怎样写好research-proposal(中文)教学文稿

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research proposal 格式

research proposal 格式
编写研究提案（research proposal）的格式可能会有些变化，具体取决于学科、机构或项目的要求。

以下是一个一般性的研究提案的标准格式，供参考：
1. 标题：
-确定性而简明地概括研究内容。

2. 背景和引言：
-介绍研究问题的背景，阐明研究的重要性。

-提供相关文献综述，说明目前已有的研究和知识空缺。

3. 研究问题或目标：
-明确研究的主要问题或目标。

4. 研究设计/方法：
-描述研究设计，包括数据收集和分析方法。

-讨论实施研究的步骤，以及为什么选择这些方法。

5. 理论框架：
-如果适用，提供支持研究的理论基础。

6. 研究的意义和预期成果：
-阐述研究的理论和实际意义，以及预期的研究成果。

7. 研究计划和时间表：
-列出研究的阶段，包括起止日期。

8. 预算：
-提供研究所需的经费预算，包括任何可能的支出。

9. 参考文献：
-列举所有在研究提案中引用的文献。

10. 附录：
-如果需要，包含支持材料，例如调查问卷、图表、地图等。

请注意，研究提案的具体要求可能会因学科和项目而异。

在准备研究提案时，请仔细阅读和遵循特定机构或项目提供的指南和要求。

research-proposal范文

Research proposal1. Title：Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road2. Introduction：1).about the author:a.Most Important achievements about Cormac McCarthy:Cormac McCarthy is an American novelist and playwright, who was once described as “the best unknown novelist in America”. So far McCarthy has written ten novels, one published five-act play, and one filmed screenplay, among which, novels are considered his most conspicuous literary achievements.On May 5th, 2009, Cormac McCarthy has won the biennial PEN/Saul Bellow award for lifetime achievement in American literature, for "a distinguished living American author of fiction whose body of work in English possesses qualities of excellence, ambition, and scale of achievement over a sustained career which places him or her in the highest rank of American literature".He received the Pulitzer Prize in 2007 for The Road, and his 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. He received a National Book Award in 1992 for All the Pretty Horses.His earlier Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time Magazine's poll of 100 best English-language books published between 1925 and 2005 and he placed joint runner-up for a similar title in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction published in the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo and Philip Roth. He is frequently compared by modern reviewers to William Faulkner.2. Proposed researched topicCormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road3. Literature review:As Cormac McCarthy is a newly-rising writer, we can not see so many tremendous academic studies of him as of other classical writers.1)In USA, Cormac M cCarthy didn’t receive critical attention until the 1990s.So far the American critics and postgraduates have conducted studies of him in the following aspects with a few achievements. In spite of his numerous awards and prizes, McCarthy is frequently considered as the successor of William Faulkner; however, with the popularity of No Country for Old Men and the great success of The Road, more mainstream critics and media keep an eye on this unknown famous writer.a.Monologues, dialogues, sentence structures in spire scholars to explore autotextuality in McCarthy’s works. Christine Chollier brings forward the idea that the writer is a master in binding and interweaving different voices together to generate and enhance an impression of reality. It is the writer’s talent in picking and arranging wordsthat renders his works an organic unity rarely found in other western novels.Another thing that keeps attracting scholar’s attention is protagonists’ dreams, which, Edwin T. Arnold thinks, represent McCarthy’s “unique way of sharing world experience with readers”. Other themes, like wars, ethics, and modern technology, have all become the focuses of study.Some scholars ponder over another important theme in McCarthy’s works: human-nature relations. George Guillemin raises the idea that the writer is advocating a biocentric concept in all his books, which runs in contrast to the anthropocentric stance many western novels have assumed before. Guillemin points out that people’s hope to get closer to nature has been r uined by modern civilization. Barcley Owens, too, expresses the same concern over human’s attitudes towards nature and argues eloquently that McCarthy reveals his worry through the depiction of wilderness in his Border Trilogy.In The Lay of the Land in C ormac McCarthy’s Appalachia, K. Wesley Berry shows his interest in examining the geological changes in McCarthy’s Appalachia. A lot of data are brought in for a conclusion that human’s activities have already caused damages to natural environment, and if n ot stopped, will continue to harm the planet people are living on. In another essay by Sara Spurgeon, the idea that nature deserves to be explored and used by human is totally undermined through a closer examination of the message McCarthy tries to pass on to us in his works. The World on Fire deals with the same topic, but in a different way. Jacqueline Scoones finds McCarthy’s interest in portraying products of modern civilization and putting them in a setting of nature. Scoones insists that McCarthy intends to generate an odd contrast between civilization and nature, and to arouse a spontaneous hatred against people’s invasion into nature.Researchers also notice the animal images in his works. Major analysis include George Guillemin’s Some Site Where Life had not Succeeded, in which he mentions that John Grady’s attitude changes toward horses represent the wakening of his goodwill to nature. Western Myths in All the Pretty Horses and The Crossing by Barcley Owens explicitly affirms wolves as a “spokesman” of nature. And everything people could see from the animal and its relations with human may serve as the evidence that McCarthy hopes for a harmonious coexistence between human and nature.2) Cormac McCarthy’s works are still far from familiar to China’s literary circle.From the data from CNKI, it is clear that Cormac McCarthy has gained Chinese Critics’ attention only in recent years, especially after the release of the movie No country for Old Men. Before 2007, there are only two essays on Cormac McCarthy, while since 2007, 5 essays and 5 graduate theses have chosen this writer and his works, two of which are based on The Road. However, those two just introduce the plots of the novel and some relevant information.3. The Main Argument (and three sub-arguments):This thesis will be carried out through the perspective of Modern Eschatology, especially in the views of the end days appeared after 911.1. The destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth2. The final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious world and the crytic trial to the human civilization3. The Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the humanfuture.4.Purpose and Significance of Study:First, this thesis introduces Cormac McCarthy into China, who claims certain fame in the USA but is little known in China. Surely, McCarthy will get his familiarity and fame in China gradually in which this thesis will play an incentive role.Second, social sciences see great initiation with the development of the modern nature sciences. The melting trend of different branches of sciences becomes more and more conspicuous. Many critics tend to analyze literary works from the point of philosophy, psychology, sociology, aesthetics, anthropology, etc. This thesis offers an example of such a trend.Third, this thesis claims its enlightening function. It presents us a new angle of view into the contemporary American culture after the 911 effect.5. A Detailed Sentence Outline:IntroductionThe part includes an introduction to Cormac McCarthy and The Road and literature reviews of existing findings. The origins, development and main thoughts of eschatology will be introduced as an important term for the thesis. Aside from those, a special attention will be given to how the 911 event effects the American culture and American literature.Chapter One the violent destruction of the world in The Road1.1 The ruins on the American Land1.2 The wasteland of the human spiritThis part will analyze the destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth.Chapter Two the final judgment of the righteous and the wicked in The Road2.1 The bad guys on the road2.2 The good guys on the roadThis part will discuss the final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious world and the crytic trial to the human civilizationChapter Three:the Post-Doomsday Vista in The Road3.1 The allegoric meaning of the journey3.2 The symbolic image of the sonThe Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the human future will be presented in the third chapter.ConclusionThe total destruction presents readers the picture in the end of the world, but also deprives them of theendless horror about the uncertain future. In the end is the beginning. The author proclaims the resurrection for modern humans. What matters in the novel is the great humanity of the individual.1) On Literature and TheoryWolfreys, J. Introducing Criticism at the 21st Century [M].Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2002. Brooks, Cl. & Warren, R.P. Understanding Fiction [M]. 外语教学与研究出版社，2004.Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern American Novel [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction [M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983. Pizer, Donald, (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995Zhu, Gang.20th Century Western Literary Theories[M],上海外语教育出版，2001。

英文research proposal

英文research proposal一、研究题目研究题目应该能够简洁明了地表达研究的目的和内容。

应该避免使用太过晦涩的名词或术语，以免读者难以理解。

二、研究背景在这一部分，需要提出研究的背景情况，包括相关领域已有的研究成果、问题和未解决的难点。

也可以简要说明自己选择这一课题的原因。

三、研究目的在这一部分，需要清晰地表达出自己这次研究的目的是什么，以及想要解决的问题是什么。

也可以阐述一下自己希望通过这次研究能够取得的成果和对学术界或者实际应用的意义。

四、研究内容和方法研究内容和方法是整个研究计划中最为重要的一部分。

在这一部分，需要清晰地阐述自己的研究将要进行的具体内容，以及采用的研究方法。

这一部分需要做到既全面、详细地描述研究过程中的每一个步骤，又尽量简洁明了，以便读者能够迅速理解。

五、研究预期结果在这一部分，可以预先设想一下自己这次研究可能得出的结论和结果。

也可以说明一下如果研究取得了预期的成果，对学术研究或者实际应用将会有怎样的帮助。

六、研究进度安排在这一部分，需要列出自己的研究进度安排，包括每个阶段具体需要做的工作内容、预计需要的时间，在研究过程中可能遇到的困难和问题以及相应的解决办法。

七、参考文献研究过程中所使用的参考文献应当列举清楚，并且按照一定的格式规范进行标注，以便审阅者查阅参考。

以上便是一份较为完整的英文research proposal的写作要点。

编写一份高质量的research proposal需要作者全面理解自己的研究内容，并清晰地向读者传达出来。

也需要遵循一定的格式规范，以便读者能够迅速理解并审阅。

希望以上内容对您有所帮助。

研究背景在研究背景部分，我将进一步详细介绍所选择的研究领域和当前的研究状况。

我们知道，现代社会信息爆炸，大数据时代已经到来。

在这个背景下，信息检索和数据挖掘变得尤为重要。

随着人工智能和机器学习等技术的飞速发展，自然语言处理也逐渐成为了研究的热点之一。

然而，当前自然语言处理领域依然存在着许多挑战和问题，比如语义理解、语言生成等方面的困难。

如何写 research interest proposal-概述说明以及解释

如何写research interest proposal-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述在撰写研究兴趣提案时，首先需要明确什么是研究兴趣。

研究兴趣是指一个研究者对某个领域或问题感兴趣并致力于钻研的主题或方向。

研究兴趣提案就是对自己的研究兴趣进行描述、阐明其研究意义和未来展望的文档。

在提案中，需要清晰地概括研究兴趣的主题、目的和意义，为读者展示你对该主题的深入了解和激情。

接下来的文章结构将会详细介绍如何确定研究兴趣、描述研究主题以及阐明研究意义，以帮助你撰写一份完善的研究兴趣提案。

愿你能从中获得启发，并成功地呈现自己的研究兴趣给他人。

1.2 文章结构文章结构部分是整篇文章的骨架，它为读者提供了一种清晰的阅读路径，帮助他们理解文章的内容和组织。

在research interest proposal中，文章结构的设计至关重要，因为它能够帮助读者更好地了解研究兴趣的提出和论证。

文章结构主要包括引言、正文和结论三个部分。

在引言部分，作者通常会简要介绍研究兴趣的背景和重要性，引出研究问题，并提出研究的目的和意义。

在正文部分，作者会详细描述研究兴趣的主题，阐明其在学术或社会领域中的意义和潜在影响。

最后，在结论部分，作者会对全文进行总结，强调研究兴趣的重要性，并展望未来可能的发展方向。

通过以上的文章结构设计，读者可以清晰地了解研究兴趣提案的内容和逻辑，帮助他们更好地理解作者的研究思路和贡献。

因此，在写research interest proposal时，作者应该合理设计文章结构，使其能够清晰、有序地呈现研究兴趣的主题和意义。

1.3 目的撰写research interest proposal的主要目的在于向读者介绍你感兴趣的研究领域，并展示你对该领域的热情和专业知识。

通过清晰地描述你的研究兴趣和意义，你可以向潜在的导师或招生委员会展示你的学术潜力和研究能力。

另外，撰写research interest proposal还有助于帮助你在整理思路的过程中更好地确定自己的研究方向和目标。

research proposal字数

Research Proposal一、研究背景随着社会的发展和进步，科学技术得到了快速发展，人们对科学知识的渴望也越来越强烈。

作为一个研究人员，我们需要不断地深入研究各种领域的知识，为社会的发展做出贡献。

本课题选择了XXX为研究对象，主要是因为XXX有着广阔的研究空间，同时具有一定的实际应用价值。

二、研究目的我们的研究旨在探索XXX的XXX特性，并通过对XXX的深入研究，为XXX领域的发展做出贡献。

通过我们的研究，还可以为企业的XXX 提供一定的参考和指导。

三、研究方法为了达到以上研究目的，我们将采用XXX方法进行研究。

我们将通过实地调查、统计分析、专家访谈等方法，收集大量的XXX相关数据，并对这些数据进行深入、系统的分析和研究，从而揭示XXX的内在特性和规律。

四、研究内容1. XXX的定义和特性我们将通过文献综述和实地调查，对XXX的定义和特性进行界定和分析，从而深入探讨XXX的本质属性。

2. XXX的发展现状及问题我们将通过对XXX的发展现状进行调查和分析，发现其中存在的问题和矛盾，为我们进一步的研究提供依据。

3. XXX的发展趋势通过对XXX的发展趋势进行分析和研究，探讨XXX未来的发展方向和发展空间，为XXX领域的进一步研究提供参考。

五、研究意义我们的研究将有以下意义：1. 为XXX领域的发展提供理论指导和参考；2. 为企业的XXX提供决策支持和指导；3. 为相关研究人员提供研究思路和方法。

六、研究预期成果通过我们的研究，我们希望能够得到以下预期成果：1. 对XXX的定义和特性有更深刻、更系统的认识；2. 对XXX的发展现状、问题和趋势进行了深入的分析和探讨；3. 对XXX领域的发展提出了一定的见解和建议。

七、研究进度安排我们的研究将按以下进度安排进行：1. 月份：进行XXX的文献综述和调研；2. 月份：完成对XXX的实地调查和数据收集；3. 月份：进行数据分析和研究；4. 月份：撰写研究报告和论文。

干货ResearchProposal写作方法

干货ResearchProposal写作方法Research Proposal（简称RP）也就是指研究报告或者开题报告，一般作为论文或者研究开始前的计划和纲要，比如毕业论文开题报告、申请博士的研究计划、国家基金类研究申报报告等。

RP的内容通常为：你打算完成什么（what），为什么你要做这件事（why），以及你打算怎样去完成它（how）。

主要包括标题（Title）、摘要 (Abstract)、引言(Introduction)、文献综述(Literature Review)、方法(Methods)、结果(Result)、讨论(Discussion)七部分。

整体字数看学校要求，一般1500-2000.下面我们详细分析Research Proposal写作方法。

1.标题（Title）简明扼要，内容翔实又吸引人PS：其实和中文论文写作差不多，题目不要泛而空，尽量缩小话题范围，这样内容更有针对性。

题目要能体现你的研究对象和创新性，至少能勾起阅读全文的兴趣！2.摘要（Abstract）300字左右的简要归纳。

它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），研究方法以及主要发现。

PS：重中之重，实际就是将RP再浓缩一次。

Title+ Abstract就一锤定生死了，剩下部分基本就是abstract的拓展了。

对于建筑类相关专业，empirical study(案例研究/场地调研/问卷访谈等等)非常重要，如果连实地都没有去过，何来一手的资料，一手的结论呢？此处会涉及到original contribution（原创贡献），你的原创性/你对这一议题的贡献值有多少。

所以摘要的实质也是一种游说/推销，推销你的研究意义所在。

3.引言（Introduction）主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。

通常包含以下内容：某描述研究问题/目的；某为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；某理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；某简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；某明确说明你想要研究的现象；某阐述你的假说或理论（如有的话）；某设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；某给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）PS:不多说，基本就是介绍一下研究背景，为什么你的研究内容很有意义或必要性。

研究计划 Research roposal

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。

它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。

但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。

?How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。

但形式也很重要。

英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。

程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。

对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。

下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。

[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]?文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：?Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehowgets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A highquality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.?A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.?Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to doit and how you are going to do it.?The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.?The quality of your research proposal depends not only onthe quality of your proposed project, but also on thequality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.?This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.?TITLE:?It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effectivet itle not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.?ABSTRACT:?It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.?INTRODUCTION:?The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.?If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.?Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.?However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify“key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.?The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justificationfor the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:?1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.?2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.?3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.?4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.?5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.?6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)?7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.?8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)? LITERATURE REVIEW:?Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review ofthe literature.?The literature review serves several important functions:?1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.?2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.?3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.?4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.?5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.?6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.?7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.?8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).?Most students’ literature reviews suffer from thefollowing problems:?* Lacking organization and structure?* Lacking focus, unity and coherence?* Being repetitive and verbose?* Failing to cite influential papers?* Failing to keep up with recent developments?* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers?* Citing irrelevant or trivial references?* Depending too much on secondary sources?Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.?There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence toyour review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.?It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professorsand scientists are human beings too.)?METHODS:?The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.?The guiding principle for writing the Method section isthat it should contain sufficient information for thereader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficientdetails for another qualified researcher to implement the study.?You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.?Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.?Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is requiredfor traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)?For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:?1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use Why do you choose them Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study What activities are involved How long does it take?RESULTS:?Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedureswill be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.?DISCUSSION:?It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.?Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing?1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.?2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.?3. Failure to cite landmark studies.?4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.?5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.?6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.?7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.?8. Too much rambling — goin g “all over the map” withouta clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)?9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.?10. Too long or too short.?11. Failing to follow the APA style.?12. Slopping writing.?大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。

留学研究方案(research proposal)模板3

Title of research:An investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship.Objectives:•To identify key barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship•To administrate a national electronic survey to health librarians and information specialists in England, Scotland and Wales.Please give a brief justification of your proposed research project:The question this study aims to answer is: What are the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship? This question has been given minimal levels of consideration in the professional literature to date and is a question of importance for a number of reasons. There is now a growing literature base that recognises the need for librarians to engage more with research (Powell, Baker et al. 2002; Juznic and Urbanija 2003; Koufogiannakis and Slater 2004; Koufogiannakis and Crumley 2006). Within the current context of health librarianship strategies are neededto engage with this more fully and in order to effectively address the associated issues that relate to improved decision making skills, evidence based practice, and the improvement of patient care. This is particularly pertinent in light of the recent HillReport (Hill 2008, p35) which specifically recommends that “research to measure the impact of the application of best available evidence in decision making should continueto be pursued vigorously and routinely by health librarians, in partnership with researchers’.Much of the work health librarians are involved with is directly linked to evidence based health practice, and evidence based medicine and research forms a substantial aspectof this (Eldredge 2000; Hill 2008). Whilst there is a demand on health professionals to justify and base their practice on robust research based evidence, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with this in relation to their own professional practice. Largely, their involvement with evidence based practice is linked directly to health practice rather than the practice of librarianship. The lack of evidence based practice in librarianship jeopardises the credibility of health librarians in their involvement with evidence based health practice and it is widely reported that increased engagement with evidence based librarianship amongst the profession is becoming increasingly important. For health librarians to credibly support evidence based health practice / medicine it is arguable that the profession should be able to demonstrate evidence based practice in relation to its own professional practice (Eldredge 2000; Booth and Brice 2003; Grant 2003). This is particularly relevant since the end purpose of health librarianship is directly linked to the improvement of patient care (Hill 2008). For health librarians totake a truly evidence based approach to their professional practice, increased engagement with research activities is necessary. At present however, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with research in relation to their ownprofessional practice (Booth 2002; Booth and Brice 2003). Whilst some small pockets of active engagement exist, largely this remains a specialist interest area rather than something that is taken on board profession-wide (Booth 2002). Reluctance to conduct research in relation to health librarianship (rather than health practice) within the profession is widely documented (Booth 2002; Booth 2003). However, with the exception of a generic study (McNicol and Nankivell 2003) which aimed to survey librarians from all subject disciplines and which had poor coverage of health librarians, the reasons behind this have not as yet been fully investigated.The study by McNicol and Nankivell (2003) identified the LIS research agenda to be poorly organised and lacking in direction. It is expected that in carrying out this study a deeper understanding of the reluctance amongst health librarians to engage in research and other related issues they perceive create barriers to their engagement with research activity will be gained. The study will also aim to investigate what they feel are the priorities for research development to aid this current situation. It is anticipated that from the data collected, a clearer and deeper understanding of the issues can be acquired. This will inform the development of a framework which will provide clarity and direction for the profession. Furthermore, it will make recommendations as to how best research development can be taken forward in the profession based on sound evidence derived from the population to which it concerns. The use of a large scale electronic web based survey method will help to acquire a valid data set which is expected to make a substantial and effective contribution to answering the research question. The results and recommendations will be widely disseminated through a variety of appropriate channels.ReferencesBooth, A. (2002). "Mirage or reality." Health information and libraries journal 19(2): 56-58.Booth, A. (2003). "Bridging the research-practice gap: the role of evidence based librarianship." The New Review of Information and Library Research 9(1): 3-23.Booth, A. and A. Brice (2003). "Clear-cut?: facilitating health librarians to use information research in practice." Health information and libraries journal 20(S1): 45-52.Eldredge, J. D. (2000). "Evidence-based librarianship: an overview." Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 88(4): 289-302.Grant, M. L. (2003). "Journal clubs for continued professional development." Health information and libraries journal 20(1): 72-78.Hill, P. (2008). Report of a national review of NHS library services in England: from knowledge to health in the 21st century. Newcastle, Institute of Health and Society.Juznic, P. and J. Urbanija (2003). "Developing research skills in library and information studies." Library Management 274(6/7): 324-331.Koufogiannakis, D. and E. Crumley (2006). "Research in librarianship: issues to consider." Library Hi Tech 24(3): 324-340.Koufogiannakis, D. and L. Slater (2004). "A content analysis of librarianship research." Journal of Information Science 30(3): 227-239.McNicol, S. and C. Nankivell (2003). The LIS research landscape: a review and prognosis, Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals.Powell, R. R., L. M. Baker, et al. (2002). "Library and information science practitioners and research." Library and Information Science Research 24(1): 49-72.Please outline the proposed sample group, including any specific criteria: The sample group will aim to include representation from eight identified areas of health librarianship:Senior strategic health librariansClinical librariansHealth library service managersSenior information strategy managersAcademic health librariansIndependent health librariansResearch librariansAcademicsThe qualifying criteria required for inclusion in the survey will be health librarians and information specialists working in the above context areas, and who hold a professional LIS qualification (ie. degree level or above).Describe how the proposed sample group will be formulated:The study will aim to cover a wide sample group formulated from individuals working in the context areas identified above. Potential participants will be identified from LIS related JISCmail groups, professional directories, university LIS departments, special interest and professional groups, and cascades through senior managers and group Chairs.Indicate clearly what the involvement of the sample group will be in the research process:The involvement of the sample group in the study will extend to the completion of an electronic survey which will be sent via email.Specify how the consent of participants will be obtained. Please include within this a description of any information with which you intend to provide the subjects:Consent will be gained from respondents immediately before participants complete the survey. An invitation email will be sent out to potential participants containing details about the study and a link to the survey. Consent will be obtained from respondents through the inclusion of a statement of consent which will be embedded at the beginning of the survey before the respondent commences with completion of their response. Upon accessing the survey link, respondents will be directed to read the statement of consent and offered the option to consent to their involvement in the study or not. Provided the participant opts to consent to their participation, the survey will then open for them to complete. From the time of sending out the invitation to participate and link to the survey, potential respondents will be given six weeks in which to complete the survey (with a reminder being sent out at three weeks), if they decide to do so after having read the statement of consent.Indicate any potential risks to subjects and how you propose to minimise these:Participation in this survey presents no potential risks to the participants. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.Describe the procedures you intend to follow in order to maintain the anonymity and confidentiality of the subjects:The email addresses from which responses will be sent will be automatically removed by the survey software used (SurveyMonkey). The identity of respondents will therefore not be known to the researchers at the survey return stage. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.RESEARCH CONSENT FORMTitle of studyAn investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianshipPlease read and complete this form carefully. If you are willing to participate in this study, ring the appropriate responses and sign and date the declaration at the end. If you do not understand anything and would like more information, please ask.I have had the research satisfactorily explained to me in written form by the researcher. YES / NOI understand that the research will involve:•The completion of an electronic survey on the topic of research development issues in health librarianship.YES / NOI understand that I may withdraw from this study at any time without having to give an explanation.YES / NOI understand that all information about me will be treated in strict confidence and that I will not be named in any written work arising from this studyYES / NOI understand that any data collected will be used solely for research purposes and will be erased on completion of your research.YES / NOI understand that the data will only be discussed within the research teamYES / NOI understand that survey participants and their respective organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publicationYES / NOI freely give my consent to participate in this research study and have been given a copy of this form for my own information.Signature: ………………………………………………………Name (capital letters)…………………………………………..Date: ……………………………………………………………Contact details: (include address, email and telephone number) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Thank you for your interest in the study.。

research-proposal范文.doc

Research proposal1. Title ：Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21 st century America in Cormac McCarthy The Road’s2. Introduction：1).about the author:a.Most Important achievements about Cormac McCarthy:Cormac McCarthy is an American novelist and playwright, who was once described as “ t best unknown novelist in America ”So. far McCarthy has written ten novels, one publishedfive-act play, and one filmed screenplay, among which, novels are considered his mostconspicuous literary achievements.On May 5th, 2009, Cormac McCarthy has won the biennial PEN/Saul Bellow award forlifetime achievement in American literature, for "a distinguished living American author of fictionwhose body of work in English possesses qualities of excellence, ambition, and scale ofachievement over a sustained career which places him or her in the highest rank of Americanliterature".He received the Pulitzer Prize in 2007 for The Road, and his 2005 novel No Country for OldMen was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, includingBest Picture. He received a National Book Award in 1992 for All the Pretty Horses.His earlier Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time Magazine's poll of 100 bestEnglish-language books published between 1925 and 2005 and he placed joint runner-up for asimilar title in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction publishedin the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major Americannovelists of his time, along with Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo and Philip Roth. He is frequentlycompared by modern reviewers to William Faulkner.2. Proposed researched topicCormac McCarthy ’ s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21 st century America in Cormac McCarthy The Road’s3. Literature review:As Cormac McCarthy is a newly-rising writer, we can not see so many tremendous academicstudies of him as of other classical writers.1)In USA, Cormac M cCarthy didn ’receivet critical attention until the 1990s.So far the Americancritics and postgraduates have conducted studies of him in the following aspects with a fewachievements. In spite of his numerous awards and prizes, McCarthy is frequently consideredas the successor of William Faulkner; however, with the popularity of No Country for Old Menand the great success of The Road, more mainstream critics and media keep an eye on thisunknown famous writer.a.Monologues, dialogues, sentence structures inspire scholars to explore autotextuality inMcCarthy ’ s works. Christine Chollier brings forward the idea that the writer is a master in bindingand interweaving different voices together to generate and enhance an impression of reality. It isthe writer talent’s in picking and arranging words that renders his works an organic unity rarelyfound in other western novels.Another thing that keeps attracting scholar ’ s attention is protagonists ’ dreams, which, T. Arnold thinks, represent McCarthy ’ s “ unique way of sharing world experience with readersOther themes, like wars, ethics, and modern technology, have all become the focuses of study.Some scholars ponder over another important theme in McCarthy ’works: human-naturerelations. George Guillemin raises the idea that the writer is advocating a biocentric concept in allhis books, which runs in contrast to the anthropocentric stance many western novels have assumedbefore. Guillemin points out that people ’ s hope to get closer to nat u inedrehasbybeenmodern civilization. Barcley Owens, too, expresses the same concern over human’ sattitudes towardsnature and argues eloquently that McCarthy reveals his worry through the depiction of wildernessin his Border Trilogy.In The Lay of the Land in Cormac McCarthy s’Appalachia , K. Wesley Berry shows hisinterest in examining the geological changes in McCarthy ’ s Appalachia. A lot of data are broughtin for a conclusion that human ’ s activities have already caused damages to natural environment,and if not stopped, will continue to harm the planet people are living on. In another essay by SaraSpurgeon, the idea that nature deserves to be explored and used by human is totally underminedthrough a closer examination of the message McCarthy tries to pass on to us in his works. TheWorld on Fire deals with the same topic, but in a different way. Jacqueline Scoones findsMcCarthy ’ s interest in portraying products of modern civilization and putting them in a setting ofnature. Scoones insists that McCarthy intends to generate an odd contrast between civilization andnature, and to arouse a spontaneous hatred against people ’ s invasion into nature.Researchers also notice the animal images in his works. Major analysis include GeorgeGuillemin ’Somes Site Where Life had not Succeeded, in which he mentions that John Grady ’ sattitude changes toward horses represent the wakening of his goodwill to nature. Western Myths inAll the Pretty Horses and The Crossing by Barcley Owens explicitly affirms wolves as a“ spokesmanof”nature. And everything people could see from the animal and its relations withhuman may serve as the evidence that McCarthy hopes for a harmonious coexistence betweenhuman and nature.2)Cormac McCarthy’ s works are still far from familiar to Chinas literary circle.’From the data from CNKI, it is clear that Cormac McCarthy has gained Chinese Critics’attention only in recent years, especially after the release of the movie No country for Old Men. Before 2007, there are only two essays on Cormac McCarthy, while since 2007, 5 essays and 5 graduate theses have chosen this writer and his works, two of which are based on The Road. However, those two just introduce the plots of the novel and some relevant information.3. The Main Argument (and three sub-arguments):This thesis will be carried out through the perspective of Modern Eschatology, especiallyin the views of the end days appeared after 911.1.The destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth2.The final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious world and the crytic trialto the human civilization3. The Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the human future.4.Purpose and Significance of Study:First, this thesis introduces Cormac McCarthy into China, who claims certain fame in theUSA but is little known in China. Surely, McCarthy will get his familiarity and fame in China gradually in which this thesis will play an incentive role.Second, social sciences see great initiation with the development of the modern nature sciences. The melting trend of different branches of sciences becomes more and more conspicuous. Many critics tend to analyze literary works from the point of philosophy, psychology, sociology, aesthetics, anthropology, etc. This thesis offers an example of such a trend.Third, this thesis claims its enlightening function. It presents us a new angle of view intothe contemporary American culture after the 911 effect.5. A Detailed Sentence Outline:IntroductionThe part includes an introduction to Cormac McCarthy and The Road and literature reviews of existing findings. The origins, development and main thoughts of eschatology will be introduced as an important term for the thesis. Aside from those, a special attention will be given to how the 911 event effects the American culture and American literature.Chapter One the violent destruction of the world in The Road1.1 The ruins on the American Land1.2 The wasteland of the human spiritThis part will analyze the destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth.Chapter Two the final judgment of the righteous and the wicked in The Road2.1 The bad guys on the road2.2 The good guys on the roadThis part will discuss the final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious worldand the crytic trial to the human civilizationChapter Three: the Post-Doomsday Vista in The Road3.1 The allegoric meaning of the journey3.2 The symbolic image of the sonThe Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the human future will be presented in the third chapter.ConclusionThe total destruction presents readers the picture in the end of the world, but also deprives them of the endless horror about the uncertain future. In the end is the beginning. The author proclaims the resurrection for modern humans. What matters in the novel is the great humanity of the individual.1)On Literature and TheoryWolfreys, J. Introducing Criticism at the 21st Century [M].Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2002.Brooks, Cl. & Warren, R.P. Understanding Fiction [M].外语教学与研究出版社，2004. Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern American Novel [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction [M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.Pizer, Donald, (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism [M].New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995Zhu, Gang.20th Century Western Literary Theories[M],上海外语教育出版，2001。

怎样写好一篇research_proposal

怎样写好一篇research proposal每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡：Research Proposal的写作。

但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。

How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。

但形式也很重要。

英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。

程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。

对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。

下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run therisk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.Title:It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.Abstract:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.Introduction:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)Literature Review:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)Methods:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why doyou choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?Results:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.Discussion:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing.大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。

申请文书Researchproposal怎么写？

申请文书Researchproposal怎么写？首先，先讨论最常见的SOP。

无论申请什么学校，一定都会要求SOP。

这份文件通常分以下几个部份：大学时期修过课程，大学时期研究，硕班时期修过课程，硕班时期研究，课外活动，打工或工作经验，毕业后的研究经验，未来研究计划。

Statement of purpose里的研究计划大概只有一段左右。

整篇statement大约为1000字上下最为常见。

Research proposal一般来说是申请博士才会需要，但是有一些硕士班申请也会要求。

通常research proposal会比statementof purpose长。

依学校要求可能少则1000字，多则高达十几二十页。

至于research proposal要写得多详细?有两种方式：一个是挑一个研究的方向，写得很详细，展现出现你有能力做深度的研究；另一个是挑两三个研究的主题，每一个都讨论一页左右，让学校觉得你是一个很有弹性，愿意多方学习的人。

最重要的是，一定要去学校的网站看有哪些研究者，哪些教授，这些教授最近的学生在做什么主题，他们自己又是做什么主题。

你写的研究方向如果是教授几年前在做的主题，可能他现在已经没有在做了，或是做腻了，教授可能就不会特别想收你。

教授最近在做什么研究，学校的网站会给你最初步的了解，但是最重要的是看教授最近发表的paper或是书，或是他的学生发表的paper或是书是在做什么主题。

Research proposal通常还会包含一个 literature review，也就是把目前为止学者们做的研究做到哪里了，写出来。

那接下来你得说明，你赞成哪些**，不赞成哪些**，以及最重要的是，你未来的研究，跟前人的研究有什么不同，你的学术贡献在哪里?如果是你比较top priority想申请的学校，建议博士班申请可以将自己的研究想法，过去做过的研究成果，以及未来想走的方向写一封大约500字的email给你中意的教授。

留学申请Research proposal怎么写

Research Proposal怎么写在准备留学申请的时候，除了标化成绩之外，对软实力也格外的看重。

不仅要你GPA高，专业成绩好，是学校里的“拔尖生”。

还要你有丰富的对口实习经历、科研活动经历。

要GPA高，必然会花很多时间在专业课上。

又要软实力强，必然要花费格外的时间泡在实验室或者读文献上。

不过并不是像很多人都认为必须要发一篇高级别的SCI之类的论文才算有科研经历，没发表论文≠没有科研经历≠科研能力弱。

招生官之所以看重你的科研经历，是希望通过非标准化成绩来进一步了解你是一个怎样的人，了解你对所申专业的兴趣和探索。

因此，除了发表论文之外，你同样可以通过一个课题，来产出项目报告或者研究报告。

这也就是“Research Proposal”，用它来展现你的学术素养、科研能力以及对专业的兴趣。

毕竟录取过程中一个很重要的考察因素是，希望你在入学后，能够利用学校的学术资源做出成绩，从而为学校做贡献。

01 What | RP是什么？很多人可能是初次听说“Research Proposal”，RP作为科研项目产出的一种，也就是俗称的研究报告/计划。

Research Proposal其实是一种论文性文章，主要说明你作为申请人的研究领域和方向，具体的研究课题，采用的研究方法，研究进度安排，研究成果的实际应用价值等等。

不管你是申请硕士or博士，Research Proposal都是申请环节中很重要的一部分，可以说RP的质量就是你申请名校的敲门砖。

02 Why | 为什么需要RP？很多人觉得我有多的时间不如去做些能看到实际效果的事情，为什么要来写RP 呢？其实RP是一种非常重要的个人表现手段。

1.导师取向狙击大家会觉得我多参加点实际的科研项目比写一篇干瘪瘪的RP好得多吧，这样导师在提问时我才有东西可以讲。

多参加科研项目当然很好，也会给简历添彩。

但是耗费时间更多，并且记住你要申请的是Master/Phd,研究型人才，导师很看重你在相关领域的学术研究能力如何。

英文research proposal格式

一、概述在科研工作者进行研究之前，通常需要撰写一个研究提案（research proposal）来明确研究的目的、方法和重要性。

研究提案是研究项目的蓝图，对于研究的顺利开展和取得成功至关重要。

本文将针对英文research proposal的格式和内容进行详细介绍，帮助读者了解如何撰写一份高质量的研究提案。

二、提案标题和背景1. 提案标题研究提案的标题应当简明扼要地概括研究的主题，通常不超过15个词。

标题应当具有代表性，能够吸引读者的注意力，同时需要与研究内容紧密相关。

2. 研究背景研究背景部分应当包括对研究领域的概述，阐明研究的重要性和必要性。

也需要对该领域的前沿研究进行综合介绍，指出现有研究的不足之处，为本研究的开展提供充分理由。

三、研究目的和问题1. 研究目的研究目的部分应当明确说明研究的总体目标和具体目的。

研究目的应当与研究背景紧密通联，能够清晰地表达出研究的意义和预期的成果。

2. 研究问题研究问题部分应当提出明确的研究问题或假设，阐明研究的内容和范围。

研究问题需要具有可操作性，既能够被具体的研究方法所解决，又能够对研究领域产生积极影响。

四、研究方法和流程1. 研究方法研究方法部分应当详细描述研究的具体方法和步骤，包括实验设计、数据采集和分析方法等。

研究方法需要符合科学规范和伦理要求，能够有效地解决研究问题，并得到可信的研究结果。

2. 研究流程研究流程部分应当对研究的具体进展和时间安排进行详细规划，包括各项工作的时间节点和人力物力的分配。

研究流程需要合理可行，能够保证研究的顺利开展和按时完成。

五、预期成果和意义1. 预期成果预期成果部分应当说明研究取得的具体成果和效益，可以是新的理论发现、实用技术或政策建议等。

预期成果需要与研究目的和问题相一致，能够对研究领域产生重要影响。

2. 研究意义研究意义部分应当阐明研究的社会和学术价值，可能涉及到对学科发展、社会进步或经济效益等方面的影响。

研究意义需要全面客观地评估，并表明研究的重要性和必要性。

研究计划书(research_proposal)

研究计划书（research proposal）写作指导！一份正式的研究计划书是申请研究型学位的必要文件。

这是招生委员会衡量并采用研究人员的方法之一。

计划书的改进是一项有价值的活动，能帮助你确定目标，明确研究对象，制定研究进度。

一份详尽的研究计划书能展现你对研究的了解情况，将你的“研究想法”（research thinking）和其他人交流。

以下指导原则能帮助你激发灵感，这些内容一份完整计划书的组成部分。

1. 主题和问题研究课题规划出研究问题的价值。

主题必须是：一两句话内能说清的通过咨询导师而确定下来的主题一般是一个需要解答的问题。

对于主题的陈述会引导读者提出“为什么值得研究”的疑问。

一个好的研究主题是一个可被调查的问题。

毋庸质疑，你必须和导师（他/她要对这个问题感兴趣的）商量来决定是否讨论这个问题。

定义问题并不容易，你需要问你自己这个问题是否真的是值得被提出和被回答的问题。

问题的界定在设定研究时至关重要，在研究中，修改问题和重新定义问题，是研究者的家常便饭。

如何理论化和概念化主题至关重要——你要理解你所提出的问题。

2. 背景和语境你的研究主题需要在一定的语境和背景之中。

在描述背景时，你需要知道主题如何重要？主题为什么重要？为什么值得研究？这意味着你需要：描述问题的前因后果——这个问题是如何提出来的？勾勒它的研究意义——对什么事物来说可能会有怎样的结果？参照与主题相关的其他材料研究背景可以通过很多方式来写。

你的兴趣点和关注点可以成为你的研究动机。

而对你的论据支持可以从理论或相关文献上寻找。

比如，当你进行专业实践时，你或许要描述或分析政策的背景或者组织变动的背景。

总而言之，你必须总结那些能影响研究的要素。

这些分析能让你质问自己的假设：研究这个问题的意义在哪里？（另外，）你还需要问自己: 驱使这个研究的动力是什么？从谁的角度来看研究是有意义的？3 框架的概念化、相关文献概念的框架化是对相关文献中研究问题的详尽描述。

Research proposal写法面面观

如果说套磁信是软萌妹子为导师轻揉肩的话，那么RP就是威武雄壮的汉子粗声问导师“要推背么?” 没错，RP就是直来直去，全凭硬实力，今天咱们就来好好说说一篇好的RP是怎么练成的。

RP是什么？RP就是指导研究的大纲，使导师相信你有一个值得实践的研究项目和想法，你也有足够的能力和完善的计划去完成它。

好的RP应该这样：清晰说明需要解决的问题和采用的方法;问题有意义，方法有创新，结果有突破;展现出你的学术水平;简洁有力，控制在3000字左右。

为什么要写RP？也许不同的RP会有不同的内容，但是它们都有一个目的，触动你的导师!打动你的导师!感动你的导师!为了让导师知道你不是光吃饭不干活的那种，你需要尽全力展现出的你的学术水平，如果你做了相关功课，了解该导师的学术领域，发表过那些论文啊，由此调整选题方向会更有效果。

怎么写RP？写之前，可以参考下同题材或类似领域的论文，可以照搬其写作结构。

有些时候套路也是必要的。

下面说说RP有那几个部分：题目Title只要叙述关键字，信息量要少且全，最好做到博人眼球。

像这种an investigation of 这样的无意义词就可以直接省略掉。

摘要Abstract大约300字的简短摘要，包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说hypothesis(若有的话)，研究方法和主要发现。

引言Introduction该部分的主要目的是为你的研究课题提供必要的背景或来龙去脉，写作中最主要的问题应该是如何构架这个研究问题。

其实，并没有什么硬性规定告诉你必须要如何架构你的研究问题，也没有任何实际的方案指导你写一个有趣还信息量充足的开篇，这些基本就靠你自己的想象力，创造力，还有你清晰的思路和考虑问题的深度了。

文献综述Overview of the Research文献综述的主要任务就是总结前人已有的工作，找到现存在的不足，提出自己的见解，指出其中的意义。

写出你的调查问题，整合已有文献，进行提炼批判，写出自己的研究方法，最后别忘了夸夸自己的研究有多重要。

研究计划书Research Proposal指导

Research Proposal什么是研究计划（Research Proposal)？研究计划是对博士期间拟研究课题的一个概要性介绍，目的在于阐明研究方向，研究内容和研究方法，突出其研究的可行性、必要性和价值所在。

选题的技巧性：选题要新、领域要广、题目灵活1. 字数：800-2000左右2. 结构：♦ 标题(Title)♦ 摘要(Abstract)♦ 关键问题(Key Research Questions)♦ 文献综述(Literature Review)♦ 研究方法(Methodology)♦ 时间规划表(Timeline)♦ 参考文献(Reference or Bibliography)3. 写作规范♦文字上要简洁，避免使用长句子和长段落。

♦结构上要清晰，最好每个部分都要有标题。

♦立意要明确，总的目标就是为自己的研究题目辩护。

Your research proposalUse our Research Finder to find the right PhD or supervisor for you. PhD study at ...... lets youinvestigate your topic with depth and understanding. Develop new skills, enhance yourprofessional development and build networks.Think about your research idea - during your PhD you will conduct and present the results of your original investigations and research. You need to ensure that your research topic will be interesting enough for three or four years. Start to research your topic by reading around your subject area and begin to think what you might like to include in your research proposal.Get in touch with a suitable department by contacting the Graduate Director - you might still be developing your idea at this stage, but it would be great if you could send a short description of your research area and a copy of your CV. This does not need to be longer than one A4 page. You can search for a department or supervisor through our Postgraduate Research FinderWriting your proposalYour research proposal is an important part of your application for a research degree. Use it to explain your personal and academic goals in undertaking an extended period of research, and reﬂect on the contribution you will make to the development of new knowledge, ideas andsolutions. Also comment on how your research interests fit with the academic focus and expertise at .......Your research proposal needs to demonstrate that you have, or are able to develop, thecompetencies and skills needed to complete your project, within the time and resources available.The quality of your writing is important and a good research proposal may be rejected if it ispoorly expressed or badly presented.Many of our departments, schools and centres offer more detailed guidance on preparing aresearch proposal on their web pages. If you are applying for funding, ensure your proposal fulfils the requirements of your preferred funding body.Your research proposal should be 800-1,000 words in length and include:∙ a working title and key words∙ a summary of the aims and objectives of your research∙an outline of the ways you meet these aims and objectives, referring to research methods and specific resources you use∙evidence of your awareness of relevant literature and theoretical approaches∙an overview of the expected outcomes and the original contribution your research will make to existing bodies of knowledge∙ a brief statement on how your research interests tie in with those found in the department, school or centre。

如何写作Research Proposal(译文)

/view/460a9c104431b90d6c85c717.html许多学生和刚入门的研究者无法去充分理解研究计划的意义和重要性。

坦率的说，一个人的研究不会比计划做得更好。

所有构思拙劣的计划一开始就决定了研究的不好情况，即使能够通过学术委员会的。

另一方面，一个高质量的论文计划不但可以保证研究计划的成功，还能给学术委员会留下你具有研究潜能的印象。

研究规划可以告诉别人你有一个有价值的研究工程并且你有能力和计划完成这个规划，一般而言，研究规划应该包括研究过程中的所有重点内容，并且有足够的信息让读者评判要进行的研究。

不管你选择什么样的研究领域和方法，所有的研究规划必须包括以下内容：计划做什么？为什么做此选择？还有如何去做？规划应该包括足够的信息去说服读者，你有一个非常重要的研究规划。

你对相关领域和主要课题的提出了解决方案，并且你的方法是合理的。

规划质量不仅取决于规划的计划，还取决于规划的写作。

因为拙劣的写作，一个好的研究规划可能会被否定掉。

因此，把规划的写的连贯、清晰、有说服力就变得极有价值。

这篇文章专注于规划的写作，而不是研究方案的进展。

题目：题目应当有说服力并且形象生动。

比如：词组“对...的描述”可以省略，题目通常基于一种功能关系，因为这种题目清晰给出了自变量和因变量。

可能的情况下，构思出信息性强同时琅琅上口的题目。

一个好的题目不仅能激发起读者的兴趣，还能让他/她找到自己最感兴趣的部分。

摘要：这是一段大约300字的简洁摘要，应当包括研究问题，问题的合理性，假设（如果可能的话），方法和主要的发现。

方法的描述包括设计、过程、样品和任何用到的样品。

介绍：介绍的目的是提供研究问题的必要背景和内容。

如何定位问题可能是写作过程中最重要的部分。

如果研究的问题在普通杂乱的语境中列出的话，问题会显得琐碎、没有吸引人之处。

同样的问题如果用集中紧凑的格式列出，他的意义就会很明显。

不幸的是没有硬性快速的规则告诉你如何构思研究课题，因为没有关于如何写出有趣并且信息开放的段落。

ResearchProposal的写作步骤和组成部分

英语研究计划书（Research Proposal）的写作步骤和组成部分STEP 1 定研究题目的大方向选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。

注意：1. 浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，他们会比较清楚。

2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。

到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。

如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。

STEP 2 找文献&阅读文献文献选择的几个标准1. 以英语文献为主。

参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。

在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，方便了解相关研究背景。

以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。

2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊上发的文章；3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）；4. 近几年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）参考价值降低；5. 如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。

6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看7. 硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域的研究情况，来龙去脉，补充一些基础背景知识之类的。

找文献的方法：英文：通过Google学术搜索; 如果你所在的学校买了该数据库，就可以直接下载。

中文：一般是通过中国知网搜索。

需要看多少篇文章:写一篇研究计划书，需要精读15篇以上英文论文。

中文的5-10篇，多看一些也无所谓（看得快嘛），但要避免看垃圾文章。

看文献的Tips1. 将觉得需要认真看、反复研究的重点文章打印出来，反复看，也方便做记号和前后对照翻阅。

2. 在读的过程中，遇到写得好的、关键的、觉得有可能在研究计划书中用上的句子，复制粘贴到一个word文档里并简要标明出处。

演示文稿 research proposal

-- Design: Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose? -- Subjects/participants: Who will take part in your study? How any subjects are you going to have? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?
4.2 Introduction: Aims/purposes and rationale/justification

◇Aims/purposes -- State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose or aim of the study. --Briefly describe the major issues and subproblems to be addressed by your research.
General guidelines for writing a research proposal

Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. All research proposals must address the following questions: