自考英语语法名词解释

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语法名词解释

语法名词解释
语法名词解释
1. 词类（Parts of Speech）：构成语言的最基本元素，其中有
若干个单词本身可以构成一个完整的句子，如who，they，it等，称为词类。

2. 语态（Voice）：语态指动词的变形与习惯用法，表示主语与
谓语动词之间的两种不同关系，以便正确使用动词。

主要有被动语态、主动语态和第三人称单数语态。

3. 格（Case）：格是指名词、代词的变形，表示词的不同功能以及在句子中的作用，比如主格、宾格、格格等。

4. 情态动词（Modal Verbs）：情态动词是否定或肯定的意思，
是一种助动词，能改变句子内容，如can、must、may等。

5. 从句（Clause）：一个句子中可以有一个或多个从句，从句可以是主句，也可以是从属句，比如宾语从句、状语从句等。

6. 结构（Structure）：指句子的组成，包括主谓宾、并列、同位等句型，有助于更好地理解句子的意思。

7. 助动词（Auxiliary Verbs）：助动词是构成句子的一类词，
也可以表达三种时态及复数。

如have、be等。

8. 语气（Mood）：是指说话人发出句子时所表示的态度，分为祈使句（Imperative）、疑问句（Interrogative）和陈述句（Declarative）。

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英语自考本科-英语语法-名词解释

1．Predicative modal auxilityThe Predicative modal auxility is a category of modal auxiliary. The predictive meaning, rather homogeneous in nature, is concerned with the speaker’s assuption or assessment of probability and, in most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence in the truth of his statement. For example, might, may, could,can.2.Anaphoric refernceAnaphoric refernce: refernce backwards in the text. A personal pronoun, for example, often has anaphoric reference, i.e. you have to look at the preceding context to see what it refers to. For example, ann was studying for her exams. She found it difficult to concentrate. In this example, she has anaphoric reference.3. Non-finite verbs:The non-finite verbs are so called because they are not marked for ttense of for subject-verb concord. We recognite three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive, -ing participle and –ed participle.4. ExtrapositionThe extraposition is defined as the replacement of the postponed item by a substitute form.5. TextThe term text refers to a unified passage. A text may be spoken or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to all-day discussion on a committee.6. participlesParticiples belong to non-finite verb type.There are two kinds of participles: -ing participle and –ed participle.7. What is dangling participle?When the subject of a participle is not expressed, it is normally understood to be the subject of the main clause. We call this kind of participle dangling participle.8. What is “fronting”?“fronting”is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked post-subject position to the marked pre-subject position. As fronting moves into the initial position an item which does not usually belong there, such a grammatical device disturbs the expected route of information flow and inevitable brings about unusualness, i.e. “this man over there people in the vicinity have a very low opinion of.”9. Define “ellipsis”The basic principle of ellipsis is leaving out something understood and hence produces imcomplete sentences with such a structure as to presuppose a preceding item. Ellipsis, somehow like substitutions, sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Here are three types of ellipsis:nominal: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.a.Verbal:A: have you seen him before?B: yes, I have.b.clausal: A: will it rain tomorrow?B: perhaps.10. DeterminersDeterminers refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the head word.11. the major function of prepositionsThe major function of prepositions is to connect nouns, verbs andadjectives to other parts of the sentence, e.g.. I get uo early in the morning.12. disjunctDisjuncts convey a comment on the content of the clause to which they are peripherally attached.13. adjuntAdjunt is a word or a group of words which we add to a clause to say something the circumstances of an event or situation, for example, when, where or how it occurs.14. What is double relative clause?It is used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far less important verbal category than was suggested. 15. CoordinationCoordination is realized by coordinators which join units at the same level.16.SubordinationSubordination is realized by subordinators, involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause.18. Double genitiveDouble genitive, also referred to as the “post genitive”, is also called because it is a combination of the genitive and the of-phrase, such as a friend of my brother’s.21.noun classesNoun classes include proper nouns and common nouns.Common nouns include countable nouns and mass nouns.Countable nouns include concrete nouns and abstract nouns.22. Proper nounsProper nouns denote individual persons, places,etc. a proper noun normally begins with a capical letter, has no plural form and cannot occur after an article.23. Mass nounsNouns cannot take plural are called mass nouns.24. Collective nounCollective nouns refer to a group of people, animal and things, which are usually countable. 25. Union nounIt is also called "partitive", is a very special class of words that is used to specify the quantities measures and shapes of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc.26. Plural invariablesNouns are always occur in plural form.27. Plural compoundsThree tendencies are at work in the inflection of compounds for plural: pluralize the last element, pluralize the first element and plurize both first and the last elements.28. Singular invariablesSingular invariable are normally invariable singulars, proper nouns and mass nouns belong to singular invariables.29. Alternative questions:Those questions that suggest two (or more) alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true.30. How-exclamations:Exclamations that are led by the adverb ‘how’. It highlights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.31. Foreign plurals：They are words borrowed from some other languages which still take their original forms of plural，Most often，they are from-Latin，French，Greek：alumna--alumnae，index--indices，plateau--plateaux，analysis—analyses，etc.32. GenitivesForms or construction used to denote possession, measurement or source.Example: John’s car; a moment’s digression; the resistance of Iraq33. Non-progressive verbsverbs that cannot occur in the progressive aspect.34. TenseAny one of the inflected forms in the conjugation of a verb that indicates the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs.35. AspectAspect reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.36.Get-passive and be-passiveGet-passive is far less popular than be-passive. The reasons are: first, get-passive is generally avoided in forma syle, and even in informal English it is far less frequent than be-passive. Second, semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather than a state; to denote the consequence rather that the rocess, of an event; and to lay emphasis on what happens(usu. Unfavorably) to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.37.pseudo-passive:A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized so that it becomes a subject complement. As an adjective, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.38. V oice:A property of verbs or a set of verb inflections indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb.39. Mood:A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. In English the indicative mood is used to make factual statements, the subjunctive mood to indicate doubt or unlikelihood, and the imperative mood to express a command.40.be-passive：The passive made up of ‘auxiliary be + v-ed’. For example: The book was written by Hamilton. be-subjunctive:41. AllomorphAn allomorph is an indistinctive variant of a morpheme.42.The be-subjunctiveIt is formally marked by the use of the base of the verb; that is , the verb invariably occurs in the base form free from the concord constraints with the subject and from the tense agreement with other verbs. For example: It is important that the boss handle it in person.43. Modal auxiliary:One of a set of English verbs, including can, may, must, ought, shall, should, will, would and etc., that are characteristically used with other verbs to express mood or tense.44. The bare infinitive?The infinitive, which occurs as a verb in the base form without to is called bare infinitive. Preposition: In some languages, a word placed before a substantive and indicating the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, in, to, from, and with.45. Concord:It also terme d ‘agreement’, can be defined as ‘the relationship between two grammatical units such that one of tem displays a particular feature that accords with a displayed feature in the other.46. Statements:Statements in the form of simple sentences are the foundation stone of all the english sentences. Their primary function is to convey information, in a positive way or in a negative. There are two major types of statements on a polarity-positive statement and negative statement.47. Assertion:An assertive sentence is either an interrogative sentence or a negative sentence. It is associated to assertive words.48. Non-assertion:A non-assertive sentence is either an interrogative sentence or a negative sentence. It is associated to non-assertive words and negative words.49. A negative statementA negative statement basically exoresses the speaker’s negative attitude toward his proposition. The negation of a statement can be accomplicated by inseting a variety of negative words, among which “not” is by far the most commonly used either in writing or in speaking.50. Transferred negationTransferred negation refers ti the shift if nagation from the subordinate clause, where it semantically belongs to, the main clause. It normally occurs with such verbs as think, believe, suppose, imagine and expect, that is, verbs that express “opinion”.51. Semi-negativesSemi-negatives refer to words which are negative in meaning but no in appearance. They include seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, few,etc. their similarities to the ordinary negative items are such that they are followed by non-assertive rather than assertive words and that they are followed by positive than negative tag questions.52. Yes-no questionsThey are so called because they can be answered by a simple “yes” or “no”. they challenge the validity of the proposition by way of asking for confirmation or denial of the statement they contain. They are normally spoken with a final rising tone.53. Non-finite clausesThe non-clasuses are the ones that leave subjects unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms54. Wh-questionsThey covers all questions that normally begins with wh-series of words, i.e. what, when, why, who, whose, which and how. Spoken with a final falling tone, they are sometimes called “information questions” because they require some specific information in the reply. Rather, they ask for details about a part of it.55. Alternative QuestionsThey fall into two subclasses: one is formed on the basis of yes-no quedtions; the other on the basis of wh-questions. They suggest two alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true. They expect one of the suggested answers.56. Tag questionsThey are also called “disjunctive questions”. A tag question normally consists of a statement and a question tag. The tag is a yes-no question cut the statement. Contration is the norm in a negative tag.57. CommandsCommands are also called directives. It is used by the speaker or writer when they intends to get thing done. They typically take the form of an imperative sentence and the main verb in an imperative sentence takes the base form and the sentence generally goes with a subject. Negative imperatives are generally formed by adding “don’t”in the intial position and substituting non-assertive word for assertive word where applicable.58. ExclamationsThere are two major types if exclamations: what-exclamations and how-exclamations. They are very emotional; they express the extent of our impression of something, typically our surprise, excitement, amazement, disappoinment, hatred and so on. They are followed by an exclamation mark.59. What-exclamationsIt is kind of exclamation which is introduced by what, “what”, a determiner in a what-exclamation, helps to identify the idea expressed by the noun phrase where it belongs. The what-noun phrase can be object, complement, adverbial or even subject. The what-noun phrase can be a singular countable noun and it can also be a plural or an uncountable noun.60. How-exclamationThis exclamation is introduced by how.”how” is an adverb. It high-lights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.61. MorphA morph is the realization of an orthographic form in writing or a phonetic form in speaking ofa morpheme.62. MorphemeA morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierachy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed “morph” which realizes the morpheme.63. Free morphemeA free morpheme is a morpheme that has a meaning of its own and can be used independently.A free morpheme can be a simple word or the root of a derivative..64. Finite clausesThe finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as predicates.65. Bound morphemeA free morpheme is a morpheme that doesn’t have a meaning of its own and can’t be used independently. Bound morphemes only posses additional or grammatical meanings.66. Simple sentenceThe simple sentence is a sentence that contains one clause.67. Compoud sentenceThe compoud sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause, usually joined by conjunctions like and, or, but, etc.68. Complex sentenceThe complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause that are joined together by subordinating one to another.69. Noun phrasesThe noun phrase can be classified partly by its external function and partly by its internal structure. The head word of a noun phrase is typically a noun of a pronoun, which may be premodified and/or postmodified by a variety of items on various levels ranging from word to phrase.70. Common nounsThey can be classified into countable nouns and mass nouns, of which, countable nouns may take singular and plural forms.71. Countable nounsThey refer to the nouns that can take plural forms.72. NumberNumber is one of the imporatnt criteria in diatinguishing classes of nouns. In terms of number, some nouns are variable and some are usually not.73. Irregular pluralsBy definition, irregular plurals are unpredicable form the form of corresponding singulars, which means that generalization is usually not applicable and that the plurals have to be tlisted and learned as individual lexical units. The general types of irregulat plurals include: nouns with irregular spelling or pronunciation of both, nouns with zero plurals and nouns that take foreign plurals.74. Unit nounsUnit nouns, also referred to as “partitives”, are a very special class if words that are used ti specify the quantities of the modified noun. They are especially used to indicate the plural notion of a mass noun. But unit nouns also modify countable nouns by referring to numble, measure, shape, etc.75. Co-occurrence of determinersThey mean determiners may no-occur in the premodification of a noun phrse; that is, two of more determiners may modify one and the same head word. In such cases, each determiner take a relatively fixed position on the sequence.76. ArticlesAs a derterminer, it premodifies a head noun. In the english language, there two articles: the definite article “ the” and the indefinite article “a(n)”. the two terms indicate some of the semantic implications of article usage.77. Zero articlesIt means nouns that use plural forms and go without an article.78. Forms of genitiveThe genitive is generally formed in writing by adding “’s” to singular nouns and to the plural nouns that do not end in-s. plural nouns that end in –s take apostrophe as genetive marker.79. Group genitiveThe group genitive is a term that refers the genitive formed by adding “’s” to the last element ofa postmodified or coordinates noun phrase.80. Local genitiveThe genitive is sometimes used alone without a following noun. Nouns used in the local genitive are invariably nouns referring to persons and denoting residence, public buidings, places where business is conducted.81. Auxiliary vebsThey do not comply with the definition of verb, because they are not used alone, except in elliptical sentences. But they share some of the verb characteristics, it si classified as a subdivision of verbs.82. Simple verb phraseA verb phrase that consists of a head wors only is referred to as a simple verb phrase.83. Complex verb phraseA verb phrase that has premodification is referred to as a complex verb phrase.84. Classification of verbsVerbs can be classified into lexical verbs and auxiliarues. Lexical verbs can be further divided into transitive, intransitive and copula verbs. And auxiliaries also can be further divided into primary and modal verbs.85. The simple presentIt is primarily used to express the present time and typically implies the sense of permence. Other uses of the simple present include reference to the past and to the future in appropriate contexts.86. The simple past tenseIt is primarily associated with reference to the past time. Other uses of the simple past include situations where it is used to express hypothesis, special attitudes, etc. in which case it may refer to the present of the future.87. Present progressiveThe present progressive may refer ti different temporal distinctions in different contevts with a variety of semantic overtones such as duration, simultaneity, temporariness, incompleteness, vividness, emphasis, etc.88. Progressive VerbsThey can be classified into action verbs, transition verbs and sensation verbs.89. Non-progressive verbsThey can be classified into relational verbs, perception verbs and attitudinal verbs.90. The past progressiveGenerally, the past progressive has the characteristics of both the past tense and the progressive aspect. It can be used to denote simultaneity, incompleteness, temporariness, characteristic habit, etc.-quite similar to the present progressive, only fixed in the past time frame.91. The present perfect progressiveIt is used to express the unfinished idea of the present perfect.92. The present perfectIt is basically used to denote a relation between the past and the present,i.e. to refer ti a past occurrence as conceived to be realted with the present.93. The past perfectIt is typically used to refer ti “a past in the past”. A definite moment or period in the past is taken as the point of departure. The past perfect also has two basic uses: finished use and unfinished use. Another important use of the past perfect is found in a hypothetical expression to refer to noun-fact.94. The past perfect progressiveIt is to strengthen the sense if future continuation and to replace the past prefect in its unfinished use. The past perfect progressive in its finished use also carries the implication of recency or immediacy of an early state of affairs.95. The present progressiverAs a future time expression, the present progressive refers to a future happening as the result of the present plan and carries the implication that some preparation may have bee happening. It usually goes with a time adverbial when it serves as a future time expression.96. Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood is used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far less important verbal category than was suggested.97. The were-subjunctiveThe were-subjunctive is the smallest grammatical category because it has only one form-were. It is used with all subjects regardless of their person distinctions, thus formally contrasting with the indicative forms of be. The subjunctive “were”is usually found in subordinate clauses expressing hypothesis.98. The non-finite verb phrase or clauseA phrase or clause where the main verb occurs in the non-finite form is termed a non-finite phrase or clause.99. The infinitiveIt occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to, the former being called the to-infinitive and the latter the bare infinitive.100. The –ing participleThe -ing participle used to be called “the person” or “the gerund”. Now the two “participles”have merged into one because, whatever function they may perform in a given context, they take the same form,which is the foundation stone for present grammatical categorization.Like the infinitive, the –ing participle can serve as the subject in a clause, the modifier of a noun, the object to a verb or the adverbial. Also like the infinitive, its object-to-verb function could be the most problem atic and, therefore, deserves our due attention.101. The –ed participleIt is so termed because it is the form not the meaning that is a stressed in categorizing, and because the –ed participle does not necessary denote the past time, it can perform a variety of grammatical functions.102. Non-inherent adjectivesThe identify qualities in an indirect way.103. AdjectivesThe adjective, according to the modern grammar, is defined by their positions, their function, and their forms, as attributive function, predicative function, premodification by the intensifier “very”, and comparative forms.104. Semantic classification of adjectivesAdjectives can be classified in terms of three scales: stative/dynamic, gradable/nongradable, and inherent/non-inherent. The three scales are really three different ways of slicing of the same bread and could be complementary with each other.105. Gradable adjectivesThey refer to adjectives which can take comparative forms, inflectional of periphrastic, or they can be modified by intensifiers like “very” and “so”and graded on a scale of intensity.106. Non-gradable adjectivesThey refer to adjectives which can not take comparative forms, adjectives which exclusively act as attributes, adjectives denoting provenance and adjectives with an absolute meaning.107. Inherent adjectivesAdjectives denoting inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun.108. Restrictive adjectivesRestrictive adjectives help identify the referent of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities.109. Non-restrictive adjectivesNon-restrictive adjectives merely provide some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent.110. Marked adjectivesMarked adjective usually presuppose the qualities of the referent with restrictive meanings. 111. Unmarked adjectivesAn unmarked adjective usualy doesn’t suppose the qualities of the referent with non-restrictive meanings.112. ComparisonComparison refers to adjectives, adverbs and some determiners that are gradable. Grammarians have generalized three degrees of comparison: positive degree, comparative degree and superlative degree, which are neatly correctly with three grammatical constructions.113. Comparative constructionsThey refer to the three degrees of comparison expressed by three comparative constructuins: Positive degree:as…asComparetive degree: more…than…Superlative degree : the most.114. PrepositionsA preposition is a closed word class. Its major function is to connect words of the noun, verb and adjective classes to other parts of the sentence. In form, prepositions are either simple or complex. A preposition is usually meaningful in its own right, unless it is attached to a noun, a verb, or an adjective to form a fixed collocation.115. Simple prepositionsSimple prepositions consitute a closed class. Usually there is only one word in simple prepositions.116. Forms of prepositionsPrepositions can be divided into two types:simple preposition and complex prepositions. Complex prepositions can be further divides into prepositions consisting of two words and those of more than two words.117. Complex prepositionsA complex preposition connsists if two words or more than two words. In principle, a complex preposition is an unalterable, fixed form.118. Free prepositional phrasesA free prepositional phrase also consists of two words or more than two words. In principle, a free prepositional phrase is a changeable unfixed prepositional phrase.119. Prepositions relating to placeIt means prepositions indicate the place where or something is, or the place where an action occurs.120.Durative prepositionsIt means prepositions which denote temporal durations.121.Non-durative prepositionsIt refers to prepositions which denote temporal positions,i.e. the points of time.122. CoordinatorsThey can divided into central coordinators, correlative coordinators,semi-coordinators and quasi-coordinators. The functions of coordinators are to be used to join units in coordination. 123. Central coordinatorsThey are also called pure coordinators because they are typically used to put together units at the same syntactic level.124. Correlative coordinatorsThey are almost invariably found conjoining two parallel units125. Semi-coordinatorsThey are used to act not only as coordinators but also as conjuncts often.126. Quasi-coordinatorsThey behave sometinms like coordinators, and attimes like subordinators or prepositions. 127. The main clauseIn a complex sentence, the attached clause on the higher level is termed the main clause. 128. The subordinate clauseIn a complex sentence, the attached clause on the lower level is termed the subordinate clause. 129. SubordinatorsSubordinators can be divided into simple, complex, correlative and marginal subordinators. They are used to introduce subordinate clauses which are attached to the main clauses.130. Subordinate clausesThe majoriety of the subordinate clauses bear a atatus marker-the subdinator. Sundinator clauses are usualy divided into three tyoes by their function: relative clauses, adverbial clauses and nominal clauses. In form, subordinate clauses may also be diveded into finite clauses, non-finite clauses and verbless clauses.131. The relative clauseThe relative clause is often defined as a clausal modifier of preceding noun or noun phrase. It occures in the form of a finite or non-finite clause.132. A restrictive clauseA restrictive clause provides essential information for the identification of what its antecedent refers to.133. A non-restrictive relative clauseA non-restrictive relative clause supplies additional information and places little limitation on the possible reference of its antecedent.134. AntecedentThe antecedent is that preceding item which the relative clause modifies. It has two kinds: nominal antecedents and non-niminal antecedents.135. Nominal antecedentsNominal antecedents fass into different sunclasses: common nouns or proper nouns, personal pronouns or demonstrative pronouns.136. Relative adverbsWhere, when, and why play a special role in postmodification. Tjey serve as adverbial in the relative clause.137. AdverbialsIt is divided into intergrated adverbials and perpheral adverbials. As the name suggests, advertials are closedly related with adverbs, which is the principal from of its realization.138. Integrated adverbialsThey are commonly referred to as adjuncts, which typically modify the verb.139. Peripheral adverbialsThey can further divided into disjuncts and conjuncts according to their functions. Disjuncts convery a comment on the content of the clause to which they are typically attached. Conjuncts are adheresives, fuctioning to connect a new sentence with the context.140. AdjunctsAn adjuncts is a word or a group of words which we add to a cause to say something about the circunstances of an event or situation. We have a variety of adjuncts such as time adjuncts, place adjuncts and manner adjuncts.141. Time adjunctsA time adjuncts usually answers a when-question. Elements functioning as time adjuncts can be divided into three major types: when-adjuncts, duration-adjuncts and frequency adjuncts.142. When-adjunctsThey denote the time of occurrence of an event or state and can usually be elicited by a when-question. When-adjuncts relate to time in two ways: either denoting a specific point or period of time ot implying a point or period of time.143. Duration-adjunctsThey denoted the duration of the occurrence of an event or state and so they can usually be elicited by questions with “how long…?”. Duration-adjuncts are most typically realized by the prepositional phrase for + a noun phrase.144. Frequency-adjunctsThey denote the frequency of the occurrence of an event or state. Such adjuncts can often be elicited by asking “how many times…?”or “how often …?”. Frequency-adjuncts are usually realized by adverbs.145. Place adjunctsThey usually answer the where-question, so they can usually be elicited by such a question.。

英语的知识名词解释

英语的知识名词解释在学习英语的过程中，我们会遇到各种各样的专业术语和知识名词。

这些名词既是学习语言的基础，也是了解语言学的关键。

在本文中，我们将对一些英语知识名词进行解释，希望能够帮助读者更好地理解和掌握英语。

1. 语法（Grammar）语法是语言研究和教育的重要组成部分。

它研究句子的结构、词汇的组织和句子的语义，以及句子的正确构造和使用。

掌握语法可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语。

2. 词法（Lexis）词法是研究词汇的学科。

它包括研究词的形态和词义。

掌握词法知识能够帮助我们理解和使用单词的不同形式和含义，提高我们的词汇量。

3. 发音（Pronunciation）发音是指人们发出语音的方式。

正确的发音能够让我们更好地进行口语交流。

在学习英语的过程中，我们需要学习和练习正确的发音规则和技巧。

4. 阅读（Reading）阅读是指理解和解释书面材料的过程。

通过阅读，我们可以扩大词汇量，提高语言理解能力，并了解不同类型的文章和写作风格。

5. 写作（Writing）写作是指用书面语言表达思想和观点的过程。

通过写作，我们可以提高自己的表达能力，培养逻辑思维和批判性思维。

6. 听力（Listening）听力是指理解并准确地接收口语信息的能力。

提高听力能力可以帮助我们更好地理解和交流，同时也是学习口语和口语考试的重要基础。

7. 口语（Speaking）口语是指用口头语言进行交流的能力。

通过练习口语，我们可以提高对话和演讲能力，增强和他人的交流能力。

8. 词汇量（Vocabulary）词汇量指的是一个人所掌握的词汇数量。

丰富的词汇量可以使我们更好地表达自己的思想和观点，更容易理解和使用英语。

9. 社交语言（Sociolinguistics）社交语言是研究语言和社会之间关系的学科。

它研究不同社会群体之间的语言差异、语言规范和口语交际规则等。

10. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学是研究语言使用和交际意义的学科。

语法功能名词解释

语法功能名词解释语法功能名词解释如下:1. 主语 (Subject):句子中的主语是指句子所描述的人或物，通常是句子的核心。

主语通常是动词所描述的动作或状态的执行者。

例如:“The cat is sleeping on the bed.”中的“the cat”就是主语。

2. 谓语 (Predicate):谓语是用来说明主语的动作、状态或情况的动词或形容词。

谓语通常用来表示句子的主语所做的动作或所处的状态。

例如:“The cat is sleeping on the bed.”中的“is sleeping”就是谓语。

3. 宾语 (Object):宾语是指句子中执行动作的人或物，通常是句子中动词所描述的动作的对象。

例如:“I give the cat to my friend.”中的“the cat”就是宾语。

4. 定语 (Adverbial):定语是用来修饰名词或代词的词语，可以是形容词、副词或介词短语等。

例如:“The beautiful sunset in the background.”中的“beautiful”就是定语。

5. 状语 (Adverb):状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词语，可以表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。

例如:“I am running to the store to buy some food.”中的“to the store”就是状语。

6. 补语 (Concessive):补语是用来补充说明主语或宾语的状态、动作或情况的词语，通常用来描述主语或宾语的动词或形容词。

例如:“The cat is sleeping on the bed.”中的“is sleeping”就是补语。

7. 并列句 (Conjunction):并列句是用来连接两个或多个句子的词语，可以表示并列、递进、转折等关系。

例如:“I like to eat pizza, but I also loveto eat chicken wings.”中的“but”就是并列句。

自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)

词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

语法的名词解释

语法的名词解释语法作为语言学的一个重要分支，是研究语言结构和规则的学科。

它涉及词汇、句法、语音和语义等方面，帮助我们理解语言的构成和使用。

在语法中，存在许多术语和概念，本文将对其中一些常见的名词进行解释。

通过深入了解这些名词的含义和用法，我们可以更好地理解自己的语言以及其他语言。

1. 词汇：在语法中，词汇是指构成语言的基本单元，包括名词、动词、形容词等。

它们用于表达实际的事物、行为和状态。

词汇还可以根据其性质和用途进行分类，比如基本词汇和派生词汇、实词和虚词等。

2. 句法：句法是语法中研究句子结构和句子成分之间关系的一部分。

它涉及到句子的构成要素，如主语、谓语、宾语、定语等。

通过句法分析，我们可以理解句子中不同成分的作用和意义，并且能够准确地理解和使用语言。

3. 语音：语音是语法中研究语言音素和语音规则的学科。

它涉及到发音、音标和音系等方面。

通过学习语音，我们可以了解不同语言的语音特点，并且能够正确地发音和辨认不同的音素。

4. 语义：语义是语法中研究词语和句子意义的学科。

它涉及到词义、句义和篇章意义等方面。

通过学习语义，我们可以理解词语的意义和用法，并且能够根据上下文正确地理解句子和篇章的含义。

5. 语法规则：语法规则是语法中描述和规范语言使用的规则。

它们包括句法规则、词法规则和语义规则等。

通过遵守语法规则，我们能够正确地构造句子和表达意思，并且能够与他人进行有效的交流。

6. 语法错误：语法错误是指在使用语言时违反了语法规则的情况。

这些错误可能包括词法错误、句法错误和语义错误等。

通过纠正语法错误，我们能够提高语言的准确性和流利度，并且能够更好地与他人进行有效的交流。

7. 语言多样性：语言多样性是指不同地区和文化中存在的不同语言形式和用法。

在语法研究中，我们会发现不同语言之间存在着各种差异，这些差异可能涉及词汇、句法结构、语音等方面。

通过学习语言多样性，我们可以更好地理解其他语言和文化，并且能够更灵活地运用语言。

英语语法名词解释

英语语法名词解释Noun (名词)A noun is a word that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action. It is one of the eight parts of speech in English grammar. Nouns can be singular or plural, and they can also be countable or uncountable.There are several types of nouns:1. Proper nouns: These nouns refer to specific people, places, or things and begin with a capital letter. Examples include names of individuals (e.g. John, Mary), names of countries (e.g. China, United States), and names of cities (e.g. London, New York).2. Common nouns: These nouns refer to general people, places, or things. They are not capitalized unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence. Examples include words like dog, book, and city.3. Concrete nouns: These nouns refer to things that can be perceived through the five senses. Examples include words like table, chair, and apple.4. Abstract nouns: These nouns refer to ideas, concepts, or qualities that cannot be perceived through the senses. Examples include words like love, happiness, and honesty.5. Collective nouns: These nouns refer to a group of people, animals, or things. Examples include words like team, family, and herd.6. Compound nouns: These nouns are made up of two or more words that together form a single noun. Examples include words like swimming pool, coffee table, and high school.Nouns in English can also be categorized as countable or uncountable:1. Countable nouns: These nouns refer to things that can be counted and have a singular and plural form. Examples include words like book (singular) and books (plural).2. Uncountable nouns: These nouns refer to things that cannot be counted and do not have a plural form. Examples include words like water, air, and happiness.In addition, nouns can also function as subjects, objects, or possessives in a sentence. They can be modified by articles (a, an, the) or other determiners (my, your, his, her).Overall, nouns play a crucial role in English grammar as they help to provide clarity and specificity in communication by naming people, places, things, qualities, and actions.。

自考英语语法名词解释

Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it.Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clauseCataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clauseCollective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things.Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level.Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural.Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general.Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun.Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude）end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus.ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.exophoric reference 语言外照应Nonlinguistic or situational context.Finite verb phrase Its head word is a finite verb，which is restricted by tense and keeps concord with the subject.Foreign plurals Words that are borrowed from other languages often have foreign plurals. Fronting: Fronting is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked position to the marked presubject position.Infinitive The infinitive occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to.Inherent adjectives Inherent adjectives denote inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. （e.g a big house）Mass nouns Nouns that can…t take plural.aNon-finite Verb Phrase Its first element is a non-finite verb free from the restrict of tense and concord of subject.Non-inherent adjectives Non-inherent adjectives identify qualities in an indirect way. （e.g. a big eater）Non-predictive （non-epistemic）Non-predictive meanings of modal auxiliaries are very heterogeneous in nature，this category covers a variety of meanings，except “prediction”。

英语语法专业术语表达

英语语法专业术语表达英语语法包含一系列专业术语，这些术语在英语学习中起到至关重要的作用。

掌握这些专业术语有助于加深对语法的理解和运用。

以下是常见的英语语法专业术语及其解释：一、词汇1. Noun （名词）名词是表示人、事物、地方等具体或抽象实体的词语。

名词分为可数名词（countable nouns）和不可数名词（uncountable nouns）两种类型。

2. Pronoun （代词）代词用于代替名词或名词短语，如 he, she, it 等。

3. Verb （动词）动词是表示动作、状态或存在的词语。

动词分为不规则动词（irregular verbs）和规则动词（regular verbs）两种类型。

4. Adverb （副词）副词用于修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示时间、地点、方式等词语，如slowly, often, here 等。

5. Adjective （形容词）形容词用于修饰名词或代词，描述这些词的性质或状态，如 beautiful, red, small 等。

6. Preposition （介词）介词用于表示名词与其他词语之间的关系，如 in, on, at 等。

7. Conjunction （连词）连词用于连接单词、短语或从句，如 and, but, because 等。

8. Interjection （感叹词）感叹词用于表示惊讶、喜悦、痛苦等情感，如 oh, wow, alas 等。

二、语法1. Subject （主语）主语是句子中执行动作或是行为的人或事物。

例句：The cat eats fish.（那只猫吃一条鱼。

）中，“cat” 是主语。

2. Predicate （谓语）谓语是指主语所执行的动作或行为。

通常是一个动词。

例句：The cat eats fish.（那只猫吃一条鱼。

）中，“eats” 是谓语。

3. Object （宾语）宾语位于动词后面，表示动作的接受者或是动作对象。

英语中的名词解释

英语中的名词解释名词是英语语法中最基本的词类之一，它用于表示人、事物、地点、想法以及概念等。

在英语的词法结构中，名词起着非常重要的作用，对于学习和掌握英语语言的人来说，理解名词的意义和用法是至关重要的。

本文将通过几个方面来解释英语中的名词。

一、名词的基本概念名词是指用来表示人、地点、事物以及抽象概念的词汇。

在英语语法中，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两种形式。

可数名词表示可以计数的事物，例如"book"、"apple"等；而不可数名词表示无法计数的事物，例如"water"、"information"等。

二、名词的分类除了根据可数性进行分类外，名词还可以根据其属于的类别进行分类，如人名、地名、物名、抽象名等。

其中，人名可以指代具体的个体，如"John"、"Mary"等；地名可以表示地理位置，例如"London"、"Paris"等；物名可以表示实体物体，比如"chair"、"car"等；抽象名则指代无法触摸的概念或情感，如"love"、"happiness"等。

三、名词的单复数形式名词在形式上有单数和复数之分。

通常情况下，名词的复数形式是在词尾加上“-s”或“-es”，如"books"、"apples"等。

然而，也有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的，例如"child"的复数形式是"children"、"mouse"的复数形式是"mice"等。

此外，还有一些名词是不可数名词，它们没有复数形式，如"water"、"information"等。

语法名词解释

语法学名词解释1、词法morphology与句法相对，指词的构成规则和变化规则。

构成规则表现为词的结构形式，如“冰箱”是由两个语素构成的复合式合成词；变化规则表现为词的形态样式，如talk（说）的变化形态有talked、talking、talks等。

2语素morpheme语言中最小的音义结合体。

如：地、民、第、仿佛、了、的、吗。

3词word最小的独立运用的语言单位。

如：江、窈窕、途径、木头、爸爸。

4单纯词simple word由一个语素构成的词。

如：天、崎岖、巧克力。

5、合成词compound word由两个或两个以上的语素构成的词。

如：窗户、姐姐、老师、计算机、冰糖葫芦6、词类parts of speech根据词的语法功能划分的词的类别。

如：名词、动词、形容词、副词。

7、词性category 词的词类性质。

如“研究”在“研究这个问题”中是动词性的，在“社会研究”中是名词性的。

8、兼类词cross-categoryword指兼有两种或两种以上词类性质的词，即同音、同形、词汇意义上并没有明显区别的词。

如“道德”兼具名词和形容词的特性，是兼类词。

9、实词contentword与虚词相对，能够独立充当句子成分，既有词汇意义又有语法意义的词。

如：名词、动词、形容词、区别词、数词、量词、代词等。

10、虚词function word与实词相对，不能够独立充当句子成分，只起语法作用。

如：介词、连词、助词、语气词等。

11、体词substantive与谓词相对，指主要充当主语、宾语的词，一般不充当谓语。

如：名词、数词、一部分代词等。

12、谓词predicative与体词相对，指主要充当谓语的词，有时也能充当主语和宾语。

如：动词、形容词等。

13、名词noun表示人或事物名称的词。

其语法特征是：主要充当主语和宾语；一般能用数量短语修饰，不能用副词修饰。

如：孔子、建筑、光速。

14、动词verb表示动作、行为、心理活动，及发展变化等情况的词。

自考英语词汇学名词解释

一、选择1-15；二、填空16-20*2；三、四、21-40选择连线；五、41-45名词解释*2；六、简答46-48*4；七、分析综合49-50*9针对复习：一、选择：二、填空：三、四、选择连线*****1、types of morphemes: Free morphemes; bound morphemes; inflectional morphemes.2、types of bound morphemes：Prefix; Suffix.3、types of idioms: Idioms Nominal in nature; Idioms Adjectival in nature; Idioms Verbal in nature; Idioms Adverbal in nature; sentence idioms.4、types of word meaning: Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning; conceptual meaning and associative meaning (connotative meaning\stylistic ~\affective ~\collocative ~)5、idioms stylistic features: colloquialisms; slang; literary expressions.6、idioms rhetorical features:phonetic manipulation (alliteration\rhyme); lexical manipulation(reiteration\repetition\juxtaposition);figures of speech(simile\metaphor\metonymy\synecdovhe\euphemism\personification)7、types of word formation: affixation; compounding; conversion; blending; clipping; acronym; back-formation; word from proper names.8、changes in wording: extension; narrowing; elevation; degradation; transfer.9、types of motivation: morphological motivated; semantic ~; etymological ~; onomatopoeic ~10、语系划分的标准Estern set : Balto-Slavic(Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.), Indo-Iranian（Persian, Hindi）, Armenian and Albanian ；Western set : Celtic(Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton), Italic(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian) , Hellenic(Greek), Germanic(Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, English, German).五、41-45名词解释*2；Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.Semantics：the study of word meaning.Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the compiling of dictionaries.Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time. Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time.word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Terminology术语consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine:Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone andin-group wordsArgot黑话generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,Archaisms古词语are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Alien非同化词are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a languageAllomorph: any of the different forms of a morphemeFree morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordBound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Bound morphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function Prefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stem Inflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsDerivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identityStem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be addedBound root: a root that can not stand alone as a wordMonomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme Affixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds.Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversionAcronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g. CORE, TEFLBlending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau. Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word.Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc.Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mindSense : denotes the relationships inside the language.Reference is the relationship between language and the world外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , décor 3) Translation –loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.Motivation 分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation.Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time. Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions如何区分同义词？1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in applicationWhat are the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or lessdefinite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciativesense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation.语境的种类:非语言语境。

语法名词解释

语法名词解释
语法是研究语言结构和语言规则的学科，它涉及词汇、句法、语义和语用等方面。

具体来说，它研究的是一种语言中的句子是如何构成的、如何解释的、如何使用的等等。

词汇是语言的基本单位，它由一系列的词汇项组成。

词汇项是一种具有特定含义的单词或短语，它们通过词类（如名词、动词、形容词等）和各种语法关系（如主语、宾语、定语等）与其他词汇项进行组合。

语法研究了这些组合的规则和模式，以及它们在句子中的功能和意义。

句法是研究句子如何构成的学科。

它研究句子的组成成分以及它们之间的关系。

句子通常由主语、谓语和宾语等基本成分组成，而这些成分之间的关系又通过语法关系来确定。

句法的研究还包括短语结构和句子结构的分析，以及句子的语序和语法变化等。

语义是研究语言意义和意义组合的学科。

它关注的是句子或短语的意义，以及词汇项和句子之间的关系。

语义研究的主要内容包括词的含义和义项、短语的合成与解释、逻辑关系和推理等。

语义学家通过语义分析和语义规则的构建来解释句子的意义。

语用是研究语言用法和使用的学科。

它关注的是句子在特定语境下的诠释和理解。

语用研究的主要内容包括话语行为理论、修辞学、语篇分析等。

在语用学中，语言使用者的意图、推理和社会背景等因素都被认为对语言的理解和交流至关重要。

总之，语法是一门研究语言结构和规则的学科，包括词汇、句法、语义和语用等方面的内容。

通过研究语法，我们可以更好地理解和解释语言的构成和使用，提高我们的语言能力和沟通效果。

2020年10月自考00832英语词汇学部分真题答案

2020年10月自考00832英语词汇学部分真题答案三、名词解释1. terminology【答案】Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.【解析】术语指特定学科和学术领域所使用的专有名词。

2. compounds【答案】Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.【解析】复合法指由两个或更多的词干相结合而构成新词。

以此种方式形成的词被称为复合词。

3. homonyms【答案】Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.【解析】同形同音异义词指在读音和拼写上或者只是在读音或拼写上相同而词义不同的词。

4. phrasal verbs【答案】Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.【解析】短语动词是由一个动词外加一个介词和/或小品词构成的习语。

5. context (in narrow sense)【答案】In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context, which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.【解析】狭义上讲，语境是指一个词所在的词群、从句和句群环境，这称为语言环境，可以包括一个段落，一个章节，甚至整个一本书。

英语语法之名词

英语语法之名词英语语法大全之名词顾名思义，名词指的是表示事物名称的词，分为专有名词和普通名词。

专有名词包括人名、地名、时间名、报刊名、单位团地名等专有的名称，第一个字母大写，例如Lily, China, Sunday, The Times, Class One等。

普通名词分为可数和不可数名词。

可数名词表示一个的时候用单数形式，即原形，如a box. 表示一个以上用复数形式，如two boxes. 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，表示数量时要借助于a piece of, a glass of, a cup of等短语，如two pieces of paper.另外，名词中还涉及到名词所有格问题。

名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。

有两种表示形式：一种是's所有格，常表示有生命的事物，如Ann's book; 另一种是of所有格,常表示无生命的事物，如the door of the room.。

注意：1 . 可数名词复数的规则变化：一般情况下在词尾加s.如map-maps以字母s,x ,ch ,sh等结尾的名词加es,如bus-buses,watch-watches以辅音字母+y结尾的'名词，先变y为i，再加es.例词：country-countries以f/fe一般变f/fe为v 加es,例词：leaf-leaves,thief-thieves以o结尾的名词加s或es.对于初中阶段，以o 结尾的表示有生命的名词加es，如tomato-tomatoes;以o结尾的表示无生命的名词加s ,如zoo-zoos。

2 . 可数名词复数的不规则变化：常见的不规则变化名词有man-men,woman-women,child-children,ox-oxengoose-geese,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,penny-pence,mouse-miceChinese-Chinese等。

语法常考的名词解释英语

语法常考的名词解释英语“名词”是英语中最基本的词性之一，它用来表示人、物、地点、抽象概念等。

在英语语法中，名词是非常常见且常考的内容之一。

本文将探讨一些常见的名词及其解释，帮助读者更好地理解和运用名词。

一、普通名词（Noun）普通名词是指用来表示泛指或个体的名词。

它可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两种。

1. 可数名词（Countable Noun）可数名词用来表示可以计数的人或物。

它可以在前面加上一个冠词（a/an）或者数字来表示数量。

例如：“a book”（一本书）、“three apples”（三个苹果）。

可数名词分为单数和复数两种形式，复数形式通常在名词末尾加上“s”或“es”。

例如：“a cat”（一只猫）、“two cats”（两只猫）。

2. 不可数名词（Uncountable Noun）不可数名词用来表示不能单独计数的物质、抽象概念或一类事物。

它不能在前面加上冠词或数字来表示数量。

不可数名词通常以单数形式出现，不需要加任何后缀。

例如：“water”（水）、“information”（信息）。

如果需要表示一个数量，可以使用量词来修饰。

例如：“a glass of water”（一杯水）、“a piece of information”（一条信息）。

二、专有名词（Proper Noun）专有名词是具体指代某个特定人、地点、组织或事物的名词。

它以大写字母开头，通常不需要加冠词。

例如：“John”（约翰）、“Paris”（巴黎）、“Coca-Cola”（可口可乐）。

专有名词是唯一的，不能复数化。

三、集体名词（Collective Noun）集体名词是用来表示一组人、事物或概念的名词。

它通常以单数形式出现，但却可以表示多个个体。

例如：“family”（家庭）、“team”（团队）。

当集体名词被看作一个整体时，可以用单数动词来修饰；当集体名词被看作个体时，可以用复数动词来修饰。

例如：“My family is going on vacation.”（我的家人们要去度假。

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Non-restrictive adjectives非限定性形容词Non-restrictive adjectives provide additional information not essential for the identification of the noun. Adjective modifying proper noun are normally non-restrictive. （e.g. my fat wife）Predictive meaning （epistemic）The predictive meaning，rather homogeneous in nature，is concerned with the speaker…s assumption or assessment of probability and indicates the speaker‟s confidence in the truth of his statement.Proper Nouns Proper nouns denote individual persons，places，etc，normally begins with a capital letter，has no plural form and can…t occur after an article.Pseudo-passive A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized；it can occur in a comparative construction，with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase，and with other link verbs besides be and get.Putative Should Putative should is not very meaningful in its own right；in many cases，its function is to fill in a structural slot. This use of should is commonly found in the that-clause after an adjective or a noun denoting a feeling or an opinion.e.g. It…s strange that she should wear her evening dress for such an informal party.Unit nouns Unit nouns are used to specify the quantities of the modified noun. reference照应using grammatical pro-form which explicitly/clearly refer elsewhere Restrictive adjectives Restrictive adjectives help identify the noun by describing its distinctive qualities（e.g. a fat woman）Stative adjectives The majority of adjectives are stative in nature，describing permanent inherent qualities.e.g. a big houseSubject complement Semantically，subject complements denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes – the two notions that are most typically expressed by be and become.Subordination主从连接词Realized by subordinators （also termed subordinating conjunctions），involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy.A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause （also termed the superordinate clause）。