托福TPO阅读题目汇总

1: The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.○Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.○Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.○Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.○Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM. 2: Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.○Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.○Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas. 3: The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.○ While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.○ Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelainsbecause some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.○While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.○The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.4: Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic).○ The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.○ Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.○ Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them.○ Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.5: Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.○Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society. ○Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.○Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.○Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.○As a glacier moves, it leaves behind rock formationsthat have been engulfed, pushed, and dragged by theglacier.○Glaciers reshape the landscape by carving into rockand transporting the resulting debris todistantlocations.○Glaciers carve the hardest rock formations with great energy and slowly reshape them into debris.○The tremendous energy of slowly moving glacierstransports and finally deposits rock debris into largerock formations.Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.○It was difficult for some critics in the 1920s to imagine why the idea of sound film had faded from sight well before the First World War.○As surprising as it seems today, some critics in the 1920s believed that the new attempts at sound films would fade just as quickly as the attempts made before the First World War.○Though some early critics thought that sound film would fade, its popularity during the First World War proved that it was not simply a technical novelty.○Although some critics predicted well before the First World War that sound film would be an important technical innovation, it was not attempted until the 1920s.Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.○Stability, a feature of the biological clock's period,depends on changeable factors such as temperature.○A major feature of the biological clock is that itsperiod does not change despite significant changes in the environment.○A factor such as temperature is an importantfeature in the establishment of the biological clock'speriod.○Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in mostcommunities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.○Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenlydistributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.○Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women topossess the same skills as men and take part in themilitary.○Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies werecaused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differencesin military training between men and women.○In pastoral societies, gender inequality iscomparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.○Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.○The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.○Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.○The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.○Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers.○One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature. ○Given the chance to hear stories, infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity.○Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers.But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.○But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.○ Experiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect – for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.○The practice of being reflective is no longer simply a habit among teachers but something that is externally motivated.○Most teachers need to explore ways to form the habit of reflection even when no external motivation exists.○Many aspects of the motivation to reflect have not been studied, including the comparative benefits of externally motivated and habitual reflection among teachers.○There has not been enough exploration of why teachers practice reflection as a habit with or without external motivation.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.○Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.○When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.○Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.○Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.○Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.。