耶鲁大学心理学导论(第三课)

心理学导论第三课上堂课我们探讨了大脑及其功能The last class we talked about the brain.接下来我们将进一步学习一些基础理论Now we're going to talk a little bit about some foundations.所以在今天和星期一So today and Monday我们将学习两大心理理论we're going to talk about two very big ideas其代表人物分别是and these ideas are associated with西格蒙特·弗洛伊德和Sigmund Freud and伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳B. F. Skinner这两个理论便是精神分析理论and are psychoanalysis和行为主义理论and behaviorism.今天我们先来讲讲精神分析理论And I want to talk about psychoanalysis today 下周再谈行为主义理论and behaviorism next week.这些理论广阔的适用范围Now, one of these things-- one of the things则是它们能够吸引大家关注的原因之一that makes these theories so interesting is their scope.本课程中所学习的大部分理论Most of the work we're going to talk about大部分学术观点in this class--它们的应用范围都是狭隘的most of the ideas are narrow.我们会谈到某人所提出的So, we're going to talk about somebody's idea关于种族偏见的理论about racial prejudice,但它却并不是语言获得的理论but that's not a theory of language acquisition.我们会讲到关于精神分裂症的理论We'll talk about theories of schizophrenia 但它们却并不能用来解释性吸引but they're not explanations of sexual attractiveness.大多数理论的适用范围都是有所限定的Most theories are specialized theories, 但这两个理论则是大理论but these two views are grand theories.它们试图对世间的一切做出解释They're theories of everything,包括了日常生活encompassing just about everything that matters, day-to-day life,儿童发展心理疾病child development, mental illness,宗教战争及爱情religion, war, love.弗洛伊德和斯金纳的理论解释了上述一切Freud and Skinner had explanations of all of these.当然这里并不是历史课堂Now, this is not a history course.给你们介绍这两位心理学泰斗I have zero interest in describing historical figures in psychology并不只是想让大家了解心理学史just for the sake of telling you about the historyof the field.我想要向你们讲述的是他们的理论What I want to tell you about though is— I want to talk about these ideas因为它们是众多理论的基石because so much rests on them and,更重要的是even more importantly,其中的很多观点对于我们如何理解当下 a lot of these ideas have critical influence on具有决定性的影响how we think about the present.就是这张And that's there.无论如何Now, for better or worse,弗洛伊德都深深的影响着我们的生活we live in a world profoundly affected by Sigmund Freud.如果我让大家选出一位If I had to ask you to choose a--不是说出一位著名心理学家的名字no, name a famous psychologist,你们大家多数人会回答弗洛伊德the answer of most of you would be Freud.他是史上最著名的心理学家He's the most famous psychologist ever and对20世纪与21世纪he's had a profound influence的心理学界都有着深远的影响on the twentieth and twenty-first century.据其传记记载Some biographical information:他生于19世纪50年代He was born in the 1850s.他的大半生都是居住在奥地利的维也纳He spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria,却在伦敦去世but he died in London二战伊始随着纳粹侵占其家乡and he escaped to London soon after retreating there他被迫背井离乡at the beginning of World War II后来逃到伦敦在那里终其余生as the Nazis began to occupy where he lived.他也是史上最著名的学者之一He's one of the most famous scholars ever但他不是因为某一项发现而名扬四海but he's not known for any single discovery.相反他却因为提出了极具包容性的Instead, he's known for the development of 心理理论而闻名天下an encompassing theory of mind,这个理论是他通过数十年的研究才提出的one that he developed over the span of many decades.弗洛伊德在世时远近闻名He was in his time extremely well known,是个家喻户晓的名人a celebrity recognized on the street,纵观他的一生and throughout his life,他还是一个精力充沛的高产学者he was a man of extraordinary energy and productivity,部分原因是他是个十足的瘾君子in part because he was a very serious cocaine addict.但总体而言But also just in general,他是一个精力旺盛的人he was just a high-energy sort of person.他曾获得过诺贝尔医学奖和文学奖的提名He was up for the Nobel Prize in medicine and in literature;但却都未能最终获奖didn't get either one of them;没能获得诺贝尔医学奖则是因为爱因斯坦didn't get the prize in medicine because Albert Einstein--大家都喜欢爱因斯坦Everybody loves Albert Einstein.当时爱因斯坦确实写过一封信Well, Albert Einstein really wrote a letter因为大会曾征求其他获奖者的意见because they asked for opinions of other Nobel Prizes.爱因斯坦在信中写到He wrote a letter saying,"请别把奖项颁发给弗洛伊德"Don't give the prize to Freud.他不配获得诺贝尔奖He doesn't deserve a Nobel Prize.他不过是个心理学家"He's just a psychologist."事情就是这个样子Well, yes.好了Okay.他被公认为While he's almost universally acclaimed极为重要的知识分子as a profoundly important intellectual figure,但同时他也成为了别人唾弃的对象he's also the object of considerable dislike.这在一定程度上是由他的性格造成的This is in part because of his character.他的许多做法都有失妥当He was not a very nice man in many ways.他雄心勃勃He was deeply ambitious想要壮大精神分析to the cause of promoting psychoanalysis,想要向世人展示他的观点to the cause of presenting his view想要为其观点进行辩护and defending it,他还经常说谎and he was often dishonest,对朋友蛮不讲理extremely brutal to his friends,对竞争对手也毫不留情and terrible to his enemies.他这人很有意思He was an interesting character.我最喜欢的关于弗洛伊德的故事是这样的My favorite Freud story was他在纳粹兴起之际逃离欧洲as he was leaving Europe during the rise of the Nazis, 他正准备逃到英格兰去as he was ready to go to England我想应该是从德国或者是奥地利出发from, I think, either Germany or Austria, 盖世太保逼迫他签署了一份文件he had to sign a letter from the Gestapo.盖世太保们拦住了他Gestapo agents intercepted him要求他签署一份文件上面写着and demanded he sign a letter saying that他绝没有受到盖世太保的威胁或骚扰at no point had he been threatened or harassed by the Gestapo.他签署了文件并在下面写到So he signs the letter and then he writes underneath it,"盖世太保从不曾伤害我"The Gestapo has not harmed me in any way.实际上我要向大家强烈推荐他们"In fact, I highly recommend the Gestapo to everybody."这里他表现出了一定的攻击性It's--He had a certain aggression to him.他还因其观点而遭到唾弃受到憎恨He was also--He's also disliked, often hated, because of his views.他被认为是支持性本能论的He was seen as a sexual renegade out其观点试图毁掉to destroy the conception of人是善良理性而又纯粹的这一概念people as good and rational and pure beings.上世纪30年代纳粹势力崛起时And when the Nazis rose to power in the 1930s 他被认为是一个he was identified as a Jew致力于摧毁基督教之中who was devoted to destroying最神圣的观念的犹太人the most sacred notions of Christianity,在某种程度上这是很多人对他的看法and to many, to some extent, many people see him this way.而这一指责在某程度上And to some extent,也的确是有几分道理的this accusation has some truth to it.弗洛伊德发表了许多关于人性的言论Freud made claims about people很多人都并不愿相信他的这些言论that many of us, maybe most of us, would rather not know.那他究竟说了些什么呢?Well, okay. What did he say?如果你去询问某个厌恶弗洛伊德言论的人Well, if you ask somebody who doesn't like Freud what he said,他们定会告诉你一些弗洛伊德说过的蠢话they'll describe some of the stupider things he said而事实上弗洛伊德发表过很多言论and, in fact, Freud said a lot of things, 只是其中的部分言论不太合理而已some of which were not very rational.比如For instance,他因对性器表征的解释而为人熟知he's well known for his account of phallic symbols,他认为某些建筑纪念碑arguing certain architectural monuments are是潜意识中阴茎表征的展现subconsciously developed as penile representations.与此有关的是他提出了And related to this, he developed臭名昭著的阴茎嫉妒论the notorious theory of penis envy.根据弗洛伊德的理论And penis envy is an account of a developmental state 阴茎嫉妒是对女性所经历的that every one of you who is female has gone through, 某一发展状态的解释according to Freud.这个观点认为And the idea is女性会在发育的某个时期that you discovered at some point in your development 发现自身缺少阴茎that you lacked a penis.这无疑是一场灾难This is not--This is a catastrophe.因此这个时候And so, each of you inferred at that point女性便猜测自己是被阉割了that you had been castrated.她们本来是拥有阴茎的You had once had a penis但却被某人夺去了but somebody had taken it from you.随后她们开始关注父亲 You then turn to your father并爱上自己的父亲and love your father因为父亲拥有阴茎because your father has a penis,从此他成为了阴茎的替代品so he's a sort of penis substitute.同时女性会排斥母亲You reject your mother,原因是母亲没有阴茎所以也是卑贱的who's equally unworthy due to her penislack,女性的性心理发展随之成形and that shapes your psychosexual development.如果大家对于弗洛伊德的了解仅限于此Now, if that's the sort of thing you know about Freud,一定不会对他及其学说给予太高的评价you are not going to have a very high opinion of him or of his work,不过弗洛伊德理论的核心but at the core of Freud's declamation,也是更有价值的观点the more interesting ideas,是一系列关于人类理性的主张is a set of claims of a man's intellectual importance.其中的两个主要观点如图所示And the two main ones are this.这两个观点涉及了无意识动机的存在The two main ones involve the existence of 以及导致心理疾病梦境an unconscious, unconscious motivation,口误等心理过程的and the notion of unconscious dynamics or unconscious conflict 无意识动力或无意识冲突的概念which lead to mental illnesses, dreams, slips of the tongue and so on.第一个观点即关于无意识动机的观点The first idea – the idea of unconscious motivation拒绝承认人类行为受到意识的支配involves rejecting the claim that you know what you're doing.假设你爱上了某人So, suppose you fall in love with somebody想要与对方一同步入婚姻的殿堂and you decide you want to marry them要是有人问你为什么想要与对方共度余生and then somebody was asked to ask you why 你大概会说and you'd say something like,"现在我已准备好要开始婚姻生活了""Well, I'm ready to get married this stage of my life;或"我真心的爱着他"I really love the person;或"他聪明有魅力"the person is smart and attractive;"我想要小孩了" 等等I want to have kids" whatever.或许这是你的心里话And maybe this is true.但精神分析的支持者会说But a Freudian might say that即使你是如实作答even if this is your honest answer.并未向他人撒谎you're not lying to anybody else但却依然存在着支配你行为的欲望和动机\N–still, there are desires and motivations that govern your behavior只是你没有意识到罢了that you may not be aware of.所以事实上你想与约翰结婚So, in fact, you might want to marry John可能是因为他让你想起了你的父亲because he reminds you of your father或是因为你想要报复曾经背叛了你的人or because you want to get back at somebody for betraying you.如果有人这样对你说If somebody was to tell you this,你定会说 "一派胡言"you'd say, "That's total nonsense,"但精神分析的支持者并不会就此打住but that wouldn't deter a Freudian.他会说这些心理过程都是无意识的The Freudian would say that these processesare unconscious所以你当然意识不到so of course you just don't know what's happening.由此引出的一个偏激的观点So, the radical idea here is你根本不知道自己为何要这么去做you might not know what--why you do what you do 这有点像我们获得视觉感知的过程and this is something we accept for things like visual perception.当我们环顾四周便会产生感知觉We accept that you look around the world and you get sensations明白这是一辆车and you figure out there is a car,那是一棵树那边有一个人there is a tree, there is a person.你根本没有意识到知觉过程是如何发生的And you're just unconscious of how this happens但当你将无意识概念应用到很多事情中时but it's unpleasant and kind of frightening你便会感到不悦和恐惧that this could happen, that this could apply to things 比如你为什么会来耶鲁求学like why you're now studying at Yale,你为什么会觉得应当这样why you feel the way you do towards your friends, 去对待你的朋友和家人towards your family.婚姻是一个极端的例子Now, the marriage case is extreme但弗洛伊德还举了很多简单点的例子but Freud gives a lot of simpler examples 来阐释无意识动机是如何发挥作用的where this sort of unconscious motivation might play a role.例如你是否曾经毫无理由地So, have you ever liked somebody喜欢或厌恶过某个人or disliked them and not known why?你是否曾发现自己Have you ever found yourself in a situation在没有充分的理由的情况下做出某事where you're doing something or you're arguing for something为某事争论或是做出了某个决定or making a decision for reasons that you can't fully articulate?你是否曾在最不应该的时候Have you ever forgotten somebody's name忘掉了某人的姓名at exactly the wrong time?你是否曾在与爱人激情时喊错了名字Have you ever called out the wrong name in the throes of passion?这全都属于精神分析中的无意识范畴This is all the Freudian unconscious.所以这些事情可以通过The idea is that we do these things—我们无法觉察到的认知系统these things are explained in terms of cognitive systems予以解释that we're not aware of.如果无意识是台理智的计算机Now, all of this would be fine它非常聪明if your unconscious was a reasonable, rational computer,总在为你寻求最佳利益if your unconscious was really smart那其实也倒没什么and looking out for your best interest.但弗洛伊德告诉我们事实并非如此But, according to Freud, that's not the way it works.根据弗洛伊德的理论According to Freud,在你的头脑中存在着there are three distinct processes三种截然不同的人格结构going on in your head它们之间存在着强烈的内部冲突and these are in violent internal conflict.你的行为模式与你的思维方式And the way you act and the way you think are products,并不是单一理性存在的产物not of a singular rational being,而是一系列冲突事件的产物but of a set of conflicting creatures.这三种结构分别是本我自我And these three parts are the id, the ego,和超我and the superego它们随着个体的发展而逐渐出现and they emerge developmentally.弗洛伊德认为本我是与生俱来的The id, according to Freud, is present at birth.是自性中生物性的一面It's the animal part of the self.本我追求吃喝拉撒保暖It wants to eat, drink, pee, poop, get warm,和性欲的满足and have sexual satisfaction.它是盲目的It is outrageously stupid.遵循弗洛伊德所说的"快乐原则"It works on what Freud called, "The Pleasure Principle.”本我追求快乐的即时满足It wants pleasure and it wants it now.根据弗洛伊德的理论And that's, according to Freud,刚出生的婴儿就是这个样子how a human begins,也就是说婴儿只有本我pure id.弗洛伊德美其名曰"多形性反常"Freud had this wonderful phrase, "polymorphous perversity,"即追求纯粹的快乐this pure desire for pleasure.但不幸的是现实是残酷的Now, unfortunately, life doesn't work like that.世事总难以尽如人意What you want isn't always what you get快乐并不总是在你想要的时候得到满足and this leads to a set of reactions to cope with你只能通过设法满足欲望the fact that pleasure isn't always there when you want it或设法抑制欲望either by planning how to satisfy your desires来应对这样的事实or planning how to suppress them.这个结构被称为自我或是自性And this system is known as the ego, or the self.它所遵循的是"现实原则"And it works on the "Reality Principle."它试图在现实中找到And it works on the principle of trying to figure out 满足本我要求的方法how to make your way through the world,找到追求快乐的方法how to satisfy your pleasures有时是去找寻放弃的方法or, in some cases, how to give up on them.因而在弗洛伊德的理论中And the ego -- the emergence of the ego for Freud -- 自我的出现象征着意识的起源symbolizes the origin of consciousness.最后如果只存在自我和本我 Finally, if this was all there那么事情会简单得多it might be a simpler world,但弗洛伊德又提出了第三种结构超我but Freud had a third component, that of thesuperego.超我是社会家庭规范的内化And the superego is the internalized rules of parents in society.因此在成长过程中So, what happens in the course of development is,你试图在现实中满足本我的要求you're just trying to make your way through the world满足自己的欲望and satisfy your desires,但有时也会因此而受到惩罚but sometimes you're punished for them.有些欲望是不适当的Some desires are inappropriate,有些行为是错的你会因此而受到惩罚some actions are wrong, and you're punished for it.因为在你的脑海里会闪现出超我The idea is that you come out;一种道德良知you get in your head a superego, a conscience.就像是电影里那些盘旋在头上的小天使In these movies, there'd be a little angel above your head告诉你什么是不应该做的that tells you when things are wrong.而基本上自性或者说自我And basically your self, the ego,是介于本我与超我之间的is in between the id and the superego.需要注意的是One thing to realize,我之前说过本我是盲目的I told you the id is outrageously stupid.它只知道 "饿要吃饭性欲要满足It just says, "Oh, hungry, food, sex,冷了要穿衣服"oh, let's get warm, oh.”但其实超我也是盲目的The superego is also stupid.超我并不是一位能够教你明辨是非的The superego, point to point, is not some brilliant moral philosopher伟大的道德哲学家telling you about right and wrong.它只懂得说"你该为自己感到羞耻"The superego would say, "You should be ashamed of yourself."你真恶心"That's disgusting."别再那样做了"Stop doing that."天啊"Oh.在这两个争执的声音之间的结构And in between these two screaming creatures, one of you;一种声音要你去满足欲望one of them telling you to seek out your desires, 另一种声音却说"你应该感到羞耻"the other one telling you, "you should be ashamed of yourself,"就是你就是自我is you, is the ego.根据弗洛伊德的理论Now, according to Freud,人格结构的大部分是无意识的most of this is unconscious.我们可以看到So, we see bubbling up上面的部分是我们的感受to the top, we feel,我们的经历we experience ourselves.本我的驱力And the driving of the id,本我和超我的力量the forces of the id and the forces of the superego,都存在于我们无法觉察的无意识之中are unconscious in that we cannot access them.这就像是我们无法察觉We don't know what--It's like the workings肾和胃的活动一样of our kidneys or our stomachs.你无法通过自省而感受到它们的存在You can't introspect and find them.相反它们的活动都是无意识的Rather, they do their work without conscious knowledge.这就是弗洛伊德提出的理论Now, Freud developed this.这就是弗洛伊德理论的大体框架This is the Freudian theory in broad outline.他在此基础上扩展并提出了He extended it and developed it into a theory性心理发展理论of psychosexual development.所以正如之前所说And so, Freud's theory is,弗洛伊德的理论不仅解释了日常生活as I said before, a theory of everyday life, 决策失误以及恋爱等现象of decisions, of errors, of falling in love,还解释了儿童的发展but it's also a theory of child development.弗洛伊德认为人格发展So, Freud believed there were five stages分为五个阶段of personality development,且每个阶段都与特定的动欲区有关and each is associated with a particular erogenous zone.弗洛伊德还认为And Freud believed, as well,如果你在某一阶段遇到了阻碍that if you have a problem at a certain stage, 没能得到满足你就会停留在这个阶段if something goes wrong, you'll be stuck there.所以根据弗洛伊德的理论So, according to Freud,在座各位之所以展示出不同的人格there are people in this room who are what they are是因为你们停留在了口腔期或肛门期because they got stuck in the oral stage or the anal stage.这可不是什么好事And that's not good.第一阶段是口腔期So, the oral stage is when you start off.快乐来源于口腔的动作The mouth is associated with pleasure.包括吮吸咀嚼等活动Everything is sucking and chewing and so on.在弗洛伊德看来And the problem for Freud问题就出在孩子过早断奶上面is premature weaning of a child.过早断奶Depriving him of the breast,会对他的人格发展造成严重影响could lead to serious problems in his personality development.会使孩子形成所谓的口腔期人格It could make him, as the phrase goes, into an oral person.口唇期人格有一些具体的表现And his orality could be described literally.弗洛伊德用口腔期人格Freud uses it as an explanation来解释为什么会有人暴饮暴食for why somebody might eat too much嚼口香糖或是抽烟or chew gum or smoke.他们想通过这种口腔运动They're trying to achieve satisfaction through theirmouth来获得本该在口腔期获得的满足感of a sort they didn't get in this very early stage of development.口腔期人格也有一些抽象的表现But it can also be more abstract.如果你的室友很依赖他人很粘人If your roommate is dependent and needy,你可以去告诉他you could then go to your roommate and say,"你具有口腔期人格"You are an oral person.你在出生的第一年里过的并不好"The first year of your life did not go well."更为人所熟知的一个阶段则是肛门期A phrase even more popular is the anal stage 它出现在口腔期之后and that happens after the oral stage.如果没能正确掌握如厕训练And problems can emerge if toilet training那么问题便出现了is not handled correctly.据弗洛伊德的理论If you have problems如果你在那几年里你出了问题during those years of life,那么你就会形成肛门期人格 you could become an anal personality, according to Freud,你的室友会说"你就是肛门期人格"and your roommate could say, "Your problem is you're too anal.”根据弗洛伊德的理论And, according to Freud,这就表示literally,你不愿意排泄粪便it meant you are unwilling to part with your own feces.书上就是这么写的It's written down here.也确实就是这样的I know it's true.这种人格表现为 And the way it manifests itself,强迫有洁癖和吝啬as you know from just how people talk,这些都可从人们谈话方式看出is you're compulsive, you're clean, you're stingy.这就是肛门期人格This is the anal personality.接下来的阶段就稍微复杂点了Then it gets a little bit more complicated.下一个阶段是性器官期The next stage is the phallic stage.实际上这个阶段也并不是非常复杂Actually, this is not much more complicated.性器官成为了快乐的主要来源The focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals固着在此阶段会导致女性或男性and fixation can lead to excessive masculinity 过分男性化in females or in males,或是导致女性产生对于关注或控制的欲求or, if you're female, need for attention or domination.这个时期会出现一个有趣的现象Now, at this point something really interesting happens叫做"俄狄浦斯情结" [恋母情结]called the "Oedipus Complex."名字来自于一个故事And this is based on the story,一则国王弑父娶母的希腊神话the mythical story of a king who killed his father and married his mother.据弗洛伊德的理论And, according to Freud,我们所有人都会产生这个情结this happens to all of us in this way.所有人Well, all of us.不过弗洛伊德指的是所有的男人By "all of us," Freud meant "men."俄狄浦斯情结是这样的So, here's the idea.你到了三四岁的年龄You're three or four years old.处于性器官期You're in the phallic stage.你会对什么感兴趣呢So, what are you interested in?你会对自己的性器官产生兴趣Well, you're interested in your penis之后你会去寻求外部客体and then you seek an external object.弗洛伊德对此描述的有些模糊 Freud's sort of vague about this,但其实你是在寻求某种满足but you know, you seek some sort of satisfaction.但全世界又有谁But who is out there,是温柔体贴而又慈爱美丽的呢who'd be sweet and kind and loving and wonderful?妈妈Well, Mom.所以小男孩会推断So the child infers,"妈妈很好我爱妈妈""Mom is nice, I love Mom."到目前为止一切尚算正常So far so--And so this is not crazy;小男孩爱上了他的母亲a little boy falling in love with his mother.问题是父亲妨碍了他Problem: Dad's in the way.现在事情变得越来越诡异Now, this is going to get progressively weirder 但我要说but I will have to say,我是两个儿子的父亲as the father of two sons,我的两个儿子在性器官期时both sons went through a phase都曾明确地说过要娶他们的妈妈where they explicitly said they wanted to marry Mommy.对我来说如果真有什么不幸And me – if something bad happened to me也没有比儿子们弑父娶母更糟糕的事情了that wouldn't be the worst thing in the world.就是这样So, there's this.但这时会出现一些攻击性But now it gets a little bit aggressive.男孩决心要去杀掉父亲So, the idea is the child determines that he's going to kill his father.每个三四岁大的男孩都这么想过Every three- and four-year-old boy thinks this.但是据弗洛伊德的理论But then because children, according to Freud,由于儿童无法很好地don't have a good sense of the boundary在心理和现实之间划清界限between their mind and the world,这就是个问题which is a problem – the problem is they don't –即他们认为自己的父亲they think their father can tell能够看出他们在密谋弑父that they're plotting to kill him而且他们还认为父亲非常生他们的气and they figure their father is now angry at them.之后他们会问自己And then they ask themselves,"爸爸对我施加的最坏的惩罚会是什么""What's the worst thing Dad could do to me?"答案就是阉割And the answer is castration.所以他们最终总结出So, they come to the conclusion that父亲会因为他们对母亲their father is going to castrate them抱有非分之想而阉割他们because of their illicit love for their Mom.然后他们向父亲投降 "爸爸赢了"And then they say, "Dad wins"随后几年他们不再对性感兴趣and then they don't think about sex for several years也就是来到了潜伏期and that's the latency stage.在潜伏期阶段The latency stage儿童不再纠缠于恋父或恋母情结is they've gone through this huge thing with Mom and Dad,从"爱上母亲想要弑父"fell in love with Mom, wanted to kill my father,父亲要阉割我" 过渡到dad was going to castrate me,"不再恋母不再对性感兴趣"fell out of love with Mom, out of the sex business."在进入性器期之前And then, sex is repressed性欲一直是被压抑着的until you get to the genital stage.性征期是我们大家都会经历的阶段And the genital stage is the stage we are all in –它延续至成年the healthy adult stage.现在你成年了Now that you're adults and经历了所有的发展阶段you've gone through all the developmental stages,那你现在又是处于什么阶段呢where do you stand?你并没有脱离险境You're not out of the woods yet因为无意识机制依然存在because unconscious mechanisms are still—即使你并没在任何阶段里发生固着Even if you haven't got fixated on anything, 你的行为仍然会一直受到本我there's still this dynamic going on all the time with your id,自我和超我的驱使your ego and your superego.大家记住你的超我是盲目的And the idea is your superego-- remember, your superego is stupid.超我不仅要求你别干坏事So, your superego isn't only telling you not to do bad things,还要求你不要有做坏事的想法it's telling you not to think bad things.而你的本我则由赤裸裸的原始欲望构成So, what's happening is your id is sending up all of this weird, sick stuff,包括了疯狂的性欲和攻击欲all of these crazy sexual and violent desires,如"我要杀了他""Oh, I'll kill him."我要那样做爱"I'll have sex with that.或"我要再吃一份餐后甜点"I'll have extra helpings on my dessert."超我则在打压这些欲望 "不行"And your superego is saying, "No, no, no."所以欲望受到了抑制And this stuff is repressed.这个过程并不会出现在意识层面之中It doesn't even make it to consciousness.问题在于The problem is弗洛伊德用所谓的液压理论Freud had a very sort of hydraulic theory解释了发生的事情of what goes on,有些受到压抑的欲望and some of this stuff slips out会通过梦境和口误而表现出来and it shows up in dreams and it shows up in slips。