毕赤酵母发酵手册

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毕赤酵母手册

毕赤酵母表达实验手册作者：Jnuxz 来源：丁香园时间：2007-9-5大肠杆菌表达系统最突出的优点是工艺简单、产量高、周期短、生产成本低。

然而，许多蛋白质在翻译后，需经过翻译后的修饰加工，如磷酸化、糖基化、酰胺化及蛋白酶水解等过程才能转化成活性形式。

大肠杆菌缺少上述加工机制，不适合用于表达结构复杂的蛋白质。

另外，蛋白质的活性还依赖于形成正确的二硫键并折叠成高级结构，在大肠杆菌中表达的蛋白质往往不能进行正确的折叠，是以包含体状态存在。

包含体的形成虽然简化了产物的纯化，但不利于产物的活性，为了得到有活性的蛋白，就需要进行变性溶解及复性等操作，这一过程比较繁琐，同时增加了成本。

大肠杆菌是用得最多、研究最成熟的基因工程表达系统，当前已商业化的基因工程产品大多是通过大肠杆菌表达的，其主要优点是成本低、产量高、易于操作。

但大肠杆菌是原核生物，不具有真核生物的基因表达调控机制和蛋白质的加工修饰能力，其产物往住形成没有活性的包涵体，需要经过变性、复性等处理，才能应用。

近年来，以酵母作为工程菌表达外源蛋白日益引起重视，原因是与大肠杆菌相比，酵母是低等真核生物，除了具有细胞生长快，易于培养，遗传操作简单等原核生物的特点外，又具有真核生物时表达的蛋白质进行正确加工，修饰，合理的空间折叠等功能，非常有利于真核基因的表达，能有效克服大肠杆菌系统缺乏蛋白翻译后加工、修饰的不足。

因此酵母表达系统受到越来越多的重视和利用。

［1］。

同时与大肠杆菌相比，作为单细胞真核生物的酵母菌具有比较完备的基因表达调控机制和对表达产物的加工修饰能力。

酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces.Cerevisiae）在分子遗传学方面被人们的认识最早，也是最先作为外源基因表达的酵母宿主。

1981年酿酒酵母表达了第一个外源基因----干扰素基因［2］，随后又有一系列外源基因在该系统得到表达［3、4、5、6］。

干扰素和胰岛素虽然已经利用酿酒酵母大量生产并被广泛应用，当利用酿酒酵母制备时，实验室的结果很令人鼓舞，但由实验室扩展到工业规模时，其产量迅速下降。

毕赤酵母实验操作手册

毕赤酵母表达实验手册大肠杆菌表达系统最突出的优点是工艺简单、产量高、生产成本低。

然而，许多蛋白质在翻译的修饰加工，如磷酸化、糖基化、酰胺化及蛋白酶水解等过程才能转化成活性形式。

大肠杆菌缺少适合用于表达结构复杂的蛋白质。

另外，蛋白质的活性还依赖于形成正确的二硫键并折叠成高级结表达的蛋白质往往不能进行正确的折叠，是以包含体状态存在。

包含体的形成虽然简化了产物的纯的活性，为了得到有活性的蛋白，就需要进行变性溶解及复性等操作，这一过程比较繁琐，同时增与大肠杆菌相比，酵母是低等真核生物，具有细胞生长快，易于培养，遗传操作简单等原核生物的生物时表达的蛋白质进行正确加工，修饰，合理的空间折叠等功能，非常有利于真核基因的表达，菌系统缺乏蛋白翻泽后加工、修饰的不足。

因此酵母表达系统受到越来越多的重视和利用。

大肠杆菌是用得最多、研究最成熟的基因工程表达系统，当前已商业化的基因工程产品大多是通过其主要优点是成本低、产量高、易于操作。

但大肠杆菌是原核生物，不具有真核生物的基因表达调加工修饰能力，其产物往住形成没有活性的包涵体，需要经过变性、复性等处理，才能应用。

近年程菌表达外源蛋白日益引起重视，主更是因为酵母是单细胞真核生物，不但具有大肠杆菌易操作、化生产的特点，还具有真核生物表达系统基因表达调控和蛋白修饰功能，避免了产物活性低，包涵间题［1］。

与大肠杆菌相比，酵母是单细胞真核生物，具有比较完备的基因表达调控机制和对表达产物的们对酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces.Cerevisiae）分子遗传学方面的认识最早，酿酒酵母也最先作为外宿主．1981年酿酒酵母表达了第一个外源基因一干扰素基因，随后又有一系列外源基因在该系统得素和胰岛素已大量生产并在人群中广泛应用，但很大部分表达由实验室扩展到工业规模时，培养基数的选择压力消失，质粒变得不稳定，拷贝数下降，而大多数外源基因的高效表达需要高拷贝数的量下降。

同时，实验室用培养基复杂而昂贵，采用工业规模能够接受的培养基时，往往导致产量的酵母的局限，人们发展了以甲基营养型酵母（methylotrophic yeast）为代表的第二代酵母表达系甲基营养型酵母包括：Pichia、Candida等．以Pichia.pastoris（毕赤巴斯德酵母）为宿主的外源来发展最为迅速，应用也最为广泛，已利用此系统表达了一系列有重要生物学活性的蛋自质。

毕赤酵母发酵工艺手册

毕赤酵母发酵工艺手册1. 引言欢迎使用毕赤酵母发酵工艺手册。

本手册旨在介绍毕赤酵母发酵的基本原理、工艺步骤以及相关注意事项。

通过遵循本手册，您可以更好地理解和掌握毕赤酵母的发酵过程，从而在生产中取得更好的效果。

2. 毕赤酵母发酵基本原理- 毕赤酵母是一种常见的酵母菌，其发酵能力强，适用于多种发酵产品的生产。

- 发酵是指通过酵母菌对底物中的糖类进行代谢，产生酒精和二氧化碳的过程。

- 毕赤酵母在发酵过程中需要适宜的温度、pH值和营养物质等条件。

3. 毕赤酵母发酵工艺步骤1. 发酵前准备：- 准备好所需的发酵基质，包括糖类、氮源和维生素等。

- 对基质进行消毒处理，确保无害菌的存在。

2. 接种毕赤酵母：- 选择合适的毕赤酵母培养液进行接种，注意接种量的控制。

- 将毕赤酵母培养液均匀加入发酵基质中。

3. 发酵条件控制：- 控制发酵温度在合适的范围内，一般为25-30摄氏度。

- 监测发酵基质的pH值，保持在适宜的范围内。

- 提供足够的氧气供给，促进酵母的生长和代谢。

4. 发酵过程监测：- 定期对发酵过程中的温度、pH值和酵母数量等进行监测和记录。

- 根据监测结果及时调整发酵条件，确保发酵过程稳定进行。

5. 发酵结束：- 当发酵基质中的糖类被完全代谢，产物达到预期时，发酵过程结束。

- 将发酵产物经过处理和提取，得到最终的产品。

4. 注意事项- 在发酵过程中，应注意卫生和消毒，以防止杂菌的污染。

- 严格控制发酵条件，避免过高或过低的温度、pH值对发酵效果产生不利影响。

- 根据不同的发酵产品，可能需要调整发酵步骤和条件，建议根据具体要求进行调整。

- 在使用本工艺手册时，请参考其他文献和专业意见，确保准确性和可靠性。

以上是关于毕赤酵母发酵工艺手册的简要介绍。

希望本手册能对您在毕赤酵母的发酵工艺中提供帮助和指导。

如有任何问题，请随时与我们联系。

谢谢！。

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毕赤酵母多拷贝表达载体试剂盒用于在含多拷贝基因的毕赤酵母菌中表达并分离重组蛋白综述：基本特征：作为真核生物，毕赤酵母具有高等真核表达系统的许多优点：如蛋白加工、折叠、翻译后修饰等。

不仅如此，操作时与E.coli及酿酒酵母同样简单。

它比杆状病毒或哺乳动物组织培养等其它真核表达系统更快捷、简单、廉价，且表达水平更高。

同为酵母，毕赤酵母具有与酿酒酵母相似的分子及遗传操作优点，且它的外源蛋白表达水平是后者的十倍以至百倍。

这些使得毕赤酵母成为非常有用的蛋白表达系统。

与酿酒酵母相似技术：许多技术可以通用：互补转化基因置换基因破坏另外，在酿酒酵母中应用的术语也可用于毕赤酵母。

例如：HIS4基因都编码组氨酸脱氢酶；两者中基因产物有交叉互补；酿酒酵母中的一些野生型基因与毕赤酵母中的突变基因相互补，如HIS4、LEU2、ARG4、TR11、URA3等基因在毕赤酵母中都有各自相互补的突变基因。

毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母：毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母，可利用甲醇作为其唯一碳源。

甲醇代谢的第一步是：醇氧化酶利用氧分子将甲醇氧化为甲醛，还有过氧化氢。

为避免过氧化氢的毒性，甲醛代谢主要在一个特殊的细胞器－过氧化物酶体－里进行，使得有毒的副产物远离细胞其余组分。

比赤酵母发酵手册 Pichia fermentation

High Yield Protein Production from Pichia pastoris Yeast:A Protocol for Benchtop FermentationBy Julia Cino, PhDIntroductionOver the last several decades, geneticists have learned how to manipulate DNA to identify, excise, move and place genes into a variety of organisms that are quite different genetically from the source organism. A major use for many of these recombinant organisms is to produce proteins. Since many proteins are of immense commercial value, numerous studies have focused on finding ways to produce them inexpensively, easily and in a fully functional form.The production of a functional protein is intimately related to the cellular machinery of the organism producing the protein. E. coli has been the “factory” of choice for the expression of many proteins because its genome has been fully mapped and the organism is easy to handle; grows rapidly; requires an inexpensive, easy-to-prepare medium for growth; and secretes protein into the medium which facilitates recovery of the protein. However, E. coli is a prokaryote and lacks intracellular organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus that are present in eukaryotes, which are responsible for modifications of the proteins being produced. Many eukaryotic proteins can be produced in E. coli but are produced in a nonfunctional, unfinished form, since glycosylation or post-translational modifications do notoccur. Therefore, researchers have recently turned to eukaryotic yeast and mammalian expression systems for protein production.Pichia Pastoris Expression SystemOne such eukaryotic yeast is the methanoltrophic Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris has been developed to be an outstanding host for the production of foreign proteins since its alcohol oxidase promoter was isolated and cloned; its transformation was first reported in 1985 [1,2]. Compared to other eukaryotic expression systems, Pichia offers many advantages, because it does not have the endotoxin problem associated with bacteria nor the viral contamination problem of proteins produced in animal cell culture. Furthermore, P. pastoris can utilize methanol as a carbon source in the absence of glucose. The P. pastoris expression system uses the methanol-induced alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter, which controls the gene that codes for the expression of alcohol oxidase, the enzyme which catalyzes the first step in the metabolism of methanol. This promoter has been characterized and incorporated into a series of P. pastoris expression vectors. Since the proteins produced in P. pastoris are typically folded correctly and secreted into the medium, the fermentation of genetically engineered P. pastoris provides an excellent alternative to E. coli expression systems. A number of proteins have been produced using this system, including tetanus toxin fragment, Bordatella pertussis pertactin, human serum albumin and lysozyme. (3 - 7).Minimizing Growth Limiting FactorsAnother advantage of Pichia pastoris is a prolific growth rate. Therefore, it would seem easy enough to culture it in a shake flask. This seeming advantage, however, can pose a host of problems, including pH control, oxygen limitation, nutrient limitation and temperature fluctuation. Researchers at New Brunswick Scientific (Edison, NJ) found that by switching from a shaker to a fermentor, protein production in Pichia could be increased by over 140% (3). The fermentor enables dissolved oxygen (DO) levels to be raised, not just by increasing agitation, but by increasing air flow, by supplementing the air s tream with pure oxygen, or by doing all three either in series or in parallel.Nutrient limitation can also be minimized, since fermentors can be run in fed-batch mode, where fresh media or growth limiting nutrients can be pumped into the vessel at a rate that is capable of replenishing the nutrients that are depleted. Shakers can only run in a batch mode, meaning that the growth of the cells is limited by the nutrients present in the medium at the time of inoculation. The fermentor’s fed-batch mode further enables methanol flow rates to be controlled to condition the cells to the presence of the methanol, as well as provide methanol at the proper rate to allow addition of just enough methanol for protein synthesis while preventing excess methanol addition which can cause toxicity.Researchers have found that optimum protein production in P. pastoris occurs at 30°C, and that all protein expression ceases at 32°C. However, high heat loads occur when P. pastoris is actively growing or expressing high levels of protein. In actively growing shake flask cultures, it is not uncommon for the temperature to increase 25°C if left uncontrolled. Therefore, it isimperative that all aspects of the fermentor, including temperature controller, heat exchanger, vessel and piping, must be designed to regulate temperature for optimum protein production. In addition to the fermentor’s internal controller, an external bioprocessing software (BioCommand®,New Brunswick Scientific) is routinely used to supervise the process, as well as to provide optimal nutrient feed rates, based on either the current status of the culture or to actuate pre-determined control scenarios.Fermentation ProtocolResearch was conducted in BioFlo® 3000 benchtop fermentors (New Brunswick Scientific) (Figure 1) with interchangeable, autoclavable vessels of 1.25 to 10 L working volume, as well as in a BioFlo 4500 fermentors with sterilizable-in-place vessels of 15 L and 20 L working volume, (New Brunswick Scientific). However, these procedures can be adapted to other size fermentors thereby making the protocols scalable. In the author’s laboratories, P. pastoris fermentations are run as multi-stage fed-batch processes with oxygen supplementation (Table 1). Here, oxygen is supplied automatically to meet the dissolved oxygen requirements for high-density cell growth.Method for a Typical CultureA frozen vial of 1 ml P. pastoris sample was inoculated into a 1 L shake flask with 150 mL Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB)-glycerol medium. A variety of genetically engineered P. pastoris strains were used, many of which are slow growing on methanol (mut s) and engineered to produce proteins of interest. The culture was incubated at 30°C, 240 rpm, for 14 hours in anenvironmental incubator shaker (New Brunswick Scientific). The entire 150 mL volume of inoculum was transferred to a 3.3 L fermentor vessel (total volume) containing 1.5 L of basal salts medium (see media components, Table 2) plus 4.4 mL/L trace metal solution (4). The temperature was controlled at 30°C. The dissolved oxygen was set at 30% and pH is at 5.0. Ammonium hydroxide solution (30%) was used as the base solution to adjust the pH. After 20 hours of batch culture, the optical density (OD) reaches 42. The glycerol fed-batch process was then initiated. The feeding medium consisted of 50% glycerol and 12 mL/L of trace metal solution. The feed rate was 24 mL/L/h, which was adjusted automatically based on the DO reading. DO control was maintained by the proportional integral derivitive (PID) cascade controller, which changes the speed of agitation. Pure oxygen was automatically supplied to the fermentor to keep the DO level at the setpoint after the agitation speed reached the maximum allowable setpoint. After the growth phase, a half-hour carbon-source starvation period was established before the culture was switched to the production phase.The production phase (methanol feeding) was started after 43 hours of cell growth. The production feed medium consists of 100% methanol and 12 mL/L trace metal solution. Feeding rates were divided into three stages: 6 hr induction, 48 hr in a high-feed-rate stage and 44 hr in a low-feed-rate stage. The feeding rate of the induction stage was ramped from 1 to 10.9 mL/L/hr, which was controlled by the computer program. Feeding rates in the high and low rate stages were 15 and 2 mL/L/hr respectively. The total volume of feed was 2 L. During the fermentation, oxygen demand can be quite high and oxygen was added to the air stream automatically. (Figure 2)pH is usually adjusted to inhibit the activities of proteinases existing in the culture broth during the production phase. Furthermore, since a host strain that isprotease deficient was used, it was not necessary to change the pH level when culture was shifted from cell growth phase to production phase. It has been found that pH 5 is the optimal for cell metabolism and cell growth and that the oxygen consumption rate is higher at that pH. Using this protocol, optical densities of up to 630 can be obtained. Protein expression, of course, varies with the particular protein being expressed.Although not without problems related to its culture, P. pastoris culture protocols are scalable and have become a powerful tool for the production of commercially valuable proteins.More information on P. pastoris culture (expression vectors, protocols, etc.) can be obtained from Invitrogen, Inc., Carlsbad, CA and from Pichia Protocols published by Humana Press and edited by David R. Higgins and James M. CreggTIME STAGE MODE FEED SUBSTANCE* FEED RATE (Hrs) (ml/L/hr) 0-20Growth Batch None N.A.20-42.5Growth Fed-Batch50% Glycerol24**42.5-43Starvation Batch None N.A.43-49Induction Fed-Batch100% Methanol1-10.9***49-97Production Fed-Batch100% Methanol1597-141Production Fed-Batch100% Methanol2Table 1*All feed solutions contain 12 ml/L of a trace metals solution.**Feed rate adjusted based on dissolved oxygen levels via BioCommand®** *Linear ramp programmed via the “Time Profile” of BioCommand®Figure 1: BioFlo 3000 fermentor with supervisory control system.Figure 2: Pure oxygen supplementation profile of a P. pastoris culture showing the increasedoxygen requirement of the culture.Table 2:MEDIUM COMPONENTS AND FEED SOLUTIONSH3PO4 - 27 ml/LCaSO4. 2 H2O - 0.9 g/LK2SO4 - 18 g/LMgSO4. H2O -15 g/LKOH - 4.13 g/LTrace Metals Solution - 4.4 ml/LGlycerol - 40 g/LTrace Metals SolutionCupric sulfate . 5 H2O - 6.0 g/LSodium iodide - 0.08 g/LManganese sulfate . H2O - 3.0 g/LSodium molybdate - 0.2 g/LBoric acid - 0.02 g/LCobalt chloride - 0.5 g/LZinc chloride - 20 g/LFerrous sulfate . 7 H2O - 65.0 g/LBiotin - 0.2 g/LSulfuric acid - 5.0 mlWater - to 1.0 literFeed SolutionsGlycerol Feed Solution:50% glycerol with 12 ml/L trace metals solutionMethanol Feed Solution:100% glycerol with 12 ml/L trace metals solutionDr. Cino is Product Manager, New Brunswick Scientific, PO Box 4005, Edison, NJ 08818-4005. Phone 800-631-5417. Fax: 732-287-4222. Web: .E-mail: cino@. The author acknowledges Yinliang Chen, Jeffrey Krol, Victor Sterkin of New Brunswick ScientificReferences1. Cregg, J.M., J. F. Tschopp, C. Stillman, R. Siegel, M. Akong, W. S. Craig, R. G.Buckholz, L. R. Madden, P. A. Kellaris, G. R. Davis, B. L. Smiley, J. Cruze, R.Torregrossa, G. Velicelebi and G. P. Thill. 1987. High-level expression and efficient assembly of hepatitis B surface antigen in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. BIO /TECHNOLOGY, Vol 5, 479-4852. Brierley, R.A., C. Bussineau, R. Kosson, A. Melton and R. S. Siegel. 1992. inFermentation Development of Recombinant Pichia pastoris Expression the Heterologous Gene: Bovine Lysozyme, Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 350-3623. Chen, Y., Krol, J., Cino, J., Freedman, D., White, C., and Komives, E., 1996. ContinuousProduction of Thrombomodulin from a Pichia pastoris Fermentation . Journal Chem. Tech.Biotechnol. Vol. 67, 143-1484. Clare, J.J., F.B. Rayment, S.P. Ballantine, K. Sreekrishna and M.A.Romanos, 1991. High-level expression of tetanus toxin fragment C in Pichia pastoris strains containing multiple tandem integrations of the gene. BIO/TECHNOLOGY, Vol 9, 455-4605. Cregg, J.M., T.S. Vedvick and W.C. Raschke. 1993. Recent advances in the expressionof foreign genes in Pichia pastoris. BIO/TECHNOLOGY, Vol.11, 9056. Digan, M. E., S. V. Lair, R. A. Brierley, R. S. Siegel, M. E. Williams, S. B. Ellis, P. A.Kellaris, S. A. Provow, W. S. Craig, G. Velicelebi and M. M. Harpold. 1989.Continuous production of a novel lysozyme via secretion from the yeast, Pichia pastoris.Vol 7, 160-1647. Tschopp, J. F., G. Sverlow, R. Kosson, W. Craig and L. Grinna. 1987. High-levelsecretion of glycosylated invertase in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris .BI0 /TECHNOLOGY, Vol 5, 1305Additional ReadingAgrawal, P., G. Koshy and M. Ramseier. 1989. An algorithm for operation a fed-batch fermentor at optimum specific-growth rate. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 33, 115-125Aiba, S., S. Nagai and Y. Nishizaqa. 1976. Fed-batch culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae : a perspective of computer control to enhance the productivity in baker’s yeast cultivation. Biotechnol Bioeng., 18, 1001-1011Bentley, W. E. and D. S. Kompala. 1989. A novel structured kinetic modelingapproach for the analysis of plasmid instability in recombinant bacterial cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 33, 49-61Komives, E. A. 1994. Expression of Highly disulfide Bonded Proteins in Pichiapastoris, Structure. 2,1003-1005Modak, J. M. and H. C. Lim. 1989. Simple nonsingular control approach to fed- batch fermentation optimization. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 33, 11-15Shimizu, N., S. Fukuzono, K. Fujimori, N. Nishimura and Y. Odawara. 1988. Fed-batch cultures of reconbinant Escherichia coli with inhibitory subtance concentration monitoring. J. Ferment. Technol., 66, 2, 187-191Wei, D., S. J. Paurulekar and W. A. Weigandin. 1990. Multivariable control of continuous and fed-batch bioreactors. Biotechnical Engineering VI, Ann.N.Y. Acad. Sci. Vol 589, 508-528Wu, W., K. Chen and H. Chiou. 1985. On-line optimal control for fed-batch culture of Baker’s yeast production. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 27, 756-760Yamane, T., T. Kume, E. Sada and T. Takamatsu. 1977. A simple optimization technique for fed-batch culture. J. Ferment. Technol., 55,587-593Yang, X. 1992. Optimization of a cultivation process for recombinant protein production by Escherichia coli. J. Biotechnol. 23, 271-289。

毕赤酵母发酵罐发酵

微生物发酵罐发酵（毕赤酵母）灭菌前：室温下校准PH电极，先校6.86零点再4.0斜率（若的发酵pH很长时间是酸性的（如酵母发酵）用6.86校正零点，4.0校正斜率；若你的发酵pH很长时间是碱性的（如某些细菌发酵）用6.86校正零点，9.18校正斜率）；室温下校准溶氧电极，1.0点在不接溶氧电极时候标定，100%点接上溶氧电极，放置在空气中较定；或2.0点在灭菌过程中，温度达到121度左右压力0.12mpa左右时候标定，100%在灭菌结束，降温至发酵温度并稳定，转速在发酵初始转速，通气量在发酵初始通气量时候标定灭菌：1.灭菌，先将各排气阀打开，将蒸汽引入夹套或蛇管进行预热，待罐温升至80~90℃，将排气阀逐渐关小。

接着将蒸汽从进气口、排料口、取样口直接通入罐中（如有冲视罐也同时进汽），使罐温上升到118~120℃，罐压维持在0.09~0.1Mpa（表压），并保持30min左右。

2.保温结束后，依次关闭各排汽、进汽阀门，待罐内压力低于空气压力后，向罐内通入无菌空气，在夹套或蛇管中通冷却水降温，使培养基的温度降到所需的温度，进行下一步的发酵和培养。

（注意压力：灭菌时，总蒸汽管道压力要求不低于0.3~0.35Mpa，使用压力不低于0.2Mpa。

）灭菌后:A.消耗甘油阶段1.灭菌后冷却30℃时：2.冷却至30℃时，开启搅拌(转速最大)和通气(0.1-1.0vvm),接通28%氨水(未稀释)调PH5.0;每升加4.35ml的无菌PTM1基础盐；3.从摇瓶中接种种子液，DO值为100%，开始培养后会消耗，导致DO值下降，通氧气以确保DO值超过20％，速率先为0.1vvm。

4. 发酵过夜甘油被完全消耗（18-24h），标志为DO值增加到100％。

【每天至少两次取样，测OD600，湿重，显微观察.将菌体和上清（离心后）在-80℃下保藏，用于后面的分析。

】5.这个阶段所期望达到的细胞产量为90-150g/L湿细胞。

毕赤酵母的摇瓶发酵方法[指南]

毕赤酵母的摇瓶发酵方法：一、摇瓶发酵方法:毕赤酵母摇瓶发酵方法分为两个阶段，1、酵母菌株生长阶段；2、脂肪酶诱导表达阶段。

1、酵母生长阶段。

准备试剂：1000ml BMGY培养基，1000ml BMMY培养基，10X的甲醇，摇瓶1L（灭菌），温控摇床，50ml离心管（灭菌）。

紫外分光光度计，石英比色皿。

以下所有操作均在超净台内或者无菌条件下完成。

（1）往灭好菌的IL摇瓶中加入100mlBMGY培养基，然后加入约1ml脂肪酶菌株（培养基：菌液=100：1），用透气膜封口（透气，但是细菌不能透过）。

置于温控摇床上，温度调至300C，转速为250-300rpm/min，使酵母生长，OD600=2.0-6.0，时间约为15-24小时。

（2）将发酵液转入50ml离心管，1500g-3000g离心5min。

去掉上清，用BMMY 培养基将菌体浓度稀释至OD600=1.0，约有500ml左右。

将稀释后的发酵液分别加入到1L的药瓶中，每个摇瓶150ml发酵液（绝不能超过200ml）。

（3）将摇瓶置于温控摇床上，温度调至300C，转速为250-300rpm/min，使酵母表达脂肪酶，每24小时加入一次5%的甲醇，使甲醇的终浓度为0.5%。

连续诱导表达48小时。

（4）将发酵液进行12000rpm/min离心5min，取上清（若上清仍混浊，可反复离心）；进行酶活分析和蛋白含量分析。

BMGY培养基的配制（1000ml）：20g蛋白胨（peptone）,10g酵母提取物（Yeast Extract）,加水至700ml；1210C高温灭菌20min。

然后分别在无菌条件下加入10X YNB 100ml，10X 磷酸钾缓冲液（PH6.0）100ml，10X甘油 100ml。

BMMY培养基的配制方法（1000ml）：20g蛋白胨（peptone）,10g酵母提取物,加水至700ml；1210C高温灭菌20min。

然后分别在无菌条件下加入10X YNB 100ml，10X 磷酸钾缓冲液（PH6.0）100ml，10X甲醇 100ml。

毕赤酵母表达(pichia pastoris expression )实验手册(3)

毕赤酵母表达（pichia pastoris expression ）实验手册（3）液体YPD培养基可常温保存；琼脂YPD平板在4℃可保存几个月。

加入Ze ocin 100ug / ml，成为YPDZ培养基，可以4℃条件下保存1～2周。

2.4 YPDS + Zeocin 培养基（Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose Medi um）：yeast extract 1%peptone 2%dextrose (glucose) 2%sorbitol 1 M+agar 2%+ Zeocin 100 μg/ml不管是液体 YPDS培养基，还是YPDS + Zeocin 培养基，都必须存放4℃条件下，有效期1～2周。

2.5 MGYMinimal Glycerol Medium （最小甘油培养基）（34%YNB；1%甘油；4*10-5%生物素）。

将800ml灭菌水、100ml的 10* YNB母液、2ml的500*B母液和100ml的10*GY母液混匀即可，4℃保存，保存期为2个月。

2.6 MGYHMinimal Glycerol Medium + Histidine （最小甘油培养基 + 0.004%组氨酸）在1000ml的MGY培养基中加入 10ml的100*H母液混匀，4℃保存，保存期为2个月。

2.7 RDRegeneration Dextrose Medium （葡萄糖再生培养基）（含有：1mol/L的山梨醇；2%葡萄糖；1.34%YNB；4*10-5%生物素；0. 005%氨基酸）1. 将186g的山梨醇定容至700ml，高压灭菌；2. 冷却后于45℃水浴；3. 将100ml的10*D、100ml的10*YNB；2ml的500*B；10ml的100*AA等母液和88ml无菌水混匀，预热至45℃后，与步骤2 的山梨醇溶液混合。

4℃保存。

2.8 RDHRegeneration Dextrose Medium + Histidine （葡萄糖再生培养基 + 0.004%组氨酸）在RD培养基配制的第三步中，在加入10ml的100*H母液，同时无菌水的体积减少至78ml即可，其余配制方法与RD相同。

毕赤酵母表达操作手册(PDF精译版)

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不仅如此，操作时与E.coli及酿酒酵母同样简单。

它比杆状病毒或哺乳动物组织培养等其它真核表达系统更快捷、简单、廉价，且表达水平更高。

同为酵母，毕赤酵母具有与酿酒酵母相似的分子及遗传操作优点，且它的外源蛋白表达水平是后者的十倍以至百倍。

这些使得毕赤酵母成为非常有用的蛋白表达系统。

与酿酒酵母相似技术：许多技术可以通用：互补转化基因置换基因破坏另外，在酿酒酵母中应用的术语也可用于毕赤酵母。

毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母：毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母，可利用甲醇作为其唯一碳源。

甲醇代谢的第一步是：醇氧化酶利用氧分子将甲醇氧化为甲醛，还有过氧化氢。

为避免过氧化氢的毒性，甲醛代谢主要在一个特殊的细胞器－过氧化物酶体－里进行，使得有毒的副产物远离细胞其余组分。

毕赤酵母表达操作手册(精译版)

不仅如此，操作时与E.coli及酿酒酵母同样简单。

它比杆状病毒或哺乳动物组织培养等其它真核表达系统更快捷、简单、廉价，且表达水平更高。

同为酵母，毕赤酵母具有与酿酒酵母相似的分子及遗传操作优点，且它的外源蛋白表达水平是后者的十倍以至百倍。

这些使得毕赤酵母成为非常有用的蛋白表达系统。

与酿酒酵母相似技术：许多技术可以通用：互补转化基因置换基因破坏另外，在酿酒酵母中应用的术语也可用于毕赤酵母。

毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母：毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母，可利用甲醇作为其唯一碳源。

甲醇代谢的第一步是：醇氧化酶利用氧分子将甲醇氧化为甲醛，还有过氧化氢。

为避免过氧化氢的毒性，甲醛代谢主要在一个特殊的细胞器－过氧化物酶体－里进行，使得有毒的副产物远离细胞其余组分。

由于醇氧化酶与O2的结合率较低，因而毕赤酵母代偿性地产生大量的酶。

而调控产生醇过氧化物酶的启动子也正是驱动外源基因在毕赤酵母中表达的启动子。

两种醇氧化酶蛋白：毕赤酵母中有两个基因编码醇氧化酶－AOX1及AOX2。

细胞中大多数的醇氧化酶是AOX1基因产物。

甲醇可紧密调节、诱导AOX1基因的高水平表达，较典型的是占可溶性蛋白的30%以上。

AOX1基因已被分离，含AOX1启动子的质粒可用来促进编码外源蛋白的目的基因的表达。

AOX2基因与AOX1基因有97%的同源性，但在甲醇中带AOX2基因的菌株比带AOX1基因菌株慢得多，通过这种甲醇利用缓慢表型可分离Muts菌株。

表达：AOX1基因的表达在转录水平受调控。

毕赤酵母表达手册(详细)

毕赤酵母表达（pichia pastoris expression ）实验手册2010-07-15 10:54:56| 分类：毕赤酵母| 标签：|字号大中小订阅一．毕赤酵母表达常用溶液及缓冲液的配制二．毕赤酵母表达的培养基配制三．主要试验环节的操作 3.1 酵母菌株的分离纯化 3.2 pPICZαA原核宿主菌TOP10F’的活化培养 3.3毕赤酵母表达的试验方法 3.4 毕赤酵母电转化方法 3.5 Pichia酵母表达直接PCR鉴定重组子的方法 3.6 毕赤酵母基因组提取方法 3.7 Mut+表型重组酵母的诱导表达实验关键词：酵母实验毕赤酵母表达 pichia pastoris expression 毕赤酵母酵母菌株大肠杆菌表达系统最突出的优点是工艺简单、产量高、周期短、生产成本低。

然而，许多蛋白质在翻译后，需经过翻译后的修饰加工，如磷酸化、糖基化、酰胺化及蛋白酶水解等过程才能转化成活性形式。

大肠杆菌缺少上述加工机制，不适合用于表达结构复杂的蛋白质。

另外，蛋白质的活性还依赖于形成正确的二硫键并折叠成高级结构，在大肠杆菌中表达的蛋白质往往不能进行正确的折叠，是以包含体状态存在。

毕赤酵母活化方法

毕赤酵母活化方法
毕赤酵母是一种常用的酵母菌，用于发酵制作面包、饮料、酒类等食品和饮料。

毕赤酵母的活化方法非常重要，如果不正确地活化毕赤酵母，将会影响酵母的发酵能力和质量。

以下是毕赤酵母活化的方法：
1. 准备好所需的材料，包括毕赤酵母、温水、白糖和面粉。

2. 将适量的面粉和白糖混合在一起，再加入温水，搅拌均匀。

3. 将混合好的面糊放到一个温暖、潮湿的地方，让其发酵。

4. 当面糊发酵至两倍大时，加入适量的毕赤酵母，并再次搅拌均匀。

5. 将混合好的毕赤酵母液体放到一个温暖、潮湿的地方，让其继续发酵。

6. 当毕赤酵母液体发酵至两倍大时，即可开始使用。

需要注意的是，活化毕赤酵母的过程中，温度和湿度对酵母的发酵能力有着很大的影响。

一般来说，温度应控制在25-30℃之间，湿度应在70%左右。

同时，毕赤酵母液体的发酵时间也应根据具体情况进行调整，以确保酵母的发酵质量和效果。

- 1 -。

毕赤酵母表达手册

Pichia Expression KitVersion M01110225-0043Pichia Expression KitA Manual of Methods for Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Pichia pastorisCatalog no. K1710-01tech_service@iiINDIVIDUAL PICHIA EXPRESSION KIT LICENSE AGREEMENTThe Pichia Expression Kit is based on the yeast Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris was developed into an expression system by scientists at Salk Institute Biotechnology/Industry Associates (SIBIA) for high-level expression of recombinant proteins. All patents for Pichia pastoris and licenses for its use as an expression system are owned by Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Tucson, Arizona. Invitrogen has an exclusive license to sell the Pichia Expression Kit to scientists for research purposes only, under the terms described below. Use of Pichia pastoris by commercial corporations requires the user to obtain a commercial license as detailed below. Before using the Pichia Expression Kit, please read the following license a greement. If you do not agree to be bound by its terms, contact Invitrogen within 10 days for authorization to return the unused Pichia Expression Kit and to receive a full credit. If you do agree to the terms of this Agreement, please complete the User Registration Card and return it to Invitrogen before using the kit.INDIVIDUAL PICHIA EXPRESSION KIT LICENSE AGREEMENTInvitrogen Corporation (INVITROGEN) grants you a non-exclusive license to use the enclosed Pichia Expression Kit (EXPRESSION KIT) for academic research or for evaluation purposes only. The EXPRESSION KIT is being transferred to you in furtherance of, and reliance on, such license. You may not use the EXPRESSION KIT, or the materials contained therein, for any commercial purpose without a license for such purpose from RESEARCH CORPORATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Tucson, Arizona. Commercial purposes include the use in or sale of expressed proteins as a commercial product, or use to facilitate or advance research or development of a commercial product. Commercial entities may conduct their evaluation for one year at which time this license automatically terminates. Commercial entities will be contacted by Research Corporation Technologies during the evaluation period regarding the purchase of a commercial license.Access to the EXPRESSION KIT must be limited solely to those officers, employees and students of your institution who need access thereto in order to perform the above-described research or evaluation. You must inform each of such officer, employee and student of the provisions of this Agreement and require them to agree, in writing, to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement. You may not distribute the EXPRESSION KIT to others, even those within your own institution. You may transfer modified, altered or original material from the EXPRESSION KIT to a third party following notification of INVITROGEN such that the recipient can be licensed. You may not assign, sub-license, rent lease or otherwise transfer this License or any of the rights or obligation hereunder, except as expressly permitted.This License is effective until terminated. You may terminate it at any time by destroying all Pichia expression products in your control. It will also terminate automatically if you fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the Agreement. You shall, upon termination of the License, destroy all Pichia Expression Kits in your control, and so notify INVITROGEN in writing.This License Shall be governed in its interpretation and enforcement by the laws of the State of California.Product User Registration CardPlease complete and return the enclosed Product User Registration Card for each Pichia Expression Kit that you purchase. This will serve as a record of your purchase and registration and will allow Invitrogen to provide you with technical support and manual updates. It will also allow Invitrogen to update you on future developments of and improvements to the Pichia Expression Kit. The agreement outlined above becomes effective upon our receipt of your User Registration Card or 10 days following the sale of the Pichia Expression Kit to you. Use of the kit at any time results in immediate obligation to the terms and conditions stated in this Agreement.Technical ServicesInvitrogen provides Technical Services to all of our registered Pichia Expression Kit users. Please contact us if you need assistance with the Pichia Expression Kit.United States Headquarters:Japanese Headquarters European Headquarters:Invitrogen Corporation1600 Faraday AvenueCarlsbad, CA 92008 USATel: 1 760 603 7200Tel (Toll Free): 1 800 955 6288 Fax: 1 760 602 6500E-mail:tech_service@ Invitrogen Japan K.K.Nihonbashi Hama-Cho Park Bldg. 4F2-35-4, Hama-Cho, NihonbashiTel: 81 3 3663 7972Fax: 81 3 3663 8242E-mail: jpinfo@Invitrogen Ltd3 Fountain DriveInchinnan Business ParkPaisley PA4 9RF, UKTel (Free Phone Orders): 0800 269 210Tel (General Enquiries): 0800 5345 5345Fax: +44 (0) 141 814 6287E-mail: eurotech@iiiivTable of ContentsMaterials (vii)Purchaser Notification (x)Product Qualification (xii)Introduction (1)Overview (1)Experimental Outline (3)Recombination and Integration in Pichia (7)Methods (11)Pichia Strains (11)E. coli Strains (13)Selecting a Pichia Expression Vector (14)pHIL-D2 (16)pPIC3.5 (17)pHIL-S1 (18)pPIC9 (19)Signal Sequence Processing (20)Cloning into the Pichia Expression Vectors (21)Transformation into E. coli (26)Preparation of Transforming DNA (27)Growth of Pichia for Spheroplasting (30)Preparation of Spheroplasts (32)Transformation of Pichia (34)Screening for Mut+ and Mut S Transformants (36)PCR Analysis of Pichia Integrants (40)Expression of Recombinant Pichia Strains (42)Analysis by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (45)Optimization of Pichia Protein Expression (47)Scale-up of Expression (49)Protein Purification and Glycosylation (51)Recipes (53)E. coli Media Recipes (53)Pichia Media Recipes (54)Appendix (59)Electroporation of Pichia (59)PEG 1000 Transformation Method for Pichia (60)Lithium Chloride Transformation Method (61)Total DNA Isolation from Pichia (62)Detection of Multiple Integration Events (63)Procedure for Total RNA Isolation from Pichia (64)β-Galactosidase Assay (65)Technical Service (67)References (69)vviMaterialsKit Contents Box 1: Spheroplast Module. Store at room temperature.Reagent Amount ComponentsSOS media 20 ml 1 M Sorbitol0.3X YPD10 mM CaCl2Sterile Water 2 x 125 ml Autoclaved, deionized waterSE 2 x 125 ml 1 M Sorbitol25 mM EDTA, pH 8.0SCE 2 x 125 ml 1 M Sorbitol10 mM Sodium citrate buffer, pH 5.81 mM EDTA1 M Sorbitol2 x 125 ml --CaS 2 x 60 ml 1 M Sorbitol10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5;10 mM CaCl240% PEG 25 ml 40% (w/v) PEG 3350 (Reagent grade) in waterCaT 25 ml 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.520 mM CaCl2Stab Vials: Pichia and E. coli stabs. Store at +4°C.Phenotype(Pichia only)GenotypeStrain Amountstab his4Mut+GS115 1stab arg4 his4 aox1::ARG4 Mut S, Arg+KM71 1GS115 Albumin 1 stab HIS4Mut SGS115 β-Gal 1 stab HIS4Mut+stab F´ {pro AB, lac I q, lac Z∆M15, Tn10 (Tet R)} mcr A,TOP10F´ 1∆(mrr-hsd RMS-mcr BC), φ80lac Z∆M15, ∆lac X74,deo R, rec A1, ara D139, ∆(ara-leu)7697, gal U,gal K, rps L (Str R), end A1, nup G λ-.Box 2: Spheroplast Module. Store at -20°C.ComponentsReagent AmountZymolyase 10 x 20 µl 3 mg/ml Zymolyase in water(100,000 units/g lytic activity)1 M DTT 10 x 1 ml 1 M dithiothreitol in watercontinued on next pageviiKit Contents,continuedVector Box. Store at -20°C.Reagent DescriptionpHIL-D210 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0Vector for intracellular expression in PichiapPIC3.510 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0Vector for intracellular expression in PichiapHIL-S110 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0 Vector for secreted expression in Pichia. Uses the PHO1 signal sequencepPIC910 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0 Vector for secreted expression in Pichia. Uses the α-factor signal sequencePrimer Box. Store at -20°C.5´ AOX1 sequencing primer2 µg (312 pmoles), lyophilized5´-GACTGGTTCCAATTGACAAGC-3´3´ AOX1 sequencing primer2 µg (314 pmoles), lyophilized5´-GCAAATGGCATTCTGACATCC-3´α-Factor sequencing primer2 µg (315 pmoles), lyophilized5´-TACTATTGCCAGCATTGCTGC-3´Media The following prepackaged media is included for your convenience. Instructions for use are provided on the package.Media Amount Yield YP Base Medium 2 pouches 2 liters of YP mediumYP Base Agar Medium 2 pouches 2 liters of YP mediumYeast Nitrogen Base 1 pouch 500 ml of 10X YNBFor transformation of Pichia by spheroplasting, the Pichia Spheroplast Module isavailable separately from Invitrogen (see below for ordering information).Product Reactions or Amount Catalog no.Pichia Spheroplast Module 10 spheroplast preparations(50 transformations)K1720-01continued on next pageviiiRequired Equip-ment and Supplies (not provided) • 30°C rotary shaking incubator• Water baths capable of 37°C, 45°C, and 100°C• Centrifuge suitable for 50 ml conical tubes (floor or table-top)• Baffled culture flasks with metal covers (50 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml, and 3 L)• 50 ml sterile, conical tubes• 6 ml and 15 ml sterile snap-top tubes (Falcon 2059 or similar)• UVSpectrophotometer• Mini agarose gel apparatus and buffers• Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis apparatus and buffers• Media for transformation, growth, screening, and expression (see Recipes, pages 53-58) • 5% SDS solution (10 ml per transformation)• Sterile cheesecloth or gauze• Breaking Buffer (see Recipes, page 58)• Acid-washed glass beads (available from Sigma)• Replica-plating equipment (optional)• BeadBreaker™ (optional)ixPurchaser NotificationIntroduction The Pichia Expression Kit is based on the yeast Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris wasdeveloped into an expression system by scientists at Salk Institute Biotechnology/ IndustryAssociates (SIBIA) and Phillips Petroleum for high-level expression of recombinantproteins. All patents for Pichia pastoris and licenses for its use as an expression system areowned by Research Corporation Technologies (RCT), Inc., Tucson, Arizona. Forinformation on commercial licenses, please see page x.The Nature of the Invitrogen License Invitrogen has an exclusive license to sell the Pichia Expression Kit to scientists for research purposes only, under the terms described below. Use of Pichia pastoris by commercial entities for any commercial purpose requires the user to obtain a commercial license as detailed below. Before using the Pichia Expression Kit, please read the following license agreement. If you do not agree to be bound by its terms, contact Invitrogen within 10 days for authorization to return the unused Pichia Expression Kit and to receive a full credit. If you do agree to the terms of this license agreement, please complete the User Registration Card and return it to Invitrogen before using the kit.Pichia pastoris Patents Pichia pastoris is covered by one or more of the following U.S. patents and corresponding foreign patents owned and licensed by Research Corporation Technologies:4,683,293 4,808,537 4,812,405 4,818,700 4,837,148 4,855,231 4,857,467 4,879,231 4,882,279 4,885,242 4,895,800 4,929,555 5,002,876 5,004,688 5,032,516 5,122,465 5,135,868 5,166,329Individual Pichia Expression Kit License Agreement Invitrogen Corporation ("Invitrogen") grants you a non-exclusive license to use the enclosed Pichia Expression Kit ("Expression Kit") for academic research or for evaluation purposes only. The Expression Kit is being transferred to you in furtherance of, and reliance on, such license. You may not use the Expression Kit, or the materials contained therein, for any commercial purpose without a license for such purpose from Research Corporation Technologies, Inc., Tucson, Arizona.Definition of Commercial Purpose Commercial purposes include:(a) any use of Expression Products in a Commercial Product(b) any use of Expression Products in the manufacture of a Commercial Product(c) any sale of Expression Products(d) any use of Expression Products or the Expression Kit to facilitate or advanceresearch or development of a Commercial Product(e) any use of Expression Products or the Expression Kit to facilitate or advance anyresearch or development program the results of which will be applied to thedevelopment of Commercial Products"Expression Products" means products expressed with the Expression Kit, or with the use of any vectors or host strains in the Expression Kit. "Commercial Product" means any product intended for sale or commercial use.Commercial entities may conduct their evaluation for one year at which time this license automatically terminates. Research Corporation Technologies will contact commercial entities during the evaluation period regarding their desire for a commercial license.continued on next pagexPurchaser Notification, continuedIndividual Responsibilities Access to the Expression Kit must be limited solely to those officers, employees and students of your institution who need access to perform the above-described research or evaluation. You must inform each such officer, employee and student of the provisions of this license agreement and require them to agree, in writing, to be bound by the provisions of this license agreement. You may not distribute neither the Expression Kit nor the vectors or host strains contained in it to others, even to those within your own institution. You may only transfer modified, altered, or original material from the Expression Kit to a third party following written notification of, and written approval from, Invitrogen so that the recipient can be licensed. You may not assign, sub-license, rent, lease or otherwise transfer this license agreement or any of the rights or obligation thereunder, except as expressly permitted by Invitrogen and RCT.Termination of License This license agreement is effective until terminated. You may terminate it at any time by destroying all Pichia expression products in your control. It will also terminate auto-matically if you fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the license agreement. You shall, upon termination of the license agreement, destroy all Pichia Expression Kits in your control, and so notify Invitrogen in writing.This License shall be governed in its interpretation and enforcement by the laws of the State of California.Contact for Commercial Licensing Bennett Cohen, Ph.D.Research Corporation Technologies 101 North Wilmot Road, Suite 600 Tucson, Arizona 85711-3335 Phone: (520) 748-4400Fax: (520)748-0025User Registration Card Please complete and return the enclosed User Registration Card for each PichiaExpression Kit that you purchase. This will serve as a record of your purchase and regis-tration and will allow Invitrogen to provide you with technical support and manualupdates. It will also allow Invitrogen to update you on future developments and improve-ments to the Pichia Expression Kit. The agreement outlined above becomes effectiveupon our receipt of your User Registration Card or 10 days following the sale of thePichia Expression Kit to you. Use of the kit at any time results in immediate obligation tothe terms and conditions stated in this license agreement.xiProduct QualificationIntroduction This section describes the criteria used to qualify the components in the PichiaExpression Kit.Vectors All expression vectors are qualified by restriction enzyme digestion. Restriction digests must demonstrate the correct banding pattern when electrophoresed on an agarose gel.Spheroplast Reagents The spheroplast reagents are qualified by spheroplast preparation of GS115 following the protocol provided in the Pichia Expression Kit manual. At least 70% of the Pichia pastoris cells must form spheroplasts in 30 minutes or less.Pichia Strains The Pichia strains are by demonstrating viability of the culture. Single colonies should arise within 48 hours after streaking on YPD medium from the stabPrimers Sequencing primers are lot tested by automated DNA sequencing experiments.Buffers andSolutionsAll buffers and solutions are extensively tested for sterility.Media All Pichia growth and expression media are qualified by growing the GS115 Pichiastrain.xiiIntroductionOverviewReview Articles The information presented here is designed to give you a concise overview of the Pichia pastoris expression system. It is by no means exhaustive. For further information, pleaseread the articles cited in the text along with recent review articles (Buckholz and Gleeson,1991; Cregg et al., 1993; Sreekrishna et al., 1988; Wegner, 1990). A general review offoreign gene expression in yeast is also available (Romanos et al., 1992).General Characteristics of Pichia pastoris As a eukaryote, Pichia pastoris has many of the advantages of higher eukaryotic expression systems such as protein processing, protein folding, and posttranslational modification, while being as easy to manipulate as E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is faster, easier, and less expensive to use than other eukaryotic expression systems such as baculovirus or mammalian tissue culture, and generally gives higher expression levels. As a yeast, it shares the advantages of molecular and genetic manipulations with Saccharomyces, and has the added advantage of 10- to 100-fold higher heterologous protein expression levels. These features make Pichia very useful as a protein expression system.Similarity to Saccharomyces Many of the techniques developed for Saccharomyces may be applied to Pichia including: • transformation by complementation• genedisruption• genereplacementIn addition, the genetic nomenclature used for Saccharomyces has been applied to Pichia. For example, the HIS4 gene in both Saccharomyces and Pichia encodes histidinol dehydrogenase. There is also cross-complementation between gene products in both Saccharomyces and Pichia. Several wild-type genes from Saccharomyces complement comparable mutant genes in Pichia. Genes such as HIS4, LEU2, ARG4, TRP1, and URA3 all complement their respective mutant genes in Pichia.Pichia pastoris as a Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast, capable of metabolizing methanol as its sole carbon source. The first step in the metabolism of methanol is the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde using molecular oxygen by the enzyme alcohol oxidase. This reaction generates both formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. To avoid hydrogen peroxide toxicity, methanol metabolism takes place within a specialized cell organelle called the peroxisome, which sequesters toxic by-products from the rest of the cell. Alcohol oxidase has a poor affinity for O2, and Pichia pastoris compensates by generating large amounts of the enzyme. The promoter regulating the production of alcohol oxidase drives heterologous protein expression in Pichia.Two Alcohol Oxidase Proteins The AOX1 and AOX2 genes code for alcohol oxidase in Pichia pastoris. The AOX1 gene product accounts for the majority of alcohol oxidase activity in the cell. Expression of the AOX1 gene is tightly regulated and induced by methanol to high levels, typically > 30% ofthe total soluble protein in cells grown with methanol as the carbon source. The AOX1 gene has been isolated and the AOX1 promoter is used to drive expression of the gene of interest (Ellis et al., 1985; Koutz et al., 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987a). While AOX2 is about 97% homologous to AOX1, growth on methanol is much slower than with AOX1. This slowgrowth allows isolation of Mut S strains (aox1) (Cregg et al., 1989; Koutz et al., 1989).continued on next page1Overview, continuedExpression Expression of the AOX1 gene is controlled at the level of transcription. In methanol-grown cells approximately 5% of the polyA+ RNA is from the AOX1 gene. The regulation of theAOX1 gene is a two step process: a repression/derepression mechanism plus an inductionmechanism (e.g. GAL1 gene in Saccharomyces (Johnston, 1987)). Briefly, growth onglucose represses transcription, even in the presence of the inducer methanol. For thisreason, growth on glycerol is recommended for optimal induction with methanol. Pleasenote that growth on glycerol (derepression) is not sufficient to generate even minute levelsof expression from the AOX1 gene. The inducer, methanol, is necessary for detectablelevels of AOX1 expression (Ellis et al., 1985; Koutz et al., 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987a).Phenotype of aox1 mutants Loss of the AOX1 gene, and thus a loss of most of the cell's alcohol oxidase activity, results in a strain that is phenotypically Mut S (Methanol utilization slow). This has in the past been referred to as Mut. The Mut S designation has been chosen to accurately describe the phenotype of these mutants. This results in a reduction in the cells' ability to metabolize methanol. The cells, therefore, exhibit poor growth on methanol medium. Mut+ (Methanol utilization plus) refers to the wild type ability of strains to metabolize methanol as the sole carbon source. These two phenotypes are used when evaluating Pichia transformants for integration of your gene (Experimental Outline, page 3).Intracellular and Secretory Protein Expression Heterologous expression in Pichia can be either intracellular or secreted. Secretion requires the presence of a signal sequence on the expressed protein to target it to the secretory pathway. While several different secretion signal sequences have been used successfully, including the native secretion signal present on some heterologous proteins, success has been variable. The secretion signal sequence from the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeα factor prepro peptide has been used most successfully (Cregg et al., 1993; Scorer et al., 1993).The major advantage of expressing heterologous proteins as secreted proteins is that Pichia pastoris secretes very low levels of native proteins. That, combined with the very low amount of protein in the minimal Pichia growth medium, means that the secreted heterologous protein comprises the vast majority of the total protein in the medium and serves as the first step in purification of the protein (Barr et al., 1992). Note: If there are recognized glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) in your protein's primary sequence, glycosylation may occur at these sites.Posttranslational Modifications In comparison to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia may have an advantage in the glyco-sylation of secreted proteins because it may not hyperglycosylate. Both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris have a majority of N-linked glycosylation of the high-mannose type; however, the length of the oligosaccharide chains added posttranslationally to proteins in Pichia (average 8-14 mannose residues per side chain) is much shorter than those in S. cerevisiae (50-150 mannose residues) (Grinna and Tschopp, 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987b). Very little O-linked glycosylation has been observed in Pichia.In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae core oligosaccharides have terminal α1,3 glycan linkages whereas Pichia pastoris does not. It is believed that the α1,3 glycan linkages in glycosylated proteins produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are primarily responsible for the hyper-antigenic nature of these proteins making them particularly unsuitable for therapeutic use. Although not proven, this is predicted to be less of a problem for glycoproteins generated in Pichia pastoris, because it may resemble the glycoprotein structure of higher eukaryotes (Cregg et al., 1993).2Experimental OutlineSelection of Vector and Cloning To utilize the strong, highly inducible P AOX1 promoter for expression of your protein, four expression vectors are included in this kit. pHIL-D2 and pPIC3.5 are used for intracellular expression while pHIL-S1 and pPIC9 are used for secreted expression (see pages 14-19 for more information). Before cloning your insert, you must...• decide whether you want intracellular or secreted expression.• analyze your insert for the following restriction sites: Sac I, Stu I, Sal I, Not I, and Bgl II. These sites are recommended for linearizing your construct prior to Pichiatransformation. If your insert has all of these sites, see pages 28-29 for alternate sites.Transformation and IntegrationTwo different phenotypic classes of His+ recombinant strains can be generated: Mut+ and Mut S. Mut S refers to the "Methanol utilization slow" phenotype caused by the loss of alcohol oxidase activity encoded by the AOX1 gene. A strain with a Mut S phenotype has a mutant aox1 locus, but is wild type for AOX2. This results in a slow growth phenotype on methanol medium. Transformation of strain GS115 can yield both classes of transformants, His+ Mut+ and His+Mut S, while KM71 yields only His+ Mut S since the strain itself is Mut S. Both Mut+ and Mut S recombinants are useful to have as one phenotype may favor better expression of your protein than the other. Due to clonal variation, you should test 6-10 recombinants per phenotype. There is no way to predict beforehand which construct or isolate will better express your protein. We strongly recommend that you analyze Pichia recombinants by PCR to confirm integration of your construct (see page 40).Once you have successfully cloned your gene, you will then linearize your plasmid to stimulate recombination when the plasmid is transformed into Pichia. The table below describes the types of recombinants you will get by selective digestion of your plasmid. RestrictionEnzymeIntegration Event GS115 Phenotype KM71 PhenotypeSal I or Stu I Insertion at his4His+ Mut+ His+ Mut SSac I Insertion at 5´AOX1 regionHis+ Mut+ His+ Mut SNot I or Bgl II Replacement atAOX1 locusHis+ Mut SHis+ Mut+His+ Mut S (notrecommended, see page 11)Expression and Scale-up After confirming your Pichia recombinants by PCR, you will test expression of both His+Mut+ and His+ Mut S recombinants. This will involve growing a small culture of each recombinant, inducing with methanol, and taking time points. If looking for intracellular expression, analyze the cell pellet from each time point by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). If looking for secreted expression, analyze both the cellpellet and supernatant from each time point. We recommend that you analyze your SDS-PAGE gels by both Coomassie staining and Western blot, if you have an antibody to your protein. We also suggest checking for protein activity by assay, if one is available. Not all proteins express to the level of grams per liter, so it is advisable to check by Western blotor activity assay, and not just by Coomassie staining of SDS-PAGE gels for production of your protein.Choose the Pichia recombinant strain that best expresses your protein and optimizeinduction based on the suggestions on pages 47-48. Once expression is optimized, scale-up your expression protocol to produce more protein.continued on next page3。

毕赤酵母发酵罐发酵资料讲解

毕赤酵母发酵罐发酵微生物发酵罐发酵（毕赤酵母）灭菌前：室温下校准PH电极，先校6.86零点再4.0斜率（若的发酵pH很长时间是酸性的（如酵母发酵）用6.86校正零点，4.0校正斜率；若你的发酵pH很长时间是碱性的（如某些细菌发酵）用6.86校正零点，9.18校正斜率）；室温下校准溶氧电极，1.0点在不接溶氧电极时候标定，100%点接上溶氧电极，放置在空气中较定；或2.0点在灭菌过程中，温度达到121度左右压力0.12mpa左右时候标定，100%在灭菌结束，降温至发酵温度并稳定，转速在发酵初始转速，通气量在发酵初始通气量时候标定灭菌：1.灭菌，先将各排气阀打开，将蒸汽引入夹套或蛇管进行预热，待罐温升至80~90℃，将排气阀逐渐关小。

（注意压力：灭菌时，总蒸汽管道压力要求不低于0.3~0.35Mpa，使用压力不低于0.2Mpa。

4. 发酵过夜甘油被完全消耗（18-24h），标志为DO值增加到100％。

【每天至少两次取样，测OD600，湿重，显微观察. 将菌体和上清（离心后）在-80℃下保藏，用于后面的分析。

】5. 这个阶段所期望达到的细胞产量为90-150g/L湿细胞。

毕赤酵母发酵手册

毕赤酵母发酵手册毕赤酵母发酵手册总览简介：毕赤酵母和酿酒酵母非常相似，都非常适合发酵生长。

毕赤酵母在可能提高总体蛋白质产量的发酵中能够达到非常高的细胞浓度。

我们建议只有那些有过发酵经验或能得到有经验的人的指导的人参与发酵。

因为发酵的类型很多，所以我们很难为您的个人案例提供详细的过程。

下面所给出的指导是基于Mut+和Muts两种基因型的毕赤酵母菌株在15L的台式玻璃发酵罐中发酵而成。

请在您的发酵开始前先阅读操作员手册。

下面所给出的表是整个指导的概况。

步骤标题页码1 发酵参数 12 设备推荐和培养基的制备 23 培养中溶氧的测量和使用 34 种子液的培养 45 在分批和分批补料培养中生物量对应于4-5甘油的生成6 Mut+和Muts基因型重组子在甲醇分批补料状态下表达的介绍 6-77 细胞的成熟与衰退 88 参考文献 9-109 配方 11发酵参数：在整个发酵过程中监测和调控下列参数非常重要。

下面的表格描述了这些参数和监测这些参数的原因。

参数原因温度（30℃）在32℃以上的温度下生长不利于蛋白质的表达溶氧（＞20％）毕赤酵母利用甘油和甲醇需要氧气pH（5.0-6.0和3.0）对于外源蛋白分泌到培养基中和最适生长非常重要转度（500-1500rpm）通气（玻璃发酵罐中为0.1-1.0vvm※）使培养基中的氧浓度达到最大值消泡剂（消除泡沫的最小量）碳源（变化率）每分钟1体积发酵液（L）中氧气的体积（L）使培养基中的氧浓度达到最大值取决于设备推荐：下面是所推荐设备的清单：发酵罐的夹套需要在发酵过程中给酵母菌降温，尤其是在甲醇流加过程中。

你需要一个固定的来源来提供冷却水（5-10℃）。

这可能意味着你需要一个冷冻装置来保持水的冷却。

一个泡沫探针就像消泡剂一样不可或缺。

一个氧气的来源——空气（不锈钢的发酵罐需要1-2vvm）或者纯氧（玻璃发酵罐需要0.1-0.3vvm）。

添加甘油和甲醇的补料泵。

pH的自动控制。

毕赤酵母菌种培养手册

毕赤酵母菌种培养手册1. 引言本手册旨在提供毕赤酵母菌种培养的详细步骤和注意事项。

毕赤酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）被广泛应用于食品工业、酿酒业和生物学研究等领域。

通过正确的菌种培养技术，可以确保毕赤酵母的活力和纯度，从而保证实验和应用的可靠性和准确性。

2. 材料和方法2.1 培养基选择适合的培养基是培养毕赤酵母的关键。

常用的培养基包括YPD培养基、SD培养基和SC培养基等。

根据具体实验需求选择合适的培养基配方，并按照相应操作说明制备。

2.2 菌种的制备和传代1. 从冰冻保存的毕赤酵母菌种中取出适量菌种转移到无菌培养基中。

2. 在适当的温度（通常为30°C）下培养菌种至对数生长期。

3. 取适量无菌培养基转移菌种，传代培养。

2.3 菌种培养1. 取适量菌种转移到含有适量无菌培养基的培养瓶中。

2. 控制培养瓶中的菌液浓度，通常为OD600=0.5。

3. 在适当的温度（通常为30°C）下培养菌种至对数生长期或其他实验所需生长期。

2.4 菌种保存菌种的保存有助于长期维持活力和纯度。

常用的保存方法包括冷冻保存和制备冻干菌种等。

3. 结果和讨论通过本手册提供的方法，可以成功培养并维持毕赤酵母菌种的活力和纯度。

在培养过程中，应注意操作的无菌性和培养条件的合适性。

此外，根据具体实验需求，可适当调整菌液的浓度和培养温度等参数。

4. 总结本手册详细介绍了毕赤酵母菌种培养的步骤和注意事项。

正确的菌种培养技术对于保证实验和应用的可靠性和准确性至关重要。

通过遵循本手册的指南和方法，可以有效地培养毕赤酵母菌种，并取得可靠的实验结果。

请注意，本手册仅提供参考，并且在使用过程中应遵守相关的实验室安全操作和法律法规要求。

毕赤酵母发酵手册

Version B Pichia Fermentation Process GuidelinesOverviewIntroduction Pichia pastoris, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is particularly well-suited forfermentative growth. Pichia has the ability to reach very high cell densities duringfermentation which may improve overall protein yields.We recommend that only those with fermentation experience or those who have accessto people with experience attempt fermentation. Since there are a wide variety offermenters available, it is difficult to provide exact procedures for your particular case.The guidelines given below are based on fermentations of both Mut+ and Mut S Pichiastrains in a 15 liter table-top glass fermenter. Please read the operator's manual for yourparticular fermenter before beginning. The table below provides an overview of thematerial covered in these guidelines.Step Topic Page1 Fermentationparameters 12 Equipment needed and preparation of medium 23 Measurement and use of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the culture 34 Growth of the inoculum 45 Generation of biomass on glycerol in batch and fed-batch phases 4-56 Induction of expression of Mut+ and Mut S recombinants in themethanol fed-batch phase6-77 Harvesting and lysis of cells 88 References 9-109 Recipes 11Fermentation Parameters It is important to monitor and control the following parameters throughout thefermentation process. The following table describes the parameters and the reasons for monitoring them.Parameter Reason Temperature (30.0°C) Growth above 32°C is detrimental to protein expression Dissolved oxygen (>20%) Pichia needs oxygen to metabolize glycerol andmethanolpH (5.0-6.0 and 3.0) Important when secreting protein into the medium andfor optimal growthAgitation (500 to 1500 rpm) Maximizes oxygen concentration in the mediumAeration (0.1 to 1.0 vvm*for glass fermenters)Maximizes oxygen concentration in the medium whichdepends on the vesselAntifoam (the minimumneeded to eliminate foam)Excess foam may cause denaturation of your secretedprotein and it also reduces headspaceCarbon source (variablerate)Must be able to add different carbon sources at differentrates during the course of fermentationcontinued on next pageOverview, continuedRecommended Equipment Below is a checklist for equipment recommendations.• A jacketed vessel is needed for cooling the yeast during fermentation, especially during methanol induction. You will need a constant source of cold water (5-10°C). This requirement may mean that you need a refrigeration unit to keep the water cold. • A foam probe is highly recommended as antifoam is required.• A source of O2--either air (stainless steel fermenters at 1-2 vvm) or pure O2(0.1-0.3 vvm for glass fermenters).• Calibrated peristaltic pumps to feed the glycerol and methanol.• Automatic control of pH.Medium Preparation You will need to prepare the appropriate amount of following solutions:• Fermentation Basal Salts (page 11)• PTM1Trace Salts (page 11)• ~75 ml per liter initial fermentation volume of 50% glycerol containing 12 ml PTM1 Trace Salts per liter of glycerol.• ~740 ml per liter initial fermentation volume of 100% methanol containing 12 mlPTM1Trace Salts per liter of methanol.Monitoring the Growth of Pichia pastoris Cell growth is monitored at various time points by using the absorbance at 600 nm (OD600) and the wet cell weight. The metabolic rate of the culture is monitored by observing changes in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in response to carbon availability (see next page).Dissolved Oxygen (DO) MeasurementIntroduction The dissolved oxygen concentration is the relative percent of oxygen in the mediumwhere 100% is O2-saturated medium. Pichia will consume oxygen as it grows, reducing the dissolved oxygen content. However, because oxygen is required for the first step ofmethanol catabolism, it is important to maintain the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentra-tion at a certain level (>20%) to ensure growth of Pichia on methanol. Accuratemeasurement and observation of the dissolved oxygen concentration of a culture willgive you important information about the state and health of the culture. Therefore, it isimportant to accurately calibrate your equipment. Please refer to your operator's manual.Maintaining the Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (DO) 1. Maintaining the dissolved oxygen above 20% may be difficult depending on theoxygen transfer rates (OTR) of the fermenter, especially in small-scale glassvessels. In a glass vessel, oxygen is needed to keep the DO above 20%, usually~0.1-0.3 vvm (liters of O2per liter of fermentation culture per minute). Oxygen consumption varies and depends on the amount of methanol added and the protein being expressed.2. Oxygen can be used at 0.1 to 0.3 vvm to achieve adequate levels. This can beaccomplished by mixing with the air feed and can be done in any glass fermenter.For stainless steel vessels, pressure can be used to increase the OTR. Be sure toread the operator's manual for your particular fermenter.3. If a fermenter cannot supply the necessary levels of oxygen, then the methanol feedshould be scaled back accordingly. Note that decreasing the amount of methanol may reduce the level of protein expression.4. To reach maximum expression levels, the fermentation time can be increased todeliver similar levels of methanol at the lower feed rate. For many recombinantproteins, a direct correlation between amount of methanol consumed and theamount of protein produced has been observed.Use of DO Measurements During growth, the culture consumes oxygen, keeping the DO concentration low. Note that oxygen is consumed whether the culture is grown on glycerol or methanol. The DO concentration can be manipulated to evaluate the metabolic rate of the culture and whether the carbon source is limiting. The metabolic rate indicates how healthy the culture is. Determining whether the carbon source is limiting is important if you wish to fully induce the AOX1 promoter. For example, changes in the DO concentrations (DO spikes) allow you to determine whether all the glycerol is consumed from the culture before adding methanol. Secondly, it ensures that your methanol feed does not exceed the rate of consumption. Excess methanol (> 1-2% v/v) may be toxic.Manipulation of DO If carbon is limiting, shutting off the carbon source should cause the culture to decrease its metabolic rate, and the DO to rise (spike). Terminate the carbon feed and time how long it takes for the DO to rise 10%, after which the carbon feed is turned back on. If the lag time is short (< 1 minute), the carbon source is limiting.Fermenter Preparation and Glycerol Batch PhaseInoculum Seed Flask Preparation Remember not to put too much medium in the baffled flasks. Volume should be 10-30% of the total flask volume.1. Baffled flasks containing a total of 5-10% of the initial fermentation volume ofMGY or BMGY are inoculated with a colony from a MD or MGY plate or from a frozen glycerol stock.2. Flasks are grown at 30°C, 250-300 rpm, 16-24 hours until OD600= 2-6. Toaccurately measure OD600> 1.0, dilute a sample of your culture 10-fold before reading.Glycerol Batch Phase 1. Sterilize the fermenter with the Fermentation Basal Salts medium containing 4%glycerol (see page 11).2. After sterilization and cooling, set temperature to 30°C, agitation and aeration tooperating conditions (usually maximum rpm and 0.1-1.0 vvm air), and adjust the pH of the Fermentation Basal Salts medium to 5.0 with 28% ammonium hydroxide(undiluted ammonium hydroxide). Add aseptically 4.35 ml PTM1trace salts/liter of Fermentation Basal Salts medium.3. Inoculate fermenter with approximately 5-10% initial fermentation volume from theculture generated in the inoculum shake flasks. Note that the DO will be close to 100% before the culture starts to grow. As the culture grows, it will consumeoxygen, causing the DO to decrease. Be sure to keep the DO above 20% by adding oxygen as needed.4. Grow the batch culture until the glycerol is completely consumed (18 to 24 hours).This is indicated by an increase in the DO to 100%. Note that the length of timeneeded to consume all the glycerol will vary with the density of the initial inoculum.5. Sampling is performed at the end of each fermentation stage and at least twice daily.We take 10 ml samples for each time point, then take 1 ml aliquots from this 10 mlsample. Samples are analyzed for cell growth (OD600and wet cell weight), pH, microscopic purity, and protein concentrations or activity. Freeze the cell pellets and supernatants at -80°C for later analysis. Proceed to Glycerol Fed-Batch Phase,page 5.Yield A cellular yield of 90 to 150 g/liter wet cells is expected for this stage. Recombinant protein will not yet be produced due to the absence of methanol.Introduction Once all the glycerol is consumed from the batch growth phase, a glycerol feed isinitiated to increase the cell biomass under limiting conditions. When you are ready toinduce with methanol, you can use DO spikes to make sure the glycerol is limited.Glycerol Fed-Batch Phase 1. Initiate a 50% w/v glycerol feed containing 12 ml PTM1trace salts per liter of glycerol feed. Set the feed rate to 18.15 ml/hr /liter initial fermentation volume.2. Glycerol feeding is carried out for about four hours or longer (see below). A cellularyield of 180 to 220 g/liter wet cells should be achieved at the end of this stage while no appreciable recombinant protein is produced.Note The level of expressed protein depends on the cell mass generated during the glycerolfed-batch phase. The length of this feed can be varied to optimize protein yield. A rangeof 50 to 300 g/liter wet cells is recommended for study. A maximum level of 4%glycerol is recommended in the batch phase due to toxicity problems with higher levelsof glycerol.Important If dissolved oxygen falls below 20%, the glycerol or methanol feed should bestopped and nothing should be done to increase oxygen rates until the dissolvedoxygen spikes. At this point, adjustments can be made to agitation, aeration, pressure oroxygen feeding.Proteases In the literature, it has been reported that if the pH of the fermentation medium islowered to 3.0, neutral proteases are inhibited. If you think neutral proteases aredecreasing your protein yield, change the pH control set point to 3.0 during the glycerolfed-batch phase (above) or at the beginning of the methanol induction (next page) andallow the metabolic activity of the culture to slowly lower the pH to 3.0 over 4 to 5 hours(Brierley, et al., 1994; Siegel, et al., 1990).Alternatively, if your protein is sensitive to low pH, it has been reported that inclusion ofcasamino acids also decreases protease activity (Clare, et al., 1991).Introduction All of the glycerol needs to be consumed before starting the methanol feed to fullyinduce the AOX1 promoter on methanol. However, it has been reported that a "mixedfeed" of glycerol and methanol has been successful to express recombinant proteins(Brierley, et al., 1990; Sreekrishna, et al., 1989). It is important to introduce methanolslowly to adapt the culture to growth on methanol. If methanol is added too fast, it willkill the cells. Once the culture is adapted to methanol, it is very important to use DOspikes to analyze the state of the culture and to take time points over the course ofmethanol induction to optimize protein expression. Growth on methanol also generates alot of heat, so temperature control at this stage is very important.Mut+ Methanol Fed-Batch Phase 1. Terminate glycerol feed and initiate induction by starting a 100% methanol feedcontaining 12 ml PTM1trace salts per liter of methanol. Set the feed rate to 3.6 ml/hr per liter initial fermentation volume.2. During the first 2-3 hours, methanol will accumulate in the fermenter and thedissolved oxygen values will be erratic while the culture adapts to methanol.Eventually the DO reading will stabilize and remain constant.3. If the DO cannot be maintained above 20%, stop the methanol feed, wait for theDO to spike and continue on with the current methanol feed rate. Increaseagitation, aeration, pressure or oxygen feeding to maintain the DO above 20%. 4. When the culture is fully adapted to methanol utilization (2-4 hours), and is limitedon methanol, it will have a steady DO reading and a fast DO spike time (generally under 1 minute). Maintain the lower methanol feed rate under limited conditions for at least 1 hour after adaptation before doubling the feed. The feed rate is then doubled to ~7.3 ml/hr/liter initial fermentation volume.5 After 2 hours at the 7.3 ml/hr/liter feed rate, increase the methanol feed rate to~10.9 ml/hr per liter initial fermentation volume. This feed rate is maintainedthroughout the remainder of the fermentation.6. The entire methanol fed-batch phase lasts approximately 70 hours with a total ofapproximately 740 ml methanol fed per liter of initial volume. However, this may vary for different proteins.Note: The supernatant may appear greenish. This is normal.Yield The cell density can increase during the methanol fed-batch phase to a final level of 350 to 450 g/liter wet cells. Remember that because most of the fermentation is carried out ina fed-batch mode, the final fermentation volume will be approximately double the initialfermentation volume.Fermentation of Mut S Pichia Strains Since Mut S cultures metabolize methanol poorly, their oxygen consumption is very low. Therefore, you cannot use DO spikes to evaluate the culture. In standard fermentations of a Mut S strain, the methanol feed rate is adjusted to maintain an excess of methanol in the medium which does not exceed 0.3% (may be determined by gas chromatography). While analysis by gas chromatography will insure that nontoxic levels of methanol are maintained, we have used the empirical guidelines below to express protein in Mut S strains. A gas chromatograph is useful for analyzing and optimizing growth of Mut S recombinants.continued on next pageMethanol Fed-Batch Phase, continuedMut S Methanol Fed- Batch Phase The first two phases of the glycerol batch and fed-batch fermentations of the Mut S strains are conducted as described for the Mut+ strain fermentations. The methanol induction phases of the Mut+ and Mut S differ in terms of the manner and amount in which the methanol feed is added to the cultures.1. The methanol feed containing 12 ml PTM1trace salts per liter of methanol is initiated at 1 ml/hr/liter initial fermentation volume for the first two hours. It is then increased in 10% increments every 30 minutes to a rate of 3 ml/hr which ismaintained for the duration of the fermentation.2.. The vessel is then harvested after ~100 hours on methanol. This time may be variedto optimize protein expression.Harvesting and Lysis of CellsIntroduction The methods and equipment listed below are by no means complete. The amount of cells or the volume of supernatant will determine what sort of equipment you need.Harvesting Cells and Supernatant For small fermentations (1-10 liters), the culture can be collected into centrifuge bottles (500-1000 ml) and centrifuged to separate the cells from the supernatant.For large fermentations, large membrane filtration units (Millipore) or a Sharples centrifuge can be used to separate cells from the supernatant. The optimal method will depend on whether you need the cells or the supernatant as the source of your protein and what you have available.Supernatants can be loaded directly onto certain purification columns or concentrated using ultrafiltration.Cell Lysis We recommend cell disruption using glass beads as described in Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, page 13.13.4. (Ausubel, et al., 1990) or Guide to ProteinPurification (Deutscher, 1990). This method may be tedious for large amounts of cells.For larger amounts, we have found that a microfluidizer works very well. Frenchpressing the cells does not seem to work as well as the glass beads or the microfluidizer.ReferencesIntroduction Most of the references below refer to papers where fermentation of Pichia wasperformed. Note that some of these are patent papers. You can obtain copies of patentsusing any of the following methods.• Patent Depository Libraries. U. S. patents and international patents granted underthe Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) are available on microfilm. These can be copiedand mailed or faxed depending on length. There is a fee for this service. The referencelibrarian at your local library can tell you the location of the nearest Patent DepositoryLibrary.• Interlibrary Loan. If you are not near a Patent Depository Library, you may request acopy of the patent through interlibrary loan. There will be a fee for this service.• U. S. Patent Office. Requests may be made directly to the Patent Office, Arlington,VA. Please call 703-557-4636 for more information on cost and delivery.• Private Library Services. There are private companies who will retrieve and sendyou patents for a fee. Two are listed below:Library Connection: 804-758-3311Rapid Patent Services: 800-336-5010Citations Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Seidman, J. G., Smith, J. A.,Struhl, K., eds (1990) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. GreenePublishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience, New York.Brierley, R. A., Siegel, R. S., Bussineau, C. M. Craig, W. S., Holtz, G. C., Davis, G. R.,Buckholz, R. G., Thill, G. P., Wondrack, L. M., Digan, M. E., Harpold, M. M.,Lair, S. V., Ellis, S. B., and William, M. E. (1989) Mixed Feed RecombinantYeast Fermentation. International Patent (PCT) Application. Publication No.WO 90/03431.Brierley, R. A., Bussineau, C., Kosson, R., Melton, A., and Siegel, R. S. (1990)Fermentation Development of Recombinant Pichia pastoris Expressing theHeterologous Gene: Bovine Lysozyme. Ann. New York Acad. Sci.589: 350-362.Brierley, R. A., Davis, G. R. and Holtz, G. C. (1994) Production of Insulin-Like GrowthFactor-1 in Methylotrophic Yeast Cells. United States Patent5,324,639.Clare, J. J., Romanos, M. A., Rayment, F. B., Rowedder, J. E., Smith, M. A., Payne, M.M., Sreekrishna, K. and Henwood, C. A. (1991) Production of EpidermalGrowth Factor in Yeast: High-level Secretion Using Pichia pastoris StrainsContaining Multiple Gene Copies. Gene105: 205-212.Cregg, J. M., Tschopp, J. F., Stillman, C., Siegel, R., Akong, M., Craig, W. S.,Buckholz, R. G., Madden, K. R., Kellaris, P. A., Davis, G. R., Smiley, B. L.,Cruze, J., Torregrossa, R., Veliçelebi, G. and Thill, G. P. (1987) High-levelExpression and Efficient Assembly of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in theMethylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris. Bio/Technology5: 479-485.Cregg, J. M., Vedvick, T. S. and Raschke, W. C. (1993) Recent Advances in theExpression of Foreign Genes in Pichia pastoris. Bio/Technology11: 905-910.Deutscher, M. P. (1990) Guide to Protein Purification. In: Methods in Enzymology (J.N. Abelson and M. I. Simon, eds.) Academic Press, San Diego, CA.continued on next pageReferences, continuedCitations, continuedDigan, M. E., Lair, S. V., Brierley, R. A., Siegel, R. S., Williams, M. E., Ellis, S. B., Kellaris, P. A., Provow, S. A., Craig, W. S., Veliçelebi, G., Harpold, M. M. andThill, G. P. (1989) Continuous Production of a Novel Lysozyme via Secretionfrom the Yeast Pichia pastoris. Bio/Technology7: 160-164.Hagenson, M. J., Holden, K. A., Parker, K. A., Wood, P. J., Cruze, J. A., Fuke, M., Hopkins, T. R. and Stroman, D. W. (1989) Expression of Streptokinase inPichia pastoris Yeast. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol.11: 650-656.Laroche, Y., Storme, V., Meutter, J. D., Messens, J. and Lauwereys, M. (1994) High-Level Secretion and Very Efficient Isotopic Labeling of Tick AnticoagulantPeptide (TAP) Expressed in the Methylotrophic Yeast, Pichia pastoris.Bio/Technology12: 1119-1124.Romanos, M. A., Clare, J. J., Beesley, K. M., Rayment, F. B., Ballantine, S. P., Makoff,A. J., Dougan, G., Fairweather, N. F. and Charles, I. G. (1991) RecombinantBordetella pertussis Pertactin p69 from the Yeast Pichia pastoris High LevelProduction and Immunological Properties. Vaccine9: 901-906.Siegel, R. S. and Brierley, R. A. (1989) Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris Produced in High-cell-density Fermentations With High Cell Yields as Vehicle forRecombinant Protein Production. Biotechnol. Bioeng.34: 403-404.Siegel, R. S., Buckholz, R. G., Thill, G. P., and Wondrack, L. M. (1990) Production of Epidermal Growth Factor in Methylotrophic Yeast Cells. International Patent(PCT) Application. Publication No. WO 90/10697.Sreekrishna, K., Nelles, L., Potenz, R., Cruse, J., Mazzaferro, P., Fish, W., Fuke, M., Holden, K., Phelps, D., Wood, P. and Parker, K. (1989) High LevelExpression, Purification, and Characterization of Recombinant Human TumorNecrosis Factor Synthesized in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris.Biochemistry28(9): 4117-4125.©2002 Invitrogen Corporation. All rights reservedRecipesFermentation Basal Salts Medium For 1 liter, mix together the following ingredients:Phosphoric acid, 85% (26.7 ml)Calcium sulfate 0.93 gPotassium sulfate 18.2 gMagnesium sulfate-7H2O 14.9gPotassium hydroxide 4.13 gGlycerol 40.0g Water to 1 literAdd to fermenter with water to the appropriate volume and sterilize.PTM1 Trace Salts Mix together the following ingredients:Cupric sulfate-5H2O 6.0gSodium iodide 0.08 gManganese sulfate-H2O 3.0gSodium molybdate-2H2O 0.2gBoric Acid 0.02 g Cobalt chloride 0.5 g Zinc chloride 20.0 gFerrous sulfate-7H2O 65.0gBiotin 0.2gSulfuric Acid 5.0 mlWater to a final volume of 1 literFilter sterilize and store at room temperature.Note: There may be a cloudy precipitate upon mixing of these ingredients. Filter-sterilize as above and use.11。

毕赤酵母手册

pPICZ A, B, and C
Pichia expression vectors for selection on Zeocin™ and purification of secreted, recombinant proteins
Cat. no. V195-20 Rev. Date: 7 July 2010 Manual part no. 25-0150
MAN0000035
User Manual
ii
Table of Contents
Important Information................................................................................................................................ v Accessory Products ................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................1 Methods........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Cloning into pPICZ A, B, and C...............................................................................................................2 Multiple Cloning Site of pPICZ A ...........................................................................................................5 Multiple Cloning Site of pPICZ B ............................................................................................................6 Multiple Cloning Site of pPICZ C............................................................................................................7 Pichia Transformation ..................................................................................................................................9 Expression in Pichia ....................................................................................................................................13 Purification ...........................................................................................................................15 Appendix .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Recipes .........................................................................................................................................................17 Zeocin™ ........................................................................................................................................................19 pPICZ Vector ............................................................................................................................................21 Lithium Chloride Transformation Method.............................................................................................23 Construction of In Vitro Multimers..........................................................................................................25 Technical Support.......................................................................................................................................33 Purchaser Notification ...............................................................................................................................34 References....................................................................................................................................................35

毕赤酵母表达实验手册--生物秀

毕赤酵母表达实验手册--生物秀
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实验
虽然简化了产物的纯化，但不利于产物的活生产PCR仪已有十年历史, 产品畅销国内外多个城
电书 ——
性，为了得到有活性的蛋白，就需要进行变
市.欢迎来电咨询!

实验视频
性溶解及复性等操作，这一过程比较繁琐，
——
同时增加了成本。
实验
大肠杆菌是用得最多、研究最成熟的基因工程表达系统，当前已商业化的基因工程产品大多是通过下载
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