英译汉英文材料
英译汉佳作欣赏
英译汉：佳译赏析巧选主语成妙译（1）原文】饱经沧桑的20世纪仅剩下几个春秋，人类即将跨入充满希望的21世纪。
【译文】I n a few years’ time, mankind will bid farewell to the 20th c entury, a century full of vic issitudes, and enter into the 21s t c entury, a c entury full of hopes.【赏析】1995年，联合国举办纪念成立50周年庆祝活动，江主席出席并发表演说。
原文是该篇演说的第一句，是地道的汉语。
翻译此句时，一般译者往往会亦步亦趋地将原文译为两个分句，分别以“饱经沧桑的20世纪”和“人类”作主语。
但高明的译者吃透了原文的精神，选择mankind为主语统领全句，以准确而地道的英语译出，确实是一则难得的佳译，值得翻译爱好者认真体会。
英译汉：佳译赏析之“肚里的墨水”（2）【原文】T heir family had more money, more hors es, more slaves than any one els e in the Country, b ut the boys had less grammar than mos t of their poor C racker neighbors.【译文】他们家里的钱比人家多，马比人家多，奴隶比人家多，都要算全区第一，所缺少的只是他哥儿俩肚里的墨水，少得也是首屈一指的。
【赏析】原文选自Gone With the Wind。
译文忠实且流畅，算得上好译文，特别值得一提的是译者对grammar的处理，如果照搬字典自然难于翻译，但译者吃透了原句精神，译为“肚里的墨水”，真是再妥帖不过了。
英译汉：佳译赏析之“思前想后”（3）【原文】A nd in these meditations he fell asleep.【译文】他这么思前想后，就睡着了。
中英文口译材料范文
中英文口译材料范文English:As a professional interpreter, it is important to be well-prepared before any interpreting task. This includes researching the subject matter and familiarizing oneself with any specialized vocabulary that may come up. It is also crucial to be mentally and physically prepared for the interpreting session, as it can be mentally taxing to listen, process, and speak at the same time. Building a good rapport with the speaker and the audience is essential for effective communication. During the interpreting process, it is important to remember to stay impartial and maintain a neutral tone, even if the content being interpreted is controversial or emotional. Non-verbal cues and body language also play a significant role in the interpreting process, so it is important to pay attention to these cues as well. Finally, it is crucial to continue improving and refining interpreting skills through practice and training to provide the best possible interpretation service.中文翻译:作为一名专业口译员，在进行口译任务之前准备充分是非常重要的。
英汉翻译复习材料
英汉翻译复习材料A New Coursebook On English-Chinese TranslationChapter One: Introduction of Translation1.1Definition1.1.1What is translation?1.1.2Translatability (可译性)1.1.3Translatability has limitations1.1.4Classification①intralingual translation & interlingual translation②interpretation & translation③Translation of literary works, of scientific materials ,of practical writing, of journalese(newspapers and magazines)④full text; extr acted; adapted translation1.2 Criterion of translation1.2.1 Criterion at home and abroad(1)严复的“信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)(2) 钱钟书的“化境”(sublimation)(3) 傅雷的“神似”(similarity in spirit)(4) Alexander F. Tytler’s three principles of translation1.2.2 Basic criterion : faithfulness & smoothnessFaithfulness①Faithful to the original meaninge.g. 1. Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.误译：因为简想赚钱，所以才不下力干。
翻译报告_英译汉
一、词类转化法词类转化法，是指将一个单词的词类转换为另一个词类的语法规则。
通常是通过改变单词的词缀或词形来实现，如动词变成名词、形容词变成副词等。
①原句：Mr. Tuttle had been argumentative from the beginning: about the fee —twelve dollars--the size of the canvas, and the prospect to be shown through the window. (Page：1) 翻译：塔特尔先生从一开始就争论不休: 关于十二美元的费用、画布的大小，以及通过窗户展示的景象。
(Page：1)解释：在英文中，“argumentative”通常翻译为“好争辩的，好争吵的”，属于形容词。
但在翻译过程中，将其翻译为“争论不休”，属于动词，利用了词类转换法。
②原句：Fortunately, Wadsworth was paid to represent waistcoats, not opinions. (Page：1)翻译：幸运的是，沃兹沃斯受雇代表的是马甲，而不是意见。
(Page：1)解释：“represent”在英语中是动词，通常译为“代表；为……代言（辩护）；代表”。
但在翻译成汉语时，被翻译成了“代表”，变成了名词。
③原句：Mr. Tuttle was among the masters who preferred their servants to be mute, deaf, and blind—except when his convenience required the matter otherwise. (Page：2) 翻译：塔特尔先生是能接受他们的仆人是哑巴、聋子和瞎子的主人之一——除非方便需要这样做。
(Page：2)解释：将形容词“mute”、“deaf”和“blind”转换为名词“哑巴”、“聋子”和“瞎子”，从而更加清晰地表达了“主人”偏爱无声、无听力和无视力的“仆人”的意思。
英语作文汉译英翻译
英语作文汉译英翻译英文回答：As a native English speaker and professional writerwith extensive experience in academic writing, I amconfident in my ability to provide you with a high-quality, well-researched essay in English that meets your specific requirements.Throughout my academic and professional career, I have consistently exceeded expectations in various writing tasks, including essays, research papers, and dissertations. I possess a deep understanding of academic writing conventions, grammar, and syntax, and I am proficient in using a wide range of academic writing styles.Moreover, I am well-versed in different disciplines, including the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. This broad knowledge base enables me toeffectively handle complex topics and write essays that areboth informative and engaging.Additionally, I am highly proficient in using research tools and databases to gather relevant information and support my arguments with credible sources. I am also skilled at synthesizing information from multiple sources and presenting it in a clear and concise manner.Examples of my previous work include:A research paper on the impact of social media on political discourse, which was published in a peer-reviewed academic journal.An essay on the ethical implications of artificial intelligence, which won a writing competition at a prestigious university.A dissertation on the history of the American civil rights movement, which received high praise from my dissertation committee.I am confident that I can provide you with an essaythat is well-written, well-researched, and tailored to your specific needs. I am available to start working on your essay immediately and can deliver it within your desired timeframe.中文回答：作为一个以英语为母语的专业作家，在学术写作方面拥有丰富的经验，我自信能够为您提供高质量、经过充分研究的英语文章，以满足您的具体要求。
汉译英1
汉译英句子翻译：1．他用辛辛苦苦积攒了五年的钱买了一架照相机。
然后，他带着它走遍全国，拍摄了许多祖国名胜古迹的照片。
With the money he had saved hard for five years, he bought a camera, with which he then traveled around the country, taking numerous pictures of the scenic spots and places of historic interest of our motherland. (用非限制性定语从句合并)2．现在，每年都有几百万人到长城游览。
在旺季，几处最著名的景点总是让成群结队的游客挤得水泄不通。
Now, millions of people journey to the Great Wall each year, making its most popular sites besieged by hordes of tourists during busy seasons.(将原文中的第二句译成第一句的伴随状语，即把原文中两个有一定关系的简单句合为一个句子，且句意不变。
这样更简练。
)3．中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。
中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略。
As a major developing country with a long coastline, China attaches great importance to marine development and protection, and takes it as the state’s development strategy.（原句被翻译成一个长长的英语单句。
原句的第一句被译成一个有as引导的介词短语。
）4．我国人口众多，人均资源有限，资金不足。
发展精加工高附加值的产品出口，是今后扩大出口的一个关键。
英译汉
先是母亲生病住院，体质本就赢弱的父亲，因为焦虑过度，也随即病倒，父母双双住进了医院。
First, my mother was hospitalized with an illness. Shortly thereafter, anxiety for her overtook my father, whose health was already fragile, so both had to stay in the hospital. (sentence-based)（1）今天的发展不能以牺牲将来为代价。
（2）应该看到中国过去二十年的经济迅速发展带来很大的代价。
（3）我们喝的水被污染了，我们呼吸的空气被污染了。
（4）森林越来越少了。
（5）这个代价还不只是环境上的。
代价还有社会风气的变坏。
1) Today‟s progress should not come at tomorrow‟s expense. 2), 3), 4) It should be recognized that China‟s remarkable economic growth in the last two decades has come with a huge cost: the water we drink and the air we breathe are polluted, and the forest is diminishing. 5) The cost is not only environmental; it is also more serious in terms of the decline in public morals戴帽子：Be branded as; be labeled;Be branded as a counterrevolutionary 戴上反革命帽子就怕人多电影票不够分。
青草吃得羊很肥。
四级翻译练习资料-汉译英
新四级汉译英段落翻译练习1近百年来，中国发生了巨大变化，中国社会经过漫长的封建时期，半封建、半殖民地时期进入了社会主义社会。
这具有历史意义的变化使中国家庭的结构也改变了。
人口众多的大家庭开始分成较小的家庭和直系家庭，总的趋势是出现了越来越多的核心家庭。
During the last hundred years, great changes have taken place in China. The Chinese society, which had gone through the long feudal period, and later the semi-colonial, semi-feudal period, had turned into a socialist society. This historic change has led to changes in the Chinese family structure. Large families began to divide into smaller extended families and stem families, with the trend pointing toward the emergence of more and more nuclear families.2目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏，美丽的大自然已经不那么美丽了。
保护野生动物，也就是保护人娄自己。
我强烈呼吁：不要再捕杀黑猩猩，不要再捕杀野生动物了，让我们人类多一些地球上的朋友，多给我们下一代保留一些野生动物吧! 否则，地球将毁灭在人类手中，人类将毁灭在自己手中。
At present, man’s living environment is being ruined, and beautiful nature is no longer so beautiful. Protection of wild life is protection of man himself. So I appeal strongly to all to stop killing the chimpanzee or any other wild animal. Let us human beings have more friends on the earth, and leave more wild life for future generations. Or the earth would be destroyed by man, and man by man himself.3越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。
2020中译国青杯英译汉原文
“中译国青杯”联合国文件翻译大赛学生组——英译汉【原文】Australia: Where Nature is Grieving“When you walk into a forest that’s been burnt this badly, the overwhelming thing that hits you is the silence. No bird-song. No rus tling of leaves. Silence.” This is how Mike Clarke, professor of zoology at La Trobe University, Melbourne, describes Australia’s many forests recently decimated by bushfires.“This stands out as the worst disaster in Australia’s recorded history,” Clarke says. The figure of the area that has been burnt – 13 million hectares –is “hard to get your head around.” For scale, this is an area bigger in hectares than Holland, Denmark and Switzerland combined. All burnt to a crisp. Homes, forests, animals, plants –everything in the wake of these intense infernos – incinerated. Gone.Unprecedented scaleAt least a billion animals were killed in the bushfires, according to approximate estimates by Chris Dickman, professor in territorial ecology at The University of Sydney. This figure is conservative, Clarke believes. “That’s just mammals, birds, reptiles. If we added invertebrates to that, the numbers would be astronomical.”One thing that must be clear, though, is that Australia’s bush has always burnt quite s everely. “The severity isn’t unprecedented,” says Alan York, professor of Fire Ecology at the University of Melbourne. “What is unprecedented is their earliness in, or before the usual fire season, and the volume of fires in so many places, which is far mo re unusual.”Koalas in northern New South Wales have had most of their habitat burnt. “Speculation is that populations will become locally extinct,” according to York. The iconic nature of the koalas sometimes overshadows other ecosystem horrors, Clarke ad ds. “They’re the poster child of this crisis. But in reality, a whole suite of wildlife – large possums, all sorts of plants that live in alpine ash, whole communities of organisms – are all at risk now.”The resilience of the Australian bush in questionIt may take years for these species to recover. And that may require human assistance, with captive-bred frogs in Australia’s zoos, for example. “Otherwise, we’re hoping animals survived in unburnt pockets,” York explains. He remains somewhat optimistic, s aying the Australian bush has a “dramatic capacity to recover.”There are, however, caveats. Rainforests and alpine areas of Tasmania, for instance, don’t have much experience of fires, so they’re more vulnerable to repeated fires, he says. And under the current climate change model, increasing fires are inevitable.Some of several “human interferences” that’ll most likely hamper recovery include habitat removal from land clearing; introducing feral species which prey on native species (feral cats have been known to come from ten kilometres away to the edge of a fire to pick off prey, usually native); and a lack of urgent political action on climate change.The problem is, lots of critical resources have been incinerated. For example, many fauna – cockatoos, parrots, possums, bats – rely on hollow logs on the ground, or on trees to den in or breed in. Not only have those logs now gone, Clarke predicts that it will take one to two centuries for them to appear again, hollowed out. “A lot of Australian wood is hardwood. Fungi and termites hollow it really slowly. There are no woodpeckers here,” he explains. Suddenly, the capacity to recover seems almost insurmountable within our lifetime. “What could disappear in hours in bushfire could take centuries to replace. Ecologists would call this a ‘complete state change’.”Immediate measures neededExperts say some immediate steps are being taken to help along the recovery of this vast area. A moratorium on logging has been proposed, and pressure is building to act more aggressively on the pest control of feral cats and foxes, in addition to introducing weed removal. “Weeds recolonize areas disturbed by fire. They use resources that native plants and animals might need,” York explains.Identifying and protecting areas that did not burn is also an important subject for debate. Specifically, some are arguing that cultural burns may be better than the hotter, more intense, hazard reduction burning. Cultural burns are cool-burning, knee-high blazes that were designed to happen continuously and across the landscape, practised by indigenous people long before Australia’s invasion and colonization. The fires burn up fuel like kindling and leaf detritus, so that a natural bushfire has less to devour.Since Australia's fire crisis began last year, calls for better reintegration of this technique have grown louder. But they may be of limited value at this crisis point, according to Clarke. “We need to appreciate how different things are now. Cultural burns happened to enable people to move through dense vegetation easily, or for ceremonial reasons. They weren’t burning around 25 million people, criss-crossed by complex infrastructure and in a climate change scenario,” he estimates.Concrete measures to combat climate change are indeed crucial for the future of biodiversity. In spite of green shoots of optimism in some quarters, the prognosis of whether the bush will ever recover its biodiversity is looking somewhat grim. Breaking it down, Clarke surmises that “A chunk of it will be good – a third will be able to bounce back. A third is in question, but a third is in serious trouble. I’ve been studyingfire ecology for twenty years, but we’re de aling with unchartered territory changing before our eyes.”【参赛译文格式要求】一、参赛译文应为Word文档.doc或.docx格式。
英语英文译汉语
五、英译汉1、Some football teams will have games there. 有几支足球队要在那里进行比赛。
2、Are you fond of music? 你喜欢音乐吗？3、What kind of life do most people enjoy? 多数人喜欢什么样的生活？4、This box can hold more books than that one. 这个箱子比那个箱子能装更多的书。
5、My classmate is more clever than I. 我的同学比我聪明。
6、Who's going to answer the telephone? 谁去接电话？7、He has a foreign friend who lives in America. 他有一个住在美国的外国朋友。
8、A friend of mine from high school is working in England now. 我高中的一个朋友目前在英格兰工作。
9、Who can help me clean the room? 谁能帮我打扫房间？10、I'm not an English major student. 我不是英语专业的学生。
11、I'm going to buy a monthly ticket tomorrow. 我想明天买张月票。
12、Try hard or you'll fail the test. 努力地，否则你考试及不了格。
13、My grandpa is used to getting up early. 我爷爷习惯早起。
14、The plane took off very smoothly. 飞机很平稳地起飞了。
15、How long have you collected your stamps? 你集邮有多久了？16、Please give this book to whoever comes first. 请把这本书给最先来的人。
作文材料英文翻译
作文材料英文翻译英文：When it comes to the question of whether technology has made our lives better or worse, I believe that it has both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, technology has greatly improved our lives by making communication easier and more convenient. With the development of smartphones and social media platforms, we can now easily connect with people from all over the world and share information and ideas with each other. Moreover, technology has also made many aspects of our daily lives more efficient, such as online shopping and banking.On the other hand, technology has also brought about some negative consequences. For example, the overuse of technology can lead to addiction and social isolation. Many people today spend hours on their phones or computers, neglecting their relationships with family and friends. In addition, technology has also created new forms of crime,such as cyberbullying and identity theft.Overall, I believe that technology has both improvedand worsened our lives. It is up to us to use technology in a responsible and balanced way, so that we can reap the benefits while avoiding the negative effects.中文：当涉及到科技是否使我们的生活更好还是更糟时，我认为它既有积极的影响，也有消极的影响。
经典英文段落翻译 英译汉15篇
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。
波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。
”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。
”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。
西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。
在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。
The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products.2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。
英译汉
英译汉1. I don't like the flat. It is too near the road. 我不喜欢这套公寓,离公路太近了.2. Do you like reading English newspapers 你喜欢读英文报纸吗3. She doesn't like borrowing things from others. 她不喜欢向别人借东西.4. He isn't a programmer. He is an engineer. 他不是一名程序员,他是一名工程师.5. I am looking for a flat on the ground floor. 我在找一间在一层的公寓.6.He's currently working on TV advertisements. 他目前忙着电视广告的事.7.She is talking to a customer right now. 她现在正和一位顾客谈话.8.You can eat and drink in the office, but you can't smoke here.在办公室,你可以吃东西,喝水,但是你不能抽烟.9 He has very good training skills and can speak good French. 他培训技能不错,并且法语很好.10. What about playing football tomorrow afternoon 明天下午踢足球去好吗12. There are two armchairs, a sofa and a television in the living room. 在起居室里有两把扶手椅,一套沙发和一台电视.13. He is not very tall and wears glasses. 他不太高,戴眼镜.14. My cousin is quite outgoing. 我堂兄很外向.15. Jane(简) is better at web-design than Mary(玛丽), but Mary is more experienced at training.在网页设计方面简比玛丽要好,但玛丽在培训方面更加有经验16. How many days did you stay in Beijing 你在北京呆了几天17. The month after next, I do two gym sessions. 下下个月,我要上两个健身班.18. He is good at web-design, much better than her. 他擅长于网页设计,比她更好.19. We have too much cheese in the fridge.我们的冰箱里的奶酪太多了.I feel terrible. I've got a headache, backache and a sore throat.我感觉很难受,我头痛,背疼,嗓子疼.London is busy, noisy, crowded and exciting. But it's too expensive.伦敦繁忙,嘈杂,拥挤,令人兴奋,不过消费也很贵.22. I go to a gym twice a week with my friends. We swim and work out there.我和我朋友两周去一次健身房,我们在那里游泳和锻炼身体.23.He's got short, brown wavy hair with blue eyes and a short beard.他有一头褐色波浪式短发,蓝色的眼睛和短胡子.24.It takes forty minutes to get from the airport to the city centre by taxi.乘出租车从机场到市中心要40分钟.25.The Bank is on the corner. It's opposite the newsagent.银行在角落里,报亭对面.26.He has short hair with a beard.他一头短发,留着胡须.27.He isn't an architect. He is an engineer.他不是建筑师,他是工程师.21. I’m interested in that large flat. 我对那套大公寓感兴趣22.She is watching TV right now. 现在她正在看电视。
笔译汉译英翻译材料
笔译汉译英翻译材料笔译汉译英翻译材料下面是两篇汉译英的翻译材料，大家能把他们翻译出来吗?每一段后面都有相应的英文翻译，大家可以参考看看哦。
Passage 12000年，中国建成北斗导航试验系统，这使中国成为继美、俄之后世界上第三个拥有自主卫星导航系统的国家。
In 2000, China produced the Beidou Navigation Testing System, which made China the third country possessing the autonomous navigation system after the United States and Russia.虽然目前它的定位精度与GPS还有一定的差距，但它具备了GPS 所没有的短报通信和位置报告的功能。
在没有手机信号的地方，用户也可以通过该系统发送短信。
Although the system is inferior to GPS in terms of its positioning precision, it has functions GPS does not possess, including text message communication and reporting of position. Every at places without access to cellphone signals, cellphone users can still send text message via this system.2008年四川汶川大地震后，灾区电话无法接通，手机信号中断。
救援人员将北斗导航终端带入灾区，及时保持了与外界的通讯联络。
In the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008, the telephone communication in the area was cut off due to failure of the cellphone signals. Bringing Beidou Navigation system terminals into the earthquake stricken area, the rescue teams managed to maintain the area’s contact with the outside world.该系统的'位置报吿功能可以帮助交通管理部门掌握行驶车辆的位置，及时疏导交通，缓解交通拥堵状况。
汉译英短文翻译（5篇）
汉译英短文翻译（5篇）第一篇：汉译英短文翻译汉译英短文翻译近年来，中国城市化进人加速阶段，取得了极大的成就，同时也出现了种种错综复杂的问题。
今天的城乡建设速度之快、规模之大、耗资之巨、涉及面之广、尺度之大等已远非生产力低下时期所能及，建筑已成为一种重大的经济活动。
（102字）难点注释：1）城市化urbanization2）加速阶段an accelerating phase3）错综复杂的问题some complicated problems4）远非?一所能及surpass5）重大的经济活动a major economic pursuit世界各地有3,600万人染上了艾滋病—这比整个澳大利亚的人口还多。
目前，艾滋病是全球第4大死因，而在非洲则是头号罪魁。
在非洲，艾滋病使工人丧失工作，使家庭丧失经济来源，使父母丧失孩子。
在7个非洲国家中，巧岁至49岁的人口中艾滋病病毒感染者占到20％以上。
（119字）难点注释：1）染上艾滋病suffer from AIDS2）头号罪魁the chief culprit3）使……丧失deprive of 4）艾滋病病毒感染者people infected with HIV当今中国，对传真机的使用已十分普及，并成为现代重要的通讯终端设备。
据一项调查显示，2002年，中国市场对传真机的需求量约为200万台，国内产量仅满足了约30%的需求，进口机占据市场的主导地位。
（89字）难点注释：1）传真机fax machines2）通讯终端设备telecommunications terminal equipment3）占主导地位dominate2000年，美国数码相机的销量达到惊人的510万台，而1999年只有310万台。
数码相机的流行其原因非常简单：成像质量好且花费少。
此外，使用数码相机还能省去不少麻烦。
你不用买胶卷，所有的照片都被存在可反复使用的存储卡上。
一按快门，就可以马上在液晶显示屏上观察照片的效果。
中英汉互译
中英汉互译
1. 英文翻译成中文：
- 书籍是人类进步的阶梯。
Books are the ladder of human progress.
- 生活就像一面镜子，你若对她笑，她就对你笑。
Life is like a mirror. If you smile at her, she will smile at you.
2. 中文翻译成英文：
- 知识就是力量。
Knowledge is power.
- 塞翁失马，焉知非福。
A blessing in disguise.
3. 中文翻译成中文：
- 天下兴亡，匹夫有责。
Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the country.
- 海纳百川，有容乃大。
The ocean is vast because it admits all rivers.
这些只是一些示例，实际上还有很多其他的中英汉互译内容。
如果你有具体的文本需要翻译，我可以帮你进行翻译。
请注意，翻译的准确性和流畅性可能会受到语言的复杂性、文化背景和上下文等因素的影响。
英译汉材料（附译文）
英译汉材料So far we still have got so much work to do , we still have got so much work to implement health care,we still have got so much work to create good job.We've got too many teachers that we've got to hire. We've got too many schools that we've got to rebuild. We've got too many students who still need affordable higher education.we still need to generate more homegrown energy.we still need to open more door of opportunities to those who are willing to work hard.In the coming future, I am looking forward to discuss with leaders of both parties about how to meet the challenges we can only solve together – reducing our deficit, reforming our tax code, fixing our student aid system, freeing ourselves from foreign oil. We've got more work to do.I still need more time to finish my job,so please be patient, let wo finish what we started ,we will remind the world why America is the greatest nation on earth.译文：即便到目前为止，我们也还有很多事情要做，要落实医疗改革，要创造就业机会，有很多老师等着我们去征集，有很多学校需要我们去重建，有很多学生需要让他们负担得起的大学。
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160t Converter of JSPL Steel and Iron Company in India1. Gas cleaning, ventilating and air-conditioning1.1 OutlineThe main process equipments of steel-making system are two converter of 160t, two ladle of 160t, two rail tank desulphurization stations, one furnace of 160tVD, and corresponding auxiliary facilities of public.The design set the corresponding gas cleaning and ventilation, air-conditioning facilities, according to the process requirement. In order to meet the technological requirements of production and human health, prevent environment pollution. Gas cleaning and ventilation, air-conditioning facilities mainly comprise:(1) Initial gas purifies and gas recovery system of converter(2) Second state gas purify of converter(3) Flue Gas Cleaning System of hot metal folding tank；(4) Gas cleaning system in desulphurization stations(5) Gas cleaning system in refining furnace (incl. flux and ferroalloy loading dust cleaning system)(6) Ventilating and air-conditioning in public facilities.1.2 First de-dusting and gas recovery system of converterIn first de-dusting and gas recovery system of converter, we design two programs, girth wet dust cleaning system and LT dry electricity dust cleaning system. V olume gas recovery >90m3(standard condition)1) The technical data of the converter(1) Nominal capacity 160t(2) The average refining cycle converter 45 min once(3) Maximum rate of carbon reduction 0.48%/min(4) Carbon content in molten iron 4.0-4.2%(5) Carbon content in molten steel 0.04-0.1%(6) Temperature of furnace gas ~1500℃(7) The original volume of furnace gas 97440m3/h(standard condition)(8) Concentration of dust ~120g/ m3(standard condition)2) Process of dust cleaning system (wet dust cleaning program)The temperature of initial waste gas will go down to 900℃after passing through cooling flue. Gas goes into the spray scrubber through the swirling water seal, After going through the spray scrubber, dust over 5 microns in the gas will attach to the basic water spray, Under the action of gravity, integrated washing dust water settles at lowest place in the bottom of the tower and reaches circulating water treatment station through a water seal device, the pipeline and turbid water tankThrough the spray scrubber, the temperature of gas will decrease from 900℃to saturation temperature 75℃, efficiency of dust collection reach 97%. The saturate gas will enter annular gap scrubber through connecting pipe.The annual tap scrubber provides adjustable girth throat, the micro-pressure difference inside and outside the mouth can translate in the electric signal by the differential pressure transmitter. Led by adjusting the hydraulic actuator unitaction, drive within the venturi tube up and down movement within the cone, the temperature of waste gas in annual tap decrease 7℃, and the outlet temperature is 68℃.The annual tap scrubber is dual throat, and work flow rate stabilized at 80-100m / s. the minimum design velocity is 60m/s, while the maximum design flow rate is 120m/s, diameter of droplets is between twenty-five and seventy microns, dust removal efficiency can reach 98 ~ 99.9%.After treatment, concentration of flue gas emission will be <50mg/m3 (standard conditions).After air with water droplets enters the 90o bend evaporator, due to the subject of inertia and centrifugal effect, Water droplets left behind to the vane of evaporator and wall of the device and shed along the wall, at the lowest point through the pipeline, water seal device and drainage trap ,the droplets reach the circulating water tank station.In order to achieve better dewatering effect, behind the 90o bend evaporator the re-establishment of a cyclone evaporator is installed to further separated droplets from the flue gas. Water droplets under the action of centrifugal force is separated and collected in the inner wall of the container. After collecting the water at the bottom of the lowest point in the cone, it will reach circulating water tank station through pipeline, water seal and drainage trap.Fan of waste gas cleaning system is double support, double inlet, single outlet turbine gas blowers with automatic spray cleaning impeller wash system.The air flow of the fan is 210000 m3/h, the pressure is between 23000Pa and 26000Pa.The equipped motor adopt frequency control to achieve energy saving. After the fan, we equipped a coal gas converter station, a emergency relief valve, a water seal check valve and a V-shaped water seal.In the system Micro-elements oxygen and CO continuous automatic analyzers are provided and chain with switching station, in order that coal gas recovery and elution convert automatically. When the gas recovery condition meets, convert the valve to recovery state, at that time the converter gas transports to gas tank through the water seal check valve; when the condition is not satisfied, convert the valve to elution state, the converter gas exhausts by the sixty meters high chimney, while the ignition of the coke oven gas electromagnetic valve opens, the ignition device ignite oven gas burner automatically, so the coal gas drain from the chimney get burned. Two minutes later, the ignition of the coke oven gas electromagnetic valve closes automatically. When the switching station convert to recovery state again, the steam automatic purge device in the bottom of bleeding chimney startup, and shut down automatically after a purge of about two minutes.Upstream of gas switching station, a bypass valve is installed. If the switching station failures, the bypass valve opens, converter gas will diffuse through bleeding chimney.The system equipped with online temperature, pressure, vibration testing and control systems, controlled by PLC, which has man-machine interface.The main equipments（each converter set up a gas purification system, each setof system shows as follows）:(1) Spray scrubber one set(2) Annual tap scrubber one set(3) 90o bend evaporator one set(4) Cyclone evaporator one set(5) Coal gas evaporator one set(6) Water seal check valve one set(7)V-shape water valve one set(8) Gas blower one set(9) Riot Frequency conversion motor one set(10) Overflow water sealing holder three sets(11) Maintenance crane of 20t one set 3).Process of de-dusting system (dry de-dusting program)For first gas purification and recovery system, each converter sets up one set (the following description is written for one set). Converter gas purification and gas recovery system uses the LT dry program for cleaning and recycling. The furnace gas mix with a small amount of air at hood mouth, burning coefficient α = 10%, after cooled by the cooling flue, it comes into the purification and recovery system. The LT dry program device mainly comprises gas cooling system, gas purifying and ash conveying system, Safety control system and other ancillary equipment. The purification equipment mainly consists of four electric field round ESP, flue gas dust content after purification was less than 15mg/m3(standard conditions).The main function for equipments of first gas purification and recovery system is showed as follows (each converter sets up a gas purification and recovery system, the following description is written for one set):(1) Evaporative coolerEvaporative cooler is direct cooling gas equipment, which a double nozzle medium spray is set at the top of the cooler for fine spray of water; the amount of water is adjusted according to the hot air exhaust enthalpy. After the procedure, temperature of waste gas will go down to 180℃, and dust concentration of waste gas decreases about 40%(2) Dry electrostatic precipitatorAfter cooled by evaporator cooler, the converter waste gas enters dry electrostatic precipitator. In order that the dry electrostatic precipitator has better explosion-proof ability and aerodynamic characteristics, its shell is designed to cylindrical, in the case of converter gas explosion, in order to ensure safety of equipment, there are four scalable explosion venting and automatic reset of the safety valve in the electrostatic precipitator inlet and outlet of the cone parts. Four dry electrostatic precipitators ensure that gas dust concentration can be less than 20mg/m3 (standard condition) after treating by dry electrostatic precipitator with four fields.Process Design of the Electric Dust Catcher of Converter Gas SystemThe dust content in the converter gas coming out of gas holder will be as highas ～l00mg/m3, which can not used in the steel making and rolling system. In order to meet the requirement of consumers, purification will be designed for converter gas to reduce the dust content to l0mg/m3 or below.The maximum delivery flow of the converter gas recovery system is ～43000m3/h, so two 60000 m3/h plate-type electric dust catchers will be designed.The electric dust catchers will be located between gas holder outlet and booster,i.e. the converter gas coming out of gas holder will be sent to electric dust catchersthroughΦ1620x8. Before entering electric dust catchers, the converter gas should pass DN1600 butterfly valve and goggle valve. Converter gas purified in the electric dust catchers will go through goggle valve and electric butterfly valve before entering boosting system.Control of the electric dust catchers will be realized through computers installed in control room. In order to clean electric dust catchers, continuous and intermittent water spray system will be designed for the electric dust catchers.In order to achieve automatic control of the electric dust catchers, automatic process detection system will be provided to provide such control functions as spark frequency tracking, peak valve tracking, intermittent discharge and etc., so as to adjust production process intermittently, hence to optimize the working condition of equipment.In order to assure safe operation of electric dust catchers, micro-oxygen analyzer will be mounted on the gas pipeline before electric dust catchers to give alarm in case of too high oxygen content in converter gas, in which case the high-voltage power supply of electric dust catchers will be cut off automatically.Meanwhile, the valves on the inlet piping of electric dust catchers will be closed and valves of by-pass will open, so that converter gas can enter boosting system through the by-pass. Self-enclosed relief valve will be mounted on the proper of electric dust catcher to assure safe operation.(3).Fans and motorBecause the resistance of electrostatic precipitator is small, purification system using axial flow fan, whose motor apply frequency conversion control, and it will greatly reduce power consumption, lower production costs.（4）Boosting Station of Converter GasThe converter gas coming out of gas holder has a pressure of ～3.0kPa, which does not meet the requirement of consumers, so a boosting station will be designed.The main building of the boosting station will be a two-layer structure with two bays. The main production bay will have a span of 9.8m and the auxiliary bay will have a span of 6.0m. Three centrifugal blowers (two work, one standby) will be provided in the boosting station. Besides, one electric mono-rail bridge crane will be designed in the boosting station. The auxiliary bay is mainly for control room, power distribution room and living welfare facilities. Necessary movable firefighting facilities will be provided in power supply and distribution room.Main technical parameters of converter gas boosters:- Type: centrifugal blowers- Inlet flow: 600m3/min- Pressure rise: 19~21kPa- Motor power: 400kWNitrogen is mainly used for the purging of gas holder, boosters, electric dust catchers and pipelines. The maximum consumption of nitrogen will be 20OOm3/h and the pressure of it will be approximately 0.4MPa. Nitrogen will be used intermittently.(5) Gas saturatorIn order to reduce the gas tank capacity, improve the quality of converter gas, the gas saturator is set up between the switching devices and gas tank, so that the converter gas temperature drops to 70℃.The main equipments data of first waste gas cleaning system and gas recovery system :( the following data is for one converter)(1) Evaporator cooler (domestic manufacturing and technology abroad) one set(2) Electrostatic precipitators (critical spare parts are made abroad) one setDealing air flow: L=97440m3/h(standard conditions, dry air)(3) Coal gas blower (made abroad) one setAir flow: L=97440m3/h(standard conditions, dry air)Pressure: 8.5kPaCorresponding Frequency conversion motor: one setPower 850kW(4) Switching device :( introduced from abroad) one set(5) Pressure balance valve: (introduced from abroad) one set(6) Coal gas saturator: (domestic manufacturing and technology abroad) one set(7) Ignition device: (introduced from abroad) one set 4).safety and energy saving measure(1) Explosion-proof measuresIn order to ensure production safety, the relationship of the treatment between the explosion and the vent, we should first focus on the explosion, and eliminate all the conditions that may cause an explosion before the explosion.The low-temperature area downstream of evaporative cooling flue should avoid dead areas, and speed up gas flow rate as far as possible, to prevent the gas retention. Explosion-proof films are set up in all dead corners; explosion-proof seal are set up on related department of the system, so it can vent explosion in the event of an accident. For the locations that gas may leak, all ventilation equipment should be asked to consider in accordance with explosion-proof.(2) Speed control of gas blowerGas blower’s speed is controlled by frequency conversion motor, in order to achieve energy conservation. Motor speed is chain with the tilting converter. When the converter tilting to the tapping position, fan shift from high-speed to low speed; when the converter swing to charge hot metal, plus scrap, the furnace goes back to "zero" position, the fan operates at high-speed.(3) Continuous automatic analysis of gas composition and automatic control of gas switching stationsContinuous automatic analysis of gas composition at the outlet of the fan, when the gas recovery condition meets, open recovery of the gas switching station side automatically, and elution side closed. Otherwise, the gas ignition bleeds.The converter gas recovery condition:(a)CO≥35%，O2≤2%；(b) Oxygen blowing under oxygen lance(c) Blower operates at high speed(d) Coal gas tank is not at high position(e) Temperature of blower is below 80℃(f) When the activities hoods down, differential pressure devices operate naturally.(g) Pressure of condensed air is normal in coal switching station（5）Coal gas switching station chain with fume exhausting stack and ignition device When converter gas shift from exhausting state to recovery state, recovery side of switching station opens, at that time, steam purge valve opens, to sweep on the elution chimney and the ignition flame.2) Secondary de-dusting System of ConvertersSecondary de-dusting system of converters mainly collect the dust gas generated by the hot metal in the converter, plus scrap steel, the steel tapping, spray lining up and the process of flue gas and dust gas escaping from converter smelting process.Two converters are combined to set a secondary flue gas de-dusting system, which is designed as variable air volume systems, the total air volume system is 1000000m3/h.A dust extraction facility formed by dust extraction hood and enclosure hood at charging side of the converer, dust extraction duct at the tapping side of converter is provided. At the dust extraction duct, motorized valve is installed and chain with the process operation. When the converter is feeding, smelting, the motorized valve before the converter at the dust duct opens, and the motorized valve after the converter at the dust duct closes. When the converter is tapping, the motorized valve before the converter at the dust duct closes, and the motorized valve after the converter at the dust duct opens. When the converter is feeding, tapping, the hot gas carrying large amounts of dust will rise, and it will be arrested into the dust collection system immediately; when the converter is smelting, the secondary dust gas escape from the mouth will be tapped by blast furnace flue dust cover.The equipment of de-dusting system is centrally controlled by the control system installed in the operation room near the bag filter. The control of bag filter itself, dust transferring system, de-dusting fan and motor, butterfly valve at the de-dusting duct are all integrated into PLC. The running status of the butterfly valves is centrally monitored in the electrical room and the fault signal will be transmitted to the operation room of the de-dusting system in an optic way or by telephone. The bag filter, dust transferring equipment and de-dusting fan are arranged in open air. The collect dust will be transferred by the Client to the raw material stockyard by trucks, and utilized integrated. There is a silencer at exit of the fan.The main equipments of de-dusting system include:(1) De-duster: low pressure long bag pulse de-dusterQuantity: 1Filter area: 13500 m2Capacity: 800000m3/hDust content at outlet: <30mg/m3(normal condition)(2) ID fan:Quantity: 1Capacity: 800000m3/hPressure: 5100Pa(3) Motor (2000kW) 1 set 11kW(4) Speed regulation hydro-coupling: 1 set(5) Dust transferring system: 1 setDust silo: 1setDust wetting device: 1 set(6) Silencer: 1 set1.3 De-dusting System of hot metal folding tankHot metal will produce huge of dust gas when the gas tank off, in order to improve the steel work environment, especially the work of the regional workshop, ensure human health requirements, a pot of hot metal Flue Gas Cleaning System is provided. Total system design air volume is 1000000m3 / h.Equipments of this de-dusting system’s choose is the same as secondary gas cleaning system.1.4 Gas cleaning system of desulphurization stationA gas cleaning system is set for two desulphurization stations, and total system design air volume is 1000000m3 / h.Equipments of this de-dusting system’s choose is the same as secondary gas cleaning system.1.5 LF ladle refining furnace and flue gas de-dusting system of feeding ferroalloysA de-dusting system is provided for two ladles refining furnaces and feeding system. At the water-cooled furnace cover of ladle refining furnace an extraction duct is set, and movable air draft devices are put to use for feeding discharge car. Sealed covers are set at the discharge and feeding conveyor points, motorized valve at the branch de-dusting duct is installed and chain with the process operation, total design air volume of the system is 800000m3/h.All the equipments of gas cleaning system use central control. The control system installs in the operation room near the de-duster. The control of the de-duster itself, dust transferring system, butterfly valve at the de-dusting duct is all integrated into PLC. The running status of the butterfly valves is centrally monitored in the electrical room and the fault signal will be transmitted to the operation room of the de-dusting system in an optic way or by telephone.De-duster, dust transferring devices and fans are open layout; there is a silencer at exit of the fan.(1) De-duster: low pressure long bag pulse de-dusterQuantity: 1Filter area: 11000 m2Capacity: 800000m3/hDust content at outlet: <30mg/m3(normal condition)(2) ID fan:Quantity: 1Capacity: 800000m3/hPressure: 5100Pa(3) Motor (2000kW) 1 set 11kW(4) Speed regulation hydro-coupling: 1 set(5) Dust transferring system: 1 setDust silo: 1setDust wetting device: 1 set(6) Silencer: 1 set1.6 Ventilation and air conditioning systemThe auxiliaries include main control building of steel making, main control building of continuous casting, hydraulic stations, control rooms, operation rooms and electric rooms of shops and water treatment systems as well as other auxiliaries. According to process requirement, axial fans will be selected for ventilation and air conditioning will be designed wherever necessary, so as to meet the humidity and temperature requirement of different rooms.1) Ventilation facilities(1) At the operating point where high-temperature operation of the plant and oxygen gun platform maintenance work, because of the molten steel radiation heat or heat dissipation, the condition is bad, in order to improve the working condition of high-temperature working area, movable ventilation facilities will be designed.(2) For continuous casting posts, the temperature is high in summer. Cold air produced by air conditioners will be provided in summer to improve the working condition.(3) Ventilation of auxiliariesCommon or explosion-proof axial fans will be designed for water treatment facilities, water pump stations, dosing rooms, lab facilities, de-dusting fan rooms, electric room and hydraulic stations, etc.For oil lubrication station, low-voltage distribution room, transformer room and etc, T35-11 axial fans will be designed according to the practical requirement of different room, so as to meet the indoor temperature requirement of different rooms.2) Air conditioning devicesAccording to process requirement, water-cooled or air-cooled air conditioning facilities will be provided in the main control buildings of converters and continuous casting, operation rooms, instrument room, computer room, MCC control rooms and duty rooms, etc., so as to meet the temperature and humidity requirement of different rooms.2．Waste Gas Cooling System2.1 Water cooled flue of converterTwo 160 t converters will be built in this project, each converter will be equipped with one set of water cooled flue to cool down high temperature flume and recover gas.2.2 Composition and characteristics of water cooled flue system of converterThe converter flue is cooled by closed loop circulation soft water. Soft water of ~68℃ passes through the air cooler flows to water inlet pipe by hot water circulation pump and then enter the flue. After heated in the water cooled flue, the hot water is collected to the expansion water tank through the riser at ~88℃ from where it flows through the down comer to the air cooler while being cooled for recycling.Water in the system will expanded while heated, so expansion water tank is used to compensate such volume expansion. To prevent high temperature water from becoming steam which will affect system operation, nitrogen is used for boosting at the water surface of the expansion tank and the nitrogen pressure is kept between 0.15 and 0.4MPa, which is higher than the saturated pressure of the water in order to make the whole system always kept at saturated status.The quality of closed loop circulation water is reliable since it does not contact with atmosphere air. However such kind of system has complicated design, high equipment cost, large occupied area and heat recovery is difficult.2.3 Data of the system design(1) Operation condition of converterNominal capacity of converter x number: 160t×2Ave. tapping amount of converter: 160t/heatHot metal charging amount: ave. 146t/heat; max. 170t/heatCarbon content in HM: ~4.2%Carbon content in liquid steel: ~0.1%Number of converters always blowing: 2Blowing time: 15min/heatTap to tap time: common carbon steel: 36min/heatOxygen supply intensity: 3.85m3 (standard condition)/min.tMax. carbon dropping speed: 0.48%/min(2) Characteristics of converter waste gasGas output (recovery stage): ～120000m3 (standard condition)/hGas temperature: ～1500℃Gas analysis: CO 86%; CO2 10%;O2 0.5%; N2 2.8%Dust content in converter gas: ～120g/m3 (standard condition)(3) Condition of waste gasCombustion ratio inside hood: 10%Output: ～150000m3 (nominal condition)/hExhausting temperature: 900℃2.4 Circulation systemWater cooled flue of converter consists of skirt, fixed hood, main flue and tail flue which are cooled by LP forced circulation water system.Running data of the systemWorking pressure: 0.2～0.4MPaWorking temperature: 68～88℃Main process flow of closed loop water cooling system:68℃soft water→ hot water circulation pump→ water cooled flue of converter →88℃ soft water→ expansion tank→ air cooler →68℃ soft water.2.5 Specification and characteristics of main water cooled flue equipmentThe proper of water cooled flue includes five parts: movable skirt, horizontally shift hood, main flue section I, main flue section II and tail flue.(1) Movable skirtMovable skirt is formed by φ51×5 seamless steel tubes coiled into a taper. Round bar is packed between each layer of coiled pipes on the inner surface of the movable skirt to constitute a welded air sealed structure for forming a smooth inner surface and preventing slagging.The upper part of movable skirt is φ4200mm and the lower part φ5391mm preliminarily. The skirt is about 1090mm high, the heating surface is ～15m2, and the metal is 4.5t. It can be lifted up and down freely by means of lifting device which is hydraulically driven and moves at 800mm stroke.(2) Horizontal shift hoodHorizontal shift hood is above the skirt. During maintenance of converter, the Horizontal shift hood must shift out to provide the space required. The horizontal shift hood is of cylindrical tube and plate design with heating tube bundle arranged longitudinally. Pipe and plate are air-tight welded to form a diaphragm water cooling stave. The heating surface consists of 216 pieces of φ38×5 seamless tube. The fixed hood is about 23 t and φ3200mm, of which the heating area about 105m2.In the horizontal shift hood, oxygen lance hole and charging hole are opened which are equipped with corresponding lance dome and charging chute dome cooled by LV forced circulation evaporation cooling system.(3) Lifting system of movable hoodDrive type: Hydraulic driveQuantity of hydraulic cylinder: 4Stroke of movable hood: ~800mmThe lifting mechanism of movable hood is driven by four water cooled hydraulic cylinders.(4) Traversing bogie of movable hoodSpan: ~5500mmQuantity of lifting hydraulic cylinder: 4Operating mode: Manual controlLifting stroke: 700mmTraveling motor power: 37kWTraveling speed: ~5m/minWhen skirt is separated from movable hood, the weight of skirt and movable hood is taken by bogie. The skirt is lifted or lowered by four separate hydraulic cylinders. The manual plunger pump and oil tank of hydraulic system are both arranged on bogie. Platform is arranged around skirt. Steel plate is provided on platform. Allweight of bogie is taken by the two rail beams. The four traveling devices are provided with anti-friction bearings. The bogie is driven by motor.(5) Main flue section IThe main flue section I is also of cylindrical tube and plate design with heating tube bundle arranged longitudinally to form a diaphragm water cooling stave. The heating surface consists of 216 pieces of φ38×5 seamless tube. This section of flue is about 25t and φ3200mm, of which the heating area about 155m2.The included angle of the lower inclined part of the main flue with horizontal plane is 55︒.(6) Main flue section IIThe cross section structure of main flue section II is the same as that of section I, the flue is about 20 t and φ3200mm arranged with 196 tubes all around, its heat transmission area is about 130m2.(7) Tail flueThe structure and diameter of the tail flue are the same as the main flue. The waste gas flows horizontally from the top of the main flue to the tail flue and turns 90︒before entering vertically downward to the gas cleaning device. The heat transmission area is about 75m2. and the tail flue is about 12 t totally.(8) Expansion tankInner diameter: φ2800mm, length of cylindrical section: 10.5m, total volume: 71 m3.(9) Expansion tank (blowing down periodically)2 sets with volume of 7.5m3 and P=0.15MPa.(10) Dosing deviceOne combined type dosing device is provided, at its base, two 1m3 chemical tanks and three plunger type dosing pumps (two working and one standby) with flow of Q=50L/h and lift of H=6.3MPa are installed.。