建筑学专业英语翻译
建筑学专业英语翻译
翻译一The environmental crisis and sustainable developmentIt has been suggested that the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962 was the start of the modern environmental movement (Dobson, 1991). However, the roots of environmentalism may be muchdeeper. Farmer (1996) has traced the development of ‘Green Sensibility’ in architecture back to folk buildings and the cult of the cottage through the nineteenth century in the writings of Ruskin, the work of the Arts and Crafts movement to the twentieth century and the organic ideas inModern Architecture. The planning profession could also cite its list of planners with green credentials. Amongst these father figures of the planning world would be Geddes (1949), Howard and the Garden City Movement (1965), and Mumford (1938) with his analysis of the ‘Rise and Fall of Megalopolis’. No doubt other disciplines could legitimately cite their own lists of people with deep concerns for the environment, many of them working long before the term ‘sustainable development’was coined. While it is not the intention to downgrade these fine scholarly traditions, nevertheless, for the purpose of this study,and for convenience, the beginnings of the modern environmental movement will be placed in the 1960s. The mood of environmentalism quickened with Rachel Carson’s analysis of the inevitable damage caused by large-scale and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides, fungicides and herbicides. Carson’s influence was widespread, affecting pressure groups such as Friends of the Earth, in addition to the stimulus she gave to the development of green politics and philosophy. From the USA, Ian McHarg, the Scottish e´migre´, published his seminal work Design with Nature in 1969, seven years after Carson’s warning cry. McHarg’s ecological thesis spans the disciplines of landscape, architecture and planning: he is one of the founding fathers of sustainable development.McHarg argued that human development should be planned in a manner that took full account of nature and natural processes. Design with Nature in addition to articulating a philosophical position also provided atechnique for landscape analysis and design using overlays, a technique which now forms the basis of GIS, Geographic Information Systems, an important tool for current planning and design. While McHarg was writing in the 1960s, the thrust of his argument still applies today in the twenty-first century. ‘It is their (the merchant’s)ethos, with our consent, that sustains th e slumlord and the land rapist, the polluters of rivers and atmosphere. In the name of profit they pre-empt the seashore and sterilize the landscape, fell the great forests, fill protective marshes, build cynically in the flood plain. It is the claim of convenience – or – its illusion – that drives the expressway through neighbourhoods, homes and priceless parks, a taximeter of indifferent greed’.Small is Beautiful by Schumacher (1974) is another milestone in the analysis of the causes of environmental problems and in the development of green principles. One cause of environmental problems according to Schumacher is the notion that we can continue to produce and consume atever-increasing rates in a finite planet. Schumacher warned that the planet which is our stock of capital is being threatened by overproduction: in effect, the human race is consuming its capital at an alarming rate, endangering the tolerance margins of nature, and so threatening the life support systemsthat nurture humankind. A further landmark in green analysis was ‘The Trage dy of the Commons’ (Hardin, 1977). Hardin argued that if everyone maximized his or her own gain from commonly held property, whetherland, sea or air (the commons), the result would be the destruction of those commons. Where populations are comparatively small the ‘commons’ are not under great threat. With rising world populations, the commons now under threat include the air we breathe, the ozone layer that protects us from the sun’s rays, and the ecological systems that deal with the waste we cause. How far The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972) for the Club of Rome’s Project on ‘The Predicament of Mankind’ progressed the aims of the environmental movement is problematical. It attempted to plot the depletion of resources and to warn of the danger of exponential growth, to the ultimate destruction of a global environment fit for human occupation. The book has been described as mechanistic and non-scientific. It has also been criticized for overstating the case, therefore damaging the environmental or green cause. To some extent these criticisms have been addressed in Beyond the Limits (Meadows et al., 1992). The Limits to Growth did attempt, however, to study some aspects of the global environment holistically, concentrating on linkages and adopting a systems approach to environmental analysis, all being common features of a ‘green method’.THE ‘SKEPTICAL ENVIRONMENTALIST’The publication by Lomborg, in Danish, of his book, Verdens Sande Tilstand (1998) –later translated into English as The Skeptical Environmentalist (2001) – was a further landmark in the environmental debate. Acc ording to Lomborg’s assessment, conditions on earth are generally improving for human welfare: furthermore, future prospects are not nearly as gloomy as environmental scientists predict. Those working in the field of sustainable deve lopment cannot ignore Lomborg’s thought-provoking analysis, even though most reputable environmental scientists have rebutted his complacent view of the global environment (see Bongaarts, Holdren, Lovejoy and Schneidr in Scientific American, January, 2002). Like Meadows in his Limits to Growth, Lomborg may have overstated his case. Unfortunately, his thesis has given credence to the views of those advocating an environmental ‘free for all’, par ticularly those to the right of American poli tics (see ‘Bush bending science to his p olitical needs’; Guardian, 19th February, 2004).翻译二POPULATIONAn important contributory factor affecting the deterioration of the environment is population growth. According to Bongaarts (2002), Lomborg’s assertion that the number of pe ople on this planet is not ‘the problem’, is simply wrong. The population of the planet was approximately 0.5 billion in the mid-seventeenth century. It was then growing at approximately 0.3 per cent per annum, which represented a doubling of population every 250 years. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the population was 1.6 billion but growing at 0.5 per cent per annum, which corresponds to a doubling time of 140 years. In 1970, the global population was 3.6 billion, with a growth rate of 2.1 per cent per annum. Not only was the population growing exponentially but the rate of growth was increasing. From 1971 to 2000 the population grew to about 6 billion, but the growth rate fell to 1.5 per cent per annum. This change in population growth rate is a significant improvement and means a reduction in the rate at which total world population grows. The population growth rate is expected to fall further to about 0.8 per cent per annum by 2030. Despite this fall in population growth rate, the absolute growth will remain nearly as high as levels in the last decades of the twentieth century, simply because the population base rate keeps expanding: the global population is expected to be about 8 billion by 2030 and to reach about 10 billion by 2050. These global figures mask details of unprecedented demographic change, which are highly significant for the impact they may have on the environment. The world’s poorest nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America have rapidly growing and young populations, while in the wealthy nations of Europe, North America and Japan, population growth is zero or in some cases negative. By 2030, over 85 per cent of the world’s population will live in these poorer nations of the developing world. Three- quarters of global population growth occurs in the urban centres of these poorer nations, and half of this increase is by natural growth within cities. This urban growth in, and rural-urban migration to, the cities of the poor ‘South’ is occurring in a context of far higher absolute population growth, at extremely low income levels, very little institutional and financial capacity, and few opportunities to expand into new frontiers, foreign or domestic. ‘While urban poverty exists and is indeed growing in all cities of the world, it characterizes aspects of the rapidly growing cities of the developing countries. There, urban poverty disproportionately affects women and children; fuels ethnic and racial tensions; and condemns large sections, and sometimes the majority of urban dwellers to a downward spiral of marginalization, social and economic exclusion and unhealthy living environments’(United Nations, Habitat, 2001). Over 1 billion people live in absolute poverty, living on less than $1 per day. A total of 420 million people live in countries that no longer have enough cropland on which to grow their own food, and 500 million people live in regions prone to chronic drought: by 2025, this number is likely to be 2.4 to 3.5 billion people. Clearly, population pressures will induce migratory movements throughout the world, so that in Europe – including Britain –we can expect to see a continuing influx of economic migrants: some – but not all –in this country would see this immigration of young economically active people as essential to sustain our aging population (Observer, 25 January, 2004). Suchpopulation movements will not be without conflict.‘Poverty and environmental degradation are closely interrelated. While poverty results in environmental stress, the major cause of environmental deterioration is an unsustainable pattern of consumption and production, particularly in the industrialised countries, which aggravates poverty and imbalances’ (UN, 1992b). The cause of the problem does not lie in the poor South, but in the ‘over-consumption’in the rich North: over-consumption being a euphemism for the much shorter and more accurate word ‘greed’, as used by McHarg. Nevertheless, a reduction in population growth rates through education and family planning is of great importance in establishing a sustainable future for humankind: alone, however, it is insufficient. It is worth noting that one child born in Europe or the USA will usethe same resources and be responsible for using the same energy and producing the same waste as perhaps thirty or forty born in less advantaged countries. The problems are ‘increasingly international, global and potentially more life-threatening than in the past’ (Pearce, 1989). Fifteen years on from the time when Pearce wrote those words, global conditions have, if anything, deteriorated. The development of a global environment of quality, in addition to the reduction in population growth in the Developing World, is dependent upon establishing sustainable patterns of consumption and production in the Developed World, which in part is related to the way in which we build and use cities.FOOD PRODUCTIONBarring catastrophe, the global population over the next thirty years will grow from 6 billion to 8 billion people. Most of this growth will be in cities of the Developing World. Bongaarts (2002) believes that the demand for feeding this extra population, will be a g reat challenge: ‘The ability of agriculturists to meet this challenge remains uncertain’. He goes on to say that, ‘. . . the technological optimists are probably correct in claiming that the overall food production can be increased substantially over the next few decades’. This agricultural expansion will be costly. The expansion will probably take place on soils of poor quality, located in places less favourable for irrigation, than existing intensively farmed land. Water – as we read constantly in our daily newspapers – is in increasingly short supply, while its demand grows not only for purposes of irrigation.翻译三CLIMATE CHANGEMost weeks we read in the press, that climate change is upon us and that matters can only get worse. The re is even a ‘suspicion abroad’ that conditions are worse than we think. Recently, official pronouncements reported in the press added to the concern: they have led to headlines such as: ‘End of the World is nigh –it’s official’; ‘Human race is killing the planet says Meacher’; and ‘Risk to the environment poses the same dangers as terror, wa rns Blair’ (The Guardian, March 2003). Scientists are, however, more circumspect. As Pearce pointed out as far back as 1989, ‘. . . there is uncertainty about the nature and effect of these changes to climate. For example, there is uncertainty about the exact trace gas emissions which will enter the atmosphere and the precise fuel mix which will be used in the future. There is also uncertainty about the nature and extent of the ecological changes which will be brought about by pollution; in particular, there is uncertainty about the ways in which the climate will respond, either at a global or in a regional context. There is also uncertainty about environmental thresholds–that is, points at which an environmental catastrophe occurs or where particular processes cannot be reversed. Above all, there is great uncertainty about the ways in which man will respond to any changes to the environment that may occur. Human response to a real or perceived environmental threat may be part of a natural adaptation process and include responses at a personal, institutional or governmental level. The response may range from the small-scale installation in the home of more thermal insulation to a process of mass migration from areas of drought or flooding’. More recently, Schneider (2002) also stressed the uncertainty surrounding the whole vexed question of climate change:‘Uncertainties so infuse the issue of climate change that it is impossible to rule out either mild or catastrophic outcomes’. Temperatures in 2100 may increase by 1.4 degrees Celsius or by 5.8 degrees. The first would mean relatively easy adaptable change: the larger figure would induce very damaging changes. The most creditable international assessment body in this field, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) endorse this range of possibilities so that we could be lucky and see a mild effect or unlucky and get catastrophic outcomes. Since a large body of the scientific community believe that climate change in part is due to human activities, a reasonable behaviour would be for humankind to take preventative measures. As Schneider (2002) points out, ‘It is precisely because the responsible scientific community cannot rule out such catastrophic outcomes at a high level of confidence that climate mitigation policies are seriously proposed.’ U ntil the Scientific community, acting on its research findings, advises otherwise, it would seem prudent to propose development strategies, which reduce, as far as possible, the pressures on a fragile global environment. Here it is intended to continue to advocate ‘the precautionary pri nciple’ as a guide for environmental design: this principle is fundamental to the theory of sustainable development, which advocates a cautious approach to the use of environmental resources, particularly those which result in the pollution of the atmosphere with greenhouse gases.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThere seems to be widespread agreement that solving global problems means the adoption of policies and programmes that lead to sustainable development. Sustainable development, however, has many different meanings (Pearce, 1989). The shades of meaning given to sustainable development closely mirror –or perhaps match – the writer’s intellectual or emotional position along the spectrum of green philosophy. There is also a great danger that the concept will become meaningless, or simply be used as another wordy panacea instead of action for dealing with the environmental ills that befall the planet. The pursuit of a sustainable future for the human race in an environment of quality will require the design of effective policies and programmes which directly address the related problems of unsustainable activities and environmental degradation; they must also be politically acceptable in the jurisdiction where they are proposed. If these policies and programmes are grouped beneath the generic term ‘sustainable development’, then that term must have a generally accepted meaning which does not reduce it to an anodyne instrument for political obfuscation. A generally accepted definition of sustainable development, and a good point to begin an exploration of this concept, is taken from the Brundtland Report:‘Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). This definition contains three key ideas: development, needs, and future generations. According to Blowers (1993), development should not be confused with growth. Growth is a physical or quantitative expansion of the economic system, while development is a qualitative concept: it is concerned with cultural, social and economic progress. The term ‘needs’ introduces the ideas of distribution of resources: ‘meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life’ (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). These are fine sentiments, but in reality the world’s poor are unable to achieve their basic needs of life, while the more affluent effectively pursue their aspirations, many luxuries being defined by such groups as needs. There will naturally be environmental costs if the standards of the wealthy are maintained while at the same time meeting the basic needs of the poor. These environmental costs, furthermore, will increase dramatically if the living conditions in developing countries improve, let alone if the aspiration is to bring those conditions in line with the more affluent developed world. A choice may be inevitable: meeting needs therefore is a political, moral and ethical issue. It concerns the redistribution of resources both within and between nations.翻译四SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: OFFICIAL RESPONSESSustainable development was placed on the political agenda in 1987 with the publication of Our Common Future: The Brundtland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). In Britain, the Government commissioned a report by Pearce et al. (1989) called Blueprint for a Green Economy. Pearce suggested ways in which the constraints could be introduced into the economic system of the United Kingdom. Later, the Government published a White Paper called This Common Inheritance, B ritain’s Environmental Strategy(Department of the Environment, 1990). While full of fine sentiment, the White Paper paid little attention to the argument developed in the Pearce Report. Consequently, no new lead was given in this policy area. The environmental movement was given a European dimension when the European Commission published its Green Paper on the Urban Environment (Commission for the Economic Communities, 1990). The early 1990s in Britain saw the publication of a number of official documents addressing environmental issues. Development Plans: A Good Practice Guide (Department of the Environment, 1992a) has a section on Environmental Issues which attempts to show how concerns about environmental issues can be reflected in a Development Plan. It discusses: ‘achieving a balance between economic growth, technological development and environmental considerations’. It does not attempt to define the point of balance, nor does it enter the thorny argument about development versus growth. The section on energy goes a little further, incorporating some of the ideas on energy-efficient urban form that appear in Energy Conscious Planning (Owens, 1991), a report prepared for the Council for the Protection of Rural England, 1992 saw the publication of Planning Pollution and Waste Management, which formed the basis of planning guidance (Department of the Environment, 1992b), while in 1993 Reducing Transport Emissions Through Planning was published: this was a document prepared jointly by the Department of the Environment and the Department of Transport (1993a). The document states that: In recognition of the problem of global warming the UK Government has signed the Climate Change Convention. This calls for measures to reduce CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by 2000. If the transport sector is to contribute to this reduction, there are three mechanisms through which this could be achieved:(1) Through reductions in overall travel demand;(2) Through encouraging the use of more emissions-efficient modes of travel; and(3) Through changes in the emissions efficiency of transport.Item (1) is simply advocating more energy-efficient urban form, and item (3) is also without political pain –it is the straightforward suggestion to improve transport technology. Item (2) was – and still remains – the area with the greatest potential for short-term reduction in CO2 emissions.This course of action, however, causes the most difficulty for a conservative Government with a prejudice in favour of the road lobby and a propensity to support a roads solution to transport problems.Favoring public transport rather than support for the building of more roads has proved equally problematic for the present Labour Government. Item (2) in essencemeans the development of an efficient, cheap and effective integrated public transport system. The development of such a public transport system means the transfer of resources from the car user to those who use public transport. The transfer of resources may take two forms. First, it may mean higher costs for the motorist in terms of petrol prices, road taxes and road pricing: this will make motoring more costly. Second, the transfer of resources takes the more direct form of the development of costly public transport infrastructure at the expense of road improvements. Competition between our political parties means that no Government, of whatever political persuasion, can afford to alienate too many voters. Most of us living in Britain own a car: we use it daily and with it we conduct a long and tender love affair. How many voters in ‘Middle England’ will gladly accept the undoubted pain accompanying any restriction in car use? One simple and effective way in which the car user in this country was asked to pay for the environmental damage caused by too much petrol consumption was through the mechanism of the ‘price accelerator’: this was introduced by the last Conservative Government in the mid-1990s as a clever procedure to increase the price of petrol annually at each budget by an amount in excess of inflation. The Labour Government of 1997 accepted the ‘accelerator’, but as a policy it floundered with the threatened‘petrol strike’ and the blockading of petrol stations in 1999. The Conservative opposition Party denounced the ‘accelerator policy’of the Government, despite having introduced it during their period in office. The public anger about petrol prices threatened the Gove rnment’s commanding lead in the polls, which caused a re-think of a perfectly reasonable, environmentally friendly, petrol- taxing policy. The Labour Government’s declared moratorium on road building soon after coming to power in 1997 has taken a setback with recent announcements for further motorway-widening and other major road-building projects. For those who believe that it is impossible to build your way out of the present traffic chaos these announcements, along with transport plans, appear to weaken the resolve to tackle the apparently intractable problem of strategic transport. The introduction of road pricing in London however – and its apparent success – has made it more likely that this innovation will be introduced more widely throughout the country. A Framework for Local Sustainability (1993) was a response by UK local government to the UK Government’s first strategy for sustainable development. The report was prepared by the Local Government Management Board setting a framework for considering Local Agenda 21 for the United Kingdom: it built upon Agenda 21 signed by 178 nations (including the UK) at the United Nations Conference on Environmental Development, Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It is closer to the Brundtland report than earlier documents originating in the UK, discussing equity in these terms: ‘Fairness to people now living must accompany sustainabi lity’s concern for fairness to future generations’.翻译五POLITICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe meaning of ‘sustainable development’ is largely determined by an individual’s ideological viewpoint. The present Labour Government in this country – and its Conservative predecessor, along with many major parties in Europe, on discovering the environment as a political issue –would consider itself steward rather than master. This vi ew of man’s relationship to the environment and the difficulties the world community faces is shared by the United Nations, the European Union and most of the scientific community, including many in the city planning and design professions. The stewardship perspective is the one that, in the main, has been presented so far in this chapter. It represents the views of those who believe that environmental problems can be solved within the present political and economic system. It is not the only viewpoint. Dobson (1990) distinguishes two diametrically opposed views on sustainability and the environment. The establishment viewpoint he l abels ‘green’ with a lower-case‘g’, while those who believe that sustainability depends on the system being fundamentally changed he describes as ‘Green’ with a capital ‘G’. The literature on the topic however, would indicate a spectrum of greens rather than a strict dichotomy: the ideology of all those shades along the spectrum of greenness is determined by their attitude to the environment. The ‘Green’ ideology or ‘ecologism’ takes The Limit s to Growth (Meadows, 1972) as an axiom: ‘Greens will ad mit that the report’s estimates as to the likely life expectancy of various resources are over-pessimistic and they will agree that the Club of Rome’s worl d computer models were crude, but they will subsc ribe to the report’s conclusion that the days of uncontrolled growth . . . are numbered’ (Dobson, 1991). Green ideology also questions the current dominant paradigm with its foundation in The Enlightenment, science, technology and the objective of rational analysis (Capra, 1985). The Gree n’s world view removes man from centre stage: Green politics explicitly seeks to decentre the human being, question mechanistic science and its technological consequences, to refuse to believe that the world was made for human beings –and it does this because it has been led to wonder whether dominant post-industrial ism’s project of material affluence is either desirable or sustainable. (Dobson, 1990) Ecologism goes beyond human- instrumental or paternalistic care for the natural world, and argues that the environment has an independent value that should guarantee its existence. Green ideology puts forward the idea that a new paradigm is necessary for solving the problems now faced by mankind. Such a paradigm should be based upon holism –a systems view of the world –and interconnectedness rather than the present mechanistic and reductionist view of nature. Two most interesting books – Greening Cities, edited by Roelofs (1996) and Design for Sustainability by Birkeland et al. (2002) – move the tone and content of the discussion of design for sustainable development along the spectrum of greens from the paler tints associated with the establishment view towards the full-bodied saturated hue of Green associated with ‘Eco-f eminism’: ‘Feminist theory delves into the reasons for this marginalisation of people and nature in environmental design. Feminists . . . have explained how physical and social space is shaped by dichotomies in Western thought. Mind, reason, spirit order, public and permanence have been。
建筑学专业英语翻译
建筑学专业英语翻译概述：本文档提供了建筑学专业中常用的英语术语的翻译，以帮助学生在研究和研究过程中更好地理解相关内容。
内容：1. 基础概念：- 建筑学 - architecture- 结构 - structure- 设计 - design- 施工 - construction- 建筑材料 - building materials2. 建筑元素：- 地基 - foundation- 地板 - floor- 墙体 - wall- 窗户 - window- 门 - door- 屋顶 - roof- 楼梯 - stairs3. 常用房间：- 卧室 - bedroom- 客厅 - living room- 厨房 - kitchen- 浴室 - bathroom- 书房 - study room- 阳台 - balcony4. 建筑样式：- 古典建筑 - classical architecture - 现代建筑 - modern architecture - 摩天大楼 - skyscraper- 山墙建筑 - vernacular architecture5. 建筑工程管理：- 施工图 - construction drawings- 预算 - budget- 进度管理 - schedule management- 资源分配 - resource allocation- 质量控制 - quality control6. 建筑法规：- 建筑许可证 - building permit- 建筑规划 - building regulations- 环评 - environmental impact assessment7. 建筑项目类型：- 住宅 - residential- 教育 - educational- 医疗 - healthcare- 文化 - cultural- 娱乐 - entertainment结论：本文档提供了建筑学专业英语翻译的参考，有助于学生更好地理解和应用相关术语。
建筑学专业英语课文翻译
Unit1 textA建筑学是一门人类必须的，与建筑材料联系的建造艺术。
以便提供实用性和艺术欣赏性。
这不同于工程建造的纯粹实用性。
建筑学可以是一个结构，一座房舍，一座桥，一个教堂和一处建筑群落。
建筑学作为一门艺术作为一门艺术，建筑学本质上是抽象的和非写实的，囊括了空间、体量、平面、聚集和空隙之间的处理。
一些建筑太美太有趣以至于它们成了著名的艺术品。
建筑师利用形态，结构，颜色和其他艺术元素及手法来设计建筑。
建筑师们建造不同形态的建筑。
通过识别建筑的外形你能认出许多建筑。
1，椭圆，圆形和其他形状装饰了穹顶的天花板。
2，线条在一座意大利教堂的屋顶构成了图案。
3，用来建造这处建筑的建材创造了有意思的质感。
建筑学里的时间时间也是建筑学中的一个主要因素，因为一处建筑通常被理解成一段长时间的经验而非一时之快。
对于绝大多数建筑，是找不到一个能理解整体结构的有利位置的。
光与影的应用，还有表皮装饰，都能极大地加强结构的展现。
对于建筑形式的分析为洞悉过去的文明提供了方便。
每处伟大形态的背后都不是一个偶然的走向或是流行趋势，但是一系列严肃且紧急的试验直接解答了人们对于生活方式的特殊需求。
气候，工种，可得的建材和经济都限制了他们的指示。
每处大的设计式样都是在新建筑思想的启发下完成的。
一旦形成了，一种思想会流传下来且难以改变，只有当社会动荡或是新的建造技术出现时，他才会逐渐衰退。
这种演变的过程在现代建筑风格这段历史上印证了，从十九世纪中期对于刚和铁结构的应用发展而来。
直到二十世纪建筑结构发生的三个巨大的提升：柱子与梁，或为有横梁的体系；拱券体系，而不是粘合性，使可塑材料变硬成为均质体，或是嵌入式，这样荷载就能在确切的地方被吸收和平衡；还有现代钢骨体系系统。
古代的建筑风格在埃及建筑风格中，一些仍现存的最早的结构（三千年前埃及人建造的）也属于建筑式样。
柱子和横梁体系是唯一被使用的，从而诞生了历史上最早的带圆柱的建筑。
同一个时代的西亚建筑风格也使用同样的体系。
各专业英文翻译
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建筑学专业英语课文翻译
建筑学专业英语课文翻译专英题型1.短语英译汉 2*5=102.短语汉译英 2*5=103.句子英译汉 4*2+5*2+6*2=304.段落汉译英 10*1=105.完形填空 2*5=106.单选 2*5=107.作文 20*1=20A CITY IS NOT A TREE城市并非树形(城市不是树形结构)CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER 克里斯托弗.亚历山大Unit 01Section 1Intensive readingPart ?不少设计师十分推崇并尝试在设计中结合那些能够反映根本的人类心理、精神需求和文化价值观的建成环境要求。
但是没有任何一个人像出生于澳大利亚、受教于英国、扎根于美国的建筑师和规划师克里斯托弗.亚历山大一样与传统建筑实践如此彻底地决裂，并且探索地更加深入，以使自己的设计反映这些最基本的价值。
亚历山大自称是一个破坏偶像(反对传统观念)的人，他有意识地同二十世纪建筑学和城市规划的主流思想保持距离。
值得注意的是:他挑出来在下文中进行攻击的8个“树形”规划是二十世纪最受尊重、最富盛名的规划方案的代表，包括勒.柯布西耶基于其建造一个现代城市的理论而为印度昌迪加尔新区做的规划;还包括保罗. 索莱尔的位于亚利桑那沙漠中梅萨市的空想巨型结构。
自从他最早发表挑衅性的观点攻击后面所选的正规的“树形”城市规划内容贫乏以来，亚历山大一生都从事于探求解读潜藏在人类需求下的深层结构体系以及对建筑新样式的再生模式的定义。
下面所选例子清楚地说明，一个城市不应该设计成像整洁的树形分枝组织那样把各个功能彼此分开。
亚历山大谴责整洁的城市规划，它们把“邻里”用界限分离，划分一个区域用作居住另一个用作商业，或者专门创建一个区域用作大学或文化设施。
他认为人类活动远比那些更为复杂和交叠。
亚历山大在文章节选中提出的城市设计策略可能会困扰那些寻求清晰、理性设计准则的人们。
亚历山大的观点是:关于如何设计非树状结构的城市还所知不够，从而无法提出明确的解决方案。
建筑工程专业英语
1 建筑工程专业英语词汇（1）建设,建筑,修建to build, to construct 建筑学architecture 修筑,建筑物building 房子house 摩天大楼skyscraper 公寓楼block block of of of flats flats flats ((美作:apartment block) 纪念碑monument 宫殿palace 庙宇temple 皇宫,教堂basilica 大教堂cathedral 教堂church 塔,塔楼tower 十层办公大楼ten-storey office block 柱column 柱列colonnade 拱arch 市政town planning (美作:city planning) 营建许可证,建筑开工许可证building permission 绿地greenbelt 建筑物的三面图elevation 设计图plan 比例尺scale 预制to prefabricate 挖土,掘土excavation 基foundations, base, subgrade 打地基to lay the foundations 砌好的砖列course of bricks 脚手架scaffold, scaffolding 质量合格证书certification of fitness 原材料raw material 底板bottom plate 垫层cushion 侧壁sidewall 中心线center line 条形基础strip footing 附件accessories 型钢profile steel 钢板steel plate 熔渣slag 飞溅welding spatter 定位焊tacking 引弧generating of arc 建筑工程专业英语词汇（2）充水试验filling water test 错边量unfitness of butt joint 底圈foundation ring 真空度检漏vacuum degree leak test 丁字焊缝tee welding 渗透探伤oil whiting test 充水试验filling water test 内侧角焊缝接头interior interior angle angle angle welding welding welding line line joint 基础沉降foundation settlement 测量基准点datum mark 稳定性试验stability test 排气阀outlet valve 角钢angle steel 构件component part 机械损伤mechanical damage 缩孔shrinkage cavity 折迭enfoldment 碳钢管carbon steel tube 公称直径nominal diameter 预埋件embedded part 轴测图axonometric drawing 布置图arrangement diagram 氧乙炔气割oxyacetylene gas cutting 低合金钢管low alloy steel 热影响区heat affected area 修磨polish 砂轮片grinding wheel 等离子plasma panel 重皮coldlap 凹凸unevenness 缩口necking down 端面head face 倾斜偏差dip deviation 外径external diameter 砂轮grinding wheel 管件pipe casting 单线图single line drawing 平齐parallel and level 两端two terminals 满扣buckle 螺栓紧固bolton 熄弧熄弧 quenching of arc 焊道焊道 welding bead 坡口坡口 beveled edges 外观检查外观检查 visual inspection 重皮重皮 double-skin 水平方向弧度 radian in horizontal direction 成型成型 molding 直线度直线度 straightness accuracy 焊缝角变形 welding line angular distortion 水平度水平度 levelness 铅垂度铅垂度 verticality 翘曲变形翘曲变形 buckling deformation 角尺角尺 angle square 对接焊缝对接焊缝 butt weld 母材母材 parent metal 法兰密封面法兰密封面 flange sealing surface 夹层夹层 interlayer 表面锈蚀浓度 surface corrosion concentration 挠曲变挠曲变 bending deformation 超声波探伤超声波探伤 ultrasonic ultrasonic testing/ testing/ testing/ ultrasonic ultrasonic examination 压力容器压力容器 pressure vessel 预制下料预制下料 prefabrication baiting 排版直径排版直径 set-type diameter 焊缝焊缝 welding line 中幅板中幅板 center plate 测量方法测量方法 measuring method 基准点基准点 datum mark 跳焊跳焊 skip welding 允许偏差允许偏差 allowable variation 补强板补强板 stiffening plate 开孔开孔 tapping 对接接头对接接头 banjo fixing butt jointing 角钢角钢 angle iron 安装基准圆 installation fundamental circle 吊装立柱吊装立柱 hoisting upright column 焊接钢管焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 向心斜拉筋向心斜拉筋 centripetal canting pull rope 带板带板 band plate 槽钢胀圈槽钢胀圈 channel steel expansion ring 环口环口 collar extension 局部变形局部变形 local distortion 周边周边 periphery 附加应力附加应力 additional stress 同轴度同轴度 axiality 平行度平行度 parallelism 随机随机 stochastic 允许偏差允许偏差 allowable variation 重直度verticality 水平度水平度 levelness 隔离盲板隔离盲板 blind plate 氩弧焊argon arc welding 压盖螺栓压盖螺栓 gland bolt 间距间距 spacing 有效期有效期 period of validity 担任担任 take charge of undertake 焊条焊条 welding rod 碳钢焊条碳钢焊条 carbon steel 焊丝焊丝 welding wire 熔化焊熔化焊 melting 钢丝钢丝 steel wire 气体保护焊气体保护焊 gas shielded arc welding 烘干烘干 drying 清洗清洗 ablution 制度s ystem 焊接工艺焊接工艺 welding procedure 相应相应 corresponding 手工电弧焊手工电弧焊 manual electric arc welding 手工钨极手工钨极 manual tungsten electrode 打底打底 render 电源电源 power source 交流交流 alternating current 焊件焊件 weldment 管壁厚度管壁厚度 pipe thickness 对接焊缝对接焊缝 butt weld 工件壁厚工件壁厚 workpiece 飞溅物飞溅物 splash 沾污沾污 smirch 油污油污 oil stain 细锉细锉 smooth file 铣刀铣刀 milling cutter 氧化膜氧化膜 oxide film 脱脂处理脱脂处理 ungrease treatment] 棉质纤维棉质纤维 cotton fibre 丙酮丙酮 acetone 硫 sulfur 环缝环缝 circumferential weld 顶板顶板 top plate 拱顶拱顶 vault 顶板加强肋顶板加强肋 stiffening rib 对接对接 butt joint 胎具胎具 clamping fixture 卷板机卷板机 plate bending rolls 中心支架中心支架 center bearing bracket 椭圆度椭圆度 ovality 等分线等分线 bisectrix 搭接宽度搭接宽度 lap width 点焊点焊 spot welding 搭接焊搭接焊 overlap welding 对称对称 symmetrically 螺旋爬梯螺旋爬梯 cockle stairs 放料阀放料阀 baiting valve 液位计液位计 content gauge 芬兰维萨拉芬兰维萨拉 V ailsla OY 美国美科美国美科 "Met-coil, USA" 集中式空调系统 centralized air conditioning system 裙房裙房 annex 热源热源 heat source 平面位置的空间 space of planimetric position 密封性能密封性能 sealing performance 机房机房 machine room 节点节点 timing 专业专业 "profession or discipline 都可以都可以,要根据上下文" 连体法兰连体法兰 coupling flange 垂直井笼垂直井笼 vertical well cage 变风量变风量 variable air rate 施工面展开施工面展开 construction unfolds 违约行为违约行为 noncompliance 合同交底- contract presentation 管理承包商 Management Contractor party 工程量工程量 work amount 实施的形象进度 progress of implementation 完工资料完工资料 as-built documentation 文整文整 clear-up 审核审核 review 汽车式起重机汽车式起重机 Autocrane 深化图纸深化图纸 deepen drawing 焊剂焊剂 welding flux 钢板钢板 steel plate 纵向焊缝纵向焊缝 longitudinal weld longitudinal seam 筒节筒节 shell ring 封头封头 end socket 卷管卷管 reelpipe 强度试验强度试验 strength test 起弧起弧 arc starting 穿堂风穿堂风 draught 熔合熔合 fusion 反面反面 reverse side 整体整体 integral 封堵封堵 block up 焊口焊口 weld bond 医用胶布医用胶布 medical proof fabric 高频高频 high frequency 焊炬焊炬 welding torch 建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(4) 综合分析判断 comprehensive analysis and judgement 变压器变压器 transformer 抽芯loose core 过道过道 aisle 三相电容三相电容 three phase capacitance 芯棒芯棒 core rod 都市规划与土地开发 Urban g and Land Development 社区开发及工业区开发社区开发及工业区开发 Community Development and Industry Park Development 开发许可申请开发许可申请 Development Permit 土地使用变更计划土地使用变更计划 Land Use Rezoning Plan 主要计划及细部计划主要计划及细部计划 Master Master Plan Plan Plan and and and Detail Detail Plan 都市计划更新计划都市计划更新计划 Urban Renewal Plan 都市设施都市设施 Urban Design 建筑设施建筑设施 Architecture Design 大地工程大地工程 Geotechnical Engineering 工址调查工址调查 Site Investigation 现地试验与室内试验现地试验与室内试验 In-Situ In-Situ and and and Laboratory Laboratory Test 基础工程基础工程 Foundation Design 设备配置计划 equipment furnishment plan 结构预埋配合阶段 Structure pre-embedment assistance stage 精装修阶段精装修阶段 Fine fitment stage 工程施工阶段工程施工阶段 Construction stage 工程竣工阶段工程竣工阶段 Completion stage 台钻台钻 Bench drill 冲击钻冲击钻 Churn drill 手电钻手电钻 Electric portable drill 砂轮切割机砂轮切割机 Abrasive cutting off machine 角钢卷圆机角钢卷圆机 Angle iron rolling machine 管道切断器管道切断器 Pipe cutting machine 铜管调直机 Copper Copper pipe pipe pipe straightening straightening machine 管道压槽机管道压槽机 Book Book joint joint joint setting setting setting machine machine for pipes 管道压槽机管道压槽机 Book Book joint joint joint setting setting setting machine machine for pipes 角向磨光机角向磨光机 Angle polishing machine 电动套丝机电动套丝机 Electric threading machine 电动卷扬机电动卷扬机 Electric winch 电动试压泵 Motor-driven pressure pressure test test pump 手动试压泵手动试压泵 Manual pressure test pump 阀门试压机阀门试压机 Valve pressure test device 阀门试压机阀门试压机 Valve pressure test device TDC(F)风管加工流水线 TDC(F)air ductwork fabrication stream line 等离子切割机等离子切割机 Plasma cutting machine TDC(F)法兰条成型机 TDC(F) flange strip shaping mill 勾码成型机勾码成型机 Forming Forming machine machine machine for for for flange flange clamp TDC(F)风管加工成型机 TDC(F) TDC(F) duct duct fabrication shaping mill 多普勒超声波流量检测仪 Doppler ultrasonic flow detector 温、湿度传感器温、湿度传感器 "Temperature, "Temperature, humidity humidity senor" 精密声级计精密声级计 Precision sound level meter 风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置 "Duct air leakage tester, airchamber air leakage testing 深开挖工程及建物保护深开挖工程及建物保护 Deep Excavation and Building Protection 新生地及软弱地层改良新生地及软弱地层改良 Reclamation and Soft Ground Improvement 山坡地开发与水土保持 Slope land Development, Soil and Water Conservation 潜盾隧道与岩石隧道潜盾隧道与岩石隧道 Shield Tunnel and Rock Tunnel 大地工程施工顾问大地工程施工顾问 Geotechnical Construction Consultant 土壤材料试验土壤材料试验 Soil and Material 结构工程结构工程 Structural Engineering 各类钢筋混凝土、预力混凝土、钢结构及钢骨钢筋混凝土结构 Structures of R.C., Prestressed Concrete, Steel, and SRC 桥梁、高层建筑、地下结构物、隧道、深开挖挡土结构 Bridges, High-Rise Buildings, Underground Structures, Tunnels, Retaining Structures for Deep Excavations 桥梁安全检测、评估及维修补强 Bridge Inspection, Assessment, and Rehabilitation 钢结构细部设计及制造图 Steel Steel Structural Structural Detail Design and Shop Drawings 厂房工程厂房工程 Industrial Plant 工业厂房-石化工厂、钢厂、电厂、气体厂、科技工业厂房、一般性厂房 Industrial Plants--Petroleum Plants--Petroleum and and and Chemical, Chemical, Chemical, Steel, Steel, Steel, Power, Power, Gas, High-Technical and General Plants 环保设施工厂-垃圾焚化厂、垃圾掩埋场、污水处理厂及相关管线水处理厂及相关管线 Environment Environment Protecting Protecting Plants--Incineration Plants--Incineration Plants, Plants, Plants, Garbage Garbage Garbage Disposal Disposal Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants and Piping System 设备支撑结构、管架、操作平台设备支撑结构、管架、操作平台 Equipment Supporting Supporting Structures, Structures, Structures, Pipe Pipe Pipe Racks, Racks, Racks, Operating Operating Platforms 设备基础设备基础 Equipment Foundations 厂区一般土木及公共设施 General Civil Works and Utilities of Plants 运输工程运输工程 Transportation Engineering 运输规划运输规划 Transportation Planning 停车场设施工程规划、设计 Engineering Planning & Design for Parking Facilities 建筑交通维持计划 Traffic Control & device" 风罩式风量测试仪 Air hood air rate tester 微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪 "Micromanometer , pitot tube, hot bulb(electrical) anemoscope" 潜水泵潜水泵 Submerged pump 电动弯管机电动弯管机 Electric pipe bender 铜管弯管机铜管弯管机 Copper pipe bender 液压弯管机液压弯管机 Hydraulic pipe bender 电动剪刀电动剪刀 Electric clipper 液压铆钉钳液压铆钉钳 Hydraulic riveting clamp 线槽电锯线槽电锯 Trunking electric saw 开孔器开孔器 Tapper 电动空压机电动空压机 Electric air compressor 液压千斤顶液压千斤顶 Hydraulic jack 液压手推车液压手推车 Hydraulic trolley 焊条烘干箱焊条烘干箱 Welding rod drying box 手拉葫芦手拉葫芦 Chain block 道（垫）木道（垫）木 Sleeper 转速表转速表 Tachometer 电流钳型表电流钳型表 Clip-style ammeter 压力表压力表 Pressure gauge 接地电阻测试仪 Earthing resistance testing device 氧气表氧气表 Oxygen gauge 乙炔表乙炔表 Acetylene gauge 对讲机对讲机 Walkie talkie 文件和资料文件和资料 documents and information? 建设单位建设单位 Construction unit 安装单位安装单位 Installation unitz 建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(3) 送气送气 air supply 电流衰减装置电流衰减装置 current attenuation 气体延时保护装置气体延时保护装置 time delay 熄弧熄弧 quenching of arc 成型成型 molding 钢印代号钢印代号 steel seal 质量分析质量分析 quality analysis 负责人负责人 principal 审批审批 examine and approve 补焊工艺补焊工艺 repair welding 压缩机压缩机 compression pump 平焊法兰平焊法兰 welded flange 测试流程图测试流程图 test flow chart Management during Construction 水利及港湾工程 Hydraulic and Harbor Engineering 营建管理营建管理 Construction Management 估价及工程预算制作 Estimates and Engineering Budget Works 营建管理营建管理 Construction Management 工程监造工程监造 Construction Supervision 施工计划施工计划 Construction Plan 工程进度控管 Schedule Control during Construction 施工规划施工规划 Construction Specifications 环境工程环境工程 Environmental Engineering 环境影响评估 Environment Impact Assessment 环境监测环境监测 Environmental Monitoring 地下水监测系统地下水监测系统 Groundwater Monitoring 污水处理厂污水处理厂 Wastewater Treatment Plant 污水下水道污水下水道 Sewage System 噪音振动防治噪音振动防治 Noise and Vibration 垃圾焚化厂兴建工程垃圾焚化厂兴建工程 Waste Incinerator 废弃物处理系统工程 Waste Treatment & Disposal 共同管道共同管道 Common Ducts 管道及附属设施之规划设计 Planning Planning and and Design of Common Ducts Structures and Subsidiary Facilities 经济效益分析 Economic and Efficiency Analysis 财务评估财务评估 Financial Evaluation 管理维护办法及组织订定管理维护办法及组织订定 Regulation Regulation for for for the the Management, Maintenance and Organization 电力复合脂电力复合脂 electric force compounded grease 电缆敷设电缆敷设 cable laying 电缆槽架电缆槽架 cable channel 主干线主干线 trunk line 弯头弯头 angle fitting 剥落处剥落处 exfoliation 银粉银粉 aluminum powder 支持点支持点 support point 拆装拆装 disassembly and assembly 畅通畅通 smooth 电压等级电压等级 electric pressure 通断实验通断实验 onoff 加固措施加固措施 reinforcement measure 校验校验 verify 升压升压 boost pressure 读数读数 off scale reading 满刻度值满刻度值 full-scale value 盲板盲板 blind plate 压力表压力表 pressure meter 强度强度 intensity 目测目测 eye survey, visiual inspection 半径半径 radius 公式公式 formula 管路管路 pipeline 严密性严密性 leakproofness 导电膏导电膏 conductive paste 压接压接 compression joint 地上连接地上连接 overground 埋深埋深 buried depth 接地线接地线 earth wire 说明说明 description 分线盒分线盒 junction box 接地装置接地装置 earthing deivce 交叉across 塑料保护管塑料保护管 protection tube 塑料带塑料带 plastic tape 防腐处理防腐处理 preservative treatment 接地极接地极 earthing pole 接地电阻测试接地电阻测试 earth resistance 防雷接地防雷接地 lightning protection 遵守遵守 comply with 避雷网避雷网 lightning conduction 引下线引下线 down lead 搭接焊搭接焊 overlap welding 避雷针避雷针 lightning rod 镀锌制品镀锌制品 zinc coating 断接卡断接卡 breaking of contact 电阻电阻 resistance 配电装置配电装置 power distribution equipment 集中接地装置集中接地装置 centralized 串联串联 cascade connection 干线联接干线联接 main line 并列并列 paratactic 单独单独 solely 机组机组 machine set 终端头终端头 terminals 余度余度 remaining 标记牌标记牌 notice plate 表册表册 statistical forms 电缆桥架电缆桥架 cable testing bridge 电机电机 electric machine 相对湿度相对湿度 relative humidity 杂物杂物 sundries 耐压试验耐压试验 withstand voltage test 照明器具照明器具 ligthing paraphernalia 铭牌铭牌 nameplate 验收规范验收规范 acceptance specification 接线接线 wire splice 试运试运 test run 进线口进线口 incoming line 带电带电 electrified 盘车转子盘车转子 jigger rotor 二次回路二次回路 secondary circuit 中心线中心线 center line 触头触头 contactor 配电配电 power distribution 成套成套 whole set 楼板楼板 floor slab 备件备件 duplicate part, spare part 包装包装 packing 器材器材 equipment 导线导线 conducting wire 脱落脱落 fall off 规范规范 specification 电器电器 electrical appliance 断路器断路器 line breaker 机械联锁机械联锁 mechanical interlocking 碰撞碰撞 collision 轻便轻便 portable 。
各专业英文翻译
法学 Law Study英语 English日语 Japanese信息与计算科学 Information and Computation Science应用物理学 Applied Physics冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering金属材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering无机非金属材料 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials材料成型及控制工程 Material Formation and controlEngineering高分子材料与工程 Multimolecular Materials and Engineering工业设计 Industrial Disign建筑学 Architecture城市规划 City Planning艺术设计 Artistical Disign包装工程 Packaging Engineering机械设计制造及自动化Machine Disign,Manufacturing,and Automation热能与动力工程 Thermal and Power Engineering水利水电工程 WaterConservance and Electro-power Engineering测控技术与仪器 Technique and Instrumentation of Measurements电气工程及其自动化 Electric Engineering and its Automation自动化 Automation通信工程 Communication Engineering电子信息科学与技术 Sience and Technology of Electronic Information 计算机科学与技术 Computer Sience and Technology土木工程 Civil Engineering工程管理 Project Management给水排水工程 Water Supply and Sewage Engineering建筑环境与设备工程 Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程 Processing Units and Control Engineering环境工程 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建筑学专业英语翻译
建筑学专业英语翻译1.1 新建筑时代的文化融合Since the 1990s, China has obviously speeded up its steps to open the architectural field to the outside world. That is fully testified by its extensive adoption of the competition mechanism,introducing international bidding for some important constructions. As a result, visions of domestic architects have been expanded, their mentality updated, and a number of prominent masterworks created.The successful bidding for quite a few major projects by foreign architects marks the beginning of China's accession into the international community in the architectural sector. 自20世纪90年代开始,中国明显加快了向世界开放建筑领域的步伐,此事通过中国广泛采纳竞争机制,为一些重要建筑引入国际招标可以得到充分证实。
由此,国内建筑师的眼见得以被扩充,心态得到升华,大量的知名建筑被创造。
大量的重要建筑项目被国外的建筑师成功中标,标志着在建筑方面中国融入国际社会的开始。
Just like the country's accession into the World Trade Organization, which originally provoked controversies among some Chinese people who worried aboutabout the fate of the domestic en- terprises, only a temporary sacrifice of domestic architectural sectors can create chances for theirfuture success in ever-increasing international competitions. 正如中国加入世界贸易组织一样，一些中国人担心国内企业的命运，只是暂时牺牲国内建筑行业，在不断增加的国际竞争中创造未来的成功几会。
英语建筑词汇
.' （1）隧道图用缩略语英语词汇D&B 钻炸法（Drill and Blow）TBM 全断面隧道钻掘机（Tunnel Bore Machine）T.H. 上半断面（Top Height）B 台阶（Bench）I 仰拱（Invert）NATM 新奥工法（New Austrian Tunnel Method）RMR 岩体评分（Rock Mental Ratio）RQD 岩石品质指标（Rock Quality Directive）T.I. 临时仰拱（Temporary Invert）CCM 明挖覆盖工法（Cut and Cover Method）.' （2）结构图用缩略语英语翻译ALT 交错排列(Alternative)BOT 底（层）(Bottom)BT 弯(Bent)CL 净（保护层）(Clearance)CT 柱箍筋(Column Tie-Bar)EW 各方面(Each Way)FF 远侧(Far Face)Fc 混凝土设计强度（28天圆柱试体抗压强度）(Compressive Strength of Concrete)Fs 钢材抗拉强度(Tensile Strength of Steel)Fy 钢材降伏强度(Yield Strength of Steel)HSB 高强度螺栓(High Strength Bolt)HTS 高拉力钢绞线(High Tensile Strand)HTW 高拉力钢线(High Tensile Wire)IF 内面(Inner Face)NF 近侧(Near Face)OF 外侧(Outside Face)SP 螺旋筋(Spiral) STIR 箍筋(Stirrup)STR 直通(Straight)T&B 顶层及底层(Top and Bottom)W/C 水灰比(Water Cement Ratio)WWF 熔接钢线网(Weld Wire Fence)GWL 地下水位(Ground Water Level)HHWL 最高洪水位(Highest High Water Level)HWL 高水位(High Water Level)HWY 公路(Highway)INV 仰拱（沟、管）底(Invert)LWL 低水位(Lower Water Level) MSL 平均海平面(Mean Sea Level) MWL 平均水位(Mean Water Level) NWL 常水位(Normal Water Level) PC 无筋混凝土(Preplair Concrete) PG 纵坡(Profile Grade) PVCP 塑胶管(P.V.C Pipe) RC 钢筋混凝土(Reinforced Concrete) RCP 钢筋混凝土管(Reinforced Concrete Pipe) ROW 路权(Right of Way) RR 铁路(Rail Road) SE 超高(Super Elevation) SL 海平面(Sea Level) SRC 钢骨钢筋混凝土(Steel Reinforced Concrete) SSP 不銹钢管(Stainless Steel Pipe) STA 测站、桩号(Station) T/R 轨道顶(Top of Rail) WL 水位、水平面(Water Level) WWL 警戒水位(Warning Water Level)AFF 粉刷完成楼板面上（Above Finished Floor）CB 阴井(Catch Basin) CL 中心线(Center Line) C-C 中心到中心(Center to Center) COL??????.??? ? ????柱(Column).????CONC 混凝土(Concrete) CMU 混凝土空心砖(Concrete Masonry Unit) CJ 控制缝(Control Joint) CP 控制点(Control Point) DIA 直径(Diameter) DIM尺寸(Dimension) ???.???DN 向下(Down) DRG 图说(Drawings) EA 每个(Each) EL高程(Elevation) （按比例绘制的）建筑的立式图ELVR 电梯(Elevator) ????EQ 相等(Equivalent) ?????EXP 伸缩(Expansion) EJ 伸缩缝(Expansion Joint) FFL 粉刷（装修）楼板面高程(Finished Floor Level) FGL 粉刷（装修）地面高程(Finished Ground Level) FHC消防器(Fire Hydrant Cabinet)FLASH 盖板、遮雨板(Flash)FL 楼板(Floor) FD 地板落水(Floor Drainage) GALV 镀锌(Galvanized) GA 轨距/ 量规(Gauge) GLA 玻璃(Glass) GL 地面高程/ 地基高程(Ground Level) GYP 石膏板(Gypsum) ???JT 接缝(Joint)????KO 预留开口（孔）(Knock Out) MO 圬工(Masonry) R半径(Radius) RD ????????路(Road) RD 屋顶落水(Roof Drainage) RI 放样(Rough In) RM 房间(Room) SNV 卫生纸贩卖机(Sanitary Napkin Vending) SNR 卫生纸收集箱(Sanitary Napkin Receipt) S 南向(South) SPKR 扬声机(Speaker) SPEC规范说明(Specification) ???????SQ 广场(Square) SS??不銹钢(Stainless Steel)???? ??? ???STR 楼梯(Stair) STA 车站(Station)SCR 车站控制室(Station Control Room) ST 钢(Steel) STOR 储藏(Storage) ST 街(Street) SUSP 悬吊式(Suspended) SYS 系统(System) TEL 电话(Telephone) TELENCL 电话箱(Telephone Control) TV 电视(Television) TERR 磨石子(Terrazzo)THK 厚(Thickness) TYP 标准型式(Typical) U/G 地下(Under Ground) UP 向上(Up) VENT通风(Ventilation) VERT 垂直(Vertical) WC 大便器(Water Closet) WT 重量(Weight) W 西向/ 宽度或木料(West / Width / Wood) W/ 含… / 及… (Wit h) W/O 不含… (Without) WD 木料(Wood) WP 工作点(Working Point)（5）土木工程常用缩略语ABUT 桥墩(Abutment) C-C 中心到中心(Center to Center) CCTV 闭路电视(Closed Circuit Television) CONC 混凝土(Concrete) CC 施工契约(Construction Contract) C&C 明挖覆盖(Cut and Cover) DDCs 详细设计顾问(Detail Design Consultants) DIA 直径(Diameter) DN 向下(Down) DRG 图说(Drawings) E 东向(East) EMU 电联车(Electric Multiple Unit) EL 高程(Elevation) EQ 相等(Equivalent) ECS 环境控制系统(Environmental Control System) EXC 开挖(Excavation) EXIST 现有(Existing) EGL 现有地面高程(Exist Ground Level) EXP 伸缩(Expansion) FRC 强化玻璃纤维混凝土(Fiber Glass Reinforced Concrete) FIN 粉刷（装修）(Finishing) FFL 粉刷（装修）楼板面高程(Finished Floor Level) FGL 粉刷（装修）地面高程(Finished Ground Level) FL 楼板(Floor) FDN 基础(Foundation) GC 总顾问(General Consultants) GL 地面高程、地基高程(Ground Level) HOR 水平(Horizontal) HR 时(Hour) ID 内径(Inside Diameter) IL 仰拱面高程(Invert Level) MH 人孔(Manhole) MRT 大眾捷运系统(Mass Rapid Transportation) ML 衔接线(Match Line) MCT 中运量捷运系统(Middle Capacity Transportation) N 北向(North) NIC 契约外(Not In Contract) NTS 不按比例(Not To Scale) PCC 预铸混凝土(Precast Concrete) PRC 预铸钢筋混凝土(Precast Reinforcement Concrete) PSC 预力混凝土(Prestressed C oncrete) RC 钢筋混凝土(Reinforced Concrete) RD 道路(Road) SECT 断面(Section) SQ 方形/ 平方/ 正方(Square) STA 车站(Station) TEL 电话(Telephone) TYP 标准型式(Typical) UP 向上(Up)装配式预制precast 安装预应力prestressed 连续多跨Multi-spans continuous 刚构rigid frame 受力load-carrying capability 等截面uniform section 拼接splice 跨越spanning 支架scaffoldings 模板formwork 跨线桥overpass bridge 最优化optimization 三跨three-span 结构优化设计optimum design of structures-program 单墩single pier 主梁girder断面deck/section 边、中跨径side span & middle spin 空心板梁hollow slab beam 工字形箱H-shaped box 板箱梁slab box beam 主梁截面girder section 中等(30～50米)的主跨跨径范围medium range of main span 刚度比ratio of rigidity V形墩V-shaped pier V形斜撑V-shaped inclined strut 与水平线夹角included angle with level lineplan 设计图town planning 城市规划Doric 多利安式Ionic 爱奥尼亚式Corinthian 科林斯式Composite 混合式Tuscan order 托斯卡纳式Gothic 哥特式flamboyant Gothic 哥特式的火焰状饰Romanesque 罗马式barroque 巴洛克式plateresque 带复杂花叶形装饰的rococo 洛可可式building 建筑物arch 拱vault 穹顶ogive 葱形饰;尖形拱顶facade 侧面frontispiece 三角墙,山墙column 柱pilaster 壁柱,半露柱pediment 山墙饰,山花fronton 山墙ground plan 平面图floor, storey 层ground floor 第一层(美作:first floor)flat 套(美作:apartment)stair well 楼梯间lift shaft 电梯,升降梯(美作:elevator shaft) fire escape 防火梯staircase 楼梯lift 电梯(美作:elevator)goods lift 公务电梯(美作:freight elevator) central heating 暖气ventilation shaft 通风井air conditioning 空调air-conditioned 带空调的flooring (一块)地板floorboard 地板(总称)parquet 木条地板herringbone parquet 人字形木条地板tile 瓷砖terrazzo 磨石子地wall 墙main wall 承重墙partition wall 隔断墙plastering 抹灰skirting board 壁脚板to whitewash 粉刷facade 建筑物正面window 窗basement 地下室penthouse 遮檐,披屋attic, garret 阁楼kitchen 厨房dining room 饭厅living room 起居室lounge 吸烟室,大厅bathroom 浴室toilet 卫生间chimney 烟囱fireplace 壁炉gutter 排水沟drainpipe 雨水管,落水管ceiling 天花板flat roof, roof garden 屋顶平台,屋顶花园roof 屋瓦顶tile, roof tile 瓦property 物业，资产interest 产权subsidiary 附属机构，子公司valuation 评估open market value 公开市场价值leaseback 售后回租（即租回已出售的财产）on a residual basis 剩余法capital value 资本价值cost of development 开发费（指拆迁费，七通一平费等）professional fee 专业人员费（指勘察设计费等）finance costs 融资成本（指利息等）sale proceeds 销售收益on the basis of capitalisation 资本还原法floor area 建筑面积title document 契约文书land use certificate 土地使用证commercial/residential complex 商住综合楼land use fee 土地使用费（获得土地使用权后，每年支付国家的使用土地费用）Grant Contract of Land Use Right 土地使用权出让合同plot ratio 容积率.' site coverage 建筑密度land use term 土地使用期project approval 项目许可planning approval 规划许可commission 佣金permit 许可证business license 营业执照strata-title 分层所有权public utilities 公共设施urban planning 城市规划state-owned land 国有土地fiscal allotment 财政拨款grant or transfer 出让或转让the Municipal Land Administration Bureau 市土地管理局infrastructure 基础设施financial budget 财政预算public bidding 公开招标auction 拍卖negotiation /agreement协议&nbsland efficiency 土地效益location classification 地段等级projecting parameter 规划参数government assignment 政府划拨administrative institution 行政事业单位key zones for development 重点开发区tract 大片土地biding document 标书prerequisitioned land 预征土地competent authorities 主管部门construction project 建设项目planning permit of construction engineering 建设工程规划许可证go through the formalities 办手续comprehensive sub-areas 综合分区reconstruction of old area 旧区改造purchasing power 购买力property trust 物业信托equity 权益cash flows 现金流量appreciation 增值disposition 处置hedge 保值措施income tax shelter 收入税的庇护downturn （经济）衰退wealth maximisation 最大限度的增加财产(同其他投资相比)forecast 预测rules-of-thumb techniques 经验法mortgage lender 抵押放贷者vacancy 空房discounted cash flow models 折现值现金流量模型expectation 期望值letting 出租equity reversion 权益回收bad debts 坏帐depreciation allowances 折旧费supplies 日常用品utilities 公共事业设备allowances for repairs and maintenance 维修费unpaid mortgage balance 抵押贷款欠额stamp duty印花税recession 衰退<br>overproduction 生产过剩glut 供过于求high-technology 高科技investment strategy投资策略circulation 发行量entrepreneur 倡导者，企业家coliseum 大体育场，大剧院chambers （商业资本家联合组织的）会所arena 室内运动场socioeconomic status 社会经济地位amenities 便利设施condominium 个人占有公寓房，一套公寓房的个人所有权income bracket 收入档次tenement 分租合住的经济公寓area code （电话）地区代码community 社区assessment 估价downzone 降低区划规模housing residences住宅to build, to construct 建设，建筑，修建architecture 建筑学building 修筑，建筑物house 房子skyscraper摩天大楼block of flats 公寓楼（美作：apartment block）monument 纪念碑palace 宫殿temple 庙宇basilica 皇宫，教堂cathedral 大教堂church教堂tower 塔，塔楼ten-storey office block 十层办公大楼column 柱colonnade 柱列arch 拱town planning 市政（美作：city planning）building permission 营建许可证，建筑开工许可证greenbelt 绿地elevation 建筑物的三面图plan 设计图scale 比例尺to prefabricate 预制excavation挖土，掘土foundations 基to lay the foundations打地基course of bricks 砌好的砖列scaffold脚手架scaffolding脚手架质量合格证书certification of fitness原材料raw material底板bottom plate垫层cushion侧壁sidewall中心线center line条形基础strip footing附件accessories型钢profile steel钢板steel plate熔渣slag飞溅welding spatter定位焊tacking引弧generating of arc熄弧quenching of arc焊道welding bead坡口beveled edges外观检查visual inspection重皮doubleskin水平方向弧度radian in horizontal direction 成型molding直线度straightness accuracy焊缝角变形welding line angular distortion 水平度levelness铅垂度verticality翘曲变形buckling deformation角尺angle square对接焊缝butt weld母材parent metal法兰密封面flange sealing surface夹层interlayer表面锈蚀浓度surface corrosion concentration挠曲变bending deformation超声波探伤ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination 压力容器pressure vessel预制下料prefabrication baiting排版直径set-type diameter焊缝welding line中幅板? center plate测量方法measuring method基准点datum mark跳焊skip welding允许偏差allowable variation补强板stiffening plate开孔tapping对接接头banjo fixing butt jointing角钢angle iron安装基准圆installation fundamental circle 吊装立柱hoisting upright column焊接钢管welded steel pipe向心斜拉筋centripetal canting pull rope 带板band plate槽钢胀圈channel steel expansion ring环口collar extension局部变形local distortion环缝circumferential weld顶板top plate拱顶vault顶板加强肋stiffening rib对接butt joint胎具clamping fixture卷板机plate bending rolls中心支架center bearing bracket椭圆度ovality等分线bisectrix搭接宽度lap width点焊spot welding搭接焊overlap welding对称：symmetrically螺旋爬梯cockle stairs放料阀baiting valve液位计content gauge充水试验filling water test错边量unfitness of butt joint底圈foundation ring真空度检漏vacuum degree leak test丁字焊缝tee welding渗透探伤oil whiting test充水试验filling water test内侧角焊缝接头interior angle welding line joint foundation settlement 基础沉降测量基准点datum mark稳定性试验stability test排气阀outlet valve角钢angle steel构件component part机械损伤mechanical damage缩孔shrinkage cavityenfoldment 折迭碳钢管carbon steel tube公称直径nominal diameter预埋件embedded part轴测图axonometric drawing布置图arrangement diagram氧乙炔气割oxyacetylene gas cutting 低合金钢管low alloy steel热影响区heat affected area修磨polish砂轮片grinding wheel等离子plasma panel重皮coldlap凹凸unevenness缩口necking down端面head face倾斜偏差dip deviation外径external diameter砂轮grinding wheel管件pipe casting单线图single line drawing平齐parallel and level两端two terminals满扣buckle螺栓紧固bolton周边periphery附加应力additional stress同轴度axiality平行度parallelism随机stochastic允许偏差allowable variation重直度verticality水平度levelness隔离盲板blind plate氩弧焊argon arc welding压盖螺栓gland bolt间距spacing有效期period of validity担任take charge of undertake焊条welding rod碳钢焊条carbon steel焊丝welding wire熔化焊melting钢丝steel wire气体保护焊gas shielded arc welding 烘干drying清洗ablution制度system焊接工艺welding procedure相应corresponding手工电弧焊manual electric arc welding 手工钨极manual tungsten electrode打底render电源power source交流alternating current主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行)MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE(FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行) 2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.4.水景WATER FEATURE5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE6.迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE11.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-212.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE‘S13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK‘SCAPE WATERFALL GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE15.休憩台地(低处) LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER )16.休憩台地(高处) LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD19.儿童乐园CHILDREN‘S PLAYGROUND20.旱冰道SLIDE21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN25.观景台VIEWING DECK26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL27.极可意JACUZZI28.嬉水池WADING POOL29.儿童泳池CHILDREN‘Ｓ POOL30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING W ALL31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA34.桥BRIDGE35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION37.停车场PARING AREA38.特色花架TRELLIS39.雕塑小道SCULPTURE TRAIL40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT44.网球场TENNIS COURT45.阶梯坐台/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER46.广场MAIN PLAZA47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL48.石景园ROCKERY GARDEN49.旱溪DRY STREAM50.凉亭PA VILION51.户外淋浴OUTDOOR SHOWER52.拉膜结构TENSILE STRUCTURE53.台阶STAIR54.高尔夫球车停车场PARKING ( GOLF CAR )55.健身站EXERCISE STATION56.晨跑小路JOGGING FOOTPATH57.车道/人行道DRIVEW AY /SIDEWALK58.人行漫步道PROMENADE59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) WATER FALL AND DANCING FOUNTAIN ( ENTRY PLAZA )60.特色入口ENTRY FEATURE61.石景广场ROCKERY PLAZA建筑类词汇（3）建筑工程专业英语词汇建设,建筑,修建to build, to construct建筑学architecture修筑,建筑物building房子house摩天大楼skyscraper公寓楼block of flats (美作:apartment block) 纪念碑monument宫殿palace庙宇temple皇宫,教堂basilica大教堂cathedral教堂church塔,塔楼tower十层办公大楼ten-storey office block柱column柱列colonnade拱arch市政town planning (美作:city planning)营建许可证,建筑开工许可证building permission 绿地greenbelt建筑物的三面图elevation设计图plan比例尺scale预制to prefabricate挖土,掘土excavation基foundations, base, subgrade打地基to lay the foundations砌好的砖列course of bricks脚手架scaffold, scaffolding质量合格证书certification of fitness 原材料raw material底板bottom plate垫层cushion侧壁sidewall中心线center line条形基础strip footing 附件accessories型钢profile steel钢板steel plate熔渣slag飞溅welding spatter 定位焊tacking引弧generating of arc熄弧quenching of arc焊道welding bead坡口beveled edges外观检查visual inspection重皮double-skin水平方向弧度radian in horizontal direction 成型molding直线度straightness accuracy焊缝角变形welding line angular distortion 水平度levelness铅垂度verticality翘曲变形buckling deformation角尺angle square对接焊缝butt weld母材parent metal法兰密封面flange sealing surface夹层interlayer表面锈蚀浓度surface corrosion concentration挠曲变bending deformation超声波探伤ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination 压力容器pressure vessel预制下料prefabrication baiting排版直径set-type diameter焊缝welding line中幅板center plate测量方法measuring method基准点datum mark跳焊skip welding允许偏差allowable variation补强板stiffening plate开孔tapping对接接头banjo fixing butt jointing 角钢angle iron安装基准圆installation fundamental circle 吊装立柱hoisting upright column焊接钢管welded steel pipe向心斜拉筋centripetal canting pull rope 带板band plate槽钢胀圈channel steel expansion ring环口collar extension局部变形local distortion环缝circumferential weld顶板top plate拱顶vault顶板加强肋stiffening rib对接butt joint胎具clamping fixture卷板机plate bending rolls中心支架center bearing bracket 椭圆度ovality等分线bisectrix搭接宽度lap width点焊spot welding搭接焊overlap welding对称symmetrically螺旋爬梯cockle stairs放料阀baiting valve液位计content gauge芬兰维萨拉Vailsla OY美国美科"Met-coil, USA"集中式空调系统centralized air conditioning system 裙房annex热源heat source平面位置的空间space of planimetric position密封性能sealing performance机房machine room节点timing专业"profession or discipline 都可以,要根据上下文" 连体法兰coupling flange垂直井笼vertical well cage变风量variable air rate施工面展开construction unfolds违约行为noncompliance合同交底- contract presentation管理承包商Management Contractor party工程量work amount实施的形象进度progress of implementation完工资料as-built documentation文整clear-up审核review汽车式起重机Autocrane深化图纸deepen drawing设备配置计划equipment furnishment plan结构预埋配合阶段Structure pre-embedment assistance stage精装修阶段Fine fitment stage工程施工阶段Construction stage工程竣工阶段Completion stage台钻Bench drill冲击钻Churn drill手电钻Electric portable drill砂轮切割机Abrasive cutting off machine角钢卷圆机Angle iron rolling machine管道切断器Pipe cutting machine铜管调直机Copper pipe straightening machine 管道压槽机Book joint setting machine for pipes 管道压槽机Book joint setting machine for pipes 角向磨光机Angle polishing machine电动套丝机Electric threading machine电动卷扬机Electric winch电动试压泵Motor-driven pressure test pump手动试压泵Manual pressure test pump阀门试压机Valve pressure test device阀门试压机Valve pressure test deviceTDC(F)风管加工流水线TDC(F)air ductwork fabrication stream line等离子切割机Plasma cutting machineTDC(F)法兰条成型机TDC(F) flange strip shaping mill勾码成型机Forming machine for flange clampTDC(F)风管加工成型机TDC(F) duct fabrication shaping mill多普勒超声波流量检测仪Doppler ultrasonic flow detector 温、湿度传感器"Temperature, humidity senor"精密声级计Precision sound level meter风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置"Duct air leakage tester, airchamber air leakage testing device"风罩式风量测试仪Air hood air rate tester微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪"Micromanometer , pitot tube, hot bulb(electrical) anemoscope"潜水泵Submerged pump电动弯管机Electric pipe bender铜管弯管机Copper pipe bender液压弯管机Hydraulic pipe bender 电动剪刀Electric clipper液压铆钉钳Hydraulic riveting clamp 线槽电锯Trunking electric saw开孔器Tapper电动空压机Electric air compressor 液压千斤顶Hydraulic jack液压手推车Hydraulic trolley焊条烘干箱Welding rod drying box 手拉葫芦Chain block道（垫）木Sleeper转速表Tachometer电流钳型表Clip-style ammeter压力表Pressure gauge接地电阻测试仪Earthing resistance testing device 氧气表Oxygen gauge乙炔表Acetylene gauge对讲机Walkie talkie文件和资料documents and information?建设单位Construction unit安装单位Installation unit。
建筑学专业英语翻译
建筑学专业英语翻译1.1新建筑时代的文化融合Since the 1990s, China has obviously speeded up its steps to open the architectural field to the outside world. That is fully testified by its extensive adoption of the petition mechanism,introducing international bidding for some important constructions. As a result, visions of domesticarchitects have been expanded, their mentality updated, and a number of prominent masterworks created.The successful bidding for quite a few major projects by foreign architects marks the beginning of China's accession into the international munity in the architectural sector.自20世纪90年代开始,中国明显加快了向世界开放建筑领域的步伐,此事通过中国广泛采纳竞争机制,为一些重要建筑引入国际招标可以得到充分证实。
由此,国建筑师的眼见得以被扩充,心态得到升华,大量的知名建筑被创造。
大量的重要建筑项目被国外的建筑师成功中标,标志着在建筑面中国融入国际社会的开始。
Just like the country's accession into the World Trade Organization, which originally provoked controversies among some Chinese people who worried aboutabout the fate of the domestic en- terprises, only a temporary sacrifice of domestic architectural sectors can create chances for theirfuture success in ever-increasing international petitions. 正如中国加入世界贸易组织一样，一些中国人担心国企业的命运，只是暂时牺牲国建筑行业，在不断增加的国际竞争中创造未来的成功几会。
建筑学专业英语视频翻译
A very long time ago, far away in China, a villager living along the banks of the Yellow River built a simple mud hut to shelter hisfamily. Thousands of years later in the year 1420, the empire’s best craftsmen put the final touches on the ultimate masterpiece of Chinese architecture --- the Temple of Heaven.“Chinese buildings evolved from simple shelters into complex magnificent structures with great swooping roofs, stately columns, and rich detail.”Between this simple mud hut and this amazingly complex structure--- its every detail full with cosmological symbolism--- is a tale of emperors, monks, scholars and genius craftsmen--- a story which explains an architectural tradition of great beauty and flexibility. And to start this story at the beginning, we have to leap back two millennia, to when the brilliant tyrant QinShihuang becomes the first emperor of a unified China.In 1938, an American fighter pilot flying over a remote part of China, spotted giant pyramid-like structures below. In his excitement he took a photo and declared to the world that he had discovered a lost civilization. What he discovered, however, weren’t pyramids, but massive tomb mounds. And the grandest of them all was the tomb of the man who unified China.“Our story begins with the tomb of QinShihuang the first emperor of China, who lived 200 years before Christ.”A brilliant warrior and tactician, he annihilated all his rival states and created the imperial system which survived until the year 1904. And the grandeur of his tomb matched that of his ambitions:For more than thirty years he used 700,000 workers--- probably more manpower than the pharaohs had assembled to built the pyramids--- to re-construct his kingdom in the private underground world of his tomb, with palaces and courts for a hundred officials, rooms containing countless gems, rivers of mercury and candles which would never burn out. They sat you can’t take it with you, but QinShihuang sure tried. “His tomb was guarded by hundreds of terracotta warriors, but just as fascinating were the clay model houses that were found inside his tomb.”Because of their belief that people had to provide for their ancestors in death, the early Chinese buried their deceased with clay models of the structures they depended on in life- granaries, houses, watchtowers and the like. These 2000 year-old models are the only surviving examples of early Chinese wooden architecture, and from them we can see how houses were constructed around the time of the first emperor. These models show a type of wooden house that incredibly can still be seen today.So why did the ancient Chinese build in wood rather than stone, like the ancient Europeans? The availability of wood in the extensive forests of early China was no doubt a major factor. The ancient Chinese did know how to build with stone, and how to use the arch…and they used the arch extensively for tombs, gates and bridges. However they rejected the stone arch for building houses, temples and palaces.To see why we can again find clue from the tomb of the fiest emperor. Archaeologists recently excavated from the tomb a 2000 year-old sword that is still sharp as a razor.The reason it is still sharp is because it is coated with chrome- a fact that may not seem too amazing until you realize that chromium wasn’t invented until 1938- the same year the tombs were spotted by that American pilot.This means is that the ancient Chinese developed incrediblemetal-working skills very early in their history, and so they had metal woodworking tools at a very early date.Stone can be used to fashion and work stone, as early Britons must have done to build Stonehenge. But iron tools were necessary for wood carving and joinery. And with such tools, however primitive, wood construction was much easier than construction in stone.Western cultures began their architecture without iron tools. So they started in stone and brick and continued building with these materials. The Chinese, on the other hand, began building with wood and continued to do so for 6000 years, starting with the basic Chinese house which was first developed on the flood plain of the yellow river.In areas prone to flooding, this structure was raised on pilings. In the central yellow river valley of China it rested on solid platform.Stone bases for each column, twice the diameter of the column, were placed on this platform, then the column raised on top of this.So, the elevation of a Chinese building has three elements: the podium underneath, the columns in between and big roof resting on top of the columns. Four columns form what is called a bay; groups of bays then form the different types of buildings. From the earliest times the Chinese separated the supporting from the enclosing elements of a building. This meant the interior columns supported the roof weight completely, while the walls were just for privacy and protection from the elements.In a country plagued by powerful earthquakes, the Chinese didn’t build solid walls, which could be cracked and rent apart by an upheaval of the earth’s crust, but rather they built flexible structures without using glue or nails. These structures could ride the heaving earth like a boat, shifting and settling back, with the platform acting almost like a raft.Heavy roofs with tiles were supported by columns built of white fir which was four times stronger than steel, and six times more flexible than concrete.It was the beginning of an architecture of great beauty, elegance and practicality.The first feature of a Chinese building that usually impresses a visitor is the elegant, sweeping and seemingly gigantic roof.Western architecture, with its spires and Greek columns - and more recently skyscrapers –usually emphasizes the vertical. And since the introduction of concrete, steel and glass, modern Western architecture has remained a vertical architecture of walls, facades, and invisible roofs. Chinese architecture offers a delightful contrast. The most expressive element is the roof, with its great curving slope, and the emphasis is on the horizontal. The approaching pedestrian can see the whole roof, even as he begins to enter the building.While Europeans built their roofs using a truss system incorporating diagonal beams, the Chinese used a post and beam system; there are no diagonals. The stepped shape allowed for the curvature of the roof. Using this system roofs could be expanded to create buildings of impressive scale.The height of a building has never equaled status in China. In the year 1747, the emperor Qianlong commissioned European missionaries to design a summer palace in "the manner of European Barbarians". The emperor had them build a two-story facade in front of traditionalone-story Chinese halls, because the emperor had no wish 'to live in the air' like Europeans who, as the emperor commented 'must be very poverty-stricken and lack land' to live in such a fashion.Instead of height, the rank and importance of Chinese building is determined by the roof design. One can see that this temple was patronized by the imperial family by the yellow diamond on the roof. Elaborate roof ornaments also denote the importance of a building. The part that looks like the tail of a fish at either end of the main ridge is known as the ridge-devouring beast: the mythical son of the Sea dragon, able to whip up waves and create rain. These ornaments were in fact symbolic fire extinguishers.Along the sloping ridge there might also be a string of smaller animals: nine for imperial buildings, with the number of animals decreasing as the importance of the building decreases. Often found sitting on the corner is this evil prince riding on a hen, which represents a legendary tyrant who was cruel to his people. He is fated to suffer the elements for all eternity.Not just heavy with symbolic meaning, the actual physical weight of a Chinese roof is enormous-around four times the weight of a traditional western tiled roof. Roofs were covered with heavy glazed tiles-typically gray, but sometimes also quite colorful; blue, green, and in the Forbidden City, they are glazed an imperial yellow. The columns that hold these enormous roofs had to be stout. As protection from weather and termites, the pillars were often painted with lacquer or an oil and hemp mixture which had brick dust mixed into it; from this came the custom of painting the columns a bold red color, which later of course became symbolic of good fortune.The heavy tiled roofs would seem to require a dense forest of columns to support them. But the Chinese secret of supporting a heavy roof on only a few columns is ingenious. The columns bear this enormous weight roofs with the assistance of brackets."In western architecture, much of the complexity of a building is in its foundation. In the East, it's in a complicated pyramidal system of brackets and crossbeams designed to hold a heavy tiled roof, and which give it its characteristic curves shape. This ingenious system is called duo gong, and its elements are fundamentally quite simple. It's made up of brackets which sit on top of columns, and into which are fitted crossbeams.They have three parts - the Duo, a block, like a capital, placed at the top of a column. The gong, a bracket placed across the top of the deng, and the spacers between them, called the sheng. "The degree of complexity is wonderful, with brackets locking together like a Chinese puzzle without any nails or glue. With these duogong the Chinese could extend the roof overhand, without having to building more and more columns inside.To extend the overhang even further, the Chinese devised a clever solution. The roof overhang is one end of a kind of see-saw. Its weight is counterbalanced by the weight of the center of the roof, at the other end of the see-saw, on the fulcrum of just one column. This device, called an ang, lets one column to do the work of three, And makes the heavy tiled roof seem to float in mid-air.Heavy roofs create what is known as 'shear stress' . The Europeans built "flying buttresses" to bear the enormous stress created by a cathedral dome. The Chinese on the other hand used brackets at the joints of frames to carry this shear stress down through the brackets and columns into the ground. Increasingly complex bracketing accompanied ever larger, more complex multi-leveled roofs: which came in a myriad of shapes and sizes."A standardized system of architectural measurement was established in the year 1103, with the publication of Li Chieh's Methods and forms of architecture, a treatise adopted throughout the vast, yet centralized, empire.This book defined the basic units of measurement as standardized sizes of the duogong bracket arms. Depending on the size of the bracket was determined the size of every other element in the building: such as the thickness and height of the columns. This standard survived into modern times.These rules of Chinese architecture governed not only the construction of an individual buildings but also the planning of the layout of a town, a temple, or a palace complex. Ancient Chinese Shamans oriented buildings according to the dictates of feng shui, or wind and water a way of determining mystical forces flowing through the earth. The principles of feng shui were turned into rules used to align man-made structures harmoniously with the currents of the earth's forces, known as chi. These rules controlled siting, ground plan, decoration, and even color. Although steeped in ancient Chinese animistic religion, most of these seemingly mystical rules have their origin in a few simple and practical facts about the climate of central China.China is situated in the temperate zone, with a southwest prevailing wind. By orienting buildings to the south or southeast, the Chinese take advantage of the warmth winds and sunshine from the south to provide people living in halls and courtyards with a pleasant micro-climate. Not only buildings faced south but also cities, palaces and tombs.Ancient Chinese shamans found the directions with the aid of a sinan: history's first magnetic compass. The pointer, shaped like a spoon, was made out of magnetic lodestone. It sits within a circle to represent heaven, and on a square plate representing earth.。
建筑英语翻译
建筑英语翻译篇一：建筑类英文及翻译外文原文出处：Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, 1, Volume 10, Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, Pages 329-342补充垂直支撑对建筑物抗震加固摘要：大量的钢筋混凝土建筑物在整个世界地震活跃地区有共同的缺陷。
弱柱，在一个或多个事故中，由于横向变形而失去垂直承载力。
这篇文章提出一个策略关于补充安装垂直支撑来防止房子的倒塌。
这个策略是使用在一个风险的角度上来研究最近实际可行的性能。
混凝土柱、动力失稳的影响、多样循环冗余的影响降低了建筑系统和组件的强度。
比如用建筑物来说明这个策略的可行性。
1、背景的介绍：建筑受地震震动，有可能达到一定程度上的动力失稳，因为从理论上说侧面上有无限的位移。
许多建筑物，然而，在较低的震动强度下就失去竖向荷载的支撑，这就是横向力不稳定的原因(见图16.1)。
提出了这策略的目的是为了确定建筑物很可能马上在竖向荷载作用下而倒塌，通过补充一些垂直支撑来提高建筑物的安全。
维护竖向荷载支撑的能力，来改变水平力稳定临界失稳的机理，重视可能出现微小的侧向位移(见图16.2)。
在过去的经验表明，世界各地的地震最容易受到破坏的是一些无筋的混凝土框架结构建筑物。
这经常是由于一些无关紧要的漏洞，引起的全部或一大块地方发生破坏，比如整根梁、柱子和板。
去填实上表面来抑制框架的内力，易受影响的底层去吸收大部分的内力和冲力。
这有几种过去被用过的方法可供选择来实施:1、加密上层结构，可以拆卸和更换一些硬度不够强的材料。
2、加密上层结构，可以隔离一些安装接头上的裂缝，从而阻止对框架结构的影响。
3、底楼，或者地板，可以增加结构新墙。
这些措施(项目1、2和3)能有效降低自重，这韧性能满足于一层或多层。
然而，所有这些都有困难和干扰。
在美国，这些不寻常的代价换来的是超过一半更有价值的建筑。
建筑学课程英文翻译
建筑学课程英文翻译素描Sketch画法几何Descriptive Geometry建筑设计初步Introduction of Architecture Design 英语English高等数学A Advanced Mathematics A毛泽东思想概论Introduction of Mao Zedong's Thought 试唱与练声Audition and Singing建筑设计Architecture Design法律基础Legal Basis邓小平理论概论 Intro duction of Deng Xiaoping’s theory建筑力学Engineering Mechanics室内设计Interior Design广告学Advertisement建筑结构选型Building Structure Selection 城市规划原理Principles of Urban Planning 中国古典园林Chinese Traditional Garden专业外语Professional English建筑节能Building Energy Saving建筑物理Architectural physics建筑施工技术经济管理 Architectural Economics 城市空间结构组织Spatial Structure of Urban Space 建筑构造Architectural Construction 工程测量Engineering Surveying中国古代建筑装饰Decorating Art of Traditional Chinese Architecture室内设计发展史History of Interior Design 高层建筑设计原理Principles of High Rising Buildings 体育Physical Education思想品德修养Ideology and Morality of Accomplishment 计算机基础Computer Basic马克思主义哲学原理Philosophy of Marxism阴影透视Shade Shadow Perspective形势与政策 Situation and Policy马克思主义政治经济学原理Principles of Marxism Political Economics FORTRAN语言FORTRAN Language色彩Gouache Painting建筑材料Civil Engineering Materials建筑设计原理Principles of Building Design 军训Military Training 西方经济学概论Introduction of Western Economics 中国建筑史History of Chinese Architecture 美术史History of Art计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Design建筑结构Building Structure建筑构图原理Principles of Architectural Composition外国建筑史History of Foreign Architecture 建筑美学Esthetics of Architecture建筑防火Building Fire Protection大学生心理卫生Students' Psychological Health 建筑施工Civil Engineering Construction 城市园林绿地规划Planning of Urban Garden and Park 建筑设备Building Equipment洁净建筑设计原理Renovation of Architecture Elevation 宗教建筑发展史History of Sacred Buildings 室内空间设计方法Design method of Interior space 近现代建筑人物与介绍Introduction of Modern Architects 城市经济Urban Economy下面是赠送的保安部制度范本,不需要的可以编辑删除谢谢!保安部工作制度一、认真贯彻党的路线、方针政策和国家的法津法觃,按照####年度目标的要求,做好####的安全保卫工作,保护全体人员和公私财物的安全,保持####正常的经营秩序和工作秩序。
建筑工程项目专业英语
建筑工程专业英语词汇（1） 建设,建筑,修建 to build, to construct建筑学 architecture修筑,建筑物 building房子 house摩天大楼 skyscraper公寓楼 block of flats (美作:apartment block) 纪念碑 monument宫殿 palace庙宇 temple皇宫,教堂 basilica大教堂 cathedral教堂 church塔,塔楼 tower十层办公大楼 ten-storey office block柱 column柱列 colonnade拱 arch市政 town planning (美作:city planning)营建许可证,建筑开工许可证 building permission绿地 greenbelt建筑物地三面图 elevation设计图 plan比例尺 scale预制 to prefabricate挖土,掘土 excavation基 foundations, base, subgrade打地基 to lay the foundations砌好地砖列 course of bricks脚手架 scaffold, scaffolding质量合格证书 certification of fitness原材料 raw material底板 bottom plate垫层 cushion侧壁 sidewall中心线 center line条形基础 strip footing附件 accessories型钢 profile steel钢板 steel plate熔渣 slag飞溅 welding spatter定位焊 tacking引弧 generating of arc熄弧 quenching of arc 建筑工程专业英语词汇（2） 充水实验 filling water test错边量 unfitness of butt joint底圈 foundation ring真空度检漏 vacuum degree leak test丁字焊缝 tee welding渗透探伤 oil whiting test充水实验 filling water test内侧角焊缝接头 interior angle welding line joint基础沉降 foundation settlement测量基准点 datum mark稳定性实验 stability test排气阀 outlet valve角钢 angle steel构件 component part机械损伤 mechanical damage缩孔 shrinkage cavity折迭 enfoldment碳钢管 carbon steel tube公称直径 nominal diameter预埋件 embedded part轴测图 axonometric drawing布置图 arrangement diagram氧乙炔气割 oxyacetylene gas cutting低合金钢管 low alloy steel热影响区 heat affected area修磨 polish砂轮片 grinding wheel等离子 plasma panel重皮 coldlap凹凸 unevenness缩口 necking down端面 head face倾斜偏差 dip deviation外径 external diameter砂轮 grinding wheel管件 pipe casting单线图 single line drawing平齐 parallel and level两端 two terminals满扣 buckle螺栓紧固 bolton周边 periphery附加应力 additional stress同轴度 axiality平行度 parallelism随机 stochastic允许偏差 allowable variation重直度verticality焊道 welding bead坡口 beveled edges外观检查 visual inspection重皮 double-skin水平方向弧度 radian in horizontal direction 成型 molding直线度 straightness accuracy焊缝角变形 welding line angular distortion 水平度 levelness铅垂度 verticality翘曲变形 buckling deformation角尺 angle square对接焊缝 butt weld母材 parent metal法兰密封面 flange sealing surface夹层 interlayer表面锈蚀浓度 surface corrosion concentration挠曲变 bending deformation超声波探伤 ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination压力容器 pressure vessel预制下料 prefabrication baiting排版直径 set-type diameter焊缝 welding line中幅板 center plate测量方法 measuring method基准点 datum mark跳焊 skip welding允许偏差 allowable variation补强板 stiffening plate开孔 tapping对接接头 banjo fixing butt jointing角钢 angle iron安装基准圆 installation fundamental circle 吊装立柱 hoisting upright column焊接钢管 welded steel pipe向心斜拉筋 centripetal canting pull rope带板 band plate槽钢胀圈 channel steel expansion ring环口 collar extension局部变形 local distortion环缝 circumferential weld顶板 top plate拱顶 vault顶板加强肋 stiffening rib 水平度 levelness隔离盲板 blind plate氩弧焊argon arc welding压盖螺栓 gland bolt间距 spacing有效期 period of validity担任 take charge of undertake焊条 welding rod碳钢焊条 carbon steel焊丝 welding wire熔化焊 melting钢丝 steel wire气体保护焊 gas shielded arc welding烘干 drying清洗 ablution制度s ystem焊接工艺 welding procedure相应 corresponding手工电弧焊 manual electric arc welding手工钨极 manual tungsten electrode打底 render电源 power source交流 alternating current焊件 weldment管壁厚度 pipe thickness对接焊缝 butt weld工件壁厚 workpiece飞溅物 splash沾污 smirch油污 oil stain细锉 smooth file铣刀 milling cutter氧化膜 oxide film脱脂处理 ungrease treatment]棉质纤维 cotton fibre丙酮 acetone硫 sulfur焊剂 welding flux钢板 steel plate纵向焊缝 longitudinal weld longitudinal seam 筒节 shell ring封头 end socket卷管 reelpipe强度实验 strength test起弧 arc starting穿堂风 draught熔合 fusion反面 reverse side整体 integral封堵 block up焊口 weld bond对接 butt joint胎具 clamping fixture卷板机 plate bending rolls中心支架 center bearing bracket椭圆度 ovality等分线 bisectrix搭接宽度 lap width点焊 spot welding搭接焊 overlap welding对称 symmetrically螺旋爬梯 cockle stairs放料阀 baiting valve液位计 content gauge芬兰维萨拉 V ailsla OY美国美科 "Met-coil, USA"集中式空调系统 centralized air conditioning system裙房 annex热源 heat source平面位置地空间 space of planimetric position密封性能 sealing performance机房 machine room节点 timing专业专业 "profession or discipline 都可以,要根据上下文"连体法兰 coupling flange垂直井笼 vertical well cage变风量 variable air rate施工面展开 construction unfolds违约行为 noncompliance合同交底- contract presentation管理承包商 Management Contractor party 工程量 work amount实施地形象进度 progress of implementation 完工资料 as-built documentation文整 clear-up审核 review汽车式起重机 Autocrane深化图纸 deepen drawing设备配置计划 equipment furnishment plan 结构预埋配合阶段 Structure pre-embedment assistancestage精装修阶段 Fine fitment stage工程施工阶段 Construction stage 医用胶布 medical proof fabric高频 high frequency焊炬 welding torch建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(4)综合分析判断 comprehensive analysis and judgement变压器 transformer抽芯loose core过道 aisle三相电容 three phase capacitance芯棒 core rod都市规划与土地开发 Urban g and Land Development社区开发及工业区开发Community Development and Industry Park Development开发许可申请 Development Permit土地使用变更计划 Land Use Rezoning Plan 主要计划及细部计划主要计划及细部计划Master Plan and Detail Plan都市计划更新计划 Urban Renewal Plan都市设施 Urban Design建筑设施 Architecture Design大地工程 Geotechnical Engineering工址调查 Site Investigation现地实验与室内实验现地实验与室内实验In-Situ and Laboratory Test基础工程 Foundation Design深开挖工程及建物保护深开挖工程及建物保护Deep Excavation and Building Protection新生地及软弱地层改良 Reclamation and Soft Ground Improvement山坡地开发与水土保持 Slope land Development, Soil and Water Conservation潜盾隧道与岩石隧道 Shield Tunnel and Rock Tunnel大地工程施工顾问大地工程施工顾问Geotechnical Construction Consultant土壤材料实验 Soil and Material结构工程 Structural Engineering各类钢筋混凝土、预力混凝土、钢结构及钢骨钢筋混凝土结构 Structures of R.C., Prestressed Concrete, Steel, and SRC桥梁、高层建筑、地下结构物、隧道、深开挖挡土结构 Bridges, High-Rise Buildings, Underground Structures, Tunnels, Retaining Structures for Deep Excavations桥梁安全检测、评估及维修补强 Bridge Inspection, Assessment, and Rehabilitation钢结构细部设计及制造图 Steel Structural Detail Design and Shop Drawings工程竣工阶段 Completion stage台钻 Bench drill冲击钻 Churn drill手电钻 Electric portable drill砂轮切割机 Abrasive cutting off machine角钢卷圆机 Angle iron rolling machine管道切断器 Pipe cutting machine铜管调直机 Copper pipe straighteningmachine管道压槽机管道压槽机 Book joint setting machine forpipes管道压槽机管道压槽机 Book joint setting machine forpipes角向磨光机 Angle polishing machine电动套丝机 Electric threading machine电动卷扬机 Electric winch电动试压泵 Motor-driven pressure test pump手动试压泵 Manual pressure test pump阀门试压机 Valve pressure test device阀门试压机 Valve pressure test deviceTDC(F)风管加工流水线 TDC(F)airductwork fabricationstream line等离子切割机 Plasma cutting machineTDC(F)法兰条成型机法兰条成型机 TDC(F) flange stripshaping mill勾码成型机 Forming machine for flange clampTDC(F)风管加工成型机 TDC(F) ductfabrication shaping mill多普勒超声波流量检测仪 Dopplerultrasonic flow detector温、湿度传感器 "Temperature, humidity senor"精密声级计 Precision sound level meter风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置"Duct air leakagetester, airchamber air leakage testing device"风罩式风量测试仪 Air hood air rate tester微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪 "Micromanometer ,pitot tube, hot bulb(electrical) anemoscope"潜水泵 Submerged pump电动弯管机 Electric pipe bender铜管弯管机 Copper pipe bender 厂房工程 Industrial Plant工业厂房-石化工厂、钢厂、电厂、气体厂、科技工业厂房、一般性厂房 Industrial Plants--Petroleum and Chemical, Steel, Power, Gas, High-Technical and General Plants环保设施工厂-垃圾焚化厂、垃圾掩埋场、污水处理厂及相关管线 Environment Protecting Plants--Incineration Plants, Garbage Disposal Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plantsand Piping System设备支撑结构、管架、操作平台 Equipment Supporting Structures, Pipe Racks, Operating Platforms设备基础 Equipment Foundations厂区一般土木及公共设施 General Civil Works and Utilities of Plants运输工程 Transportation Engineering运输规划 Transportation Planning停车场设施工程规划、设计 Engineering Planning & Design for Parking Facilities建筑交通维持计划 Traffic Control & Management during Construction水利及港湾工程 Hydraulic and Harbor Engineering营建管理 Construction Management估价及工程预算制作 Estimates and Engineering Budget Works营建管理 Construction Management工程监造 Construction Supervision施工计划 Construction Plan工程进度控管 Schedule Control during Construction施工规划 Construction Specifications环境工程 Environmental Engineering环境影响评估 Environment Impact Assessment环境监测 Environmental Monitoring地下水监测系统 Groundwater Monitoring污水处理厂 Wastewater Treatment Plant污水下水道 Sewage System噪音振动防治 Noise and Vibration垃圾焚化厂兴建工程 Waste Incinerator废弃物处理系统工程 Waste Treatment & Disposal共同管道 Common Ducts管道及附属设施之规划设计 Planning and Design of Common Ducts Structures and Subsidiary Facilities经济效益分析 Economic and Efficiency Analysis财务评估 Financial Evaluation管理维护办法及组织订定管理维护办法及组织订定Regulation for the Management, Maintenance and Organization液压弯管机 Hydraulic pipe bender电动剪刀 Electric clipper液压铆钉钳 Hydraulic riveting clamp线槽电锯 Trunking electric saw开孔器 Tapper电动空压机 Electric air compressor液压千斤顶 Hydraulic jack液压手推车 Hydraulic trolley焊条烘干箱 Welding rod drying box手拉葫芦 Chain block道（垫）木 Sleeper转速表 Tachometer电流钳型表 Clip-style ammeter压力表 Pressure gauge接地电阻测试仪接地电阻测试仪 Earthing resistance testing device氧气表 Oxygen gauge乙炔表 Acetylene gauge对讲机 Walkie talkie文件和资料 documents and information?建设单位 Construction unit安装单位 Installation unitz建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(3) 送气 air supply电流衰减装置 current attenuation气体延时保护装置 time delay熄弧 quenching of arc成型 molding钢印代号 steel seal质量分析 quality analysis负责人 principal审批 examine and approve补焊工艺 repair welding压缩机 compression pump平焊法兰 welded flange测试流程图 test flow chart加固措施 reinforcement measure校验 verify升压 boost pressure读数 off scale reading满刻度值 full-scale value盲板 blind plate压力表 pressure meter强度 intensity目测 eye survey, visiual inspection半径 radius电力复合脂 electric force compounded grease 电缆敷设 cable laying电缆槽架 cable channel主干线 trunk line弯头 angle fitting剥落处 exfoliation银粉 aluminum powder支持点 support point拆装 disassembly and assembly畅通 smooth电压等级 electric pressure通断实验 onoff终端头 terminals余度 remaining标记牌 notice plate表册 statistical forms电缆桥架 cable testing bridge电机 electric machine相对湿度 relative humidity杂物 sundries耐压实验 withstand voltage test照明器具 ligthing paraphernalia铭牌 nameplate验收规范 acceptance specification接线 wire splice试运 test run进线口 incoming line带电 electrified盘车转子 jigger rotor二次回路 secondary circuit中心线 center line触头 contactor配电 power distribution成套 whole set楼板 floor slab备件 duplicate part, spare part包装 packing器材 equipment导线 conducting wire脱落 fall off规范 specification电器 electrical appliance断路器 line breaker机械联锁 mechanical interlocking碰撞 collision公式 formula轻便 portable 管路 pipeline严密性 leakproofness导电膏 conductive paste压接 compression joint地上连接 overground埋深 buried depth接地线 earth wire说明 description分线盒 junction box接地装置 earthing deivce交叉across塑料保护管 protection tube塑料带 plastic tape防腐处理 preservative treatment接地极 earthing pole接地电阻测试 earth resistance防雷接地 lightning protection遵守 comply with避雷网 lightning conduction引下线 down lead搭接焊 overlap welding避雷针 lightning rod镀锌制品 zinc coating断接卡 breaking of contact电阻 resistance配电装置 power distribution equipment集中接地装置 centralized串联 cascade connection干线联接 main line并列 paratactic单独 solely机组 machine set。
建筑师英文翻译
建筑师英文翻译建筑是一门复杂而令人着迷的艺术和科学。
而如今，在全球化的背景下，建筑师们需要与国际业务伙伴进行沟通和合作。
因此，掌握建筑领域的英语专业术语是非常重要的。
本文将为您介绍一些常用的建筑师英文翻译。
建筑术语1. ArchitectureDefinition: The art and science of designing and constructing buildings. Translation: 建筑学2. BlueprintDefinition: A detailed plan or design of a building, showing the dimensions, materials, and layout.Translation: 蓝图3. ColumnDefinition: A vertical structural element that supports the weight of a building and transmits it to the ground.Translation: 柱子4. FoundationDefinition: The lowest part of a building’s structure, which supports the weight of the entire building and transfers it to the ground.Translation: 基础5. FacadeDefinition: The front-facing exterior of a building.Translation: 建筑立面6. RoofDefinition: The top covering of a building, which protects it from weather elements. Translation: 屋顶7. BeamDefinition: A horizontal structural element that supports the weight of a building, transferring it to the vertical columns or walls.Translation: 梁8. FloorplanDefinition: A scale diagram of a building’s interior, showing the arrangement of rooms, walls, and other features.Translation: 平面图9. StairsDefinition: A series of steps that allows movement between different levels of a building.Translation: 楼梯10. ConstructionDefinition: The process of building or assembling structures.Translation: 建筑施工建筑师相关术语1. ArchitectDefinition: A professional who designs buildings and oversees their construction. Translation: 建筑师2. Architectural DesignDefinition: The process of conceptualizing and creating a building design. Translation: 建筑设计3. Site AnalysisDefinition: The evaluation of a site’s characteristics, such as topography and surrounding environment, to inform the design process.Translation: 环境分析4. Sustainable DesignDefinition: Design that considers environmental impact and resource efficiency. Translation: 可持续设计5. Building CodeDefinition: Regulations and standards that govern the design and construction of buildings to ensure safety and compliance.Translation: 建筑法规6. Construction DocumentsDefinition: Detailed drawings and specifications that provide instructions for the construction of a building.Translation: 施工文件7. Structural EngineerDefinition: A professional who specializes in designing and analyzing the structural elements of a building.Translation: 结构工程师8. Interior DesignDefinition: The art and science of enhancing the interior of a building to achieve a functional and aesthetically pleasing space.Translation: 室内设计9. Building Information Modeling (BIM)Definition: A digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a building, used for design and construction.Translation: 建筑信息模型10. Project ManagementDefinition: The planning, coordination, and control of a project, from inception to completion.Translation: 项目管理总结本文介绍了一些常用的建筑术语和建筑师相关术语的英文翻译。
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Exhibition Hall Art Gallery In Bonn
波恩美术展览馆
这个建筑坐落在波恩市博物馆的旁边,非常地醒目，它是另一个建立在这个庞大正方形基础上的建筑，（它的）平行六面体的每条底边均长达95.7米，该建筑还有一个高11米的平台，可以栽种树木，有一个可供展览的花园以及恍如天堂般的曲径小道；上面还建有三个突出的焦点——3痤园锥体塔楼，屹立在开阔的风景线上，3面用于内部采光的天窗就是该建筑的标识了。
主通道位于东北方，通向与博物馆共享的公共区域，布满了像迷宫一样呈网状分布的小型植物。
沿着弗里德里希·埃伯特大道，往东北方向或有些阻碍——11根柱子分列于两痤恢宏大厦之间，柱上点缀着一些纵向的充满韵律感的浮雕，象征并代表着十一个领域所取得的丰功伟绩。
从这些柱子开始，地面上的一道时髦的白色线条引领着人们直达入口，一条又长又窄的阶梯将人们从这个区域引向最高的天台。
这个入口门厅是虚化处理的平行六面体结构，穿过它的就来到另一个外部天井，门厅的表面朝两个方向分别布满了光滑的波纹状和对角形斜纹。
这个正方形基础，已按9×9m的网形布局进行过调整，分为一个沿边的环状带和四个内部区域，即入口门厅，有观众席的讨论区，主馆和中央大厅。
外围的地带包括办公室，商店，会议室，图书馆，经典画廊。
它露出了它自己在屋顶上覆盖了西南一半的天窗，（通过天窗）将自己从花园中分离出来。
展览的地方提供了一个独特的可供小型、中型、大型房间单独使用的同时，其或以不同方式合并的系统。
主馆是一个大的、呈长方形、两层高的空间，它被在两个侧面的天窗和对面角落里的锥形光明塔照亮。
在中央大厅，有一个双跑的楼梯爬上墙壁、庭院和内部的双重空间。
两者结合起来形成的中心广场的空间被上层的房间包围。
在背叠式风格里，在这个楼层和双重空间里，可以找到对应的第二光塔的圆形大厅。
第三个(光塔的圆形大厅）位于建筑的东北- 西南轴上，这个轴线包含了一个集合在门厅和礼堂之间的部分大厅、一个在东南外立面上的三层双跑楼梯的后门。
展示与交流：在一个概念性的焦点对话的讨论区里，被考虑得更深入得多的问题是到空中展览，在这里，举行专题讨论会，音乐和戏剧的陈述，图片欣赏，和在世界的艺术和文化、科学和政治之间的会谈。
所有这些事件可能与展览相关，或者独立于一般的项目内。
讨论区包括一个作为对外部世界的窗口的电视演播室。
它是在内部和外部、文化和科学，技术和艺术之间互换一种方法。
在欧洲范围内，包含东欧国家，分享观点的一种方法是重申他们的自主权，但没有忘记西方和美国，始终在有条件下的合作，协作和联合展览。
没有施工缝的大厦被建造，特别注意的是在实际工程中最大的减少混凝土的收缩。
然而，不可避免的变形通过被强化的建筑框架吸收。
钢结构，被添加到混凝土中，覆盖了礼堂。
波纹的玻璃幕墙的支撑结构也是由钢制成的。
双重框架的锥形塔有精整的蓝色马赛克覆盖。
这些结构的推力分布在屋顶的基底。
这是一个如同其组织的具有灵活性的建筑，并且（用）相同的统一连接作为其方案的意向。
参展的灵活性。
与过去的联系：展览空间作为现代多功能的容器的合成与传统的博物馆的轴线和圆形大厅。
The National Gallery of Canada
加拿大国家美术馆
在众多用于不同目的的设计和建造的当代建筑师的建筑类型中，艺术画廊和博物馆是已受到最多关注的领域之一，在这个领域里，一些最具创新性的设计已经实施。
也许，这是由于这些建筑不可避免的创造性的内涵注定要容纳一个国家的历史和文化，（这是在）某些方面的特定规律。
很多时候，这些建筑物，他们注定要成为重要的象征性建筑，很快，在某些情况下，甚至在他们被修建之前，成为其所在城市的符号。
此外，他们有时几乎是必须履行着这个象征性的作用。
在加拿大国家美术馆的情况下，这一具有象征意义的角色是重要的，即便是在施工建设之前，因为修建一个收藏全国艺术藏品的计划，在它最终被实现之前，已经存在了近八十年。
1912年，当加拿大国家美术馆在维多利亚纪念馆安家落户时，美术馆的第一任领导指出，这仅仅是一个暂时的解决办法，直到一个“美丽而又令人满意的”、有着足够的空间去或收藏加拿大以及其它许多国家的永久的和借用的收藏品的美术馆能够被建成。
在1936年，被制定的“美术馆和国家大剧院”计划占据了国家艺术中心的现址。
在1954年，一个为美术馆的新设计举办的比赛被格林、布兰克斯坦、罗素和联营公司赢得，并且在1976年，有另外一个比赛被“帕金伙伴关系”（公司）赢得，但是在这两种情况下的计划从未被实现。
在1960年，画廊被移动到洛恩建设，洛恩是一个非常商业化的环境，并且不是特别适合（建造）。
除了它的不合适，这个空间已经变得太小，以至于不能够容纳图书馆和办公室，这些（指图书馆和办公室）在1971年被转移到附近的建筑物里，这让管理变得困难得多。
在1982年，加拿大政府成立了加拿大博物馆建设总公司来负责建造两个新的博物馆建筑——国家人类博物馆和加拿大国家美术馆。
一年后，政府批准了作为美术馆的设计建筑师摩西·萨夫迪的选择，与赢得1976年竞赛的“帕金伙伴关系”（公司）合作。
1938年于以色列法海出生的摩西·萨夫迪研究建筑，并且以优异的成绩于魁北克省蒙特利尔市的麦吉尔大学毕业。
在1961到1962年间，他为蒙特利尔的范京克尔联营公司工作，并在接下来的一年里为在美国费城的路易斯·康工作。
从1963到1964年，他作为加拿大公司的部长、建筑师/规划师负责了1967年的世界博览会，在那里，他负责一系列重要的标志性建筑，包括议会、巴黎圣母院大教堂和加拿大战争博物馆锯齿形的石头建筑。
这个设计必须包括在苏克塞斯有一个吸引力的入口，以及一些能让人从远处一眼认出的特殊的特点。
由萨夫迪设计的国家美术馆是一个建在L形底层上的低层建筑，并且计划有两个层次，共12,400平方米的展区穿插有三个院落。
除了展览厅，该建筑包含了以前被安置在其他建筑物里的所有的附加服务：两间餐厅、一间书店、研讨教室、一间参考图书馆，一间礼堂。
有两个公共入口，一个给旅行团，一个给广大市民的入口展厅。
这个入口展厅是该项目的主要设计特点之一。
从主入口到美术馆沿着一条85米长的斜坡进入，（斜坡）被一个由混凝土和钢结构浇注的高19m的玻璃柱廊覆盖。
以这种方式进入的游客在他们自己进入美术馆之前，可以享受到梅杰山公园和里多运河壮丽的景色。
有其他较短的入口进入美术馆，但那些选择不使用坡道的人，丧失了享受它所提供的在迷人景色中漫步的机会。
倾斜的大堂，带领参观者进入一个被称为大厅的玻璃拱形结构中，这是本设计中最引人注目的元素。
这个位于L形计划外角落的大展馆，用于仪式和其他公共职能。
大厅的穹顶到它的顶端有43米高，是建筑最高的一部分。
它的位置在一个关键点上，那里汇聚的许多的走廊，让其成为了大厅内部循环的神经中枢和一个宜人且方便的会议场所，在穹顶内部，帆状板可调节光。
大厅圆屋顶的垂直支撑结构和柱廊是由一系列群集的4个就地浇灌的混凝土柱构成的，其每一个高9米，垂直支撑结构和混凝土梁的顶部绑在一起。
在混凝土的檐口以上的钢架被包裹在铝和玻璃的“抑制器”中，这是从钢中分离的密封垫圈形式的热隔断。
萨夫迪把这个系统叫做一个“抑制器”是因为它保持了湿度在50％的室内温度，并且让其在渥太华这个世界上最冷的首都城市没有结露。
美术馆的设计被简化，以确保安装的灵活性。
这些房间面向大厅打开并且可以俯瞰Nepean点。
现代和当代艺术美术馆，同时作为一个相应背景下不断变化
的展览也很简单，在一幢两层高的有飘窗的的釉面砖庭院开办。
给欧美艺术的美术馆多余给加拿大（艺术）的美术馆。
萨夫迪在穹顶的轴上设计了一个巧妙的系统，可以把漫射光线用来照亮在楼下的走廊。
建筑师坚定的认为，在一个艺术美术馆里，休息和放松的区域也很重要，让游客在最佳条件下欣赏艺术品。
因此，它有包括在美术馆之间的三个庭院，大厅里有吃点心的地方、面向Nepean点带露台的餐厅和一间在团队入口旁边的咖啡厅。
在美术馆里也有教学和学习的地方：礼堂、研讨室、教室和位于美术馆顶层圆形大厅里的参考图书馆。
工作室和办公室都被安置在一个位于悬崖顶峰上的独立建筑里，这以便于让所有的办公室和工作室都有自然采光，他们中有一半的人的视线能朝向加蒂诺山北向。
建设工作于1983年12月开始，并且该建筑于1988年5月落成。
在长久且不满意的搜寻一个收藏场所后，加拿大国家美术馆终于被安置在一个与其身份匹配并为其特定建造的建筑中。