四川大学华西医院临床医学综合2019年考博真题
2023年四川大学华西医院多院区招聘考试真题
2023年四川大学华西医院多院区招聘考试真题（满分100分时间120分钟）一、单选题（每题只有一个正确答案，答错、不答或多答均不得分）1.下列说法错误是（）。
A.锰结核是未来可利用的潜力最大的金属矿产资源B.海底油气开发经历了从近海到远海、从浅海到深海的过程C.海洋生物资源除了可供食用外，还可供药用D.中国目前只能在近海渔场发展海洋捕捞和海水增、养殖业【答案】：D2.市场调节在单个商品的供求平衡方面具有灵活便利的特点，但难以自发实现社会总供给与总需求的宏观平衡。
这表明市场调节具有（）。
的特征。
A.微观性B.自发性C.滞后性D.盲目性【答案】：A3.药品定价不仅关系到药品生产企业的生存与发展，也是全社会关注的问题，科学，合理，公正的药品价格，既有利于优势企业的发展，又能减少群众的用药负担。
合理的价格，有利于优势企业的发展，这是因为价格合理能够（）。
A.杜绝假冒伪劣商品的生产B.提高商品的生产量C.促进公平竞争，实现优胜劣汰D.提高企业的劳动生产率【答案】：C4.“柠檬市场”中，价格下降，市场中高质量的商品减少，留在市场中的产品质量降低，这种现象被称为（）。
1/ 12A.配售B.逆向选择C.道德风险D.收益递减【答案】：B5.随着都市生活节奏加快，很多上班族会选择吃方便又节省时间的外卖，经常吃外卖对身体健康危害较大，这告诉我们:①任何事物都包含既对立又统一的两个方面②任何事物都有好坏之分③矛盾是事物发展的源泉和动力④矛盾双方在一定条件下可以相互转化A.①③B.②③C.②④D.①④【答案】：D6.判决执行前先行羁押的羁押一日折抵刑期二日的刑种是（）。
A.有期徒刑B.管制C.拘役D.无期徒刑【答案】：B7.李先生使用信用卡在北京透支9000元购买了一台外国品牌笔记本电脑，在免息期内通过银行偿还了该笔消费款，在这一过程中，货币的职能是（）。
A.流通手段、价值尺度和世界货币B.价值尺度、支付手段和世界货币C.价值尺度、流通手段和支付手段D.流通手段、贮藏手段和支付手段【答案】：C8.海洋专属经济区的范围是（）。
华西考博题目12页word文档
华西口腔考博真题 2019组织病理名词解释：sclerotic dentin (6分) oralpharyngeal membrane (6分)branchial cleft cyst (8分)问答：简述牙乳头在牙发育中的重要作用（18分）描述活动期牙周炎光镜下病理表现（18分）基底膜区的构成和结构？良性黏膜类天疱疮的发病机理？（22分）从临床表现、病理特征、生物学行为等方面对成釉细胞瘤和牙源性腺样瘤进行比较？（22分）华西口腔考博真题 2019组织病理名词解释：舍格伦综合症，舌淀粉样变，护骨因子OPG问答：牙釉质中有机物含量多的组织结构及其形成机理；成熟牙釉质的有机成分及其功能；牙本质及牙髓的增龄性变化及临床意义；三种口腔粘膜大疱类疾病的临床表现病理特点和鉴别诊断华西口腔考博真题2019 组织病理名词解释：继发性牙本质，缩余釉上皮，静止龋，巨细胞龈瘤问答：癌前病变和癌前状态，举三例描述临床病理特征及其研究进展；口腔癌分哪几种病理类型，预后最差的是哪种，应与何种鉴别；早期龋中各种研究方法的应用；成釉器三期特征，牙发育中重要调控因子和基因家族华西口腔考博真题2019组织病理名词解释：限制板，sharpey fiber，retinioc acid sydrom，肿瘤分化问答：牙槽骨的结构及生物学特点，临床意义；囊性成釉细胞瘤的类型，病理表现及鉴别诊断；列举你所知道的口腔黏膜病损。
具有基底细胞液化变性的病的病理；低度恶性的上皮的涎腺肿瘤列举3种并鉴别，组化和免疫组化在鉴别诊断中的应用华西2019口腔考博病理试题名词解释 1 pulp polyp 2 melkersson-rosenthal syndrome (还有几个比较简单)牙本质中的有机成分及可能的功能（20分）牙周组织的功能（10分）牙周炎中炎症介质及细胞因子的作用机理（20）具有恶性肿瘤生物学特点的牙源性良性肿瘤有哪些？请举三例并说出病理特征。
四川大学华西医院口腔正畸学2013,2019年考博真题+题库
7.正畸边缘病例需要考虑哪些问题。
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔正畸学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
四川大学华西医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔正畸学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一共7道简答题：
1.简述你对功能合理论的理解。
2.有人说自锁托槽可以增加支抗，你怎么看。
3.详述摇椅弓的临床应用。
4.简述你对垂直向控制的理解。
5.表观遗传学是什么？生物力学刺激对表观遗传学会产生什么样的影响？
2.颜貌正面观察的内容
3.常用正畸弓丝材料的种类和特点
4.下颌中线偏斜的可能原因
5.如何控制牙移动的类型
二、论述
1.试述扩弓矫治的适应症，列举3中常用的扩弓方法及临床应用特点
2.Ⅱ类高角的早期功能矫治
3.成人正畸特殊考虑的问题
4.正畸可能带来的副作用及应对措施
2006-4-10博士出科考试
1.Pont
二、论述题
1.你认为Andrews的六个关键是正畸治疗的目标吗？请说明它在预成矫治器的设计上的意义和临床应用
2.请分别阐述不同垂直骨面型和水平骨面型的支抗要求
3.谈谈你对Ⅲ类高、低角病理的认识及治疗中的注意事项
4.临床上常用的鉴别功能性错合的方法有哪些？
2006-4-10硕士出科考试
一、简答
1.Hows分析
3.成人正畸的矫治特点（10）
2024年四川大学华西医院护士招聘历年考试典型题及考点研判带答案详解
2024年四川大学华西医院护士招聘历年考试典型题及考点研判带答案详解百度文库一、单选题(共50题)1、下列隔离衣使用的要求，正确的是______。
A.要保持袖口内外面清洁B.必须完全盖住工作服C.隔离衣挂在传染病区走廊内应外面向外D.隔离衣潮湿，晾干后再使用E.每周更换一次2、有关上尿路结石的临床表现，下列哪项是错误的?______A.结石可引起钝痛或绞痛B.结石越大，越易引起疼痛C.可引起肉眼和镜下血尿D.伴感染时可有尿频，尿痛等症状E.双侧或孤立肾上尿路结石完全梗阻可无尿3、甲亢的典型临床表现有______。
A.基础代谢率升高，甲状腺肿B.基础代谢率升高、突眼、甲状腺肿C.突眼、甲状腺肿、心率增快D.突眼、甲状腺肿、多食、消瘦E.突眼、多食、多尿、体重增加4、心肌细胞有效不应期的长短主要取决于______。
A.0期去极化的速度B.阈电位水平C.平台期的长短D.静息电位水平5、吸入麻醉诱导主要用于______A.小儿麻醉B.老年麻醉C.妊娠病人麻醉D.饱胃病人麻醉E.休克病人麻醉6、下列各项中具有益气生津，敛阴止汗功用的方剂是____A.生脉散B.清暑益气汤C.六一散D.竹叶石膏汤E.白虎汤7、嗜酸性粒细胞增加见于下列情况，哪项除外?______A.药物过敏反应B.蛔虫感染C.湿疹D.长期应用肾上腺皮质激素8、患者，女，62岁。
喘咳，喉中哮鸣8年。
近半年来，短气息促，呼多吸少，动则尤甚，腰膝酸软，舌淡苔白，脉沉弱。
治疗应首选____A.人参胡桃汤B.生脉散C.补肺汤D.苏子降气汤E.参苏饮9、苯巴比妥作用时间长的原因主要是______。
A.酶诱导作用强B.代谢产物有活性C.药物在体内蓄积D.肾小管再吸收E.肝肠循环10、患者，女性，35岁。
发现左颈部前有-1cm大小的无痛肿块。
近1个月出现声音嘶哑。
查体：甲状腺左下极触及质硬结节，直径1.5cm，随吞咽活动。
颈部未触及肿大的淋巴结。
最可能的诊断是______。
四川大学博士入学考试试题汇总
目录四川大学华西医学部博士入学考试口腔内科试题 (2)2004年 (2)四川大学华西医学部病理学博士入学考试试题 (2)2006年 (2)四川大学华西医学部骨科专业博士入学考试试题 (3)2004年 (3)2004年 (4)四川大学华西医学部博士入学考试口腔内科试题2004年1.牙髓牙本质复合体2.根尖基点3.牙龈素4.副肿瘤性天疱疮5.显著性龋均指数1.牙菌斑是如何致龋的2.根管治疗的进展3.控制牙菌斑对牙周炎治疗的意义及控制方法4.复发性口疮为什么可以用免疫抑制剂，也可以用免疫增强剂，举例说明5.根据自己的知识讲述中国口腔疾病的现状，并提出防治策略及方法四川大学华西医学部病理学博士入学考试试题2006年四川大学华西医学部骨科专业博士入学考试试题2004年一、名词解释：（每题2分）Tissue engineeringColles’ fractureBone-fascia compartment syndromeGaleazzi’s fractureThomas sign二、问答题：⒈上下肢骨传导音的检查方法及意义？⒉股骨头血供的特点及其对股骨颈骨折的临床治疗、预后的指导意义？⒊脊柱“三柱”理论的原理及其对脊柱骨折治疗的指导意义？请简述脊柱骨折治疗的基本原则？⒋人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现？目前有效的治疗方法？⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同？请简述两者治疗方法的特点？⒍病案分析男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。
X 光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。
请给出治疗方案并说明理由。
四川大学华西医学部局解（骨科专业基础）博士入学考试试题2004年每题10分，选做100分⒈脊椎骨间的主要连接？⒉股鞘的结构与内容？⒊阑尾的常见位置，怎样寻找阑尾？⒋腹股沟管的构成？⒌甲状腺的位置、毗邻、甲状腺血管与神经的关系？⒍胸膜腔的体表投影？⒎子宫的位置及毗邻？⒏直肠的形态和毗邻？⒐心脏的血供？⒑肝外胆管的组成及毗邻？⒒后纵隔的结构及排列关系？⒓肾脏的位置与毗邻？⒔会阴中心体的构成及作用？⒕女性乳房的结构特点及主要淋巴引流？。
四川大学2019年博士研究生入学英语考试题-14页word资料
四川大学2019年招收攻读博士研究生入学考试英语试题(第一类)Part 1 Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical multiculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars". Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on theFirst Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to multiculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and 2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed 20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America. In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of SouthAmerica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills.An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience. Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goeswhere, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction.Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s. It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity." What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, orintermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat--could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019 which killed 41 people. Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes. The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fightingspecialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.Part 2 Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33. AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50. The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others. The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The tea m surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use。
四川大学华西医学院肿瘤学2012--2018年考博真题
一、选择题：很简单，都是基本常识，1.5分一个共20个 二、简答题 每题5分 1. 肿瘤多步骤转移机制 2. 肿瘤亚临床病灶的定义及意义 用临床物理检查方法所不能发现的肿瘤病灶。可位于肿瘤主体的四周，也可 位于远离肿瘤的某处。临床上无任何表现，也不易被发现。治疗应尽量与原 发肿瘤同时进行。若采用放射治疗或化学治疗，它们的用量一般比临床病灶 要低。临床对这部分病灶治疗的忽略、不足或无力，常是肿瘤治疗失败的原 因。 3. 肿瘤溶解综合征 4. Driver gene的定义及其临床意义 5. PD-1/PD-L1的含义及其临床意义 PD1主要在激活的T细胞和B细胞中表达，功能是抑制细胞的激活，这是免疫系 统的一种正常的自稳机制，因为过度的T/B细胞激活会引起自身免疫病，所以 PD1是我们人体的一道护身符。但是，肿瘤微环境会诱导浸润的T细胞高表达PD -1分子，肿瘤细胞会高表达PD-1的配体PD-L1和PDL2，导致肿瘤微环境中PD1通路持续激活，T细胞功能被抑制，无法杀伤肿瘤细胞。PD1的抗体可以阻断这一通路，部分恢复T细胞的功能，使这些细胞能够继续杀 伤肿瘤细胞。 PD-L1在多种肿瘤细胞中均有上调表达，它与 T细胞上的PD-1结合，抑制 T细胞增殖和活化，使T细胞处于失活状态，最终诱导免疫逃逸。两种抑制剂 均可阻断PD-1和PD-L1的结合，上调T细胞的生长和增殖，增强 T细胞对肿瘤细胞的识别，激活其攻击和杀伤功能，通过调动人体自身的免疫 功能实现抗肿瘤作用。 6.食管癌的症状？哪些症状预示着食管穿孔 早期 症状常不明显，但在吞咽粗硬食物时可能有不同程度的不适感觉，包括咽下 食物梗噎感，胸骨后烧灼样、针刺样或牵拉摩擦样疼痛。食物通过缓慢，并
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医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
四川大学华西医学院耳鼻喉外科2017--2019年考博真题
1.梅尼埃病指南2017的诊断要点。
2.儿童分泌性中耳炎的病因、诊断、和治疗。
3.变应性鼻炎指南2015的治疗要点。
4.喉癌的分区分期、治疗原则。
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：耳鼻喉科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：耳鼻喉外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释和问答题（共8题，在一起，5×8分）
1.Dandy综合征
2.LPR OSAHS
3.听神经病
4.婴幼儿听力筛查与康复原则
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：耳鼻喉外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（4分*10个）
1.Frays综合症
2.上颌窦癌On…法
3.OSAHS
4.LPR
5. BPPV
6.面隐窝
7.咽淋巴环
பைடு நூலகம்8.听神经病
9.NBI技术
10.corti器
一、名词解释(4*10分)
1.LVAS
2.前庭性偏头痛
3.Haller气房
4.阿司匹林耐受不良三联征
5.OSAHS
6.声带沟
7.BAHA
8.颈部分区
9.BPPV
10.面隐窝
二、简答题(6*7分)
1.声带的分层结构
四川大学临床医学综合2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
第1学考试试题
考试科目：临床医学综合（含病理学和诊断学） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 病理学 一、名词解释 1.凝固性坏死 2.冷脓肿、 3.肉芽肿 4. 凋亡 5.基因扩增 二、简答题 1.坏死的类型及病理表现 2.病毒性肝炎的类型及病理表现 3.右乳一包块的病理诊断方法 4.基因芯片技术在生命科学领域的应用 5.
诊断学 三、论述题 1.发热的病因，类型及机制 2.淋巴结肿大的病因，根据淋巴引流情况对淋巴结肿大做出鉴别诊断 3.疾病诊断的步骤及基本诊断原则 4. 5.问诊，查体，实验室检查和辅助检查各自特点，举一例子说明三者之间的关系
第1页 共1页
四川大学麻醉学2019年考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（每题10分，共60分）
第1页 共1页
1.疼痛的传导通路 2.过敏性休克的治疗原则 3.人在紧急应急状态下的交感神经和副交感神经系统有哪些变化，变化的生理意义？ 4.右心衰竭的临床表现 5.人意识消失后的病理生理变化有哪些？ 6.呼吸的储备功能的影响因素？
第1页 共1页
四川大学华西医学院神经病学2012--2019年考博真题
3.MREEF
4.丛集性头疼
5.脊髓半切综合症
6.
二、简答题（每题8分）
1.帕金森病治疗的常用药物及用药原则
2.脑脊液对中枢性感染的诊断意义
3.AD的诊断标准
4.视神经脊髓炎的诊断及治疗
5.动眼神经危相的治疗
三、论述题（每题15分）
1.抗癫痫药物的分类及用药原则。
2.青年卒中的危险因素，如何检查及处理。
三、论述2个1个15分
1、试述癫痫和癫痫综合征的分类。
2、试述心源性与非心源性缺血性卒中的二级预防现状。
四川大学华西医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（全英文6题，每题5分）
1.cross hemiplegia
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经内科学（神经病学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释(全是英文)6分一题*5
克雅病
紧张性头痛
自动症
淀粉样变性
脑淀粉样血管病
线粒体肌炎脑病
二、简答题8分*5
1.髓内病变、髓外病变的鉴别
2.失神发作和复杂部分发作的鉴别
一、名词解释
1、hornor综合征
2、NMO
3、朊蛋白病
4、难治性癫痫
5、Meige征
二、问答题
1、癫痫持续状态的定义及治疗
2、帕金森的诊断，鉴别诊断和治疗
4.格林巴利综合症的类型及特点。
5.神经变性性痴呆有哪几种及其特点。
2019年四川大学华西医院招聘试题及答案解析 .doc
2019年四川大学华西医院招聘试题及答案解析1、关于庄子，下列说法错误的是（）。
单项选择题A、主张“清静无为”B、生活在战国时期C、《逍遥游》和《劝学》是《庄子》书中的名篇D、“相濡以沫，不如相忘于江湖”出自《庄子》【答案】C【解析】《逍遥游》出自《庄子》，是全本三十三篇之第一篇。
《劝学》是《荀子》一书的首篇，较系统地论述了学习的目的、意义、态度和方法。
故本题答案选C。
2、商品内在的使用价值与价值的矛盾，其完备的外在表现是（）。
单项选择题A、商品与商品之间的对立B、商品与货币之间的对立C、具体劳动与抽象劳动之间的对立D、资本与劳动之间的对立【答案】B【解析】商品内在的使用价值和价值的矛盾也就是二者不能同时拥有，必须让渡出去一个才能得到另一个。
而使用价值的物质载体就是商品本身，价值在商品经济中就是以货币来表现，因此商品和货币二者不能同时拥有，这就是商品内在的使用价值和价值的矛盾的外在表现形式。
故本题答案选B。
3、下列说法正确的是（）。
单项选择题A、2000年9月15日，秋风送爽，悉尼奥运会在一派欢乐气氛中开幕B、《诗经》里的“七月流火”，非常形象地描绘了夏天天气的炎热C、人们常说的“绿色食品”是指以绿色植物为主要原料制作的食品D、金刚石和石墨虽然外形差别很大，但它们的主要成分是一样的【答案】D【解析】参考答案:D答案解释:D悉尼地处南半球，9月是它的春季。
排除A项。
“七月流火”的真实意思是说在农历七月天气转凉的时节，天刚擦黑的时候，可以看见大火星从西方落下去，用作形容天气炎热是一种误用。
排除B项。
绿色食品是指在无污染的生态环境中种植及全过程标准化生产或加工的农产品，严格控制其有毒有害物质含量，使之符合国家健康安全食品标准，并经专门机构认定，许可使用绿色食品标志的食品。
排除C项。
本题正确答案选D。
4、多数汽车的前窗都是倾斜的，其最主要的原因是（）。
单项选择题A、避免因反光而影响驾驶员视线B、便于雨水流走C、视野开阔，承受冲击能力强D、减小空气阻力【答案】A【解析】参考答案:A答案解释:A除大型客车外，绝大多数汽车的前窗都是倾斜的。
研究生入学考试-2019年四川大学华西医学院卫生综合真题回忆
2019年四川大学华西医学院卫生综合真题回忆[2019初试真题回忆] 2019年四川大学华西医学院卫生综合真题回忆（353）油腻学长，深夜发帖。
最近准备复试闲来无事逛了逛帖子，发现别的学校的的真题回忆热火朝天的，但是华西的真题回忆好像没有看到，所以我就整理了一个尽我所能比较完整的真题回忆版，希望能帮助到大家。
首先说明一点，我考的是353，不过705的孩子们你们也不用担心，咱们流病统计是一样的，而且我有一个好基友考的就是705，他也和我分享了他毒理的回忆。
（每年705考的好少，心疼你们找不到组织的）。
反正闲来无事能帮就帮，也是为初试结果攒点人品，希望改卷老师下手轻点。
咳咳，好了，不扯远了，直接说正事！！上353~第一部分卫生统计学一、简答：（8x10）1.对于糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者的血糖分布，宜用哪个统计图来描述？为什么？2.尿铅过高是危险的（单侧）尿铅医学参考范围，资料为负偏态分布，给你一个公式，判断这个公式正不正确3.给了一个随机双盲多中心多国家的临床试验，要你从实验设计的三大原则和三大要素来评价4.雪球抽样的适用人群和特点5.三组的等级资料，卡方检验能不能算不同等级的程度，秩和能说明两两差距吗6.根据方差分析表表（英文），算相关系数7.p的大小能不能说明差异很大8.生存分析二、综合分析题（2x10）1.重复测量方差2.配对卡放整体来说统计不是太偏，最重要的是我报的那个考研机构的内参卷居然基本上都押中了，哈哈容我开心一会儿第二部分流行病学一、名词解释（6×3）（全英文）普查公共卫生监测流行过程现场实验生态学谬误出生队列分析二、单选（20×2）---是的！！你没看错，今年的流病不是bt的不定项选择，是单选！！哈啊哈，所以整体难度是有所下降的1.下列哪个是传染病2.如果要进行因果推断，最基础的步骤是3.心脑血管病的危险因素/一级预防？4.流感的流行特征5.下列哪些不属于伤害的一级预防6.计算联合试验中并联试验的灵敏度和其中某个试验的阳性预测值7.被动免疫8.队列研究优点其他基本上都是总论部分的还有一个循证医学各论有两三道，有流感心脑血管病其他的还有没有记的不是太清三、简答与计算1.选择新发的病例的理由2.配对设计，计算or值3.因果推断步骤4.混杂偏倚的控制要点5.算不同时间的患病率和发病率，这个还是听基础的，6.给了两地一个疾病的的发病率，患病率还有时间，问你哪个地的死亡率更高？-----这道题目我是真的不知道怎么做，恕我无能为力第三部分社会医学一、填空1.家庭的功能2.现代压力理论的三个方面3.健康中国的战略主题4.社会医学概念健康社会决定因素分类5.定性研究常用的抽样方法6.A型性格容易得什么病肿瘤和哪个性格有关7.把医学引向实验医学的是那种医学模式8.第二次医学革命的目标；德国的谁第一次把健康和疾病同社会因素结合起来9.经济发展对健康的促进作用10.效度是什么；哪两个效度指标是用专家评价法11.卫生服务需要量和利用量指标12.卫生服务综合评价哪一型是过度利用13.生命质量中的生理状态是什么，包括什么14.21世纪人人享有卫生保健的三个总目标目标和基础；15.医改四大卫生体系；健康治理的特点；城镇居民医保针对的人群；16.谁提出了控烟政策17.实现人人享有卫生保健的途径18.相对于城镇居民，流动人口最容易犯什么病19.伤残调整寿命年是哪两个指标的结合二、简答1 整体健康观定义和传统健康观区别2 中国目前人口结构变迁及其造成的影响3.卫生服务利用状况的指标社医太杂了，学长我我尽力了。
四川大学华西医学院考博试题
考博详解与指导局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，(还有一个想不起了)二、问答题：(9选7)1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影(至少10个)5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7.腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置病理真题1，名词解释：肉芽组织，老化，autopsy,瘘管，转移钙化，紫癜，类白血病反应，肺褐色硬化，纤维素样坏死2，选择题：老样子很简单3，简答体：肿瘤增生和非肿瘤增生的区别。
病案讨论：冠心病及其合并症有关的。
为什么说淤血总是病理性的?说出3种胃肠道的肉芽肿性炎。
说出3种病理诊断方法及其特点。
肿瘤的TNM分期，举例1个第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
这是一个必问的问题。
考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。
大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。
销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。
不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。
我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。
”In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？）你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。
四川大学华西医学院_重症医学2014--2017年考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
2015 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
PCT 结果的影响因素 严重高钠血症 CRRT 时的置换液配方调整 近年来 SAP 治疗进展方面的
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四川大学华西医院
2016 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 肺顺应性 ECOM 重症超声 创伤死亡三角 SEPSIS3.0 二、简答题 1.限制性液体治疗。 2.感染性休克患者中激素的治疗原则。 三、论述题 1.重症患者的救治原则及流程 2.VAP 3.前负荷
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四川大学华西医院
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重不给分。 一、名词解释 1、 糖异常 2、 跨肺压 3、 EGDI 4、 容量反应性 5、 肺顺应性 6、 莱尔米特征 7、 路易体痴呆 二、简答题 1、重症患者识别。 2、感染性休克血管活性药物使用。 3、癫痫的用药原则。 4、黄斑回避及其机制。 三、问答题 重症患者镇静阵痛原则及流程，休克，肺保护性通气策略。
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pct结果的影响因素症严重高钠血症crrt时的置换液配方调整来近年来sap治疗进展方面的第1页共1页四川大学华西医院2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目
四川大学华西医院
2014 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
四川大学华西医学院口腔颌面外科学2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
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2019 年攻读博学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔颌面外科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（25 分） 1. 负载骨固位 2. 颞下颌关节紊乱综合征 3. 肿瘤微环境 4. 临界瘤 5. load bearing osteosynthsis 6. socket preservation
二、论述题（75 分） 1. 眼眶骨折导致复视的机制及诊断方法 2. 腭裂的并发症及防治 3. 关节盘前移位的临表及导致面部畸形的机制 4. 肿瘤的外科治疗现状及发展 5. 切割牙冠、分根、去骨的方法及优缺点。
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4.基因芯片技术在生命科学领域的应用
5.
诊断学
三、论述题
1.发热的病因，类型及机制
2.淋巴结肿大的病因，根据淋巴引流情况对淋巴结肿大做出鉴别诊断
3.疾病诊断的步骤及基本诊断原则
4.
5.问诊，查体，实验室检查和辅助检查各自特点，举一例子说明三者之间的关系
考博真题源自四川大学华西医院2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：临床医学综合（含病理学和诊断学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
病理学
一、名词解释
1.凝固性坏死
2.冷脓肿、
3.肉芽肿
4.凋亡
5.基因扩增
二、简答题
1.坏死的类型及病理表现
2.病毒性肝炎的类型及病理表现