked up the basket and asked hopefully,“Is this Lean In laundry?”The bigger issue with the entire New York Times series is that rather than focusing on the abilities of women, all they've done is offer studies and statistics pointing out how bad things are, then asking men to change that. It is so disappointing that Sandberg and Grant keep repeating the same point –“Hey, guys, help the poor girls out!”They continue to tell men that they should do more office chores, let women speak at work, use the same criteria for evaluating female managersas male ones. It's all about men and what they need to do to boost up ladies.The tone of these articles also implies that every successful woman was somehow given a shotby some man. Most successful women I know weren't given anything. They earned it. And when they didn't get it even after earning it, they struggled and seized it. It is so unproductive for womento repeat that the workplace needs to change to reward us. How about if women change? Why don't we start behaving in ways that will get us rewarded in the workplace?Whenever I speak or write about equality for women in the workplace, I never address whatmen need to do differently. Men have no incentive to do anything differently. This system is working for them, and if women want to compete in male-dominated fields, we need to develop the instincts and attitudes that will get us rewarded in those fields. Women don't have to “behave like men,”but we can make the changes needed to be recognized and promoted without asking them for the scraps. We should not stamp our feet and demand that men help us get there. After all, no woman has tolean in when she's standing at the head of the table.69. What does the author of this passage think of the article mentioned in the first paragraph?10A. misleadingB. instructiveC. amusingD. paradoxical70. The author believes that the problem with this New York Times series is that it ______.A. overemphasizes mutual help between males and femalesB. elaborates on the advantages of males over femalesC. suggests the two sexes be evaluated in the same wayD. ignores what women can do for themselves71. The main idea of the third paragraph is that ______.A. women have to adapt to the work environmentB. there is a man behind each successful womanC. workplace should be changed to reward womenD. women become successful on their own72. In the last paragraph, the author of this passage suggests that ______.A. men start to do things differently for women's sakeB. women ask men for help whenever necessaryC. women become independent and self-reliantD. women stop competing with men at work73. Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A. Women - Stop ‘Leaning' and Start Leading.B. Men –Be Helpful at Home and at Work.C. Men and Women –Who Is Superior?D. Men and Women –How Different Are They?74. The author seems to be______ these articles by Sheryl Sandberg and Adam Grant.A. interested inB. critical aboutC. convinced byD. encouraged byPassage FiveImagine a world without alcohol sponsorship of sport and without drinks ads on TV. You're imagining France, the country with a heavy drinking rate one sixth that of Ireland. It's a country where there is a genuinely sensible and mature approach to alcohol –with a range of regulations for the alcohol industry.To be certain, people drink in France –there is alcoholism and serious issues for public health there, just as in other societies where alcohol is available –but in France, the trend is downward and heavy drinking isn't a group activity where getting drunk is the objective.The drinks industry in Ireland is pitilessly efficient and deeply rational –like any multi-billioneuro industry, knowing how to get people to drink more, how to grow a market, how to cultivate the next generation of drinkers and how to put them on the value addition conveyor belt.The economics of drinking is strikingly obvious. A massive diversity of products at a massively wide range of prices, with a staggering diversity of lifestyle messages and marketing approaches to segment and divide the market. We start with the young drinkers, who don't have a whole lot of money –for young men there're the thin aluminum can beers which promise European11sophistication and precious metals. For the ladies there are the lighter alcopops and coolers, which promise to have one laugh uncontrollably into the night with your equally attractive mid-twenties friends, often with a three-for-two offer.The next stage in the process is to get the drinker into the bottled beers and shift the ladies towards whiskey. In the summer, everyone is encouraged to dedicate time to quenching the thirst with juice –and to move on from there. At each life stage there is a higher-value drink product targeted at our aspirations and an encouragement to get some of the good life.The drinks industry reminds us to tame our animal side with a trip to their website saying that‘enjoying a drink may be part of Irish culture…' and, at the start of an article on the possible health benefits of cutting down on alcohol, states: “Lots of people associate moderate drinking with relaxation and fun.”The drinks industry needs young drinkers –it cultivates drinkers as early as possible, but it cultivates partners and harvests goodwill as well.75. Which of the following statements is true about France?A. No one consumes an excessive amount of alcohol.B. There are no strict regulations for the alcohol industry.C. Sport can be sponsored by alcohol producers.D. There are no TV commercials related to alcohol.76. The underlined words in Paragraph 3 imply that the drinks industry in Ireland______.A. cares about the health of consumersB. is good at boosting sales of alcoholC. has enjoyed quite high productivityD. tries to make money by illegal means77. Paragraph Four and Five are focused on ______ the drinks industry.A. the economics employed byB. the wide range of products ofC. various lifestyle messages fromD. health benefits associated with78. The drinks industry has been working hard to increase its sales by ______.A. telling consumers the truth about the harm of alcoholB. encouraging consumers to use the same drink productC. targeting at young drinkers exclusively and relentlessly。
重庆大学2016年考研复试基本分数线
权威师资优质教学博仁考研 重庆大学2016年考研复试基本分数线重庆大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试复试基本分数线已经公布，报考重庆大学心理学（学硕）、教育学（学硕&专硕）的同学可以参考院校复试基本分数线和院校复试安排着手准备考研复试。
考研复试同样不可小觑，复试准备时间短需要我们在有限的时间中了解复试相关信息进行充分准备。
根据教育部有关文件精神，结合重庆大学实际情况，经校研究生招生领导小组研究决定，重庆大学按照学科门类和不同学位类型确定进入复试的初始成绩基本要求(简称“复试基本分数线”),并以此确定入围复试考生名单。
我校将本着择优录取、保证质量、宁缺毋滥的精神和公开、公正、公平的原则，从德、智、体全面考察，进行差额复试与录取工作。
学科门类总分满分=100分满分>100分全日制学术学位哲学[01] 315 45 85经济学[02] 340 50 85法学[03] 340 50 85教育学[0401] 330 50 170心理学[0402] 335 50 180体育学[0403] 305 45 170文学[05] 340 45 80理学[07] 340 50 85 工学[08]（不含[0812]、电气工程320 45 68[080800]、照顾专业）计算机科学与技术[0812] 320 50 68照顾专业290 40 68农学[09] 290 40 75医学[10] 340 50 180管理学[12] 360 50 90艺术学[130] 360 50 100电气工程[080800] 360 50 75被学员誉为“最信得过、最值得上”的辅导班全日制专业学位金融[0251] 330 50 90应用统计[0252] 315 50 85法律[0351] 315 40 80社会工作[0352] 330 45 85教育[0451] 300 50 85体育[0452] 305 45 170 汉语国际教育[0453] 360 50 90 翻译[0551] 330 50 85 新闻与传播[0552] 325 45 85 建筑学[0851] 310 45 75 工程[0852]（不含[085213]）300 45 70 城市规划[0853] 300 45 75风景园林[0953] 300 45 75 工商管理[1251]、公共管理[1252]、工程管理[1256]（含少高等专项计划）执行2016年国家A类地区分数线会计[1253] 210 50 100艺术[1351] 320 40 70 建筑与土木工程[085213] 350 45 70专项计划类别总分满分=100分满分>=100分少高计划（不含管理类硕士[1251、1252、1256]）250 40 50（总分150分）155 40 75(总分300)强军计划260 35 60（总分150分）260 35 120（总分300分）大学生退役士兵计划（不含管理类硕士[1251、1252、1256]）260 35 60（总分150分）260 35 120（总分300分）单考计划300 40 80权威师资优质教学博仁考研 备注：1、照顾专业(一级学科)：力学[0801]、冶金工程[0806]、动力工程及工程热物理[0807]、地质资源与地质工程[0818]、矿业工程[0819]、核科学与技术[0827]；2、参加全国统考且享受少数民族政策的考生，报考学科(专业)分数线总分下降10分，单科成绩不变；更多重庆大学心理学、教育学考研复试相关信息可以咨询博仁考研老师，助你攻克考研最后一关金榜题名。
重庆大学外语学院考研真题 语言学
重庆大学外国语学院研究生考试试题（语言学概论）－（第一、二部分试题做在试题册上，第二部分写在空白答题纸上。
）Part I: Basic Concepts (20%)Briefly define the following terms in English.1. morphology2. diphthon3. compound sentence4. deep structure5. ellipsis6. semantics7. free variation8. co-operative principles9. prefix10. hyponymyPart II: Language Analysis (50%)2.1. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sounds together with an illustration of the use of the sound in an English word. You are required to give no less than three words for the illustration of each symbol.1) voiceless bilabial stop:______________________2) high back tense roundedvowel:___________________________3) voiced retroflex:___________________________-4) voiceless interdental fricative:_________________________5) high front tense unroundedvowel:_____________________________2.2. Indicate the position of main stress in each of the following words by writing an accent mark ( ) over the appropriate vowel symbol or symbols.1. apple2. baboon3. behest4. decent5. descent6. executive7. indiscriminate8. massage9. yesterday 10. zoological11. sagacity 12. neurologist 13. facetious 14. caress 15. Washingtonian2.3. Each of the following compounds is made up of two parts. How do the parts relate to each other? Two examples are given below: e.g. fleabite (a bite from a flea)bridcage (a cage for bird)1. bedside_________2. mailbox____________3. hardwood___________4. paintbrush________________5. password____________6. windowpane_________________7. outlaw____________8. nightfall_______________9. rainbow________________ 10. sunshine_________________ 2.4. There are ten sentences below, part of the sentence is underlined, read the underlined part carefully and identify its construction type and write the term (Modification, Predication, Complementation and Subordination) in the blank.One example is given:Example: John runs slowly. (Modification)1. Mary stood at the back. ( )2. Mary is a nurse. ( )3. Mary sings. (4. The old man likes to come here everyday. ( )5. I want to go. (6. Peter kissed Mary. (7. She cried when she fell down. (8. Jack sings but Mary dances. (9. I know where she is. ( )10. John is clever. ( )2.5. Choose from five diagrams, the one that illustrate the relationship among three given classes better than any other diagram offered. One example is given below:A) C) D) E)e.g. animal, vegetable, tiger (C)1. bachelors, men, tennis player ( )2. sparrows, birds, cats ( )3. people, scientists, Chinese (4. white-haired, doctor, woman ( )5. furniture, bed, chair ( )6. baseball fans, artists, painters (7. frogs, mosquitoes, insects (8. varsity athletes, seniors, members of student honor society ( )9. octopi, porpoises, things live in the sea ( )10. wood, stone, pine (2.6 Explain the meaning of the underlined words in the following sentences. One example is given below:e.g. The judge gave orders to clear the court. (order the members of the public to leave)1. He did not know how to draw a cheque.___________________2. It falls to you to reorganize the footballteam.____________________3. The bill has twenty days to run.__________________4. Colors run in washing._______________________5. Where does the river take its rise?_____________________6. He who cannot take a joke should not makeone.______________________7. The company cleared $5,000 on its cotton exports last season.__________________8. The flap of the envelope has comeunstuck._____________________9. They gave their enemy a good beating.____________________10. Where is this carpet to go?________________2.7. State, by writing a, b, c,d, etc. where the preposition underlined indicates.a. Positionb. Destinationc. Passaged. Orientatione. Resultative statef. Pervasive (static) stateg. Pervasive motion1. The monkeys disappeared through the window. (2. I went into the bathroom to get a drink of water. (3. I looked in the mirror and thought I had a monkey’s face. (4. A monkey was sitting on the edge of the bath. (5. It was squeezing toothpaste all over its chest. (6. I rushed out of the house, shouting for help. (7. Out of the house, I felt calmer. (8. I sent for the monkey-catcher, who lived across the river. (9. We ran behind the house and watched. (10. Paper lay scattered all over the floor. (2.8. Indicate by a, b, c, whether the object underlined in the following sentences is:a. affectedb. effectedc. locative1. Has anyone touched the television today? (2. Who is making all that noise? (3. We are just passing the Eiffel Tower. (4. Take the deep breath. (5. Somebody took my coat by mistake. (6. I climbed the hill as light fell short. (7. A gas leak can cause a serious explosion. (8. We have fought a good fight – and lost. (9. Have you dropped your handkerchief, my dear? (10. After that I paid her a visit every evening. (2.9. Give at least three verbs to illustrate each of the following types of speech acts.One example is given for each type.1. Assertives: assert, _________________________________2. Declarations: declare,___________________________________3. Directives: invite, _________________________________4. Commissives: commit,____________________________________5. Expressives: apologize, _________________________________ Part III: Detailed Discussion (30%)There are 4 given topics below. You may choose any three of them to give detailed discussion. (write your answer on the blank paper)1. What is communicative competence?2. What is indirect speech act?3. Use your own experience in learning English to show culture is very important in language learning.4. Can you give examples to illustrate the phenomena of the interlanguage in learning a foreign language?。
2016年重庆大学文艺学考研
2016年重庆大学文艺学考研以下内容由凯程老师搜集整理，供考研的同学们参考。
更多考研辅导班的详细内容，请咨询凯程老师。
一、重庆大学文艺学考研方向有哪些？考研方向：01 文学理论与文学研究方法02 批评理论与文化研究03 古典诗学04 文艺美学05 文学人类学06 民间文艺学07 比较文艺学08 批评理论09 文艺与传媒二、重庆大学文艺学考研科目有哪些？考研初试科目：①101 思想政治理论②201 英语一或203日语或255 法语③633 文学综合④880 写作三、重庆大学文艺学考研参考书目有哪些？参考书目：633 文学综合《中国文学史》，袁行霈主编，高等教育出版社，2005 年；《中国历代文学作品选》，朱东润主编，上海古籍出版社，2006 年；《中国现代文学三十年》（修订本），钱理群等著，北京大学出版社，1998 年；《中国当代文学史》（修订本），洪子诚著，北京大学出版社，2007 年；《中国现当代文学作品选》，钱谷融主编，华东师范大学出版社，2008 年；《文学理论》，韦勒克、沃伦著，文化艺术出版社，2010 年；《文学理论入门》（中英文对照版）乔纳森•卡勒著，译林出版社，2008 年四、文艺学考研名校有哪些？北京师范大学、山东大学、中国人民大学、四川大学、北京大学、复旦大学、南京大学、暨南大学、华中师范大学、上海师范大学、浙江大学、吉林大学、首都师范大学、华东师范大学、陕西师范大学、武汉大学、东北师范大学、北京语言大学、南开大学、福建师范大学。
五、重庆大学文艺学研究生招生信息怎么查询？考研招生信息一般在八九月份出来，同学们可以到重庆大学研究生官网或者相关考研网上查询。
招生专业目录、参考书目一般来说变化不大，大家可以参考往年的考研招生信息。
【考研经验】重庆大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研经验
重庆大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研经验分享本人从去年八月开始考研复习，目前已经成功上岸了，重庆大学外国语言文学专业初试382，复试88.4，语言学方向，二外德语(有意考重大外国语言文学的学弟学妹可以联系我要复习资料，初试资料(各科的真题，答案，以及复习资料，视频)、复试资料都有，有偿)初试科目:政治，基础英语，德语，翻译与写作1.基础英语:主要考GRE单词选择题，专八难度的阅读，选词填空，summary，今年不考人文知识2.写作与翻译:一篇英文翻译，是关于音乐家的介绍，一篇中文翻译是一篇很短的散文，关于青春的。
写作是雅思写作，大作文关于工作中怎么维护女性的权益和公平，小作文是看图表写150字作文3.德语:单词选择题，填空题，阅读题，句子翻译(中，德各4-5句)，作文今年无笔试，面试约20-25分钟，（除了名词解释，其余都是英文作答）面试分为：2分钟自我介绍+名词解释+翻译+开放性问题+关于计划书提问1.名词解释：会提问2-4个名词（老师用英文读），考生用中文解释，并举出例子，我被问到了aspect,allophone,其他人有被问到grammarmark,blending,等2.翻译：老师用英文读一段话，读一遍（约5句话），读完考生用英文复述，再用中文翻译，（老师不会展示内容到屏幕，学生不能做笔记），我的翻译是关于学习外语的3开封性问题：我的问题是关于翻译材料提的，被问到了1.你怎么理解学习外语的掌握一种新的能力？（我回答学习外语并不只是学习这门语言的相关技能，也是学习使用这一语言的人的文化背景，以及与中国文化的差异之处）2.请举出你学习的语言背后的文化和中国文化差异的例子（我说了personalspace）3.哪些国家的人特别重视personalspace?4.是否中国人不重视personalspace?5.你研究生毕业后的计划是什么？(其他人也有被问到语言学相关的专业知识，如神经语言学，大脑机制，或者其他开放性问题，如介绍你的家乡，介绍你的爱好等)6．有关研究生计划书的提问：我写了本科期间发表的论文，老师问了论文的内容，研究方法，和结果。
重庆大学硕士研究生英语历年期末考试试卷
1. The main idea of this passage is A. examinations exert a pernicious influence on education. B. examinations are ineffective. C. examinations are profitable for institutions. D. examinations are a burden on students.
重庆大学研究生试卷（2011 版）
第1页共8页
命 题 （ 组 题 ） 人 ：
李 雁
审 题 人 ：
黄 萍
Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )
命 题 时 间 ：
研 究 生 院 制
Part IV. Writing ( 20 points) (请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.)
As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don’t count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career?
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2016年重庆大学英语语言文学考研
以下内容由凯程老师搜集整理，供考研的同学们参考。
更多考研辅导班的详细内容，请咨询凯程老师。
一、重庆大学英语语言文学考研考什么？
研究生入学考试分为初试和复试。
考试科目需要查看招生专业目录，根据报考的学院与专业了解初试科目，如重庆大学土英语语言文学专业的初试科目为：
①101 思想政治理论
②242俄语（二外）或243日语（二外）或244德语（二外）或245法语（二外）
③615基础英语
④814 英语翻译与写作
复试科目：
①外语听力、口语；
②专业综合面试；
③专业笔试：
01和02 方向--英美文学，
03和04 方向--
英语语言学理论基础知识。
加试科目：
1、英美文化；
2、高级听力。
二、重庆大学英语语言文学考研有哪些研究方向？
不同学院专业的研究方向有所不同，以重庆大学英语语言文学为例，专业的研究方向为：
01 英美文学
02 比较文学
03 跨文化交际
04 翻译研究
三、重庆大学英语语言文学考研参考书目有哪些？
《大学俄语简明教程》（第二外语用）张宝钤、钱晓慧，高教出版社
243 日语（二外）
《标准日本语》（新版）初级1、2册，中级第1册（前15课），人民教育出版社
244 德语（二外）
《德语》（上下）吴永岸、华宗德，上海外语教育出版社
245 法语（二外）
《简明法语教程》（上下）孙辉
615 基础英语
《高级英语》(1、2) 张汉熙，外语教学与研究出版社
《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上下）朱永涛，高等教育出版社，2005，高校英语专业现行“精读”类课程高年级教材
814 英语翻译与写作
《英语写作手册》（英文版），丁往道，外研社，2004
《英汉翻译教程》张培基，上海外语教育出版，2008
《实用翻译教程》冯庆华，上海外语教育出版社，2008
四、英语语言文学考研院校有哪些推荐？
北京大学、北京外国语大学、上海外国语大学、南京大学、厦门大学。
五、重庆大学英语语言文学考研就业方向如何？
重庆大学英语语言文学专业的人才可以到教育、外事、外贸、科技翻译、新闻出版、广播影视、涉外企业、旅游公关、企事业等部门或单位从事英语教学、培训、科研、口译、笔译等与英语有关的工作。