中考英语复习之句子成分

句子成分和基本句型

句子是由词按照一定语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位。句子开头的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有标点符号。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。主要包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。句子依其各成分的组合方式可分为五种句型。这五种句型基本涵盖了英语中出现的所有句子形式。

典型例句：

1.Birds fly. 主语+谓语

2.She likes English. 主语+谓语+宾语

3.They are honest. 主语+系动词+表语

4.They gave Tom a present. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语

5.I saw her dance. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语

一、主语

主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分，一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。主语一般位于句首。例句：

1. David is a musician. 名词作主语

2. We study in No.1 Middle School. 代词作主语

3. Swimming is good for you. 动名词作主语

4. To teach them English is my job. 不定式作主语

注意：1.不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it句型因此第4例句可变为：

It’s my job to teach them English. (真正主语是to teach them English)

二、谓语

谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语是与主语密切相关的动作或状态，是对主语的叙述。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语通常在主语后面。例句：

1. David’s hobby is writing. (系表结构作

2. We study hard. (实义动词作谓语)

3. We have finished the work.(助动词和实义动词一起作谓语)

4. He can speak English. (情态动词和实义动词一起作谓语)

三、表语

表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，一般由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。表语一般位于系动词之后。例句：

1. We are friends. (名词作表语)

2. You look younger than before. (形容词作表语)

3. He isn’t in. (副词作表语)

4. The two countries are at war now. (介词短语作表语)

5. My job is to teach them English. (不定式短语作表语)

四、宾语

宾语是动作、行为的对象，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、从句或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。宾语常常位于谓语之后。例句：

1. She is playing the piano now. (名词作宾语)

2. He often helps me. (代词作宾语)

3. We enjoy living in China. (我们高兴住在中国)

4. I started to talk with other students. (不定式作宾语)

五、宾语补足语

在英语中，有些句子里只有宾语并不能比到达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为“复合宾语”。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语。宾语补足语通常位于宾语之后。例句:

1. If you let me go, I’ll make you king. (名词作宾补)

2. Leave the door open. (形容词作宾补)

3. We found Li Ming out when we arrived. (副词作宾补)

4. Make yourself at home. (介词短语作宾补)

5. The manager asked him to wait. (不定式作宾补，省略to)

6. I saw her enter the shopping mall. (不定式作宾补，省略to)

7. The boss kept him working all day. (现在分词作宾补)

8. Yesterday he got his leg broken. (过去分词作宾补)

六、状语

状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于副词的词或短语来担任。状语一般放在句末，但有时可以放在句首、句中。

1. He did the work carefully. (副词作方式状语)

2. They want to see her very badly. (副词作程度状语)

3. He is playing football happily. (副词作状语)

4. Without his help, we couldn’t work out the problem in time.

(介词短语作条件状语)

5. (In order) to catch up with my classmates, I must study harder.

(不定式作目的状语)

七、定语

定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为定语是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活。例句：

1. The (black bike) is mine. （bike是主语，black形容词作定语）

2. Have you ever met (anyone famous)? (anyone是宾语，famous形容词作后置定语)

3. They made paper flowers. (paper是宾语, flowers 名词作定语)

4. The (boys in the room) are in Class Three Grade One. （boys是主语，in the room介词短语作定语）

5. I have (something to do). (something是宾语，to do不定式作后置定语)

6. She bought (three books). (books是宾语，three数词作定语)

五种基本句型

补充—句子成分的表示法：

S:Subject主语OC: Object Compliment(宾语补足语，简称宾补)

V:Verb 动词IO: Indirect Object (简介宾语，简称间宾)

O:Object宾语DO: Direct Object (直接宾语，简称直宾)

P: Predicative 表语

种类1.S+V：主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语）

在此句型中，“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语，但是可以有状语来修饰。例如下面例句中的in the park是地点状语。例句：

1.Birds fly.