英语国家社会与文化(下)名词解释(中英)
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语1. British Monarchy：英国君主制，指的是英国的君主制政府体制。
2. House of Commons：下议院，指的是英国主要立法机关之一，也是英国议会的两个部分之一。
3. House of Lords：上议院，指的是英国另外一个主要立法机关，也是英国议会的两个部分之一。
4. Prime Minister：首相，指的是英国执政党领导人，是英国内阁的首脑和政府的领导者。
5. Cabinet：内阁，指的是由首相挑选的政府部长组成的政府机构，决定英国政府的政策和行动。
6. Queen’s Speech：女王演讲，每年在英国的议会开幕时，由女王亲自发表的演讲。
7. Politics：政治，指的是社会维护社会稳定，调节社会关系，实现社会发展的活动过程。
8. Parliament：英国议会，是讨论和决定英国国家政策的高级立法机构，也是英国政府的最高权力机构。
9. Law：法律，规范国家内外秩序、保障国家和民族利益和权利的检测过程。
10. Constitution：宪法，是一国的政权体系以及公民权利和义务的根本法。
11. Human Rights：人权，指人们在代表国家的政府的保护下，享有的一系列的权利和自由。
12. Freedom of Expression：言论自由，指人民可以自由地表达自己的想法，不受任何形式压制。
13. National Identity：国家认同，指共同体中具有特定文化、语言、信仰等共同性的独特性，共同为国家特定历史、凝聚力和竞争力而努力。
14. Diversity：多样性，指的是不同文化、不同宗教、不同背景和不同选择等等，都在一起被尊重、受到容纳、并互相影响。
15. Multiculturalism：多元文化，指的是一个社会中的多种文化，有存在的多样性的社会。
16. Immigration：移民，指的是一个国家的人口在短时间内有显著的增长，或者将永久定居于其他国家的行为。
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元UNIT4——The Political System in the UNITED States
TEXT1783年和平条约承认美国独立和沿东海岸的大西洋前13个英国殖民地成为13个新的民族国家。
这13个国家是：马萨诸塞州，康涅狄格州，罗得岛州和新罕布什尔州的新英格兰东北部，马里兰州，宾夕法尼亚州，特拉华州，纽约和新泽西州的大西洋中部，和弗吉尼亚州，北卡罗来纳州，南卡罗来纳州和格鲁吉亚南方。
虽然独立宣言，宣布13日联合殖民地“是，和权利应该是自由和独立的国家”，他们并不十分关注未来的政治制度，美国和有关国家之间和政府的关系，明确新国家。
阿宪法迫切需要。
Articles of Confederation当独立战争结束后，美国并没有一个统一的国家，因为它是今天。
每一个新的国家有自己的政府和组织一个独立的国家一样十分。
每个做出了自己的法律和处理其内部事务的。
在战争期间，各国已同意派代表工作的全国代表大会后，一起图案的“代表大会”是与英国进行的战争。
战争结束后获胜，国会将只处理的问题和需要的个别国家不能单独处理。
这将筹集资金，偿还债务的战争，使条约建立货币制度，与外国交易。
该协定，规定这一合作计划被称为的邦联。
邦联的失败，因为国家并没有与国会合作，或与对方。
当国会需要钱支付国家军队或支付所欠法国和其他国家的债务，一些国家拒绝作出贡献。
国会已获得无权迫使任何国家做任何事情。
它不能税务任何公民。
只有国家在公民生活可以这样做。
许多美国人担心未来。
怎么能赢得尊重其他国家，如果国家没有偿还债务？他们怎么能够提高建筑物的道路或运河的国家，如果美国不一起工作？他们认为，国会需要更多的权力。
国会要求每个国家都派代表参加在费城公约，城市的独立宣言签署了，讨论改变，就必须加强对邦联。
最小的州，罗得岛，拒绝，但来自其他12个国家的代表参加了会议。
这次会议后来被制宪会议，已知5月开始的1787年。
乔治华盛顿在独立战争的军事英雄，是主持人。
其他54人出席了会议。
一些想要一个强有力的，新的政府。
有的没有。
Constitution在该公约，设计了政府对美国新形式的代表课程。
英语国家社会与文化（下）名词解释（中英）
英语国家社会与文化（下）名词解释（中英）The Resource Management Act 资源管理法案The Resource Management Act reflects New Zealander’s environmental awareness. Under the Act, laws governing land,air and water resources are combined together to ensure the sustainable management of natural resources. It focuses on the effects of human activities on the whole environment as well. The Act came into force in 1991. With it , New Zealand leads the world in environmental legislation.资源管理法案反映了新西兰人的环保意识。
根据该法案，法律将土地，空气和水资源结合在一起管理，以确保自然资源的可持续管理。
它侧重于人类活动对整个环境的影响。
该法案于1991生效。
有了它，新西兰在环境立法方面领先世界。
Maoritanga 毛利文化Maoritanga is the Maori word for “ Maori culture. It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their languages, customs and traditions.毛利文化是毛利语中的“毛利文化。
它是指在新西兰土著居民丰富的文化遗产中的所有元素，包括他们的语言，习俗和传统。
英语国家社会与文化入门 下册 第七单元翻译
Going to School in America Today每年秋季近50万青少年通过美国约10万小学和中学新学年开始学校的门口走。
从幼儿园教室灌装到12年级，他们参加为5小时，平均每天班，每周5天，直到第二年夏天开始。
这些学生中的一部分的教育历史上最雄心勃勃的承诺之一：美国的教育工作，整个国家人口。
我们的目标是和自共和国的最初几十年中一直对实现普遍扫盲，并提供必要的知识和技能，以便促进他们自己的个人福利以及个人的广大市民。
尽管这个目标尚未完全实现，但它仍然是对美国的教育系统是针对理想。
在已取得的进展，显见其范围和已在对实现这一目标过程中形成的教育方法。
约85％的美国学生参加公立学校（学校由美国纳税人的支持）。
另外15％参加私人学校，他们的家庭选择要特别出勤费。
5的美国私立学校都是由4个教堂，犹太教堂或其他宗教团体。
在这样的学校，宗教教义的课程，其中还包括阅读，数学，历史，地理和科学传统的学术课程。
（宗教教育的一部分，是在公立学校不给。
）两种教育系统，合并后的公共和私人开支，超过一千九万点零万美元一年。
从这个角度看，美国的教育是一个功能强大的消费。
谁决定如何数百万美元的这些人中许多应该用于教师工资，新的计算机或额外的书籍，每年？私立学校符合国家标准的使用费，他们收集他们认为最好的。
但是，在涉及公共税收，支出遵循教育委员会学校（决策者在国家）和/或地区的水平。
同样的事情也是如此对学校课程，教师标准和认证的决定，以及全面衡量学生的进步。
Education—A Local Matter从夏威夷到特拉华州，从阿拉斯加到路易斯安那州，在美国50个州都有其自己的法律规范的教育。
从国家与国家，有些法律是相似，有些则没有。
例如：所有的州都要求青年人上学。
（不同的年龄限制：32个州要求参加到16岁，8至18岁;等）因此，在美国每一个儿童都享有高达13年的教育。
这是真的，不论孩子的种族，宗教，性别，学习问题，肢体伤残或不能讲英语。
英语国家社会文化入门下次 第三单元 (人工翻译)
Unit3:美国的开始什么是美国？这已经变成了一个经典的问题，这个问题不仅是外国人参观美国时会发出的，连美国人自己也在问这个问题。
当美国人感到困惑的时候，当他们处在危机当中时，他们会问他们到底是谁，并且尝试去查明作为一个美国人的意义在哪里。
实际上，这个著名的问题是出自一位名叫赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔的法国人所提出来了，他在18世纪定居于宾夕法尼亚州。
在1782年，这位法国农夫在伦敦出版了一本名为《一封来自美国农民的信》，在这本书中，他提出了这个问题，并且反问他自己：“那美国人呢，他们是新的种族吗？他既不是欧洲人，也不是欧洲人的后裔，他们是一种在任何国家都看不到的强大的血缘融合。
我可以向你例证在一个家庭中，爷爷可能是英国人，他的妻子是荷兰人，他的儿子嫁给了一个法国人，而且他们的儿子娶了4个不同国家的老婆。
美国人是这样的人：他们把所有过去的偏见和习俗抛在脑后，而从他们所热爱的新生活方式、他们所依附的新政府、他享有的新地位中接受新的一套。
来自各个民族的人，在此熔成为一个新的名族，他们的劳动及他们的后代必将给世界带来大的变化......美国人是一种新人，他按新的原则办事，他们因此必须吸取新的思想，形成新的见解......这就是美国人。
”按照德克雷夫科尔所说的，如今的美国人和他们的后裔都是欧洲人混种，但是却没有把美洲印第安人和黑种人考虑在内。
如今，对于美国人的描述越来越复杂。
在美国的家庭中，女婿和儿媳可能是欧洲人的后裔，也可能是非洲美国人或是亚洲移民，尽管这种家庭是由白人黑人亚洲人混血而成，但这毕竟只是少数。
想要去了解美国的话，让我们先回到美国的过去。
新大陆美洲大陆居住的是两次长期人口迁移运动所带来的人民，第一次是从亚洲来的，第二次是从欧洲和非洲。
向美洲的第一次人口迁移运动大约始于25000年之前，当时在西伯利亚的部族为了寻找新的猎场或逃避追赶的敌人越过白令海峡，到达阿拉斯加。
到1492年，大约1000～2000万土生土长的美洲人生活在美洲，他们被哥伦布错认为印度人。
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
monwealth of Nations: 英联邦，包括英格兰，威尔士，苏
格兰，北爱尔兰和52个唯一的独立共和国或王国。
2.The United Kingdom: 英国，由英格兰，威尔士，苏格兰和北爱尔
兰组成。
3.British Isles: 不列颠群岛，由英国，爱尔兰，苏格兰，威尔士和
英格兰大部分其他岛屿组成。
4.English language: 英语，它是英国最主要的语言，在英联邦和其
他英语国家有广泛使用。
5.English literature : 英语文学，指的是用英语撰写的文学作品，
起源于英国，并被全世界传播。
6.British monarchy: 英国君主制，也称英国王室，是以女王或国王
为头的君主制，历史悠久。
7.British culture: 英国文化，指的是由英国及其前殖民地创造的文化，包括文学，艺术，表演艺术，音乐，电影，体育，宗教，历史，
建筑和社会习俗等。
8.British accent: 英国口音，指用英语讲话时，英国人所使用的口音，有不同的地区口音。
9.British cuisine: 英国菜肴，指由英国的食品、烹饪方法和历史习
惯组成的料理，融合欧洲，北美洲，中东和亚洲元素。
10.United Kingdom flag: 标志联合王国的国旗，也称为Union Jack，由英格兰，威尔士和苏格兰三块组成。
名词解释英文版
名词解释英文版1. Economy（经济）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内生产、分配和消费商品和服务的总体活动。
2. Technology（技术）：指人类在改造自然和满足自身需求的过程中所创造的知识、方法和工具。
3. Environment（环境）：指人类生存和发展的自然条件和社会条件。
4. Education（教育）：指通过传授知识、培养能力和塑造人格，使个体和社会得到发展的过程。
5. Health（健康）：指个体在身体、心理和社会适应方面的良好状态。
6. Culture（文化）：指一个国家或地区在历史长河中形成的独特的生活方式、价值观念和艺术表现形式。
7. Politics（政治）：指国家或地区内部和外部权力关系的运作和管理。
8. Law（法律）：指由国家制定和实施的规范人们行为的规则和制度。
9. Society（社会）：指由一定数量的人组成的具有共同文化、价值观和生活方式的群体。
10. Art（艺术）：指人类在审美和情感表达方面所创造的各种形式的作品和活动。
重要工具。
通过学习这些名词的英文解释，我们可以更好地理解和参与国际交流与合作。
名词解释英文版11. Innovation（创新）：指在现有知识和技能的基础上，创造出新的产品、服务、方法或理念，以满足人类需求或解决问题。
12. Sustainability（可持续性）：指在满足当前世代需求的同时，不损害后代满足其需求的能力。
13. Diversity（多样性）：指在一个群体、组织或社会中，存在不同的观点、背景、文化、性别、年龄等特征。
14. Inequality（不平等）：指在资源、机会、权力或社会地位方面存在差异，导致某些人或群体处于不利地位。
15. Human rights（人权）：指人类在生存、发展、自由和尊严方面享有的基本权利，这些权利应受到国家和社会的保护。
16. Democracy（民主）：指一种政治制度，其中人民通过选举、投票等方式参与决策，政府权力来源于人民。
英语国家社会与文化入门 下册 第四单元翻译
Absolute Decline and RelativeDecline到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。
英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。
但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。
这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。
英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。
但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。
中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。
同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。
数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。
因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。
但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。
首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。
这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。
其次，帝国时代已经结束。
印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。
这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。
这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。
此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。
所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语在英语国家的社会和文化中，有许多重要的术语被广泛使用和讨论。
这些术语反映了英语国家的独特价值观和方式。
以下是一些在英语国家社会和文化中常见的重要术语。
1. 自由（Freedom）: 自由是英语国家社会和文化中非常重要的价值观。
它包括个人自由、言论自由、宗教自由和政治自由等。
人们坚信，每个人都有权利追求幸福和自我实现，而不受限制或压制。
2. 平等（Equality）: 平等是另一个重要的价值观，意味着每个人都应该被平等对待，不受财富、种族、性别、宗教或其他身份特征的歧视。
英语国家注重提供平等的机会和待遇，以确保社会的公正性和包容性。
3. 多元文化主义（Multiculturalism）: 多元文化主义指的是英语国家社会中不同文化、种族和宗教群体的共存和接纳。
这意味着人们不仅尊重和容忍其他文化的差异，还重视文化多样性对社会的贡献和丰富。
4. 民主（Democracy）: 民主是英语国家非常重视的政治制度。
它鼓励所有公民参与决策过程，通过选举来选择政府和领导人。
民主也意味着尊重个人权利和基本自由，同时保护少数群体的利益。
5. 社交礼仪（Etiquette）: 社交礼仪是英语国家文化的一部分，强调个人与他人的尊重和礼貌。
这包括正式的礼节、表达感谢和给予对他人的尊重。
6. 幽默（Humor）: 幽默在英语国家文化中是非常重要的。
幽默被视为生活中的一种积极态度，人们经常使用幽默来缓解紧张的局势和改善人际关系。
8. 教育（Education）: 教育在英语国家非常重要，被认为是达到个人成功和社会发展的关键。
英语国家致力于提供高质量的教育，以便培养学生的技能和知识，并帮助他们实现自己的潜力。
9. 家庭（Family）: 家庭是英语国家的核心，被视为最重要的社会单位。
家庭关系通常非常亲密，家庭成员之间的相互支持和彼此照顾被视为非常重要。
10. 慈善（Charity）: 在英语国家，慈善事业是社会文化的重要组成部分。
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释
The Easter RisingIn order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. the rebels occupied Dublin’s Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.Sinn FeinSinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.The Good Friday AgreementAs a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and it won’t change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland , that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers. The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the right of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. The House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.The electoral campaignsBefore a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and polities known to the public. The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcast”on the television. The parties also try to attack and criticize the opponents’ policies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.Class system in British societyThe class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.Ethnic relations in the UKThe coming of immigrants groups from other parts of the world has greatly enriched British culture. But ethnic relations are also sometimes tense: the local people view the newcomers as a threat to their way of living; and despite much official actions to minimize racism, both subtle and overt oppression remains. The immigrant population is not well-off economically. They face problems of unemployment, under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and by the justice system.Relative decline of the UKThe UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth. Privatisation in the 1980sThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses(such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.“The City”“The City” refers to the historic area at the centre of London. It is one of the biggest financial centres in the world with the greatest concentration of banks, insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities. At the heart of the city is the London Stock Exchange.Elizabethan DramaThe general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries is know ad the Renaissance. In British culture, one of the most successful and long－lasting expressions of this development lay in drama. That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The first professional theatre in London opened in 1576,and others followed, performing the plays of many notable playwrights, including Christopher Marlowe ,Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th makes up English literature’s romantic period .Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s’’Declaration of Independence’’. Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novelModernismModernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before World War is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century of forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works .Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all－knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.Comprehensive schoolsComprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking. Independent schoolsIndependent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.The Open UniversityThe Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centres. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree,The foundations of British foreign policyThe contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.The CommonwealthIn the author’s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies. There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; other are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.Quality papersThey belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educate middle class audience. TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.The three traditions of Christmas in BritainThere are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often an ugly woman called “the Dame,” is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas massage to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off al their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices.The Great FamineThe Great Famine took place from 1845-1848 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death, or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition. Many left the country for the New World. The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history, not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration, but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony. Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform.The Irish parliamentThe Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Parliament and the Senate. Government policy and administration may be examined and criticizedin both Houses ;but under the Constitution the Government is responsible to the Parliament alone.Women’s Liberation MovementInaugurated in the early 1970s, the women’s movement concentrated first on gaining control of their own fertility, demanding birth control, divorce, and the right to have an abortion if necessary. The first two goals have been achieved over a span of about twenty years, but abortion is still legally forbidden in the Republic or Ireland and is still regarded as a highly emotional topic. The second objective was to secure the right of women, and that of particularly married women, to work. Today, about half of the women of Ireland of working age hold down full-time jobs.The Irish diasporaThe Irish diaspora, as it has been called, is a scattering of Irish people across the world, usually as the result of dire conditions at home----famine, foreign domination, and poverty. As a result, Irish people can today be found in significant concentrations in many countries. In fact, it is hard to go anywhere and not find Irish people.The DreamingThe Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together. The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land, instead the land owns the people. The stories of the Dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other. They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment.Terra NulliusTerra Nullius is from Latin. It means a land that owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land. It served to legitimize their taking possession of the land and devalue the indigenous people as uncivilized and not fully human.The policy of assimilationThe policy of assimilation was implemented at the beginning of the 20th century. It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior. To implement the policy, indigenous children were taken away from their parents to be put into protected reserves, whose purpose was to destroy the culture of the Dreaming and replace it with Christianity. The impact grew up losing both their families and culture. In nature, it is the extension of the policy of segregation.The “Washminister” form of policyThe “Washminister” form of policy is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.MulticulturalismMulticulturalism was adopted in 1973. It was comprised of 3 areas of policy: Cultural Identity, which means the right to express and share one’s cultural heritage; Social Justice, to right to equal treatment and opportunity; and Economic Efficiency, the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.The White Australia PolicyThe White Australia Policy was officially adopted by the Commonwealth of Australian in 1901, in the Immigration Restriction Act. It was made to stop Chinese and other non-British migrants from entering and settling down in Australia. This was mainly achieved through a diction test in a European language. The White Australia Policy was officially abolished in 1973.。
中国社会与文化(英语)名词解释
(SAR): Special administrative regions was established specially designed for solving Hong Kong and Macao issues based on the concept of “one country , two systems ”. SAR has more autonomous power regulated clearly by laws, including executive , legislative and independent judicial power. 木鱼:a percussion instrument made of a hollow wooden block, originally used by Buddhist monks to beat rhythm when chanting scriptures.）古筝A plucked string instrument. It is built with a special wooden sound body with strings arched across movable bridges along the length of the instrument for the purpose of turning. The present-day zither usually has 21-25 strings. Lunar calendar :tradition Chinese calendar, according to which a common year has 354 or355 days in total, 12months of 30 days or29,and a lunar leap year has 383or384days in 13month. According to changes in the position of the sun, a solar year is divided into 24 seasonal division points to farming 牌坊：Also called pailou, is an archway usually made from fine wood or stone, and painted or decorated with glazed tiles. Calligraphers are usually requested to write moral inscription to be carved into the middle beam. These structures usually stand in downtown areas , or at the entrances of mausoleums,temples,bridges and parks.无为Let things take their own course and do noth ing. It’s the basic concept of Taoism,an attitude towards the world and political ideology held by ancient Taoism.儒家：Confucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius. The school takes the teachings of Confucius as its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of Confucius as its highest code of behaviour..benecolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance.墨家：Moism:based on the teachings of Mozi, cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, there wold be no hatred,calamities, and hostilities. In politics and ethics Mohism advocates honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness and simple funerals法家：Legalism ，begun by Han Feizi, espouses laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence ,waging wars to gain strength and power ,and establishing a system of bureaucracy .。
英语国家概况(社会与文化入门)名词解释页码(上、下两册)
The Anglo-Saxons (P18)The aerospace industry in the UK (P80)Anglicanism (P269)The advantages of the pluralist form of government (P295)The Bill of Rights of 1689 (P48)The Bronte sisters (P100)Britain and the EU (P127)Britain and the United States (P127)The BBC (P143)The British stereotypes about the Irish (P220)The Constitution (P48)Class system in British society (P66)“The City” (P80)The Canterbury Tales (P100)Comprehensive schools (P113)The Commonwealth (P127)Cricket and “fair play” (P161)The Celts (P183)Checks and balances (P200)The Civil Service (P200)Catholicism in Australia (P268)The constitutional crisis of 1975 (P295)The Dreaming (P254)The Easter Rising (P35)The electoral campaign (P66)Ethnic relations in the UK (P66)Elizabethan Drama (P100)Eisteddfod (P162)The Easter Rising of 1916 (P183)Emancipists (P282)The functions of Parliament (P48)The formation of the government (P66)The foundations of British’s foreign policy (P127)“Football hooligans” (P161)Fundamentalism (P269)Francis Greenaway (P282)Freedom Rides (P330)The Good Friday Agreement (P35)Grammar schools (P113)The Great Famine (P183)The Great Dividing Range (P254)The Governor-General (P295)Home Rule (P35)The House of Lords (P48)The House of Commons (P48)The hierarchy of the Irish legal system (P200)Hurling (P238)The importance of general elections (P66)Independent schools (P113)The Irish Parliament (P200)Ireland’s accession to EU (P200)Irish pipe (P238)The Irish diaspora (P238)The impact of contact and colonisation on the indigenous people (P254) The History Wars (P330)King Arthur (P18)King Harold (P18)The King James Bible (P100)London (P17)The law of primogeniture (P220)Leaving Certificates (P220)Main sectors of the UK economy (P80)Modernism (P100)Mary Reiby (P282)Multiculturalism (P330)The Mabo decision (P330)The Open University (P113)Orange Marches (P162)The oral culture of Ireland (P238)One Nation Party (P330)The Provisional IRA (P35)Privatisation in the 1980s (P80)The Power of the Catholic Church (P220)The policy of assimilation (P254)Protestantism (P268)Pastoralists (P282)Political economic changes in the shift to economic rationalism (P309)Robin Hood (P17)Relative decline of the UK economy (P80)Romanticism (P100)Quality papers (P143)Riverdance (P238)Reasons for the increase of the government role in Australian political economy before 1980s (P309)The relationship between Ministers and Heads of Department (P309)Sinn Fein (P35)Saint Patrick (P183)Sinn Fein (P183)Secularism in Australia (P269)Tabloids (P143)The Times (P143)The three traditions of Christmas in Britain (P162)Terra Nullius (P254)The three-tier system of the Australian government (P295)Wimbledon (P162)Women’s Liberation Movement (P220)Wakefield Scheme (P282)The “Washminster” form policy (P295)Whistle-blowers (P309)The White Australia Policy (P330)The Articles of Confederation (P64)A federal system (P64)Agribusiness (P82)Affirmative Action Programs (P136)The abuse of power by government (P171)The abuse of power by corporation (P171)Agriculture in Canada (P291)Anne of Green Gables (P305)Benjamin Franklin (P51)The Bill of Rights (P64)The Baptists in the US (P98)Boards of education (P136)The black “underclass” (P171)Bill Gates (P189)Blues (P235)Boogie Woogie (P235)The Bloc Quebecois (P264)Corporation (P82)The Catholics in the US (P98)The civil rights movement (P153)Counterculture (P153)The Cold War (P203)The containment policy (P203)The Canadian identity (P250)Central Canada (P250)The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (P264) The Canadian Mosaic (P277)The Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (P291)The central symbol of Canadian literature (P305) Conscription Crisis of 1917 (P318)Canada-US relations (P318)The Declaration of Independence (P51)Drug abuse as a social problem (P171)The executive (P64)Eli Whitney (P82)Elementary school (P136)Engagement and expansion (P203)Early jazz music (P235)The era of realism in Canadian literature (P305)The first English settlement in North America (P50) The First Nations (P278)George Washington (P51)Greensboro sit-in (P153)The Grand Canyon National Park (P221)Higher education (P136)Industrial Revolution in America (P82)The Internet (P189)The Inuit (P278)Immigration policy of Canada (P278)Immigration Act 1976 (P278)“Involuntary military guarantee” (P318)James Naismith (P221)Jean Chretien (P264)The kiwi (P15)Leaves of Grass (P119)The “Lost Generation” (P119)Louis Armstrong (P235)Lester Pearson (P318)Maoritanga (P15)Maui (P15)MMPR (P29)The making of the US Constitution (P64) Migrant workers (P82)Moby Dick (P119)Mark Twain (P119)Montgomery bus boycott (P153)Martin Luther King,Jr. (P153)The Maritimes (P250)The Metis (P278)Manufacturing industries in Canada (P291) The “Montreal Group” of poets (P305) Margaret Laurence (P305)Margaret Atwood (P305)The North Island (P15)The New Zealand Parliament (P29)New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone (P29) The naturalists (P119)NBA (P221)The north region of Canada (P250)Natural resources in Canada (P291)The Ombudsman (P29)The Open Polytechnic (P29)Puritanism (P50)Poverty as a social problem (P171)PC (P189)The Prairies (P250)Pierre Trudeau (P264)Quebec (P278)The Resource Management Act (P15)Religious liberty in the US (P98)Religious diversity (P98)Richard Nixon (P171)Ragtime music (P235)Samuel Slater (P82)Service industries (P82)Stock (P82)The Scarlet Letter (P119)The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (P136)Socially stratified American society (P171)Sept.11 terrorist attack (P203)The strategy of preemption (P203)Super Bowl (P221)Structures of government (P264)Three Faiths in the US (P98)Transcendentalists (P119)Taylorism and Fordism (P189)Three factors influencing Canadian economy (P291) Unilateralism (P203)The Waste Land (P119)White-collar crimes (P171)“The Wizard of Menlo Park” (P189)Yellowstone National Park (P221)。
英国社会与文化名词解释
英国社会与文化名词解释1.American Civil War：American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America between the southern states whose economy was heavily dependent on the use of slaves and northern states which supported the abolition of slavery. Eventually won by the northern states, the war resolved two fundamental issues. Slavery was completely abolished and America became not a collection of semi-independent states, but a single, indivisible nation.美国南北战争是一场内战,曾在美国南部各州之间的经济严重依赖于使用的奴隶和北部各州支持废除奴隶制。
最终被北方州、两个基本问题解决战争。
完全废除奴隶制和美国成为不是一个收集的半独立州都要大,但一个单一的、不可分割的国家。
2.The Lost Generation: P 182After World War I, many novelists produced a literature a literature of disillusionment. Ernest Hemingway and F.Scott Fitzgerald were the spokesmen for the Lost Generation, which refers to the young American writers caught up in the war and cut off from the old values yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization has gone mad.第一次世界大战以后,许多小说家文学产生了文献虚假。
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释
The Easter RisingIn order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. the rebels occupied Dublin’s Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.Sinn FeinSinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.The Good Friday AgreementAs a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and it won’t change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland , that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers.The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by th e politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the right of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.The House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.The electoral campaignsBefore a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and polities known to the public. The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcast ”on the television. The parties also try to attack and criticize the opponents’ pol icies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.Class system in British societyThe class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive featuresabout the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.Ethnic relations in the UKThe coming of immigrants groups from other parts of the world has greatly enriched British culture. But ethnic relations are also sometimes tense: the local people view the newcomers as a threat to their way of living; and despite much official actions to minimize racism, both subtle and overt oppression remains. The immigrant population is not well-off economically. They face problems of unemployment, under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and by the justice system.Relative decline of the UKThe UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.Privatisation in the 1980sThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses(such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.“The City”“The City”refers to the historic area at the centre of London. It is one of the biggest financial centres in the world with the greatest concentration of banks, insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities. At the heart of the city is the London Stock Exchange.Elizabethan DramaThe general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries is know ad the Renaissance. In British culture, one of the most successful and long－lasting expressions of this development lay in drama. That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The first professional theatre in London opened in 1576,and others followed, performing the plays of many notable playwrights, including Christopher Marlowe ,Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th makes up English literature’s romantic period .Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s’’Declaration of Independence’’. Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novelModernismModernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before World War 2.It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century of forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works .Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from theviewpoint of an all－knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.Comprehensive schoolsComprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.Independent schoolsIndependent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.The Open UniversityThe Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centres. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree,The foundations of British foreign policyThe contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.The CommonwealthIn the author’s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies. There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; other are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.Quality papersThey belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educate middle class audience.TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.The three traditions of Christmas in BritainThere are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often an ugly woman called “the Dame,” is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas massage to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off al their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices.The Great FamineThe Great Famine took place from 1845-1848 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death, or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition. Many left the country for the New World. The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history, not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration, but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony. Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform.The Irish parliamentThe Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Parliament and the Senate. Government policy and administration may be examined and criticized in both Houses ;but under the Constitution the Government is responsible to the Parliament alone.Women’s Liberation MovementInaugurated in the early 1970s, the women’s movement concentrated first on gaining control of their own fertility, demanding birth control, divorce, and the right to have an abortion if necessary. The first two goals have been achieved over a span of about twenty years, but abortion is still legally forbidden in the Republic or Ireland and is still regarded as a highly emotional topic. The second objective was to secure the right of women, and that of particularly married women, to work. Today, about half of the women of Ireland of working age hold down full-time jobs.The Irish diasporaThe Irish diaspora, as it has been called, is a scattering of Irish people across the world, usually as the result of dire conditions at home----famine, foreign domination, and poverty. As a result, Irish people can today be found in significant concentrations in many countries. In fact, it is hard to go anywhere and not find Irish people.The DreamingThe Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together. The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land, instead the land owns the people. The stories of the Dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other. They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment.Terra NulliusTerra Nullius is from Latin. It means a land that owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Te rra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land. It served to legitimize their taking possession of the land and devalue the indigenous people as uncivilized and not fully human.The policy of assimilationThe policy of assimilation was implemented at the beginning of the 20th century. It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior. To implement the policy, indigenous children were taken away from their parents to be put into protected reserves, whose purpose was to destroy the culture of the Dreaming and replace it with Christianity. The impact grew up losing both their families and culture. In nature, it is the extension of the policy of segregation.The “Washminister” form of policyThe “Washminister” form of policy is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.MulticulturalismMulticulturalism was adopted in 1973. It was comprised of 3 areas of policy: Cultural Identity, which means the right to express and share one’s cultural heritage; Social Justice, to right to equal treatment and opportunity; and Economic Efficiency, the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.The White Australia PolicyThe White Australia Policy was officially adopted by the Commonwealth of Australian in 1901, in the Immigration Restriction Act. It was made to stop Chinese and other non-British migrants from entering and settling down in Australia. This was mainly achieved through a diction test in a European language. The White Australia Policy was officially abolished in 1973.。
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元第一篇：英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元Unit 31.The first english settlement: was founded in1607in virginia, and it was organized by the London Company with a charter from the English king James I.2.Puritanism: in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America.3.The declaration of independence: written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, proclaimed the independence of 13 North American colonies.4.George Washington: is the first president of the United states, from 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, he managed his lands around Mount Vernon.5..Benjamin Franklin: was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.he is credited as being foundational to the roots of American values and character.Unit 4The Articles of Confederation: After the War was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the congress and with each other.The congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the congress could not tax any citizen either.As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.A federal system: It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.The making of the U.S Constitution:The Articles of Confederation failed.The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation.The delegates from 12 states(Rhode Island refused to participated)gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government.The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up.This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.The executive: The chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four year term.A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951.The president can propose legislation to Congress.He can veto any bill passed by Congress.The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses.The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.He is the commander in chief of the armed forces.The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.The bill of rights: It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.Homeland security is short for the United States Department of Homeland Security(abbreviated as DHS).It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.With more than 200,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of Health and HumanServices, and Energy.Unit 51.Eli Whitney: made cotton production more efficient by inventing the cotton gin, which rapidly removed the seeds from the bolls of cotton.2.Samuel Slater: built a cotton cloth factory, which started a process of chang that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center.3.Industrial revolution In England, especially machinery run by water power and later by steam power was used to manufacture cloth, this changed the ways that people worked.4.Corporation:In the early years of the United States , banks were one of the few businesses organized in the form of corporations, the creation survived the death of its founder of founders.5.Service industries: industries that sell a service rather than make a product , and now dominate the economy.6.Agribusiness: has been coined to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprise in the modern US economy.7.Stock:very early, people in the United States saw that they could make money by lending it tothose who wanted to start or to extend a business.That led to a creation of an important part of the current economic scene.8.Migrant workers: on large farms ,many of the workers are hired only for a specific chore, many of these seasonal workers travel form farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked.Unit 61.Religious liberty in the US: the great awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines ofprotestant religious group.2.The baptists in the US: are the largest protestant group.They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience.3.Catholic in the US :the largest single religious group , about one-quarter of all Americans are of the Roman Catholic faith, and the majority of them are descendants of immigrants from Ireland.4.Three faiths: by the 1950s, it had developed, Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.5.Religious diversity:since the US has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements, many religious communities and secular utopias in new forms of social living were founded in 18th and 18th century American.unit 7Transcendentalists In his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion..A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered aroun d Emerson.They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence.They are known as Transcendentalists.The Scarlet Letter 红字was published in 1850.Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery.In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotionalrepression.3 Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece.Throughthe poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy andcelebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of thecommonman.Unit 81.Elementary school: it usually means grades kindergarten(K)through 8, but in some places, the elementary school includes only grades K to 62.Higher education: the system of higher education in the US is complex, it comprises four categories of institutions:1 the university 2 the four-year undergraduate institution 3 the technical training institution 4 the two-year or community college.3.ACT: in 1944, congress passed the servicemen' s readjustment ACT, it promised financial aid, including aid for higher education , to member of the armed forces after the end of World War 2.4.affirmative action programs: by the end of 1960s, some colleges introduced special plans and programs to equalize educational opportunities, some of these plans were called“..”.Their goal was to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.Unit 9The Greensboro sit-in was an instrumental action, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in US history.It was a series of nonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States.The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.3.The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browderv.Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional..Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 –April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.[1] He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.[2] King has become a national icon in the history of modern American liberalism.[3]Counterculture: Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.Unit 101.the black “underclass”:some blacks have been left behind, and urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished “underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people.2.Poverty as a social problem: it means greater susceptibility to disease , to alcoholism, to victimization by criminals, and to mental disorders.Poverty can mean low self-esteem, despair,and stunting of human potential.poverty raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies.3.Socially stratified American society: it is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the rewards the society offers.4.Drug abuse as a social problem: it is in the US has come to be regarder as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.the “drug problem” is perceived by most Americans as a major threat to our society, particularly to its younger members.5.White-collar crimes: theyare affected by police reporting practices and have to be viewed against the fact that many crimes are unreported.since higher-income classes are far more involved in white-collar crime, the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.6.The abuse of power by government: it has been apparent that the major organizations in American society sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.The lack of public answerability of these organizations has become a major social problem.,7.The power by corporations:they argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials, block reforms they consider undesirable.8.Richard Nixon: he was marked by a well-founded public belief that his administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people.He was pardoned by his successor and escaped accountability for his acts in office.第二篇：英语国家社会与文化入门2名词解释1.American IndiansAmerican Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to theAmericas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congresson July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting fortheir freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The documentdeclared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge WashingtonGeorge Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.the Articles of ConfederationAfter the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak nationalgovernment called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contributemoney to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli WhitneyEli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which maderemoving the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of massproduction.9.service industriesService industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product.Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stockWhen starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,JrMartin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter CultureIn the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared aphenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward socialmores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimesWhite-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as thecrimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion andso on.Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15.the abuse of power by governmentPeople believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the ernment in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability.Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts.All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16.Richard NixonRichard Buxib was the former P resident of the United states… Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17.the Prairies The prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies.The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18.central Canada Central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racialand religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government.This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20.Structures of governmeentCanada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21.Immigration Act 1976 The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn)to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada.This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian Mosaic Canada is a nation of immigrants.When Canada is described as a mosaic, itmeaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarchingCanadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23.“the First Nnations”The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled.They were officially referred to as “the FirstNation s”because they are the original inhabitants of thecountry, and because there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24.migrant workersMany big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops.Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.25.Samuel Slater In 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The success of his factory started a process ofchange that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.第三篇：英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门节日蒙特利尔爵士音乐节世界上最有名的国际爵士音乐节之一。
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册）第三单元American Beginnings什么是美国的？这已经成为一个经典的问题不仅是美国访问的外国人，更是美国人常常问自己。
当美国人感到困惑，或者当他们在危机时，他们问他们是谁，并试图找出什么是美国人的手段。
事实上，这个著名的问题时，首先问一个法国人称为J.海克特圣约翰日克雷弗克谁定居在宾夕法尼亚州的18世纪。
在1782年，这个法国农民在伦敦出版了一本书，从美国的农民，他所提出的问题，并回答了自己提出的信：“那么，什么是美国，这个新好男人？他要么是欧洲，或子孙欧洲，因此，随着血液中奇妙的混合在一起，你会发现在没有其他国家。
我可以向你指出，一个家庭，其祖父是英国人，他的妻子是一位荷兰人，他的儿子娶了一位法国妇女，其目前有4个儿子现在4个不同国家的妻子。
他是美国人，谁在他身后留下他的所有古老的偏见和方式，收到他的生活已经接受，他的新政府遵循的新模式新，而新职，他认为。
· · ·在这里个人的所有国家都成为一个男人，他们的劳动力和子孙后代新一轮融化总有一天会导致世界。
· · ·美国是一个新好男人，谁原则的行为后，新的巨大变化，他因此必须招待新的想法，和形式。
· ·新意见·这是一个美国人。
“据克雷弗克，在那些日子里，美国有没有考虑到欧洲人的或其后代混血儿，如美洲印第安人和黑人其他民族。
今天，美国情况较为复杂。
在美国家庭中，有可能是儿子，儿媳或女儿女婿与欧洲后裔或非裔美国人和亚裔移民尽管这些白人混血与其他黑人或亚洲人的家庭占少数。
为了理解这一点，美国，让我们回到美国的过去。
A New Land美国大陆的人居住，作为两个结果长期持续的移民运动，第一个来自亚洲，欧洲和非洲的第二位。
第一乐章开始大概25 000年前，当西伯利亚部落，在新的狩猎区或从追求寻求避难的敌人，在越过白令海峡到达阿拉斯加。
英语国家社会与文化入门（第三版）下册名词解释
英语国家社会与文化入门（第三版）下册名词解释1、the first English permanent settlementwas organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English KJing. The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia .In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses,and the same time they bought and enslavedblack servants.These two events greatly influenced the political and social debelopment of the Unite States later2、Puritanswere those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Chuurch of England.They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell .No church nor good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his oork or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.3、George Washingtonwas one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Aemy in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the US4、Benjamin Franklin was one of thefounding fathers of the United States of America.He participated in writing the declaration of independence and making the US Constitution5、The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted byTomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalineable rights such aslife,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government:the power of government came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the Amenrican Revolution mainly came from John Locke6．The Articles of Confederation :After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress. Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.7．Federal system :A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.8.the making of the U.S Constitution T he Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participated) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up inwriting a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up. This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787 .9.The executive branch i s the president, who is elected to a four-year term. A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951. The president can appointfederal judges as vacancies occur. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The president has otherbroad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.10. The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.11. Eli Whitney i s an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier. He also began manufacturing rifles with machinery, using interchangeable part. This contributed to the American systemof mass production.12. Samuel Slater In 1793, Samuel Slater built the first factory in the U.S --- a cotton cloth factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England. The success of his factory started a process of change that turned the northeastern region of theUnited States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.13. Homeland security is short for the United States Department of HomelandSecurity(abbreviated as DHS). It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters. With more than 200, 000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of Health and Human Services, and Energy.14. Corporation is a form of business organization. Compared with the sole proprietorship and the partnership, the corporation may survive the death of its founder or founders. Because it could draw on a pool of investor, it is a much more efficient tool for raising the large amounts of capital needed by expanding business. And it enjoys limited liability, so inventors only risk the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.15. Service industries industries that sell a service rather than make a product，which now dominate the economy. Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to he provision of meals in restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said the US has moved into a “post-industrial era”16. Stock When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it. Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop-they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk.17. Agribusiness Because American agriculture is big business, people coined the term “agribusiness” to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US economy. The term covers the entire complex of farm-related business, from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm chemicals.It also includes farmer cooperatives, rural banks, shippers of farm products, commodity dealers, firms that manufacture farm equipment,food-processing industries, grocery chains and many other businesses.18. Migrant workers Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore-such as picking crops. Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked. They are known as migrant workers.19. Religious liberty The Declaration of Independence guaranteed the basic right of religious freedom and this right was a political necessity. The First Amendment to the U.S Constitutionexplicitly forbade the federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice,or exercise, of religion. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them. But American institutions presuppose a Supreme being therefore Christianity is often in practice, more favored than other religions.20. The Baptists ar e the largest Protestant group in America. They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience. They areconcentrated particularly in the Southern Bible Belt . White Baptists and black Baptists go separately to their own churches.The Methodists a re the second largest Protestant group in the U.S. The Methodist Church has a form of service based on that of the Church of England.21. The Catholic Church is the largest single religious group in the U.S. More than 25% of all Americans are now of the Roman Catholic faith. The majority of the Catholic are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. They have the main strength in the east coast. In American history,the Catholics were discriminated against. By 1960,J.F.Kennedy's presidential election victory put to rest the Catholic religion as an issue in national politics. T oday, the Catholics are active in running their own institutions, and have risen to positions of leadership in business, politics and labor.22.the Jewish More l iberal Protestant and Jewish clergymen joined non-believers in maintaining that abortion is a basic right for women.23. Religious diversity Frontier America has made the U.S. a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Many religious communities and secular utopias, experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America. Many small,sects and cults appear in American society all the time. They have certain tendencies in common. They regard the larger society as hopelessly corrupt. Some of them never win a large following, but some others prosper and graduate into the rank of the respectable denominations. Some non-Western religious such as Buddhism, Hindus and Islam are also begging to grow.24. Transcendentalists I n his book Nature, Ralph WaldoEmerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion.. A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson. They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence. They are known as Transcendentalists.25. The Scarlet Letter 红字was published in 1850. Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery. In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotional repression.26. Herman Melville (赫尔曼?梅尔维尔1819-1891) published Moby Dick 白鲸. Moby Dick is the name of a big white whale. In this book, the author uses a story of a whaling voyage to explore profound themes such as fate, the nature of evil, and the individual’s struggle against the universe.27. Leaves of Gra ss 草叶集is a collection of poems composed by Walt Whitman. It is a ground-breaking book Whitman used free-flowing structures and long irregular lines in his poetry. He ventured beyond traditional forms to meet his need for more space to express the American spirit. In one of the poems “Song of Myself” he dwelt on himself be cause he saw himself as a prototype of “The American”.28. Mark Twain(p en name of Samuel Clemens (1835-1910) one of the greatest American writersand the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast. His major work was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) which has been called the greatest novel in American literature.29. Naturalists(自然主义作家) were novelists whoconcentrated upon the grim aspects of reality and a deterministic view of life. They were linked with European naturalists such as French novelist Zola. The most representative naturalists in American literature were StephenCrane,Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London.30. T.S. Eliot(托?斯?艾略特1888－1965) published a long poem The Waste Land 荒原in 1922. Using fragmented, haunting images and a dense structure of symbols, it revealed a pessimistic vision of post-World War I society. With t he publication of “The Waste Land”, Eliot dominated the so-called “Modern” movement in poetry.31. the “Lost Generation” (迷惘的一代)In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived abroad. They were known as the “Lost Generation”. The two most representative writers of the “Lost Generation” were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.32. Elementary School/Grammar school usually grades kindergarten through 8.But in some places,it incklude only K-6.Many Americans refers t o elementary grades as “grammer school”. They teach mathematics, language, arts, social studies and some other subjects33. Higher Education It refers to American education on the college level. It includes 4 categories of institutions. They are the uni versity, the four-year undergraduate institution (the college) the technical training institution and the two-year or community college.Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds. Many universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory.34. The Servicemen’s Readjustme nt Act / GI Bill of Rights(军人重新安置法) was passed in 1944. It was soon popularly called the “GI Bill of Rights”. GI was a nickname for the American soldier. The nickname came from the abbreviation for “Government Issue”--- the uniforms and other article “issued” to a soldier. The Act promised financial aid for higher education to members of the armed forces.35. Affirmative action programs肯定行动计划were first advocated by some colleges in the 1960s. The purpose of the program was to equalize educational opportunities for all groups and to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.36. Greensboro Sit-in On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen froma black college in Greensboro, North Carolina (北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state. The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement, w hich spread from the sou th to the north. Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.37. The Civil Rights Movement One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S. history. Rosa Park’s spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality, and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference struggled for racial integration by providingleadership, tactics, network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspireda generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in theU.S.38. Montgomery Bus Boycot t蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1995, Rosa Parks,a NAACP （National Association for the Advancement of Colored People member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites. Mrs. Parks was arrested. Local black leaders decided to boycott the city’s bus system. Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses. In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work. Withthe bus com pany near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed. IN fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.39. Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister (浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the March onWashington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech. As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination 0and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks. Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.40.“counterculture” In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”. The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct differentways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society. The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.41’ the black “underclass”(“最低层”黑人)The majority of the blacks today have failed to share in the general gains of progress made recently. The urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished “underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people. Many of them are young and unskilled. They live in cities where the unemployment rate for teenage black workers runs as high as 50% or about 8 times the rate for the American work force as a whole. This “underclass” could continue to persist, even in the absence of racial discrimination, in much the same way as other pockets of poverty persist—that is, for reasons of social-class inequality. Living in an environment of poverty, decay, crime, drug addiction,joblessness, and hopelessness, this ghetto underclass offers an explosive potential for the future.42. Poverty as a social problem The U.S is one of the most wealthy countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line, on incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. There are millions more, living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore, poverty in the U.S becomes a social problem.43. Drug Abuse (滥用毒品) Drug abuse in the U.S. has come to be regarded as one of themost challenging social problems facing the nation. The drug issue always excites strong emotions of Americans because drug abuse is perceived as a major threat to American society, particularly to its younger members. Drug abuse is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. For example, drug is closely related with crime, automobile accidents. It has serious effects on individuals physically and mentally, and the economic losses caused by drug abuse are great44. white-collar crimes (白领阶层的犯罪) White-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud, false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution, tax evasion and so on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overlook white-collar crimes.In fact, white-collar crimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies. Some sociologists argue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.45. The abuse of power by government ：People believe that public organizations in the U.S. sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people. Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability. Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal. The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts. All these acts show the abuse of power by government.46. The abuse of power by corporations：The abuse of power by corporations is shown in the fact that these corporations are concerned with their own profits than with social responsibility, the quality or price of their products, or the truth of their advertising. They maintain professional lobbyists lobbyist in Washington to influence public officials behind the scenes. They argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials,block reforms they consider undesirable, and often seem to have more say in the councils of government than the ordinary voter. Many Americans believe that “big business” has taken the reins of government away from Congress and the Administration”, and that “government is run bya f ew big interest groups looking after themselves.”47. Social stratified American society ：American society is a stratified (有等级的) one, in which power, wealth, and prestige are unequally distributed among the population. It is divided intosocial classes that have varying degrees of access to the reward t he society offers. For example, the richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three-quarters of the wealth in the U.S., whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2% of the wealth. The richest fifth of American families receives over 40% of the national income, whereas the poorest fifth receives only 5.2%.48. Richard Nixon: Richard Nixon was the former President of the United States.He won the election in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While he was in office,he contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and China and visited China in1972.Shortly after he was re-elected,he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.49. The World Wide Web commonly known as the Web or the "Information Superhighway", is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.50. NRA : the National Rifle Association of America is an American non-profit lobbying group that advocates for the protection of the Second Amendment of the United States Bill of Rights, and the promotion of firearm ownership rights as well as marksmanship, firearm safety, and the protection of hunting and self-defense in the United States.51. The melting pot i s a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" into a harmonious whole with a commonculture. It is particularly used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States; themelting-together metaphor was in use by the 1780s.52.The USA a s a kaleidoscop e: this is a metaphor for nation self-definition.The metaphor emerged in the late 20th century .As a metaphor for a nation self-definition ,a kaleidoscope overcome the big problem with the never change mosaic image,which reflected the many different groups that have gone into making up the American population.53 shift marriage patterns in the USA:Before WWII,most families were patriarchal,thatis ,dominated by the senior male as husband and father. In the late 1970s and the introduction of "on fault"divorce laws that are now nearly universal in American states , the divorce rate has been about 50%.That is half of first marriages, half of second marriages,and so on,end in divorce.。
英语国家社会与文化入门下册第9单元翻译
第9单元英国的新闻媒介对于大多数英国人来说几乎每一天都是以看晨报开始的。
平均每天90%15岁以上的英国人要读一份国内或当地的报纸。
到了晚上，大部分英国人要安下心来看电视了。
全国有96%的人口一星期至少要看一次电视，这已成为英国最流行的休闲活动。
除了看电视、报纸以外，另一种非常受人欢迎的消遣就是听广播。
每周有73%的英国人要参与到这项娱乐活动中。
因此，新闻媒介已成为英国休闲文化的中心，这一点是显而易见的。
新闻媒介不仅能为英国人提供消遣娱乐，而且还有其它功能。
比如：报纸、收音机及电视节目能为人们提供政治、社会方面的信息，天气预报，广告信息及教育性节目。
此外，还能为人们进行交流提供一个平台，人们可通过写信或打电话的方式各抒己见或寻求帮助。
英国的新闻媒介对其政治制度是至关重要的，它的存在使人们了解到国家所面临的问题及政府如何解决这些问题。
新闻媒体在国家文化形成方面也起到了非常重要的作用。
无论是苏格兰海上石油工人还是贝尔法斯特的退休教授，无论是伦敦的秘书还是威尔士的牙医，只要打开收音机和电视机选择喜欢的节目，或拿起当天的报纸，他们所收看到的和听到的都是一样的。
即使他们的生活环境不同，如果他们有机会见面的话，他们就能谈论一些在电视、报纸上看到的一些消息。
同时，这也能提醒英国人只要他们生活在英国，他们就从属于一种特殊文化。
英国的报纸英国是世界上最早拥有报纸工业的国家之一。
早在18世纪晚期和19世纪早期，随着英国经济开始出现工业化，民主选举权已扩大到大部分人口，大众教育使得人们的文化水平有所提高，越来越多的报纸开始发行。
《观察家报》1791年首版发行，随后每个星期天发行一次，成为世界上最早的全国性报纸。
与此同时，《泰晤士报》1785年首版发行，成为英国最早的日报。
随着议会民主制的引入，候选者们必须向其选民提供个人信息。
一开始这项工作是由候选人做长时间演讲或是发放宣传册来完成，后来报纸承担了这一任务，使选民更加了解政治。
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语英语国家的社会与文化重点术语是多样且庞大的。
以下是一些重要的术语以及它们在英语国家社会和文化中的意义：1. Democracy (民主): Refers to a system of government where power is vested in the people, either directly or through elected representatives. This concept is highly valued in English-speaking countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia.2. Freedom (自由): Represents the ability of individuals to act, speak, or think without restraint. In English-speaking countries, freedom is often considered a fundamental human right and is protected under the law.3. Equality (平等): Describes the belief that all individuals should have the same rights, opportunities, and treatment regardless of their race, gender, or social status. English-speaking countries strive to promote equality through legislation and social policies.4. Justice (正义): Refers to the concept of fairness and the idea that individuals should be treated justly and receive what they deserve. The legal systems in English-speaking countries work to ensure that justice is served and upheld.5. Constitution (宪法): Represents a set of fundamental principles that outline the structure and function of a country's government. The constitution serves as a framework for laws and regulations in English-speaking countries such as the United States and Australia.6. Multiculturalism (多元文化主义): Refers to the coexistence of multiple cultural and ethnic groups within a society. English-speaking countries like Canada and the United Kingdom embrace multiculturalism as a means to promote diversity and inclusivity.7. Individualism (个人主义): Represents the belief in the importance of individual rights, independence, and self-reliance. English-speaking countries, particularly the United States, value individualism and promote individual freedoms and achievements.8. Freedom of speech (言论自由): Refers to the right to express one's opinions and ideas without censorship or fear of reprisal. This concept is highly regarded in English-speaking countries and protected under their respective legal systems.9. Rule of law (法治): Describes the principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable to the law. English-speaking countries uphold the rule of law as a means to maintain order and protect individual rights.10. Human rights (人权): Represents the basic rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled, regardless of their nationality, race, or social status. English-speaking countries have a strong commitment to upholding human rights and are signatories to various international human rights treaties.11. Capitalism (资本主义): Refers to an economic system characterized by private ownership of means of production and the pursuit of profit. English-speaking countries like theUnited States and the United Kingdom have economies based on the principles of capitalism.12. Cultural assimilation (文化同化): Represents the process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural practices and values of the dominant culture. English-speaking countries have historically experienced cultural assimilation, particularly with immigrant populations.13. Social mobility (社会流动性): Refers to the abilityof individuals or groups to move up or down the social ladder based on factors such as education, income, and social status. English-speaking countries strive to promote social mobility and equal opportunities for all.14. Liberalism (自由主义): Represents a political philosophy that emphasizes individual freedoms, limited government intervention, and the free market. Liberalism has played a significant role in shaping the political and economic systems of English-speaking countries.15. Nationalism (民族主义): Describes the strong sense of loyalty and pride individuals have towards their nation or nationality. English-speaking countries have a diverse rangeof nationalist sentiments, which can influence social and political dynamics.这些术语代表了英语国家社会和文化中的重要概念，它们在塑造英语国家的价值观、法律体系和政治经济模式方面发挥着重要作用。
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The Resource Management Act 资源管理法案The Resource Management Act reflects New Zealander’s environmental awareness. Under the Act, laws governing land,air and water resources are combined together to ensure the sustainable management of natural resources. It focuses on the effects of human activities on the whole environment as well. The Act came into force in 1991. With it , New Zealand leads the world in environmental legislation.资源管理法案反映了新西兰人的环保意识。
根据该法案，法律将土地，空气和水资源结合在一起管理，以确保自然资源的可持续管理。
它侧重于人类活动对整个环境的影响。
该法案于1991生效。
有了它，新西兰在环境立法方面领先世界。
Maoritanga 毛利文化Maoritanga is the Maori word for “ Maori culture. It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their languages, customs and traditions.毛利文化是毛利语中的“毛利文化。
它是指在新西兰土著居民丰富的文化遗产中的所有元素，包括他们的语言，习俗和传统。
MMPR 混合成员比例代表制MMPR stands for Mixed Member Proportional Representation. Under this new election system, each voter has two votes, the first one for a candidate in their electorate, the second for a political party. The second vote, when counted nation-wide, decides the number of seats each party will take in Parliament.MMPR代表混合成员比例代表制。
在这种新的选举制度下，每一个选民都有两张选票，第一张是投给选民的候选人，第二个是投给政党的候选人。
当第二次投票在全国范围内举行时，将决定各个党派在议会中所占的席数。
The Ombudsman申述专员The Ombudsman is appointed by Parliament. His responsibilities are to investigate people’s complaints against government departments and local authorities and to make sure that appropriate official information is freely available in accordance to the Official Information Act. There are Chief Ombudsman and specialist ombudsman in various fields.申诉专员是由议会任命的。
他的职责是调查人们对政府部门和地方当局的投诉，并确保根据官方信息法适当的提供免费的官方信息。
在各个领域都有首席监察官和专家申诉专员。
Puritanism清教主义Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.清教徒是那些遵循加尔文的学说，想净化英国教会的人。
他们认为，人类的命运在出生前就被上帝决定了。
有些是被上帝所选择的人，而其他人是注定要去地狱的。
没有教堂也没有好的办法可以拯救人们。
（一个人）被上帝选中的标志是他在工作上的成功，或是他事业的繁荣。
他们还认为，每个人都必须阅读圣经，以了解上帝的意愿，并建立一个与上帝的直接联系。
这些信仰对美国文化产生了巨大的影响。
The Declaration of Independence 独立宣言The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of government: the power of governments came from consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.独立宣言主要由杰佛逊托马斯起草，并于1776年7月4日在国会通过。
北美13个英国殖民地的人民为了他们的自由和独立于英国的殖民统治而奋起反抗。
该文件宣称所有人都是平等的，他们都有不可剥夺的权利，如生命、自由和对幸福的追求。
它也解释了政府的生活信条：政府的权力由被统治者授予，政府的目的是确保上述所提到的权利。
政治理论和美国独立战争的指导原理主要来自约翰洛克。
The Articles of Confederation 联邦条例After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress. Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.当独立战争胜利后，新的美国是在联邦条例下由一个不中用的国民政府--国会所组织的。
每个州都有它自己的政府，有它自己的法律以及自行处理各自的内部事务。
各州都不和国会以及其他州合作。
国会没有权利去要求任何一个州为国民政府捐款，也没有向公民征税的权利。
所以，联邦条例最后失败了。
The Bill of Rights 权利法案The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech , the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.权利法案是由10条修正案组成的，于1791年添加进宪法中。
权利法案是为了保障人们的自由及个人权利，例如言论自由权，公开集会权，拥有武器等权利。