中考英语语法思维导图动词
英语语法思维导图_总览(词法+句法)
语法词法10种词性，9种重要
动词
名词
冠词
形容词
副词
介词
代词
连词
数词
感叹词
句法
简单句
陈述句
肯定句
否定句
疑问句
一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
反意疑问句
感叹句
w hat 开头
h ow 开头
祈使句
动词原形开头
含有比较级的名词短语
简单句主干
主语+谓语+宾语
主语+谓语+双宾
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
主语+谓语
主语+系动词+表语并列句
一个句号两个谓语，中间含有一个并列连词（
a nd等），两个分句动作没有主次之分
复合句
名词性从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
状语从句9个状语从句。
中考英语语法思维导图动词
for D. was waiting for
off
34. Don’t opnut off today’s work for toofmforrow. I mean, otnoday’s work
_____ topdraayc.tised
77(7唱777)English songs for one and a half
A. give
B. gives
C. gave
D. will give
35. When I went to say goo6d6b6y6e66 to Anna, she _______ the piano.
A. is playing
B. plays
C. was playing D. played
37. Henry speaks Chinese very well. He _______ in China since 2002.
began to rain.
having
havin
g
32. Nick
a new camera. He has taken lots of pictures with it.
中考英语 语法思维导图之三 宾语从句 人教新目标版
可以作动词，介词或某些形容词作宾语的句子叫宾从
的宾语
语序.时态引导词后用陈述语序that+陈述句主现从不限
（主+谓:
人在动词前）主过从相应过whether/if+一般疑问句真理：
真不讲理只用现在时特殊疑问词+特殊疑问句宾语从句
（1）that可省略*be+形容词+that宾从
（2）只用whether,不用if：
①+主从②+表从③介词后
④+to do⑤+让步状从⑥discuss后
⑦wonder / not sure后⑧含义易混时⑨+or not
（3）宾从省略式：
特殊疑问词+不定式what to do与how to do it
（4）在think, believe等引导的宾从中，如果否定的是后面的从句，要否定前移5）作宾从语序不变的情况：
What’s wrong with ...?What’s the matter with...?
Which is the way to the...?What is the most useful invention in the world?
What is happening over there?Who is standing over there?注意事项
1/ 1。
第十四章助动词和情态动词(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十四章助动词和情态动词思维导图知识梳理一、助动词(一)概说助动词不能单独作谓语,本身没有词义,也不表示动作,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其他语法关系.助动词的分类及其变化形式:助动词变化形式Be am,are,is;was,were;been,beingHave has,had,havingDo does,did;done,doingShall shouldWill would(二)助动词的用法1.助动词be有八种形式肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形be－－－现在式第一人称单数I am‘m am not‘m not 现在式第三人称单数he,she,it is‘s is not isn't/'s not现在式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数are‘re are not aren't/'re not you,we,they过去式第一、三人称单数I,he,she,it－was was not wasn't过去式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数were－were not weren't you,we,they现在分词being－not being－过去分词been－not been－(1)与现在分词构成各种进行时态以及与have和现在分词构成完成进行时态.You are working hard today.你们今天干得很努力.Is Su Ming working this week?本周苏明上班了吗?What have you been doing these days?这几天来你在干什么?(2)与过去分词构成被动语态.A new computer has been bought by the office.办公室已购买了一台新电脑.He was been invited to teach at a university there.他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教.Such books are written for children.这种书是为儿童写的.(3)与形容词、名词、代词、从句等构成“系＋表”结构.My job is very interesting and I like it very much.But sometimes it's boring.我的工作很有趣,我非常喜欢它,可有时候也令人烦.(4)与动词不定式构成谓语.The new text seems to be easy,but actually,it is rather difficult.这篇新课文好像很容易,其实相当难. These books are not to be taken out of the room.这些书不得带出室外.2.助动词have有五种形式肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形have‘ve haven't/'ve not have not现在式第三人称单数has‘s has not hasn't/'s not 过去式had‘d had not hadn't/'d not 现在分词having－not having－过去分词had－－－(1)与过去分词构成各种完成时.We've known each other since1987.我们从1987年起就互相熟悉了.He's been to Shanghai.他去过上海.We have not seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京,我们就没见过面.By the end of last month,we had studied English for two years.到上月底,我们已经学习了两年英语了.(2)和动词不定式连用构成谓语,表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事.The bus has left,and if we want to catch the train,we'll have to take a taxi.公交车开走了,假如想赶上那趟火车,我们不得不打的.点拨have还可用作实义动词,表示“有”“吃”等含义.Would you like to have some beer?你想喝点啤酒吗?We're having breakfast.我们正在吃早饭.3.助动词do有三种形式肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形do do not don't现在式第三人称单数does does not doesn't 过去式did did not didn't(1)构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句.Do you know what they are talking about?你知道他们在谈论什么吗?What question did he ask you?他问你什么问题?(2)构成一般现在时和一般过去时的否定句.He doesn't want to go there,neither do they.他不想去那儿,他们也不想.He didn't come to school last Monday.上星期一他没来上学.(3)代替前面刚出现的动词,以避免重复.-Do you learn English?你学习英语吗?-Yes,I do.是的,我学习英语.This material looks nice.So does that one.这料子看来很好.那种也很好.(4)用于加强语气,表示强调(多用于肯定式中).Do come and join us.一定要来参加我们的活动.I do think you are right.我的确认为你是对的.I do like you.我真的喜欢你.点拨do还可用作实义动词,表示“做、干”等含义.(1)They went out to do some shopping.他们外出买东西去了.(2)Would you please do me a favour?你愿帮我一个忙吗?4.助动词shall(过去式should)和will(过去式would)有下列几种形式肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式Shall‘11shall not shan'tShould‘d should not shouldn'tWill‘11will not won't/'ll notwould‘d would not Wouldn’t/’d not(1)“shall/will+动词原形”,构成一般将来时,表示将来意义.shall用于单复数第一人称,will可用于所有人称.在今日英语中,shall常被will替代.Will you close the door,please?请关上门好吗?Shall I open the door?It's stuffy in the room.我打开门好吗?房间里很闷.When will Mike arrive here tomorrow?迈克明天什么时候到达这里?He will arrive here at three o'clock tomorrow.他明天三点钟到达这里.(2)“should/would+动词原形”,构成过去将来时.should作为“shall”的过去形式,用于单复数第一人称;would 作为“will”的过去式,可用于各人称.They said that they would finish it soon.他们说很快就要做完了.Did you ask Kate when they would return?你问没问凯特他们什么时候返回来?点拔will可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作The door won't shut.门关不上.Fish will die out of water.鱼离开水不能活.二、情态动词(一)概说情态动词表示说话人的语气和观点.情态动词有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,它必须和表示动作或状态的不带to的不定式(ought除外)连用,构成复合谓语.情态动词只有情态意义,即它表示说话人对动作的观点,如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等.情态动词主要有:can(could),may(might),must,ought to,need,dare(dared),have to(had to).此外shall,will,should,would在一定场合下也可用作情态动词.(二)情态动词具有以下特征1.在形式上,情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化,只有could,would,had to,might,should等几个过去式.其他如must,ought to等的过去式皆与现在式同形,且在各种人称后都用同样的形式2.在意义上,大多数情态动词有多个意义.如can可表示“能够”“可能”“允许”等,may可表示“可能”“允许”“目的”“让步”等3.在用法上,情态动词(除ought跟不定式外)与助动词一样,须后接动词原形,而构成谓语动词(三)情态动词的用法1.can的用法(1)表示能力“会、能”等.The hall can hold at least2000people.这个大厅至少能容纳2000人.Can you drive a car?你会开车吗?点拨(1)can和be able to都可表示“能力”,意思上相同.但can只有现在式和过去式(could)两种形式,如需用其他时态,用be able to代替.He can still be alive.他可能还活着.He can't be poor.他不可能贫穷.He has not been able to finish the work in time.他没能及时完成工作.I'll be able to see you tomorrow,我明天将能去看你.(2)如果我们要表示一个动作成功地完成了,那么必须使用was able to,而不能用could.He was able to leave Europe before the war began.他设法在战前离开了欧洲.He was able to go to Paris yesterday and he enjoyed himself very much.他昨天设法去了巴黎,而且他玩得非常高兴.(3)在否定句中could与be able to两者意思一样.I could nor swim to the other side of the river.I wasn't able to swim to the other side of the river.我没能游到河的对岸去.(4)can/could不应与be able to同时使用.(2)表示“建议”或“请求”,可用can I...或can you...等结构,语气比较客气.Can I go swimming today,please,Mum?妈妈,我今天可以去游泳吗?Can I borrow your bike?我可以借你的自行车用一下吗?(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度(主要用于否定句和疑问句).No,no,this can't be true.不,不,这不可能是真的.How can you be so careless?你怎么能这样粗心呢?(4)表示“允许”或“请求允许”,其意思相当于may(可以),但can比may用得更广泛,can不仅表示说话人同意、允许,还可表示客观条件的许可.may通常表示说话人的许可.No one can smoke in the office.在办公室里任何人都不能吸烟.That sort of thing can't go on like this.那样的事不能再这样继续下去.2.could的用法(1)could是can的过去式,表示过去有能力及过去存在的可能性.He couldn't go that day.那天他不可能去.(可能性)I could drive a car before I left school.毕业前我就会开车了.(能力)(2)用于现在时和将来时,代替can;表示更为客气、婉转地提出请求或陈述看法,有时则表示可能性不大.Could you tell me where I can change some money?你能告诉我在哪儿能换钱吗?Could you sign here please,Sir?先生,请在这儿签字好吗?3.may的用法(1)表示客气或委婉的请求时用may,回答时也用may就会显得冷淡、不客气,所以最好避之而改用热情、客气的答语.-May I come in?我可以进来吗?-Yes,please.可以,请进.-May I borrow your bicycle?我可以借用一下你的自行车吗?-Certainly.当然可以.(2)表示“可以”即表示说话人同意、许可,或在疑问句中,征询对方的许可.其否定式可用may not.但在表示“不可以”“不许”“禁止”“阻止”等意思时,常用must not(mustn't)代替may not.-May I take this book out of the reading-room?这本书我可以带出阅览室吗?-No,you mustn't.不可以.(3)表示可能.用来表示一件事或许会发生,或是某种情况可能会存在.通常只用于肯定或否定陈述句中,而不用于疑问句中.It may rain today.今天可能下雨.You may have another cake.你可以再吃一块蛋糕.She may not go to the concert tonight.今晚她可能不去听音乐会了.(4)表示祝愿.May you succeed!祝你成功！May all your dreams come true!愿你的理想都成为现实！4.might的用法(1)作为may的过去式,用来表示过去的“可能”和“允许”,多用于间接引语.He said that the news might be true.他说这消息可能是真的.She asked if she might have my bike.她问是否可以借用我的自行车.(2)代替may,表示可以做的事或可能发生的事.也可用于有礼貌地提出建议或请求,意为“可以”,在这种情况下,may和might无时间上的差别,只是更客气或更婉转些.They might have a lot of work to do.他们可能有很多事要做.Might I have a word with you?我可以同你说句话吗?5.must的用法(1)表示“必须”“应当”.用第一人称时,表示说话人认为有义务、有必要做某事.用第二、三人称时,表示说话人命令或要求别人做某事;在疑问句中,表示询问对方的意图.We must love our country.我们要爱国.I must take a day off tomorrow.我明天必须请假一天.Soldiers must obey orders.士兵必须服从命令.(2)must的否定式(mustn't)表示“不应该”“不许可”“不准”“禁止”等,语气比较强烈.You mustn't speak loudly in the library.不许在图书馆大声喧哗.We mustn't waste our time.我们不应该浪费我们的时间.点拨对must问句的否定回答,需要用;need not(needn't)不需要,或don't have to不必.-Must I do my homework now?我现在必须做作业吗?-Yes,you must.是的,你非做不可.-No,you needn't(need not)./don't have to.不,你不必现在做.(3)表示肯定的揣测(只用于肯定句):一定、准是、必定.The lady must be a doctor.那个女人一定是个医生.He hasn't come yet.He must be ill.他还没来,准是病了.Miss Gao must be in the office.高老师一定在办公室里.This must be Wang Hai's book.这一定是王海的书.点拨(1)表示现在对已发生过的事情的推测,一般用“must+have+过去分词”结构,意思是“想必是”“(过去)一定”.If you were at the party,you must have seen Mary.你如果参加了这次聚会,准保看见了玛丽.(2)表示对现在某个动作或即将发生的事情的推测,可以用“must be+-ing”结构,意思是“一定”“准是”.You must be joking!你一定是在开玩笑！6.have to的用法(1)表示“不得不”“必须”的意思,与must在这个意思上很接近.must强调说话者的主观看法,意为“必须”;have to强调客观的需要,意为“不得不”.I missed the train,so I had to take a taxi.我误了火车,所以我得乘出租车.must仅用于表示现在和将来的义务,讲述过去,要用had to.I had to leave early because I wasn't feeling well.我不得不早点儿离开,因为我觉得不舒服.(2)have to也可用来表示“推测”,意思是“定是”“必定是”.She has to be(=must be)sick.She looks pale.她一定是生病了,脸色看来很苍白.点拨在口语中,可用have got to代替have to.Sorry I have got to go(=have to go)now.抱歉,我现在非走不可了.7.need的用法(1)need表示“需要”“必须”.作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句,无时态、人称变化,后面跟动词原形.其否定式为:need not(needn't).You needn't try to explain.你不需要解释.She needn't come tomorrow.她明天不必来.点拨needn't后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,表示“过去已做了(但)没有必要做的事情”.The question needn't have been discussed.此问题本来不需讨论的.(2)need用作及物动词,主要用于肯定句,有人称、时态和数的变化,后接带to的不定式.其否定形式要借助于don't,doesn't或didn't;疑问形式要借助于do,does或did.He needs to know it.他需要知道这件事.Do you need any help?你需要帮助吗?I don't need things like that.我不需要那样的东西.8.dare的用法dare作为情态动词,主要用于否定句和疑问句,表示“敢于”,本身无变化(各人称都用dare),后面跟不带to的不定式,过去时用dared,其否定式为:dare not/daren't,dared not.How dare they do such a thing?他们怎么敢做出这样的事?Dare he say so?他敢这样说吗?She knows he was wrong but she daren't tell him.她知道他错了,却不敢告诉他.点拨dare用作及物动词的时候更多一些.这时dare后可以跟动词不定式,用于各种结构中.Do I dare to ask her?我敢问她吗?He didn't dare to go.他不敢去.She did not dare to tell them the truth.她不敢对他们说真话.9.ought to表示“应该”做某事,常可与should互换.You ought to be punctual.你应该守时.Students ought not to be late for class.学生上课不应该迟到.Ought we to answer this question now?我们应当现在就回答这个问题吗?点拨ought to后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,表示对过去该做而未做之事的责难、后悔或遗憾的心情.You ought to have helped her.你本该帮助她的.(却没有帮助她)He ought to have returned these books to the library last week.他上星期就应该把这些书还给图书馆.(却没有还书)10.shall的用法(1)shall作为情态动词,用于陈述句的第二、三人称,表示说话人的强烈意愿和决心,有“允诺”“警告”“命令”等含义,意思是“必须”.You shall come whenever you are wanted.什么时候叫你就要什么时候到.(强制)You shall not leave your post.你不得离开岗位.(警告)He shall get the answer tomorrow.他明天可以得到答复.(允诺)(2)shall作为情态动词,在疑问句中可用于第一、三人称,表示征询对方意见或请求,意思是“要不要”“好不好”.Shall he come to see you?要不要他来看你?Shall we go for walk?我们去散散步好吗?Shall I turn on the light?我要开灯吗?11.will的用法(1)表示“意志”“意愿”,可用于多种人称.He'll help you if you ask him.如果你请他帮忙,他是愿意帮忙的.Will you give him a message when you see him?见到他时,请你通知他一下好吗?(2)will还可用来表示一种习惯性动作或状态,有“总是”“惯于”等意思.Fish will die out of water.鱼儿离开水会死去.He will talk for hours if you give him the chance.如果你给他机会,他会滔滔不绝地谈上几个钟头.12.should的用法(1)表示“义务或责任”,意思是“应该”.I should speak and write English every day.我应该天天说、写英语.We should learn from each other and help each other.我们应该互相学习,互相帮助.(2)表示推测、预期.They should be here by now.他们现在该到了.Tom should know her address.估计汤姆知道她的住址.(3)should后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,其肯定句,表示过去应该做而未做的事,其否定句则表示过去不该做但做了的事情.He looks very tired.He should have had a good rest at home.他看上去很累了,本应该待在家里好好休息.As an adult,he shouldn't have misunderstood it.作为成人,他本来就不应该误解这件事.13.would(1)would作为情态动词will的过去式,表示过去时间的“意志”“愿望”或“决心”等,可用于各人称.I said I would do anything for him.我说过,我愿意为他做任何事.He said he would get up earlier the next morning.他说第二天早上要早点起床.(2)would可用来表示人的意愿、个人想法.在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示有礼貌、较婉转的请求.如:Would you like to have a glass of tea?你要喝一杯茶吗?Would you mind closing the door?请关上门好吗?I would like to buy a silk scarf for my wife.我想给妻子买一条丝巾.(3)would与动词连用,可表示过去反复发生的动作,相当于汉语中的“常常”“总是”等意思.如:The old retired worker would often go to the park to play chess.这位退休老工人常常到公园去下棋.When I was a student,I would take a walk along the country road after class.当学生时,放学后我常常沿着乡间小路散步.好题精练一、用适当的助动词和情态动词填空1.His father_________not a lawyer.2.He_________two sisters and a brother.3.I_________never met him before I heard his speech.4.The visitors_________given a warm welcome.5.Excuse me,_________I have a look at the photo?6._________you work out(算出)this difficult problem without any help?7.This is a reading room.You_________sing here.8._________I speak to the headmaster,please?9._________you like a sandwich?10.I_________love a cup of tea.11.You_________not drink and drive.12.We_________buy a new lock for the front door.13.You_________to knock at door before you come in.14.He_________to pass an examination before he can start work.15._________you guess the answer?Sorry,I can't.16.May I come in?No,you_________.17.Your father is free now.You_________ask him to tell you a story.18._________we hand in the exercises today?No,you needn't.You_________hand them tomorrow.答案:1.is2.has3.had4.are5.may6.Can7.mustn't8.Could9.Would10.would11.should12.should13.have14.has15.Can16.mustn't17.may18.Must,may二、选择填空1.-What_________it be?-It_________be a mail box,for it is moving.It_________be a car.A.can;can't;mustB.can;can;mustC.can;mustn't;mustD.must;mustn't;can2.My mother is out.I_________look after my little brother.A.have toB.canC.has toD.may not3.At that time she_________sit here like that for hours.A.willB.wouldC.had toD.shall4.The radio says it is sunny today.You_________take a raincoat with you.A.can'tB.needn'tC.mustn'tD.can5.I_________like Chinese tea with nothing in it.A.wouldB.mustC.needD.can't6.-_________we go out for a walk?-Good idea.What time shall we meet?A.ShallB.LetC.WillD.Must7.He_________to go there when he was young.edn'tB.didn't useC.is usedD.both A and B8.-Must we finish our homework now,Mrs.Read?-Oh no,you_________.A.mustn'tB.can'tC.won'tD.needn't9.These useful dictionaries_________good care of.A.must takeB.must be takeC.must be takenD.must to take10.Don't be late again.You_________be here on time.A.mustB.canC.mayD.needn't11.Tom,don't worry,you_________get the book next morning.A.shallB.willC.mayD.can12._________you swim in the river?A.CanB.MustC.MayD.Need13.Chinese must have the largest number of speakers,_________?A.mustn't theyB.haven't theyC.don't theyD.doesn't it14.You did not go to the party yesterday,or I_________you.A.would seeB.could meetC.might have seenD.might see15.-Is the boy by the window your brother?-It_________him.A.maybeB.may beC.would beD.need be16.What_________you like for breakfast?A.mayB.willC.wouldD.can17.-_________you like some drink?-Yes,please.A.WouldB.WillC.CouldD.Can18.-May I throw a frisbee in the street?-No,you_________.A.may notB.mustn'tC.needn'tD.don't19.-Can you mend a TV set?-No,I_________.A.mustn'tB.can'tC.may notD.needn't20.-Please don't make a noise.-_________.I'll be as quiet as a mouse.A.Yes,I won'tB.No,I won'tC.No,I willD.Yes,I will21.The traffic_________stop when lights are red.A.mustB.mayC.canD.mustn't22.-_________I ask you a question,please?-Yes,please.A.MayB.MustC.NeedD.Will23.Go and ask Mr.Wu.He_________tell you1how to use the dictionary.A.mayB.shouldC.wouldD.could24._________you please tell me the way to the station?A.ShallB.WouldC.MayD.Might25._________I open the window?It's hot here.A.MustB.WillC.ShallD.Would 答案:1-5AABBA6-10ADDCA11-15BADCB16-20CABBB21-25AAABC。
第十一章动词的语态(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十一章动词的语态思维导图知识梳理一、语态概述英语动词除了有时态之外,还有语态,表示主语和谓语的不同关系.如果主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词用主动语态;如果主语是动作的对象,谓语动词则用被动语态.动作的执行者用“by”引导的短语表示,但往往被省略;动作的对象则充当了被动语态句中的主语.汉语中常用“挨”“被”“受”等词来表示这个意思.The boy broke the window.那个男孩把玻璃窗打碎了.(主动语态)The window was broken by the boy.这扇玻璃窗被那个男孩打碎了.(被动语态)They watched the children sing that morning.那天早上他们看着孩子们唱歌.(主动语态)The children were watched to sing that morning.那天早上,孩子们被观看唱歌.(被动语态)二、被动语态的构成“助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式.助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样.现以动词ask为例,列表如下:方式(一)一般现在时This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.这种电视是广州制造的.Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.汉语是世界上最多人讲的语言.(二)一般过去时The thief was arrested.小偷被抓住了.These pictures were taken on the Great Wall.这些照片是在长城拍摄的.(三)一般将来时Your watch will be repaired.你的表将会被修理好.The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.班会下周六下午召开.(四)现在进行时A new road is being built outside my house.我们家门口正在修一条新路.The watch is being repaired.这只表正在修理.(五)过去进行时The bridge was being repaired when we passed it.我们过桥时,桥正在修.While the supper was being prepared,the light suddenly went out.正在做晚饭时,电灯突然灭了.(六)过去将来时They decided that invitations would not be sent out unless they were carefully checked.他们决定除非经过仔细校对,否则请柬不会发送出去.(七)现在完成时Your wallet has been found.你的钱夹已经找到了.Enough has been said here of this question.关于这个问题,这里已经谈得不少了.(八)过去完成时By1972a cooperative medical system had been set up in this area.到1972年这个地区已建立了合作医疗制度.When the anthem had been played,the Congress began.奏完国歌后,大会开始.四、被动语态的用法(一)不知道谁是动作的执行者,用被动语态My watch was stolen.我的手表被窃了.This jacket is made of cotton.这件夹克是棉制的.Her son was killed in World War II.她的儿子在第二次世界大战中战死.(二)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者,用被动语态The children have been very well looked after.孩子们得到很好的照顾.A big building has been put up in my home town.我家乡已经建起一座大楼.Many thousands of trees must be planted every year.每年必须种很多树.This hat was made in China.这顶帽子是中国制作的.The bicycles must not be put here.这儿不准放车.(三)强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态The letter was posted.信发了.She was asked to sing a song.她被要求唱支歌.He cannot be relied on.他不可靠.A liar is looked down upon.说谎的人被人看不起.(四)出于礼貌措辞等原因不愿说出动作的执行者Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police.有谁看见这只狮子,请给动物园和警方打电话.You are wished to do it more carefully.希望你认真一点做.(五)为使句子结构简练、紧凑,上下连贯,也即出于行文的需要When he was still a young man,he was forced to leave his home land for political reasons.他年轻时,就由于政治原因被迫离开了祖国.Lenin often talked to his comrades and was always listened to attentively.列宁经常和同志们谈话,同志们总是留心听他说.(六)在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略助动词be的被动语态Telephone call placed.(TCP)电话接通了.(省略了has been)Girls Wanted.招女工.(广告用语,省略了are)Road Blocked.道路堵塞.(新闻报道,省略了is)五、含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词的被动语态,其结构是:情态动词＋be+过去分词.Young trees cannot be cut down.小树不可以砍伐.The exercises must be done in class.练习必须在课堂上做.This dictionary must be taken good care of.这本词典必须保管好.The time in class must be made good use of.上课的时间必须好好地利用.六、主动形式表示被动意(一)某些由及物动词转化来的不及物动词read,write,clean,wash,iron,burn,draw,cook,keep,cut,open,blow,peel,sell,act等,常和副词well,easily, smoothly等连用,且通常用主动结构表示被动含义.The pen writes well.这支笔很好写.(二)动词need,require,want,deserve,be worth后接v.-ing的主动结构常表被动含义This film is really worth seeing.这部电影的确值得看.The car needs cleaning.这辆汽车需要清扫了.(三)有些动词如:cook,print,do等,常用主动结构的进行时表被动含义The lunch is cooking.午饭正在烧.(四)某些系动词如feel,prove,smell,taste,sound等加上形容词,也可用主动语态表示被动意义.如:The food tastes delicious.这食物味道很美.七、主动语态变为被动语态的方法把主动语态的结构变为被动语态结构时,要做如下的变动:(一)主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语(二)主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态结构的谓语动词(be+动词的过去分词)(三)主动结构的主语变为介词“by”的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构中谓语动词之后.若动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时,by组成的短语就可以省略(四)主动语态变被动语态时,时态要保持一致(五)含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构,变为被动结构时,可以将其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语,另一个不动.一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语,这样句子显得自然一些Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away.阅览室的书和报纸都不能带走.This kind of bike is not made in our factory.这种自行车不是我们厂生产的.This picture can't have been drawn by him.这张画不可能是他画的.When was that book published?那本书是什么时候出版的?Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?会邀请我们参加开幕式吗?点拨(1)带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化成主语.若将间接宾语转化成主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化成主语,则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for.常见的能接双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的词有:give,show,bring,lend,send(送,寄)等,这些词与介词to 搭配.还有buy,make,draw(画画)等,这些词与介词for搭配.We gave them some books.我们给了他们一些书.They were given some books.(变间接宾语为主语)Some books were given(to)them.(变直接宾语为主语)(2)含有宾语补足语的句子,宾语变为主语后,宾语补足语改为主语补足语,原来的位置一般不变.但如果宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式,句子变成被动语态后则要加to,以便将两个动词隔开.We keep food cold in the fridge.=→Food is kept cold in the fridge.我们用电冰箱保鲜食品.Every day the tiger makes one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.＝→Every day one of the smaller animals was made to bring the tiger something to eat.老虎每天强迫一个小动物给他带吃的东西来.(3)短语动词的被动语态短语动词在主动结构中是一个不可分割的词组,在被动结构中也是如此,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词.The nurse takes good care of the children.阿姨很好地照顾小孩.The children are taken good care of by the nurse.孩子们受到保姆很好的照顾.八、系表结构和被动语态的区别(一)系表结构通常只用于一般现在时或一般过去时,而被动结构可用于多种时态(二)系表结构中的过去分词常常有其固定的介词搭配,被动结构则没有(三)系表结构中的过去分词可被very等副词修饰;被动结构中的过去分词可用much修饰.比较:The husband was very agitated about his wife's health.丈夫为他妻子的健康状况深感不安.(系表结构)Milk,meat,eggs and vegetables are produced in the farm.这个农场盛产牛奶、肉,鸡蛋和各种蔬菜.(被动结构)They were asked to speak at the meeting.他们被邀请在会议上讲话.(被动结构)He was puzzled about it.他为那件事感到困惑.(系表结构)九、不能使用被动语态的情况(一)某些表示状态的及物动词作谓语时常见的表示状态的及物动词有have(有),fit(适合),suit(适合),hold(容纳),cost(花费)等.The room can hold100people.这个房间能容纳100人.(二)宾语是反身代词或相互代词、表示地点或处所的名词时,不可用于被动语态在黑暗中我们几乎看不到对方.We could hardly see each other in the dark.(✓)Each other could hardly be seen in the dark.(x)(三)宾语是不定式短语或动名词时汤姆喜欢听音乐.Tom enjoys listening to music.(✓)Listening to music is enjoyed by Tom.(x)好题精练一、将下列句子变为被动语态1.Everybody respects the brave old man.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.We elected Comrade Li head of our workshop.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.She can translate the difficult sentence into English.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.We are turning China into a powerful industrial country.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.They asked her to tell a story.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.The brave old man is respected by everybody.rade Li was elected head of our workshop(by us).3.The difficult sentence can be translated into English by her.4.China is being turned into a powerful industrial country(by us).5.She was asked to tell a story.二、将下列句子变成主动语态1.We were told an interesting story by our teacher yesterday afternoon.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.A kite is being made(by us)now.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.What was said by you at the meeting?____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Our homework must be finished first.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.A hole should be dug for the young tree.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Will the trees be watered every day?____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.Our teacher told us an interesting story yesterday afternoon.2.We are making a kite now.3.What did you say at the meeting?4.We must finish our homework first.5.We should dig a hole for the young tree.6.Shall we water the trees every day?三、选择填空1.The lost boy_________this early morning.A.foundB.was foundC.is foundD.are found2.That factory_________in1970.A.builtB.was builtC.is builtD.were built3.This medicine_________before dinner.A.should have tookB.ought have takenC.should have been eatenD.should have been taken4.When the speaker entered the hall,all the listeners_________.A.had seatedB.were seatedC.seatedD.were seating5.Many trees_________in spring every year.A.plantB.plantedC.are plantedD.be planted6.The People's Republic of China_________on Oct.1,1949.A.was foundingB.was foundedC.was foundD.finded7.Our classroom_________every day.A.cleansB.be cleanedC.cleanedD.is cleaned8.A radio_________in everyday life.eB.is usedC.are usedD.was used9.Children in China_________since1949.A.are taken good careB.have taken care ofC.took good care ofD.have been taken good care of10.The patient is well_________.A.took care ofB.taken care ofC.taken careD.take care of11.The room was_________smoke.A.filled withB.filledC.fill withD.is filled with12.His new book_________next month.A.will be publishedB.is publishingC.is being publishedD.has been published13.The sun_________at night as usual.A.can be seenB.can't be seenC.can't seeD.doesn't see14.A strange sound_________last night.A.was heardB.hearsC.heardD.is heard15.The door_________.Better have it repaired.A.isn't shutB.hasn't been shutC.isn't be shutD.won't shut答案:1-5BBDBC6-10BDBDB11-15AABAD四、翻译下列句子1.应该在春天种树.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.我的家乡将要建造许多大楼.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.教室必须每天清扫.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.这种书是为儿童写的.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.来信收到.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.这件外衣是棉的还是羊毛的?____________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.你的收音机三天内可以修好.8.黑板上的那匹马不可能是林涛画的.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.Trees should be planted in spring.2.Many buildings will be built in my home town.3.The classroom must be cleaned every day.4.Such books are written for children.5.Your letter has been received.6.Is this coat made of cotton or wool?7.Your radio can be mended within three days.8.The hore on the blackboard can't be drawn by Lin Tao.。
第十三章动词-ing形式(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十三章动词-ing形式思维导图知识梳理一、动名词的定义动词-ing形式分为两类:动名词和现在分词.动名词在句中起名词作用,现在分词在句中起形容词或副词作用.动名词是一种动词的非谓语形式,它兼有动词和名词的特征,由动词原形加词尾-ing而成,其构成法与现在分词一样.动名词有时态和语态的变化.(以do为例)从性质上讲,动词的-ing形式相当于名词、形容词、副词.因此,它在句中可用作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语.(一)作主语动词-ing形式作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念,即泛指某种行为或动作.Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对身体健康有害.Is playing basketball after lunch good or bad for your health?吃完午饭就打篮球对身体健康有益还是有害?Travelling abroad can widen one's outlook.出国旅行会扩大人们的视野.点拨(1)动词-ing形式短语作主语,通常有两种位置:一是放在句首,如上述例句所示;一是用it作形式主语,而将-ing分词短语移到谓语部分之后,以避免句子结构头重脚轻.Having his brother here will make him happier.It will make him happier having his brother here.让他的兄弟待在这里将会使他高兴一些.Swimming in this river is dangerous.It is dangerous swimming in this river.在这条河中游泳很危险.(2)动词-ing形式作主语还可以用于“There is no+-ing形式”(····是不可能的)结构.There is no smoking here.这里不许吸烟.There is no joking about such matters.这件事开不得玩笑.(二)作表语动词-ing形式(短语)作表语有时起名词作用,泛指动作,有时起形容词作用,指主语的性质、状态.His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮.The news is exciting.这消息令人兴奋.The food smells inviting.这道菜香味怡人.My favourite sport is playing table tennis.我最喜欢的运动是乒乓球.The only thing she is interested in is dancing.她唯一感兴趣的就是跳舞.点拨不要把作表语的-ing形式与进行时态相混淆.-ing形式作表语表示主语的某种特征,而进行时态则表示正在进行的动作.试比较:Her job is teaching.她的工作是教书.(teaching是表语)She is teaching there now.她正在那儿上课.(is teaching是现在进行时态)(三)作定语动词-ing形式作定语只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等,置于被修饰词之前.a working method工作方法a dining car餐车a swimming pool游泳池building materials建材(四)作宾语在某些动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can't help,mind(在乎),admit,advise,consider,deny,enjoy,require, postpone,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,miss(错过)等后面不能用不定式,而必须用动名词作为宾语.I can't help laughing.我禁不住笑了起来.Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆.He enjoys watching TV plays.他喜欢看电视剧.点拨有些动词后既可用动名词,也可用不定式.在动词love,like,begin,start,continue等后,既可用动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,有时两种结构的意义差别不大.(五)作宾语补足语动词的-ing形式用作宾语补足语,常用在:see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,feel,get,have等动词之后,与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语;其中宾语和宾语补足语是主谓关系.I saw him walking across the street.我看见他穿过街道.He kept me waiting for a long time.他让我等了很长时间.We watched the army marching down the street towards the park.我们观看部队沿街道朝公园行走.I heard her playing the piano.我听见她在弹钢琴.点拨在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词之后,既可用动词-ing形式也可用(不带to的)动词不定式作宾语补足语:如用动词-ing形式,通常表示动作正在进行;用动词不定式,则表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程.(六)作状语动词的-ing形式短语作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,用来对谓语动词表示的动作加以修饰或作为陪衬,它可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随动作,相当于相对应的状语从句.Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.学生(们)看见老师进房间,都站了起来.(两个动作同时发生)Being ill,I went home.=Because I was ill,I went home.由于生病,我回家了.The snow lasted a week,resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.=The snow lasted a week,so it resulted in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.雪下了一个星期,造成整个地方的严重交通混乱.Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时,要小心.The students walked out of the classroom,laughing and talking.学生们有说有笑走出教室.点拨动名词也可以和about,against,at,before,after,by,besides,for,from,in,on,upon,without等介词构成短语,作状语用.Without saying good-bye,she left him.未告别,她就离开了他.After reading the passage twice,he began to do the exercises.这段文章看了两遍后,他就开始做练习了.Upon returning from Beijing,he went to visit his friend.从北京一回来,他马上就去拜访朋友.三、-ing分词的否定式-ing分词是动词的一种非限定形式,其否定式是一律在其前面加否定词“not”或“never”构成.如:I think it will do you a lot of good not going.我觉得不去对你会有好处的.I left at noon,not staying for lunch.我是中午走的,没有留下来吃午饭.I'm sorry for not having informed you of the meeting.抱歉没通知你开会.I regret not having gone together with her.我后悔没有跟她一起去.四、-ing分词常用于下列句型中It's no use...It's no good...Having difficulty/trouble...There is no...It's no use doing experiments but not considering the results.不考虑结果做实验没有用.It's no good not combining theory with practice.不把理论和实践结合就没有用.I have trouble running a long distance.我跑长跑有困难.There is no denying the fact that we are still backward.不容否认,我们仍然落后.五、动名词的独立主格结构-ing分词也可以用于独立主格结构,由“主格名词或代词＋-ing分词”构成,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等.The clock striking eight,they began working.时钟敲了8响,他们就开始工作了.(表示时间)The weather being fine,we went for a walk.由于天气好,我们出去散散步.(表示原因)Time permitting,we'll come to see you.如果时间允许,我们就来看你.(表示条件)也可由“with/without+宾语＋-ing分词”构成独立主格结构,表示伴随情况.如:You must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.坐着时不要把脚朝着别人.六、动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语含义不同部分动词可加动名词作宾语,也可加动词不定式作宾语,但意思不同,如:(一)remember doing sth.表示“记得过去做过的一件事”,remember to do sth.表示“记得要去做某事”I remember seeing him once somewhere.我记得在哪里见过他一次.Remember to see him before he goes away.记住在他离开之前看他.(二)regret doing sth.表示“对过去做过的事情后悔”,regret to do sth.表示“对还没做或将要做的事情表示遗憾”I regret telling you the bad news.我后悔把这个坏消息告诉你.I regret to say I'm unable to help you.很抱歉我不能帮助你.(三)stop doing sth.表示“停止正在做的事情”,stop to do sth.表示“停止什么,然后去做另一件事情”Let's stop talking about it.咱们停止谈论这件事情吧.We stopped to see what happened.我们停下来去看发生了什么事情.(四)forget doing sth.表示“忘记曾做过某事”,forget to do sth.表示“忘记去做某事”I forgot giving the letter to her.我忘了,已经把信给她了.I forgot to post the letter.我忘记发信了.(五)try doing sth.表示“尝试着做某事”,try to do sth.表示“设法做某事”Let's try doing the work some other way.我们用别的方法做这工作试试.We must try to get everything done in time.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好.(六)mean doing sth.表示“意味着,意思是”,mean to do sth.表示“打算、想要”This means helping you.这意味着帮助你.I mean to help him with it.我打算帮助他做这件事情.七、一些与动词-ing形式有关的短语(一)表示有目的、有意识地进行练习或训练某项技能:do+(some)+v.-ingdo some reading读读书do some running跑跑步do some writing练练字This year I am going to do more speaking.今年我要多练口语.(二)表示做一些笼统、不具体指明的事:do+(some)+v.-ingdo some shopping去商店买东西(不指明买哪样具体的东西)do some washing洗东西do some cooking做饭do some cleaning扫除do some sewing缝纫(三)“go+v.-ing形式”大部分表示从事运动、消遣或娱乐活动go dancing去跳舞go swimming去游泳go skating去滑冰go skiing去滑雪go shooting去射击go boating去划船go fishing去钓鱼go hunting去打猎go riding去骑马go walking去散步go running去跑步go sailing去航海八、-ing分词时态及语态(一)-ing分词的特点:-ing分词的时态分为一般式和完成式.一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作往往同时发生.完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前.He insisted on finishing the work before going home.他坚持在回家前一定要先完成工作.He didn't mention having met me.他没提及已见到了我.I still remember having ever worked together with him.我还记得曾经与他一起共过事.(二)-ing分词的语态-ing分词的被动语态也有一般式和完成式两种.The large house being built near the factory is a new hospital.工厂附近正在施工的大楼是一座新的医院.Having been sent to the wrong address,the letter did not reach her.那封信投错了地址,她没有收到.好题精练选择填空1.Taking pictures_________very interesting.A.isB.areC.to beD.be2._________the bad news made him cry.A.HearB.HeardC.HearingD.Is hearing3._________a desert had always been a risk adventure.A.being crossed.Having crossed C.Crossing D.To have crossed4.Before he came,I'd finished_________the whole book.A.to readB.to have readC.readingD.read5.I always enjoy_________to popular music at night.A.to listenB.listeningC.that I can listenD.if I can listen6.We are considering_________a trip around the island.A.takeB.to takeC.to be takingD.taking7.I hope you don't mind_________at your newspaper.A.I lookB.my lookingC.I lookingD.my to look8.When a man's heart stops_________,he dies.A.to beatB.beatingC.beatD.beaten9.I can't help_________he is still alive.A.thinkingB.thinkC.to thinkD.thought of10.So far as I am concerned,I prefer readingA.than meatB.for joyC.instead of sleeping D to drinking11.It goes without_________that knowledge is important.A.talkingB.tellingC.sayingD.mentioning12.we are looking forward_________our friends next week.A.to seeB.to seeingC.to be seeingD.shall see13.He spent a lot of money_________books and magazines.A.buyB.buyingC.to buyD.bought14.The silkworm is an insect worth_________.A.to knowB.knowingC.to be knownD.being known15.She went out without_________good-bye to us.A.sayB.to sayC.sayingD.being said16.The curious student kept on_________questions.A.asksB.askingC.to askD.asked17.He is such a strange person;there's_________what he'll do next.A.no knowingB.not to knowC.not knownD.being unknown18.When she heard the bad news,she burst_________.A.into cryingB.out to tearsC.cryingD.out crying19.You must never cross the street without_________the light to turn green.A.waitingB.to waitC.waiting forD.to wait for20.Scientists succeed_________protein out of old newspapers.A.to makeB.at makingC.makingD.in making21.I became_________after watching too much television.A.boredB.boringC.boreD.bores22.I felt_________by his interest in my new invention.A.encourage B to encourage C.was encouraged D.encouraged23.He sat there_________a novel.A.readB.readingC.readsD.had read24.Don't wake up the_________child.A.sleepB.sleptC.sleepingD.sleepy25.A proverb goes:"A_________stone gathers no moss”.A.rollB.rollingC.rolledD.rolls26.The heavy rain kept us_________for two hours.A.waitB.waitedC.waitingD.to wait27.I found a dog_________over by a car on the road.A.to runB.runC.ranD.running28.We found the baby_________on the floor.A.sleptB.sleepC.asleepD.sleeping29.Jack saw a woman_________near the dog,so he walked up to her.A.stoodB.standsC.to standD.standing30.They got their ca_________at the garage.A.be washedB.washedC.being washedD.to have been washed 31_________with his report,I told him to write it all over again.A.DissatisfactoryB.Not being satisfiedC.Having not satisfiedD.Dissatisfying32._________our shoes in our hands,we crossed the stream.A.To carryB.CarryingC.CarriedD.Carry33._________my homework,I went home.A.Having finishedB.FinishedC.Being finishedD.Finish34._________the door unlocked,I went in.A.FindingB.FoundC.Had foundD.Have found35._________a careless fellow,he forget all about it.A.IsB.BeC.BeingD.Was答案:1-5ACCCB6-10DBBAD11-15CBBBC16-20BADCD 21-25ADBCB26-30CBCDB 31-35BBAAC。
第十二章动词不定式(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
第十二章动词不定式思维导图知识梳理一、不定式概述动词不定式的基本形式是:“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to.不带to的不定式与动词原形同形,但它不是原形,而是一种语法形式.除基本助动词do和情态动词外,英语动词都有不定式形式.动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分－主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语.动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语.不定式有时态、语态变化(以do为例):主动语态被动语态一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing-完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing-动词不定式的句法作用(一)作主语用作主语的动词不定式通常表示一种具体的、特定的行为,其谓语动词用第三人称单数形式.To obey the laws is everyone's duty.服从法律是每个人的职责.How to use the computer is a question.怎么使用计算机是一个问题.How to get there is not decided yet.怎样去那里还没决定下来.点拨(1)在很多情况下,常用it作形式主语,而把真实主语不定式放在谓语之后.It was difficult to sell my car.我的车很难卖掉.It's not known where to stay for the night.在哪里过夜还不知道.(2)如果要表示不定式的动作是谁做的,一般在不定式前加一个for短语.It will be a regret for us not to help him.我们没有帮助他是个遗憾.(3)在某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless, considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前常可加一个以of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况.It would be rude of us to refuse their invitation.(我们)拒绝他们的邀请,会显得无礼.(二)作表语作表语,一般紧跟在系动词,如:be,seem,get等后面,用以说明主语.The question is when to start.问题是什么时候启程.You seem to have lost weight.你好像减肥了.What we have to do first is to find a solution.我们得做的第一件事是找出一个解决办法.点拨当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时,这个不定式只作单纯的表语,而不具有未来的含义.(三)作宾语能以不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:agree,begin,decide,expect,forget,hope,learn,like,manage, pretend,start,try,want,wish等.Do you wish to see the manager?你想见经理吗?They decided to learn English hard.他们决定好好学英语.Don't forget to meet me at6:00.别忘了六点钟和我见面.有些动词,如:tell,advise,show,teach,know,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear, find out,explain,decide,discuss等后面,常用带疑问词的不定式作宾语.We don't know who(whom)to ask.我们不知道问谁.We asked how to get to the station.我们问怎么到达车站.Have you decided where to go for your holidays?你们决定到哪儿度假了吗?I don't know whether to apply for the job or not?那份工作我不知道申请还是不申请?(四)作定语I have no time to waste.我没有时间可浪费.Let me find a place to park.我来找个停车的地方.He is always the first to come to work and the last to leave.他总是第一个来上班,最后一个走.点拨不定式修饰something,anything,nothing时,放在它们的后面.如果something,anything,nothing有形容词来修饰,词序是something(nothing...)+形容词＋不定式.My father had something to do.我父亲有事要办.Have you got anything important to buy?你有什么重要的东西要买吗?(五)作状语不定式常可用作状语,修饰动词,表示行为的目的、结果、原因等.一般放在被修饰词之后,但在表示目的时,为了强调也可放在句首.1.作目的状语为加强语气在否定式前还可加上in order或so as组成词组(即:in order to...,so as to...),作状语表示目的.To live a long and healthy life,we must learn to have a balanced diet.为了能过长寿而健康的生活,我们必须懂得吃均衡的食品.I stayed there so as to see what would happen.我留在那儿,为的是想看看会发生什么事.In order to help him,we would do everything we can.为了帮助他,我们愿意尽一切力量.2.作结果状语表结果,其逻辑主语通常亦是全句的主语.在“so...as to...”“such...as to..“enough to...”“only to...”以及“too...to...”等结构中的不定式皆表示结果.She is old enough to go to school.她已到了可以上学的年龄了.He was too drunk to drive home.他酩酊大醉,没法开车回家.3.作原因状语She trembled to think of the terrible accident.想到那可怕的车祸,她就不寒而栗.We jumped with joy to hear the news.听到这消息,我们都高兴地跳了起来.(六)宾语补足语1、有很多动词的后面都可以有不定式作宾语补足语常见的这类动词有:advise,ask,tell,help,wish,want, expect,forbid,persuade,press,request,teach,warn等.She asked her grandfather to play game with her.她请爷爷跟她一起做游戏.Mother told me to cook the meal.妈妈叫我做饭.2.有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类:一类是感觉动词,另一类是使役动词感觉动词:如feel,see,hear,watch,notice等.使役动词:如make,let,have等.Let me do it for you.让我来替你做.Don't let her go out.别让她出去.I made him work hard.我迫使他加劲干.(1)动词help之后,复合宾语中的不定式可带to,亦可不带to.在上述动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式必须带to.He was seen to enter the theatre.有人看见他走进了剧院.I was made to do my homework the whole night.我被迫整晚做作业.Can you help me(to)move this table?你能帮我移动一下这张桌子吗?(2)感官动词的宾语补足语有两种形式:不带to的不定式和动词-ing形式.I heard Meimei singing in her room when I went past.我路过的时候听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(路过的瞬间正在唱,所以用singing)We often hear Meimei sing in her room.我们经常听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(经常听见,用不定式)I saw him come in.I saw him coming in.两句话的意思都一样:我看见他进来.用不定式着重于动作的全过程,用动词-ing形式则是强调当时动作的进行情况.3.当谓语动词为think,make,find,consider,feel,regard等词,作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在补足语的后面I find it easy to learn English well.我发现要把英语学好很容易.三、不定式的主要句型及注意事项(一)不定式的否定式不定式的否定式:not+不定式,经常和ask(tell)sb.to do sth.句型连用.She asked me not to drive him to the station.她要我不要开车送他到车站.Try not to be late.争取不要迟到.Mary asked me not to give my pen to Jimmy.玛丽让我别把笔给吉米.She decided not to come here again.她决定不再到这儿来.点拨不定式的否定式和否定句的区别:I asked him not to open the door.我让他别把门打开.I didn't ask him to open the door.我没让他把门打开.(二)不定式的进行时态进行式:表示在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生时正在进行.It's nice to be sitting here with you.在这儿陪你坐着是非常愉快的.It is unwise for him to be talking that topic all the time.他老是谈论这件事,很不明智.(三)不定式的完成时态完成式表示在谓语动词的动作或状态发生时已经完成.She said she was sorry to have missed you.她说她没见到你很遗憾.He seemed to have visited our factory.他好像参观过我们的工厂.They appeared to have met before.他们看来以前见过面.(四)动词不定式的被动语态表示被动意义I didn't want to be told about it.我不想被告知这件事.Nothing seems to have been forgotten.似乎什么也没有被遗忘.The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago.据说这幢大楼两年前已毁于一场大火.在以某些形容词,如kind,good,silly,honest,bad,stupid,bold,clever,cruel,courteous,nice,rude,sensible, tactful,wise,wrong等作表语时,后面需用以“of+名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”结构,以说明不定式所表示的动作的执行者是谁(即of短语是不定式的逻辑主语).It's very good of you to come.谢谢你的光临.How silly of you(it is)to make such a mistake!你出了这样的差错,多傻啊！It's very kind of you to say so.多谢你这么说.在had better,had best,would rather,would rather...than,would sooner,would sooner...than,cannot but,do nothing but等结构后面的不定式要省略“to”.You had better write it in English.你最好用英文写.I would rather stay at home.我宁愿待在家里.好题精练一、用-ing形式或不定式的适当形式完成句子1.Do you enjoy_________football?(play)2.Fred didn't have any money,so he decided_________a job.(take)3.We're going out for dinner,Would you like_________us?(join)4.The teacher reminded the students_________their test paper on time.(finish)5.When I was tired,I enjoyed_________TV.(watch)6.It was a nice day,so the old man agreed_________for a walk.(go)7.I'm not in a hurry,I don't mind_________.(wait)答案:1.playing2.to take3.to join4.to finish5.watching6.to go7.waiting二、选择括号内所给词组完成句子,注意括号内“go+v.-ing形式”构成固定搭配的用法(go boating;go fishing;go dancing;go running;go skating;go hunting;go singing)1.She's a good dancer.She always_________on Saturday.2.I've got a gun.I'll_________with that strong hunter next weekend.3.“Where is Tim?”“He has._________He always runs in the morning.”4.We have enough fish to eat.Our father_________every day.答案:1.goes dancing2.go hunting3.gone running4.goes fishing三、仿照示例改写下列句子示例:It is very interesting to play baseball.→To play baseball is very interesting.1.lt was not polite to speak that way before Mr.Lee.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.It can be quite easy to travel by air.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.lt will be no problem to arrive there before noon.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.To make those strangers believe us was so difficult.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.To help Tom speak Chinese well is not at all easy.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.To speak that way before Mr.Lee was not polite.2.To travel by air can be quite easy.3.To arrive there before noon will be no problem.4.It was so difficult to make those strangers believe us.5.It is not at all easy to help Tom(to)speak Chinese well.四、选择填空1._________the bookstore,he stopped_________a few books.A.Passing;buyingB.Passing;to buyC.To pass;buyingD.Having passed;to buy2.Bruce,look at your dirty shoes,You'd better_________them right now.A.washedB.washingC.washD.to wash3._________the room,I found the computer_________.A.Entering;stealingB.Entering;stolenC.To enter;stealD.To enter;stealing4.We've worked hard for nearly one hour.Let's stop_________a rest now.A.haveB.to haveC.havingD.have had5.My mother always tells me not_________to the net bars(网吧)．A.goB.to goC.goesD.going6.The teacher asked us_________English for half an hour in the morning.A.reads B reading C.to read D.read7.You will have to get up early tomorrow.Stop_________TV,Peter.A.watchesB.watchC.to watchD.watching8.I find it hard_________English well.A.learnB.learningC.to learnD.learns9.The teacher asked John_________a short talk in our class meeting.A.giveB.to giveC.gaveD.giving10.The girl was too poor_________a houseA.to buy;to live inB.to buy;to liveC.buy;to liveD.buying;living in11.It was very late at night,but Mr.Brown still went on_________.A.worksB.workedC.workingD.work12.Remember_________him about it before he goes away.A.tellB.to tellC.tellingD.to telling13.Lin Tao is strong enough_________the big box.A.carryB.to carryC.carryingD.carries14.Her mother told her_________in bed.A.not readB.not to readC.don't readD.to not read15.When class began,we stopped_________to the teacher carefully.A.listeningB.listenC.listensD.to listen16.You'd better_________the cinema by bus.A.don't goB.to goC.to go toD.go to17.What did the manager_________you to_________at the meeting?A.tell;sayB.ask;speakC.tell;speakD.ask;talk18.Tom was let_________in the gate house.A.waitB.to waitC.waitingD.to have waited19.Mr.Hu has enough time_________the job in two days.A.finishB.to finishC.finishingD.finished20.Look,the building_________is our library.A.is repairedB.being repairedC.repairingD.to be repairing21._________no money,I could not buy this coat.A.HaveB.HavingC.To haveD.Have had22.The teacher has something important_________us.A.to tellB.tellsC.tellingD.told23.Li Ming didn't know_________next.A.to do whatB.what to doC.how to doD.what do24.I'd love_________to your birthday party.eB.cameC.to comees25.It took me two hours_________by bus.A.to get thereB.to get to thereC.get thereD.get to there答案:1-5BCBBB6-10CDCBA11-15CBBBD16-20DABBB21-25BABCA五、改正下列句子的错误1.He seems to not hear from her.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.I hope see you soon.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.I made them to give the money back.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.The scientist gave us some advice on how learning English.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.No one noticed him to leave the room.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Have you given up to smoke?____________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.We found him waited at the school gate.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Why not to turn off the light?____________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.She didn't want me go.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.I don't know to swim.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.China is a developed country belonging to the third world.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.It's getting dark.We have to find a hotel to live.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.He said he had an important meeting to attended.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.They don't allow that people smoke.____________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.It's difficult sell my car.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.He seems not to...2.I hope to see...3.I made them give...4....how to learn...5....him leave...6....given up smoking?7...him waiting...8.Why not turn off...9.She didn't want me to go.10.I don't know how to swim.11....a developing...12....to live in13....to attend.14....people to smoke.15...to sell my car.。
初中英语语法归纳动词概说(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)
初中英语语法归纳动词概说（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）思维导图知识梳理一、实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词动词是表示动作、状态或性质等的词,根据其词义及在句中的作用可分为实义动词(亦称行为动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类.(一)实义动词实义动词又称为行为动词,表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,在句中能独立作谓语.实义动词又可分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.).1.及物动词,它后面必须跟宾语才有完整的意义I like none of the books.这些书我全不喜欢.I know little about the subject.我对这个问题知道得很少.She killed the locust with a newspaper.她用张报纸把蝗虫打死了.I gave him some books.我给了他几本书.He often reads an English book.他经常看英文书.注意及物动词可用于被动语态.2.不及物动词本身意思完整,其后无须跟宾语My father often comes back late.我父亲经常晚回来.The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨阳光灿烂.不及物动词不能直接接名词,如果要接名词,要在动词和名词之间加介词或副词.I looked for my watch every place but I didn't find it.我到处找我的表,但是没找到.I'll wait for you until eight o'clock.我将等你到八点钟.有一些动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词.如何区别它们,就看它们后面是否直接接名词作宾语.She sings very well.她歌唱得很好.(用作不及物动词)She sings English songs very well.她唱英语歌唱得很好.(用作及物动词)(二)连系动词它本身有一定词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成系表结构.连系动词可以分为三类:1.单纯表示一个特征或状态用得最多的是be(是、在),另外还有feel(觉得、摸上去),look(看起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),seem(似乎是),appear(显得、看来好像)等.The flowers look beautiful.这些花看上去很漂亮.She is a very good student.她是个非常好的学生.The cake smells strange.这蛋糕有怪味.Her voice sounds sweet.她的嗓音很甜美.I'm not feeling well. I often feel tired.我感觉不舒服.我常常感到疲劳.The medicine tastes terrible.这种药太难吃了.2.表示变成某种状态这样的动词有become(变成),come(成为),fall(变得),get(变得),grow(渐渐变得),run(变成),turn(变为),go(变成),prove(证明),make(变为).His grandma is growing very old.他的祖母年纪很大了.It's getting darker and darker.天越来越黑了.He became a doctor three years ago.他3年前当上了医生.His face turned pale. He must be ill.他的脸变得苍白,他一定是病了.He fell asleep.他睡着了.The meat has gone bad.肉变坏了.The river ran dry(=stopped flowing)during the drought.这条河在干旱期间断流了.3.表示保持某种状态这样的动词有continue(仍旧是),keep(保持),lie(处于······状态),remain(仍是),,stand(处于···状态),stay(继续处于······状态)等.Keep quiet, please.请安静.You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你要照顾好自己,保持身体健康.The weather continued fine for several days.一连好几天天气都很好.Shops remained open till late in the evening.商店开到晚上很晚的时候.The window stayed open all the night.窗子整夜开着.The house stood empty for a long time.那所房子空了好长一段时间.4.表示感觉或知觉的连系动词常用来表示人的感觉或知觉的连系动词有feel, taste, smell, sound和look,分别相当于汉语中的“摸起来,感觉”“尝起来”“闻起来”“听起来”“看上去”的概念.后面通常接形容词作表语,也可接介词短语like.The music sounds beautiful.这段音乐听起来很优美.The rock looked like a tiger.这块岩石看上去像只老虎.(三)助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式.常见的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will等.She is doing her homework now.她现在正在做家庭作业.What have you been doing these days?你这些天一直在做什么？I'll be meeting them at the station.我将去车站接他们.Does anyone ever take them to school?有人送他们去上学吗？Did anyone sharpen this knife?有人把刀磨利了吗？(四)情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,或表示主观设想.情态动词有实际的词义,但词义不完全,不可单独作谓语,须同动词原形连用,不随人称和数而变化.情态动词所表示的情态有:命令、允诺、请求、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、能力、需要等.初中阶段应掌握的情态动词有:can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, need.如:Ask Miss Gao. She may tell you why,去问高老师.她可能会告诉你原因.Need we hand in our exercise-books before class?我们需要在上课前交练习本吗？You shouldn't do that.你不该做那件事.二、单词动词和短语动词动词根据其构成方式还可分单词动词和短语动词(一)单词动词就是由一个单词构成的动词,如:live, work, study, learn, come, go, hit, strike等.(二)短语动词主动词还可由两个或两个以上的单词构成,这就是“短语动词”.短语动词大多由动词与介词／副词等搭配而成.在使用中,我们要将短语动词当作一个整体来使用.短语动词主要有以下几种类型.1.动词＋介词go over复习,listen to 听,think about 考虑,look for寻找,rely on依靠,depend on 依靠,look into 调查,play with和······一起玩,send for派人去请,consist of由·····组成,arrive at 到达等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,须跟宾语.Stop talking and listen to me carefully.停止说话,认真听我讲课.Who is waiting for you?谁在等你？2.动词＋副词eat up 吃光,give up 放弃,hold up 举起,put on穿;上演,take place 发生,turn on打开,try on试穿,等它们构成新的词义,有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词.Please wake me up at 5:00 tomorrow morning.请在明天早晨5点钟唤醒我.Let me try it on.让我试穿一下.Please turn on the radio=Please turn the radio on.请打开收音机.点拨(1)如果动词＋副词结构的宾语是代词,就必须把宾语插在动词和副词之间.Let him in.让他进去.He turned it on.他把它打开.(2)如果宾语是名词,该名词既可放在动词和副词之间,也可放在副词之后.They put the meeting off till next week.他们把会议推迟到下周召开.He turned off the light before he left the room.他离开房间前关上了灯.3.动词＋副词＋介词catch up with 赶上,get on with 与某人相处,go on with 继续,keep up with 跟上,do away with 废除,look down upon 轻视,look forward to 期待,keep away from脱离,等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.How are they getting along with their work?他们工作进展如何？Li Ping works hard all the time to catch up with the others.李平一直努力学习,目的是想赶上其他同学.If we don't finish painting the room today, we can go on with it tomorrow.要是今天房间粉刷不完,我们明天接着干.4.动词＋名词＋介词catch hold of(on)抓住,握住,give lessons to给······上课,make friends with 与······交朋友,take care of照料,pay attention to 注意,等.这类动词短语相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.We made friends with them during the trip.我们在旅途中和他们结为朋友.Take care of yourself.保重！5.动词＋形容词＋介词be fond of爱好,be familiar with 熟悉,be suitable for适合,be late for迟到,be good at 善于,be afraid of害怕,等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.My parents are strict with me.我父母对我要求严格.My brother is good at swimming.我弟弟擅长游泳.I'm looking forward to seeing you.我高兴地期望和你见面.Are you afraid of snakes?你怕蛇吗？I'm very fond of dancing.我很喜欢跳舞.Many people are fond of showing off.有许多人喜欢炫耀.三、延续性动词和非延续性动词英语中表示动作的动词,按其动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词.(一)延续性动词又叫持续性动词,它所表示的动作是一种延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久的影响.延续性动词可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,如“for+一段时间”“since+从句(一般过去时)”“since+时间点”,how long等.这样的动词有learn, work, stand, lie, walk, keep, have, wait, smoke, watch, sing, read, sleep, live等.We have known each other since childhood.自孩提时代我们就认识.I have been living here for years.我在这里住了多年了.They've been working from morning to night.他们从早到晚一直在干活儿.点拨延续性动词通常(如一般过去时)不可以和一个表示短暂的具体时间状语连用;若用于进行时态,则可以和表示具体时刻的时间状语连用.正:The boy was reading at six yesterday afternoon.正:The boy began to read at six yesterday afternoon.误:The boy read at six yesterday afternoon.(二)非延续性动词这种动词表示的动作不能延续,即动作发生后立即结束,产生某种结果.这样的动词有close, die, arrive, post, come, fall, leave, go, break, lose, give, join, receive,buy, borrow, become, start, happen, begin, finish, kill, marry等.The boy broke his arm yesterday.这男孩昨天把胳膊弄折了.He went to Shanghai two weeks ago.两个星期前,他去上海了.It happened after three years.事情发生于三年后.如上所述,非延续性动词的肯定式不能与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用.点拨(1)用“(一段时间)＋ago”代替“for+-段时间”或用“It is+(一段时间)＋sin ce”或用“(一段时间)＋has passed+ since”.(2)将非延续性动词(词组)改成be＋形容词(副词、名词、介词短语等)或相近的延续性动词.四、限定性动词和非限定性动词英语动词还可以根据其与主语的关系分为限定动词和非限定动词.限定动词在句子中起谓语作用,可与助动词或情态动词连用,但必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致.(一)限定性动词The coat is much too big for me.这衣服我穿太大了.They haven't arrived at an agreement.他们尚未达成协议.He goes to school every day.他每天上学.They were preparing for the party last week.上周他们正为聚会做准备.(二)非限定性动词英语主动词有三种非限定形式,它们是不定式(包括带to的和不带to的不定式),-ing分词和-ed分词,它们在句中不起谓语作用,而可以起主语、宾语、补语、状语、定语等作用.它们不受主语的人称和数的制约.I want Bill to come with me.我想要比尔跟我一道去.I heard him lock the door.我听到他锁门了.I must get my bike repaired.我必须叫人修一下我的自行车.Doing this can save a lot of time and money.这样做可以节省很多时间和钱.I can't help laughing.我忍不住笑了.好题精练一、选择填空1.No one knew why Miss Black_________ the new boxes.A. has brokenB. had brokenC. would have brokenD. have broken2.-Where are you_________?-At the Grand Hotel.A. stayingB. livingC. remainingD. stopping3.Don't keep on_________ the book.A. findingB. seeingC. borrowingD. reading4.What a fine day, _________.A. what are theyB. won't itC. isn't itD. No, it isn't5.The stranger told us his name after we_________ him twice.A. askedB. have askedC. were askingD. had asked6.Today is Saturday. Tomorrow_________ Sunday.A. is going toB. willC. will beD. is going to be7.Don't worry, the train_________ yet.A. arrivedB. won't arriveC. has arrivedD. hasn't arrived8.Tim_________ the army for three years.A. has joinedB. has taken part inC. has attentedD. has been in9.I believe she'll always keep what you_________ her.A. have just givenB. just gaveC. won't giveD. had given10.One morning while I_________ along the street, I_________ an old man crying.A. walking; heardB. walked; heardC. was walking; was hearingD. was walking; heard答案：1-5BADCD 6-10CDDAD二、改正下列句中的错误1.The old man is dieing._________________________________________________________________________ ___2.They entered into the hall one after another._________________________________________________________________________ ___3.Before liberation the Yellow River often overflew its banks._________________________________________________________________________ ___4.She married with a rich man at the age of twenty._________________________________________________________________________ ___5.The cake tasted well._________________________________________________________________________ ___6.What did they discuss about at the meeting?_________________________________________________________________________ ___7.The sun raises in the east._________________________________________________________________________ ___8.We ought study hard for the people._________________________________________________________________________ ___9.I have put up the map on the wall an hour ago._________________________________________________________________________ ___10.Do you agree me on this point?_________________________________________________________________________ ___答案：1.dieing→dying2.去掉into3.overflew→overflowed4.去掉with5.well→good6.去掉about7.raises→rises8.ought→ought to9.have put up→ put up10.agree后加with。
23张思维导图,搞定初中英语全部语法(可打印)
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初三英语知识点思维导图
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被动语态
不能用被 动的情况
被动语态
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各种时态的被动语态
助动词 情态动词 系动词 行为动词
简单句
并列句
宾语从 句
复合句
定语从 句
状语从
句
语意一 致
语法一 致
就近一 致
感叹 句
疑问 句
陈述 句 祈使 句
选择疑 问句
一般疑 问句
特殊疑问句
反意疑问句
完成句
子
补全对话
口语运 用
前缀
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词根
中考考纲词汇记 拼图游戏、构后词缀
忆
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完型填空
联想 法
感官多通道记 谐音记忆
主动语态
阅读理解
选择型阅 读
任务型阅 读
正确使用
大小写和
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