2017年中国地质大学(北京)博士入学考试岩石学A真题
中国地质大学北京矿床与区域成矿考试博士考试题集锦
1、怎么样研究区域成矿？明确了区域成矿学的目的和任务，即深入认识区域成矿规律，提高普查找矿和矿产资源评价的科技水平和工作成效；全面总结了区域成矿学的研究现状、动向；提出成矿系统及演化研究是区域成矿学核心内容，全面论述了成矿系统及演化的研究要点和成矿系统研究的找矿评价意义；深入探讨了区域成矿学的研究方法，包括区域成矿地质条件分析、区域成矿的地球化学、地球物理和遥感信息、区域成矿系统结构分析、区域成矿模型建立（地质、地球化学、地球物理）、区域成矿编图以及综合信息预测等内容。
2、区域成矿的条件？3、区域成矿研究内容、意义和特点？区域成矿学是研究区域的成矿环境、成矿条件、成矿过程和成矿演化，阐明矿床的时空分布规律的地球系统科学的一门分支学科。
以区域成矿系统为核心内容，运用矿床学、区域地质学、区域地球物理、区域地球化学等多学科知识，来阐明区域成矿系统的发生和演变，它是一门综合性很强的应用基础学科。
区域成矿学研究内容相当广，涉及多个方面，基本研究内容包括下列诸方面。
研究区域中矿床形成和分布的地质构造背景和环境，包括区与岩石圈组成、结构和演化，主要地层和构造单元，区域地质发展史，主要的地质成矿事件。
研究区域的控矿条件和因素，包括地质学乃至整个地学的各个方面，有构造、沉积、火山、岩浆、变质、流体、生物、地貌、气候、水文、地球化学、地球物理等作用及其制约因素。
含矿岩石建造的形成和分布特征。
研究区域地球化学特征。
区域内已知的矿种和矿床类型。
研究区内各矿种、各矿床类型之间的相互关联，包括其成因、时间、空间的联系；划分区域成矿时代和期次，查明成矿的空间分带（三维的），建立起区域成矿系列。
研究和建立区域成矿系统。
研究区域内主要成矿系统的形成演化过程，包括进行非线性动力学分析、试验模拟和数学模拟。
综合研究和阶段性总结区域成矿规律，包括区域成矿的时空结构和演化，即矿床的时空分布规律。
在上述工作基础上，对区域矿产资源的潜力和前景作出基本评估，提出矿产资源量增长的途径，提取区域矿产预测和普查找矿的方向、原则和基本方法，以及在必要和可能时，提出有关区域矿业开发和环境保护协调发展的建议等。
中国地质大学岩石学试题与答案
中国地质大学（北京）硕士研究生入学考试试题（B）标准答案与评分标准试题名称：岩石学试题代码： 411一、名词解释(共50分，每小题5分)1. 辉绿结构：是基性浅成侵入岩的典型结构，指辉绿岩中基性斜长石和辉石颗粒大小相近，但是自形程度不同，自形程度好的斜长石呈板状，搭成三角形孔隙，其中充填它形的辉石颗粒。
可与辉长结构过渡，称辉长辉绿结构。
2. 片麻岩：片麻状构造，斜长石含量大于20％3. 相标志：指沉积岩中能指示一定环境条件的各种特征，包括岩性标志、古生物标志和地球化学标志。
4. 岩浆岩的相：指不同环境条件下形成的岩石的总特征，包括形成深度、结构、构造、产状等。
5. 沉积分异作用：母岩风化产物及其它来源沉积物，在搬运和沉积过程中会按照颗粒大小、形状、比重、矿物成分和化学成分在地表依次沉积下来，这种现象称为沉积分异作用。
6. 变质相：一定变质温压条件下的岩石组合。
7. 成岩作用：系指松散沉积物脱离沉积环境而被固结成岩石期间所发生的作用。
8. 色率：岩浆岩中铁镁矿物含量的体积百分比。
9. 矿物共生组合：矿物组合是岩石化学成分和P、T等条件的反映，是共生分析的对象或出发点。
是一定化学成分岩石达到化学平衡时的矿物组合,又称平衡矿物共生组合。
10. 原生岩浆和次生岩浆：原生岩浆是地幔或者地壳物质经局部熔融所形成的最初的岩浆。
次生岩浆则是原生岩浆通过发展和演化所形成的岩浆。
二、简述题（共50分，每小题10分）1．根据岩浆岩SiO2饱和程度将岩浆岩划分为3种类型，请简述这3种类型岩石的特征及其对应的矿物组合。
答题要点：整个题目10分，具体分配如下：岩浆岩中根据岩石中SiO2数量的多少，分为3种情形（1分）： (1) SiO2过饱和：指的是岩石中SiO2很多（过多），除形成硅酸盐矿物外，还有剩余的SiO2，结晶形成独立矿物——石英，Q 就是过饱和矿物，含有Q的岩石，就是SiO2过饱和岩石。
（3分）(2) SiO2不饱和：若岩石中SiO2不足，会出现镁橄榄石、似长石类矿物（例如霞石、白榴石等），其中不会出现Q，这种岩石称为SiO2不饱和岩石。
中国地质大学(北京)2015-2017年构造地质学考研真题
中国地质大学（北京）2015年构造地质学考研真题
一、名词解释
1、双重走滑构造
2、β图解
3、S-C组构
4、共轴递进变形
5、滑脱褶皱
6、盆-岭构造
二、论述
1、节理分期配套方法研究意义
2、大规模低角度伸展构造系统与逆冲推覆构造判别方法及标识
3、实际研究工作中褶皱的观察方法
4、裂谷特征及形成机制
5、断层与角度不整合判别
6、兰姆赛褶皱分类（三类五型）
中国地质大学（北京）2017年构造地质学考研真题
一、名词解释
1、β图解
2、褶劈理
3、断弯褶皱作用
4、盆岭
5、走滑双重构造
6、应变椭球
二、论述
1、变质核杂岩特征和形成机制
2、裂谷特征和形成机制
3、逆冲推覆构造的组合形式和特征
4、兰姆赛褶皱分类
5、节理分期与配套
6、断层和角度不整合的区分
中国地质大学（北京）2016年构造地质学考研真题
一、简要介绍下列术语（每题5分，共30分）
1、花状构造
2、糜棱岩
3、π图解，
4.非共轴递进变形 5、褶劈理 6、褶皱轴
二、论述题（每题20分，共120分）
1、简介逆冲断层相关褶皱构造的基本类型与主要特征（20分）
2、简述伸展剥离（拆离）断层系统的主要特征与形成机制（20分）
3、简述纵弯褶皱形成机制研究的野外观测内容和观测方法（20分）
4、简介主动裂谷作用和被动裂谷作用的特征与区分标志，（20分）
5、简述浅变质沉积岩区劈理与层理构造的区分标志和方法（20分）
6、简述断裂构造的识别标志及断层运动学性质的判别方法（20分）。
中国地质大学北京年春季《地球科学概论a》期末考试题a卷答案
课程号： 0102011《地球科学概论A》期末考试题（A卷）答案考试形式：闭卷考试考试时间：120分钟班号学号姓名得分说明：第一、二、三题答在试卷纸上，第四、五题答在答题纸上。
一、填空题（每空分，共15分）⒈地球中的元素按照丰度从大到小，位于前４位的依次是铁、氧、硅、镁。
⒉地磁三要素是磁感应强度、磁偏角、磁倾角。
⒊变质作用方式有重结晶作用、变质结晶作用、交代作用和变质分异作用。
⒋按照化学成分，矿物可分为自然元素矿物、卤化物矿物、硫化物矿物、氧化物和氢氧化物矿物、含氧酸盐矿物等5大类。
⒌按轴面和两翼产状，褶皱可分为４类，即直立褶皱、斜歪褶皱、倒转褶皱和平卧褶皱。
⒍机械搬运作用的方式包括推移、跃移、悬移和载移。
7.沉积物成岩作用的主要方式有压实作用胶结作用重结晶作用。
8.岩层产状的三要素分别为走向倾向倾角。
二、选择题（每题2分,共20分）⒈太阳系主要由1颗恒星和8个行星构成，其中（ B ）为类地行星。
A.金星、地球、火星、木星；B.水星、金星、地球、火星；C.木星、地球、火星、土星；D.水星、金星、地球、木星。
⒉生态系统指的是（ C ）A、同一物种的总和；B、所有生物体的总和；C、生物与非生物的总和；D、食物链和营养级。
⒊下列地貌单元由冰川剥蚀作用形成的是（ A ）。
型谷；型谷； C.溶洞； D.波切台。
⒋断层两盘沿着断层面作相对水平运动，该断层称为（ A ）。
A.走滑断层；B.正断层；C.逆断层；D.斜滑断层。
⒌酸性岩浆的粘度比基性岩浆的粘度（ A ）。
A.大；B.小；C.有时大，有时小；D.大致相等。
⒍沙漠地区形成“绿洲”的主要原因是（ B ）。
A.该地区有较丰富的降水量；B.风蚀作用使该地区地下水露出地表；C.该地区有较多的耐干旱植物；D.该地区风蚀作用较弱。
⒎中生界可以划分为（ B ）。
A.寒武系、奥陶系、志留系；B.三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系；C.泥盆纪、石炭纪、二叠纪；D.泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系。
博士岩石学真题答案解析
博士岩石学真题答案解析岩石学是地质学的重要分支之一，研究地球上的岩石形成、演化及其相关地球动力学过程。
对于攻读博士学位的学生而言，岩石学常常是必修课程之一。
在岩石学的学习中，不可避免地要面对一些考试，而解答真题是检验学生对知识掌握程度的一种重要方式。
本文将对一道博士岩石学真题进行解析和讨论，帮助读者更好地理解并掌握相关知识。
题目如下：一种常见岩石的矿物组成物质完全溶解（不考虑壳层结构物）所需的溶液离子浓度一般为0.13mol/kg，定性成份分别是Mg2+和SiO2。
方程式如下：Mg2+ + 2H2O ⇔ Mg(OH)2↓ + 2H+SiO2 + 2H2O ⇔ H4SiO4试回答以下问题：1.该岩石中Mg2+的含量是多少？2.该岩石中SiO2的含量是多少？3.如将该岩石和足够的HCl溶液反应，完全消耗该岩石中的Mg2+，生成MgCl2溶液，需要多少克HCl？4.如将该岩石和足够的NaOH溶液反应，完全消耗该岩石中的SiO2，生成Na2SiO3溶液，需要多少克NaOH？首先我们来解决第一个问题，计算该岩石中Mg2+的含量。
根据题目中给出的离子浓度，我们可以列写等离子体质量守恒的方程式如下：Mg2+ + 2H2O ⇔ Mg(OH)2↓ + 2H+根据方程式中的化学计量关系，我们可以知道每1 mol的Mg2+可以生成1 mol的Mg(OH)2。
由于题目中所给溶液离子浓度为0.13mol/kg，我们可以假设该岩石中溶液密度为1 kg/dm³（常温下水的密度约为1 kg/dm³），那么我们可以计算出该岩石中每升溶液中的Mg2+的摩尔浓度为0.13 mol/L。
接下来我们通过计算摩尔浓度和相应物质的摩尔质量之间的关系，可以得到该岩石中Mg2+的含量。
Mg2+的摩尔质量为24.31 g/mol，所以每升溶液中的Mg2+质量为0.13 * 24.31 g/L。
第二个问题是计算该岩石中SiO2的含量。
岩石学
岩石学一、名词解释1、岩浆：在地球内部形成，以硅酸盐为主要成分的高温熔融体。
2、岩浆作用：从岩浆形成、运移到形成火成岩的全过程。
3、色率：岩浆岩中铁镁矿物含量的体积百分比。
4、脉岩：分布于深成侵入体内部或附近围岩中，充填在裂隙内，多呈脉状产出。
5、气孔和杏仁构造：当岩浆喷溢到地面，挥发份从中分离出来时，形成大量气泡，由于岩浆迅速冷却凝固，一部分气泡留在岩石中形成空洞；当气孔被矿物所充填时，为杏仁构造。
6、块状构造：组成岩石的矿物在整个岩石中分布均匀，无一定方向的排列。
7、枕状构造：海底溢出基性熔岩流的常见构造，形似枕头，一般顶面上凸，底面较平，自外向内由玻璃质变为显晶质。
8、柱状节理：地表喷出岩和熔结凝灰岩产生张裂隙，将岩石切割成规则的多边形柱状体。
9、堆晶结构：粗大的、相互联结的自形到半自形晶体间充填其它矿物的一种结构。
10、辉绿结构：基性浅成岩中，基性斜长石和辉石颗粒大小相近，自形程度好的斜长石呈板状，搭成三角形孔隙，其中充填他形的辉石颗粒。
11、辉长结构：基性深成岩中，基性斜长石和辉石的自行程度相近，均呈现半自形和他形。
12、花岗结构（半自形粒状结构）：暗色矿物自形程度较好，长石次之，石英呈他形充填在不规则空隙中。
13、交织结构：基质中平行排列的斜长石中分布辉石、角闪石和磁铁矿等小颗粒。
14、玻晶交织结构（安山结构）：基质由玻璃和斜长石微晶构成。
15、斑状结构：岩浆岩中矿物颗粒分为大小截然不同的两部分，大的称为斑晶，小的和不结晶的玻璃质称为基质。
16、间粒结构（粗玄结构）：较自形的条状斜长石微晶构成的不规则空间内充填细小的辉石、橄榄石磁铁矿。
17、间隐结构：小板条状微晶斜长石组成的不规则空隙中充填隐晶质和玻璃质。
18、玄武岩：基性喷出岩。
主要由基性斜长石和辉石组成。
岩石均为暗色，一般为黑色，岩石多具斑状结构，气孔构造和杏仁构造。
19、金伯利岩：超基性浅成岩，金刚石母岩，以灰绿色居多，具有细粒结构、斑状结构，角砾状构造。
中国地质大学博士入学考试区域成矿学2005-2018年真题
一、简述题（每题20分，共40分）1、简述区域成矿系统类型划分，及主要成矿系统的特征。
2、简述岩浆热液成矿系统及矿床组合。
二、论述题（每题30分，共60分）1、论述斑岩型矿床的成矿作用及矿床特征。
2、论述早前寒武纪成矿作用的基本特征与矿床矿产类型特征。
2006年真题（5选4，每题25分）1、区域成矿学的研究内容和特点2、区域成矿学有那些主要研究新进展3、举例，说明区域成矿学的研究思路、方法和内容4、区域成矿学的基本控制因素5、被动陆缘的成岩成矿性2007年真题（5选4，每题25分）（3、4题选答一题）1、简述近年来区域成矿学有哪些主要研究新进展（30分）2、以你熟悉的成矿区（带）为例，说明区域成矿学的研究思路、方法与内容（40分）3、区域成矿的基本控矿因素有哪些（30分）4、被动陆缘的成岩成矿特征（30分）1、区域成矿学有那些研究新进展2、区域成矿地质条件分析哪几个方面3、斑岩型矿床的主要控矿因素和矿床特征4、VMS型与Sedex型矿床的异同点5、以熟悉成矿区为例，如何进行区域成矿研究2008年真题（5选4，每题25分）(说明：1、2、5为必答题，3、4题选答一题)1、区域成矿学的研究思路与方法。
（20分）2、区域变质作用与成矿研究的主要内容。
（20分）3、如何开展区域地质流体与成矿（作用）的研究？（30分）4、如何开展区域构造与成矿（作用）的研究？（30分）5、以你熟悉的成矿区（带）为例，如何进行矿床形成后变化与保存的研究。
（30分）2009年真题（5选4，每题25分）（说明：选答4题）1、论述区域成矿学的研究思路与方法（25分）2、区域岩浆作用与成矿研究的主要内容（25分）3、如何开展区域地质流体与成矿（作用）的研究（25分）4、VMS型矿床的主要控矿因素（条件）及矿床特征（25分）5、以你熟悉的成矿区（带）为例，如何进行矿床形成后变化与保存的研究（25分）2009年真题（5选4，每题25分）1、试述区域成矿学的研究内容与特点？2、区域成矿地质条件分析有哪几个主要方面？3、斑岩（型）矿床的主要控矿因素（条件）及矿床特征）4、SEDEX型矿床的主要控矿因素（条件）及矿床特征5、以你熟悉的成矿区（带）为例，如何进行区域成矿研究2010年真题（5选4，每题25分）1、区域成矿学有那些研究新进展2、区域成矿地质条件分析哪几个方面3、斑岩型矿床的主要控矿因素和矿床特征4、VMS型与Sedex型矿床的异同点5、以熟悉成矿区为例，如何进行区域成矿研究2010年真题（5选4，每题25分）1、区域成矿学的研究内容和特点2、区域成矿学有那些主要研究新进展3、举例，说明区域成矿学的研究思路、方法和内容4、区域成矿学的基本控制因素5、被动陆缘的成岩成矿性2011年真题（5选4，每题25分）（5选4,每个题25分）1、试论述区域成矿学的研究思路与方法。
博士入学考试题_石油地质
博士入学考试题（试卷一）石油地质一、试述烃源岩评价的内容和方法。
答：通常我们将能够生成石油和天然气的岩石称为生油岩，又叫做烃源岩。
对烃源岩的研究和评价包括：＜一＞烃源岩的地质研究烃源岩的地质研究包括烃源岩的岩性、岩相以及厚度的研究，而岩性特征是研究烃源岩的最直观的标志。
1、粘土岩类烃源岩主要包括泥岩、页岩粘土岩等，是在一定的稳定水体中形成的，环境安静缺乏氧气，浮游生物和陆源有机胶体能够伴随粘土矿物的堆积、保存并且向石油转化，富含有机质和低价铁化合物，颜色多呈暗色。
2、碳酸盐岩类烃源岩低能环境下形成的富含有机质的石灰岩，生物灰岩和泥灰岩为主，多呈灰黑、深灰、褐灰及灰色，隐晶粉晶机构，颗粒较少，多呈厚块状，水平层理和波状层理发育，一般最有利的生油相是浅海相、三角洲相和深水湖相。
陆相盆地中，深水湖泊是最有利的生油岩相，其中又以近海地带深水湖盆的泥岩型生油条件最佳。
在空间上最有利的地区是湖盆中央的深水地区，在时间上最有利的是沉积旋回中的持续沉降阶段。
＜二＞烃源岩的地球化学研究作为有效的烃源岩，首先必须具备足够的有机质，良好的有机质类型以及一定的有机质热演化史。
烃源岩的地球化学研究，第一步是测定岩石中可溶有机质和不溶有机质的含量。
第二步是确定干酪根类型以及可溶抽提物的化学组成；最后依据光学性质和物理化学性质来分析有机质的演化阶段，烃源岩的有机化学指标包括：1、有机质丰度：岩石中有足够数量的有机质是形成油气的物质基础，是决定岩石生烃能力的主要因素，目前常用的有机质丰度标准主要包括有机质含炭量仃0C）、岩石热解参数，氯仿沥青”A”和总烃（HC）含量等。
（1）有机碳含量仃0C）:是指岩石中残留的有机碳含量，又称剩余有机碳含量，以单位质量岩石中有机碳的质量百分数来表示。
岩石中有机碳含量与剩余有机质含量之间有一定的比例关系。
一般将剩余有机碳乘以 1.22或 1.33即为所含剩余有机质含量百分比。
（2）氯仿沥青”A ”和总烃（HC）含量：氯仿沥青”A”是指岩石中可抽提的有机质的含量；总烃含量包括氯仿沥青”A ”和芳香烃组分的总和，这两者常是有机质丰度指标之一。
地大考博岩石学复习题及部分答案
岩浆岩部分1.岩浆的概念、岩浆的成分（主要成分，挥发份），挥发份存在的意义（降低岩浆粘度和矿物的熔点），不同成分岩浆的温度范围（基性、中性、酸性），影响岩浆粘度的因素（氧化物，挥发份，温度）岩浆是上地幔或地壳部分熔融的产物，绝大多数岩浆成分以硅酸盐为主，含有挥发分，也可以含有少量固体物质，是高温粘稠的熔融体。
硅酸盐是岩浆的主要成分，其中SiO2的含量在80—30%之间；金属氧化物如Ai2O3、Fe2O3、FeO、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O等占20—60%。
其它如重金属、有色金属、稀有金属及放射性元素等，它们的总量不超过5%。
此外，岩浆中还含有一些挥发性组分，其中主要是H2O、CO2、H2S、F、Cl等。
岩浆中挥发分影响岩浆结晶的温度，含量高则结晶温度下降，所以当挥发分迅速从岩浆中逸出后，岩浆则会快速结晶，其中的晶体数量也随之加多。
岩浆中的挥发不仅影响结晶温度而且影响岩浆的喷出方式喷出熔岩温度的估计值：(1)玄武岩类：1100-1300o C左右；(2)玄武安山岩类：1000-1100o C左右；(3)流纹岩：780-790o C左右。
岩浆的粘度与多种因素相关，如岩浆的成分、结构、温度、压力及所含的挥发分等都对粘度的大小有影响。
岩浆中SiO2、Al2O3、Cr2O3含量高，可使粘度增大，最明显的影响是SiO2。
硅酸盐熔体内部的结构与硅酸盐矿物相似，Si与O结合形成硅氧四面体[SiO4]4-，这样熔体中硅氧四面体的聚合体越大，包含的四面体越多，岩浆粘度就愈大反之粘度则变小。
不同的阳离子在熔体结构中起着不同的作用，如Si和Al出现在熔浆的各种聚合物或单元的四面体配位中，起着形成网格，增强聚合程度的作用，被称为成网离子。
而Ca、Mg、Fe、K、Na 则处于硅氧四面体之间，呈6次配位起着减弱熔体聚合程度的作用，被称为变网离子。
这样熔体中Si含量高则结构的聚合程度高同时粘度也大，而Ca、Mg、Fe等离子含量高，粘度低。
中国地质大学_北京_地球科学概论试题(分类汇编)附答案
地球科学概论试题(分类汇编)一、归类题（每题2 分,共8 分）按照主要成因，将下列物质归入其形成的地质作用类型中。
玄武岩、剪节理、板岩、土壤、残积物、片岩、位移、闪长玢岩、片麻岩、铝土矿、地震、熔岩流、高岭石、褶皱、辉长岩、糜棱岩1. 风化作用:土壤、残积物、铝土矿、高岭石。
2. 构造运动: 剪节理、位移、地震、褶皱、张节理、背斜、断裂3. 岩浆作用: 玄武岩、闪长玢岩、熔岩流、辉长岩、安山岩、花岗斑岩、熔岩被、闪长岩、4. 变质作用: 板岩、片岩、片麻岩、糜棱岩、千枚岩、糜棱岩将下列各种地质现象相对应地归入矿物、岩石、构造变形中。
贝尼奥夫带、方解石、钾长石、灰岩、白云母、花岗岩、正断层、角闪石、片岩、泥岩、斜长石、褶皱、地震、金刚石、大理岩、石英、应力、脆性变形、玄武岩、节理。
1. 矿物：方解石、钾长石、白云母、角闪石、斜长石、金刚石、石英。
2. 岩石：灰岩、花岗岩、片岩、泥岩、大理岩、玄武岩。
3. 构造变形：贝尼奥夫带、褶皱、应力、地震、节理、脆性变形、正断层。
下列岩石圈变位判断的依据哪些可能属于水平变位判断的依据，哪些可能属于垂直变位判断的依据？1 ．垂直变位判断依据为：河流阶地、夷平面、平行不整合接触；2 ．水平变位判断依据为：沉积物的厚度与环境变化、古地磁。
二、名词解释（每题2 分,共20分）:1.风化壳：物理、化学和生物风化作用产物组成的、分布于大陆岩基面上的不连续薄壳。
2.矿物：地壳中天然形成的单质或化合物，具有一定的化学成份和内部结构，及物理化学性质和外部形态。
3.岩石：天然形成的，由固体矿物或岩屑组成的集合体。
4.岩浆作用：指岩浆形成后，在沿着构造软弱带上升到地壳上部、或溢出地表的过程中，由于物理化学条件的改变，成份不断变化，并最后冷凝成岩石的复杂过程。
5.变质作用：在地下特定的地质环境中，由于物理化学条件的改变，使原有岩石基本在固体状态下发生物质成份、结构与构造变化而形成新岩石的过程。
(完整版)《岩石力学》考博真题-秋及答案.doc
重庆大学二零零七年博士生( 秋季 ) 入学考试试题科目代码： 248（共1页）考试科目：高等岩石力学专业：采矿工程、安全技术及工程、矿物加工工程、安全管理工程、资源综合利用工程请考生注意：答题（包括填空题和选择题）一律答在答题纸上，答在试题上无效。
一.简述库仑准则和莫尔假定的基本内容，并简要说明对其研究的工程实际意义。
(20 分)二.论述岩石在复杂应力状态下的破坏类型，并阐述其在工程岩体稳定性研究中的意义。
(20 分 )三.论述影响岩石力学性质的主要因素。
(20 分 )四.试述岩石的水理性。
(20分)五.试述工程岩体中的初始地应力及其分布规律。
(20 分)重庆大学博士生入学考试试题答案科目代码： 248学院：资源及环境科学学院科目名称：高等岩石力学一.简述库仑准则和莫尔假定的基本内容，并简要说明对其研究的工程实际意义。
库仑准则是1773 年由库仑引入的，他认为趋于使一平面产生破坏的剪应力受到材料的内聚力和乘以常数的平面的法应力的抵抗，即| τ | = S 0 + μσ其中，σ和τ是该破坏平面的法向应力和剪应力，S 可以看作是材料的固有剪切强度的常数，μ是材料的内摩擦系数的常数。
根据该理论可以推论出，当岩石发生破坏时所产生的破裂面将有两个可能的共轭破裂面，且均通过中间主应力的方向，并与最大主应力方向成夹角1 1( 4 2 ) ，这里的内摩擦角tan 1 。
莫尔假定是莫尔于 1900 年提出的一种剪切破坏理论，该理论认为岩石受压后产生的破坏主要是由于岩石中出现的最大有效剪应力所引起，并提出当剪切破坏在一平面上发生时，该破坏平面上的法向应力σ和剪应力τ由材料的函数特征关系式联系：|τ | = f（σ）按莫尔假定可以看出：①岩石的破坏强度是随其受力条件而变化的，周向应力越高破坏强度越大；②岩石在三向受压时的破坏强度仅与最大和最小主应力有关，而与中间主应力无关；③三向等压条件下，莫尔应力圆是法向应力σ轴上的一个点圆，不可能与莫尔包络线相切，因而岩石也不可能破坏；④岩石的破裂面并不与岩石中的最大剪应力面相重合，而是取决于其极限莫尔应力圆与莫尔包络线相切处切点的位置，这也说明岩石的破裂不仅与破裂面上的剪应力有关，也与破裂面上出现的法向正应力和表征岩性的内聚力和内摩擦角有关。
才思学员回忆版 2017中国地质大学(北京)岩石学考研真题
2.构造如何控制沉积岩形成？活动和稳定的构造背景分别形 成的沉积岩有什么特征 3.变质作用与岩浆作用的异同点
才思学员回忆版 2017 中国地质大学（北京）岩石学考研真题
名词： 连续变质反应 槽模 Korzhenskii 矿物相律 矿物共生组合 柱状节理 （似）斑状结构 枕状构造 洋中脊玄武岩 生物格架
简答题： 1.不同类型岩浆岩中斜长石的种属和特征 2.大洋中脊玄武岩的类型 成因 特征 3.三角洲的主要特征？退积型和进积型三角洲主要区别 4.砂岩结构成熟度及意义 5.变质作用与岩浆作用的异同点 论述题： 1.大陆碰撞ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ主要岩浆岩组合与特征
中国地质大学(北京)《《石油与天然气地质学》试题与答案
《石油与天然气地质学》试题（一）一、概念题（30分）：1.生物标志化合物2.圈闭3.溢出点4.TTI5.CPI6.初次运移7.流体势8.系列圈闭9.含油气盆地 10.石油二、论述题：1.气藏气中常见的化学组成是什么？（10分）2.简述如何评价圈闭的有效性（10分）。
3.圈闭度量的实质及其一般步骤是什么（10分）？4.论述有机晚期成油说的基本内容（10分）。
5.简述微裂缝排烃模式（10分6.分析含油气盆地中形成油气田的综合地质条件（10分）。
7.油气差异聚集原理是什么（10分）？一、概念题（30分）：1、生物标志化合物：沉积物和石油中来自生物体的原始生化组成，其碳骨架在各种地质作用过程中被保留下来的有机化合物。
2、圈闭：圈闭是指储集层中能聚集和保存油气的场所或容器。
3、溢出点：指圈闭容纳油气的最大限度的位置，若低于该点高度，油气就溢向储集层的上倾方向。
该点是油气溢出的起始点，又叫最高溢出点。
4、TTI：即时间—温度指数（Time Temperature Index ）。
根据促使有机质成烃热演化的温度和时间之间的相互关系，提出的一种定量计算有机质成熟度的指标。
5、CPI：碳优势指数，反映有机质或原油的成熟度。
6、初次运移：是指油气脱离烃源岩的过程，是发生在烃源岩内部的运移，烃源岩是初次运移的介质。
7、流体势：单位质量的流体所具有的机械能的总和；8、系列圈闭：沿一定的路线上溢出点依次升高的多个圈闭；9、含油气盆地：指有过油气生成、并运移、聚集成工业性油气田的沉积盆地。
10、石油：以液态形式存在于地下岩石孔隙中的可燃有机矿产。
成分上以烃类为主，并含有非烃化合物及多种微量元素；相态上以液态为主，并溶有大量烃气和少量非烃气以及固态物质。
二、论述题（70分）：（答题要点）1、气藏气中常见的化学组成是什么？（10分）（1）气藏气中常见的烃类组成有甲烷（C1H4）、乙烷（C2H6）、丙烷（C3H8）、异丁烷（iC4H10）、正丁烷（nC4H10）；（2）气藏气中常见的非烃气有氮气（N2）、二氧化碳（CO2）、硫化氢（H2S）、氢气（H2）、一氧化碳（CO）、汞（Hg）蒸气及惰性气体（氦、氖、氪、氩、氙、氡）。
花岗质岩石的基本问题
第53卷 增刊2007年8月 地 质 论 评 GEOLO GICAL R EV IEW Vol.53 Supp.Aug. 2007注:本文为国家自然科学基金(编号40472038,40434010),中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室开放基金,河南省地质矿产重大科技攻关计划项目(编号26417)资助成果。
收稿日期:2007203222;改回日期:2007206215;责任编辑:章雨旭。
作者简介:罗照华,1956生。
教授,博士生导师,矿物岩石矿床学专业,火成岩岩石学、区域岩石大地构造和岩浆作用与成矿研究方向。
Email :luozh @ 。
花岗质岩石的基本问题罗照华,黄忠敏,柯珊中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室,北京,100083内容提要:当代地球科学的两个前缘领域一个是地球的早期历史,一个是地球的深部过程,这两个问题都与花岗质岩石紧密相关。
花岗质岩石主要由石英、斜长石和碱性长石组成,并因此具有较低的密度。
这种性质决定了花岗质岩石具有正的浮力,记录了很长的地球演化历史。
因此,花岗岩类是地质学最复杂的话题之一,因为其源区岩石多种多样和形成过程非常复杂。
本文的目的是帮助普通旅游者识别花岗质岩石及其重要意义。
通常,花岗岩(狭义)被定义为由石英(>20%,按体积计算)和长石(碱性长石大于斜长石)组成的深成岩。
但是,地质学家常常将特征与花岗岩(狭义)类似的深成岩称为花岗质岩石或花岗岩类,也就是广义花岗岩。
因此,花岗岩类是深成岩的一个大类,包括象花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩、英云闪长岩等这样的岩石。
火成岩的多样性不仅仅取决于岩浆作用过程,而且也取决于岩浆形成过程。
岩浆的产生是源区岩石部分熔融的结果,因而火成岩的化学成分取决于源区成分、熔融温度和压力、挥发分以及熔融程度。
尽管岩浆作用过程对火成岩的成分具有重要影响,花岗质岩石多样性的关键因素却是部分熔融作用。
基于此,岩石学家更注意花岗质岩浆的起源而不是它们的演化。
中国地质大学 博士入学考试 英语 真题
C H I N A U N I V E R S I T Y O F G E O S C I E N C E SPhD Entrance Examination in English21April 2001LISTEN TO THIS!Good morning! You are about to take the English test for people who wish to enter the doctoral program in the earth sciences at this school. The test may be rather different from any exam you’ve taken in the past. The first part is a timed listening exercise. The other four sections test your knowledge of grammar, elementary writing skills and basic vocabulary, plus your reading ability. You can have as much time as you like for the last four parts of the test—within reason, of course.The test has five sections, worth a total of 130 points in all; the answers in part 5, the reading test, are worth three points each.The answers for parts 1,2,3 and 5 (in other words, every part except 4) should be marked on your answer sheet. The answers for part 4 should be written directly on this test paper.Make sure you READ AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS for each part of the test!The results of this exam will enable us to compare your preparation in English with that of the other candidates. The “passing” grade is relative; in other words, it will depend on the scores for the whole body of test-takers. You should just relax and do as well as you can.We shall now begin. Turn the page to part 1. Good luck!PART 1. Imagine that you are on a train to Shanghai. In the seats in front of you there are two foreigners, and you can hear their conversation. One of them is telling the other about his job. He says what he does, not what he is or what field (profession or occupation) he is in.On your paper you see a list of the names of people in 60 different occupations or professions. As you listen, decide what the speaker is. Then find the correct word on the list and write the number beside it in the proper blank on your answer sheet.For instance, suppose you hear this: (Speaker P) “Well, I don’t enjoy lecturing very much, especially to younger students, but I do love my research. I’d be so happy if I could spend every day in the lab with my graduate students and postdocs. However, that’s just not the way university departments operate.”You decide that the speaker must be a professor, so you find “a professor” on your list. You see that the number beside it is 61; you then write the number 61 in the blank beside P on your answer sheet.By the way, in reality there is no P and no 61, and “a professor” is not one of the choices on your list. This is just a theoretical example. You will now have three minutes to read the list. [SILENCE]All right, now let’s begin! [15 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1an accountant 会计31 a librarian2an actor 32 a mathematician 数学家3an airline pilot 民航驾驶员33 a mechanic 机修工（技工）4an architect 建筑师34 a mechanical engineer 机械工程师5an astronomer 天文学家35 a military officer6 a biologist 36 a novelist 小说作家7 a chef 烹调师37 a nurse8 a civil engineer 土木工程师（建筑）38 a paleontologist 古生物学家9 a concert pianist 高级钢琴演奏师39 a press photographer 新闻摄影师10 a construction worker 40 a plumber 管道维修工（水暖工）11 a corporate executive 企业执行总裁41 a poet 诗人12 a dentist 牙医42 a police detective 侦探（刑警）13 a dietician 营养师43 a police patrolman 普通警察（巡警）14 a diplomat 外交官44 p pop singer 流行歌手15an electrician 电工45 a postman 邮递员16 a fashion designer 时装设计师46 a private businessman 私营企业家（个体商人）17 a film critic 电影评论家47 a private detective 私人侦探18 a film director 电影导演48 a psychiatrist 心理医生19 a flight attendant 飞机乘务员49 a psychologist 心理学家20 a florist 花店老板50 a publisher 出版商21 a geologist 51 a radio announcer 电台播音员22 a geophysicist 52 a schoolteacher (primary)23 a graphic designer 图形设计员53 a schoolteacher(secondary)24 a hairdresser 发型设计师54 a software engineer25 a hardware engineer 硬件工程师55 a store clerk/shop assistant26 a hotel manager 56 a surgeon 外科医生27 a journalist 57 a tax official 税务员28 a judge 法官58 a travel agent 旅行社职员29 a lab technician 59 a university student30 a lawyer 60 a vet 宠物医生（兽医）PART 2. In each of the ten sentences below there is an underlined words (or words). Decide which of the words in the list at the bottom of the page can be used to replace the underlined words without changing the meaning of the sentence. The underlined words and the words that you choose must be synonyms. In each case, writer the number found next to the synonym in the appropriate blank on your answer sheet.A.We need to economize, so we are trying to cut down on waste in our lab.B.Our situation is likely to deteriorate if we do not receive help soon.C.You will notice that this material can easily be seen through.D.John thinks he may be laid off when the firm reorganizes.E.Does anyone know who is in charge of this part of the project?F.How soon do you think they will exhaust their supply of oxygen?G.Was there any feedback after you made your presentation?H.We need to keep track of any changes in soil in the area around the factory.I.This plastic looks good, but I think we need something more durable.J.Please hurry. This matter requires immediate attention.The five sentences below also contain underlined words. Find the words in the list at the bottom of the page that mean the OPPOSITE of these underlined words. Again, write the number found next to each item you choose in the appropriate space on your answer sheet.K.Quite a few observers have reported changes in the quality of the air.L.The telescope they are using now is a state-of-the-art device.M.There has been a minor improvement in his condition since he started to take the new drug.N.On the basis of the study, the committee has decided that the dam project is feasible.O.Their experiments will probably shed light on this puzzling phenomenon.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++POSSIBLE SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS (=OPPOSITES)1. a handful of 21. exacerbate 41. modify2. a host of 22. extremely advanced 42. monitor3.advanced 23. facilitate 43. more abundant4.advancing 24. get a raise 44. optional5.advice or criticism 25. get worse 45. other choice6.antiquated 26. greater 46. perilous7.authorize 27. identical 47. preserve8.be promoted 28. imply 48. questionable9.be transferred 29. impracticable 49. reduce10.become tired of 30. improve 50. refreshments11.challenging 31. is emergent 51. responsible forpatible 32. is invisible 52. responsible to13.constitute 33. is transparent 53. run out of14.contain 34. is urgent 54. safer15.counteract 35. is visible 55. similar16.designate 36. less prone to wear 56. snacks17.do little to explain 37. less tough 57. to blame for18.dramatic 38. lose his job 58. unprecedented19.dwindle 39. many 59. versatile20.eliminate 40. meal 60. very attractivePART 3. Each question in this part consists of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined. The four underlined parts are marked A, B, C or D. Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter found under that part in the proper space on your answer sheet.If the four underlined parts are all good English and there is no error in the sentence, then write E in the space on your answer sheet. REMEMBER! You always have FIVE possible choices: A, B, C, D or E (= no error).1Despite the claims of later researchers, it was two roman ancient scholars who first noticed the similarityA B Cin the structure of these crystals.D2How likely is the current campaign against spitting to success? To answer this question we must look atA B Cthe achievements of earlier efforts of this sort.D3This afternoon I forgot stopping to check the mail. I think an important letter from the U.K. may haveA B Carrived today, so I’m going to the mailroom the first thing in the morning.D4No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she began to have serious doubts about the wisdom of theA B C Dmatch.5This diagram is illustrating the difference between our data and the findings of the two earlierA B Cinvestigations. You will note that the discrepancies are quite marked, especially in sector F.D6I do a lot of traveling for my job. For example, once every two or three months I fly to Chongqing andA Bthen drive from town to town in east of Sichuan to talk to our clients.C D7I think we should all insure our bikes in case they will be stolen, but my wife doesn’t think the troubleA Band expense are worth it. As a result, my bike is insured against theft, but not hers.C D8 A number of the people came to the lecture were unable to get seats in Room 315, so Professor KleinA Bdecided to ask everyone to move to Room 403, which is much bigger.C D9There are only two methods for dealing with this problem: one is expensive but quick, which another isA B Ccheap but unfortunately takes a rather long time to be effective.D10Toward the end of the twentieth century a new means of communication was invented – the Internet. ByA B Cthe year 2000 the Internet had spread to every part of the globe.D11Hardly anybody passed the most recent physics exam, so Professor Klein has set up a series of make-upA Bclasses to help people who have fallen behind in their work to master the key concepts.C D12After the seminar in Shanghai this September, I will accompany with some of the participants on a tourA B Cof geological points of interest in Yunnan and Guizhou. Would you like to come with us?D13We are awaiting a shipment of new equipments that is scheduled to arrive in Tianjin very soon.A B C D14My boss knew that I was eager to return to my hometown to see my family, but he let me analyse all 400A Bof the rock samples anyway.C D15There is a rumor on campus that Wang Ping is about to be appointed minister of Ministry of Land andA B CResources. Do you think there’s any truth in the rumor?D16He has some experience in writing articles for publication, but not a great deal of it. Specifically, IA Bbelieve he has ever written three pieces that have appeared in professional journals, none of them inC DEnglish.17Yesterday afternoon I was busy reading a long article in the financial pages of the newspaper. At theA B Csame time, the doorbell rang, and I sprang from my chair to answer it.D18If I realized that the trip to South America was going to cost so much, I would almost certainly haveA Bbacked out of it and instead gone to a less distant spot to do my fieldwork.C D19Everyone regards it as a honor to be chosen to give the opening address at so important a conference.A B C D20We’re headed downtown on Saturday to see what’s being shown in the main art galleries. I’m told thatA B CAnne is very interested in modern art, so I hope she would join our group.DPART 4. The sentences below contain one or more blanks. In each blank you must write ONE appropriate word. There may be several appropriate choices, but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical, grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words, it must be acceptable real English. Any answer in good English is correct.Put one and only one word in each blank. If you put more than one word in a blank, your answer is automatically wrong. Putting nothing in a blank also counts as an error. [50 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1.You’re going to the party? Have _____________!2.Do you want to eat now or would you __________ wait a little while?3.I was _________________ when I opened the letter and discovered a check for $2,000.4.I have ______________good news for you. Your salary is going to be ________, starting next month.5.Do the investigators have any idea what _________ the oil rig to collapse?6.The experiment will be over ________ three hours. ________ then I have to stay in the lab and makesure everything goes according to plan.7.___________ they didn’t understand a word of what a foreign visitor was saying, they ________ onsmiling and nodding as if they did. It was very odd.8.We’re not very __________ with the condition of our lab, but we _________ the funds that would beneeded to renovate it properly.9.You may not __________ our campus very impressive to look at. _________, the university does have anumber of genuinely distinguished researchers ______________ its staff.10.Many earth ___________ want to do research in Tibet, but ___________ there is not a good idea unlessyou are in excellent ____________.11.When John went ___________ this morning, he said he would ___________ around 2:30. __________Itell him to give you a ___________ later this afternoon?12.John got _________ in traffic on his _________ to the campus this morning. By the time he arrived, themeeting _________ already over and everyone __________ gone back to work.13.It’s true that second-hand cars are cheaper than new cars, but they _________ to use more fuel._________, they break down _________ more often. Of course, if you’re a good mechanic, perhaps that’s not such a _________, but I can’t recommend __________ an older car to anyone who is n’t good at __________ them.14.I’m upset because I’ve just witnessed __________ accident. It involved a bus, a taxi and a bike. Theman on the bike and the cab driver were both _________, the first instantly. The cab driver stopped breathing just as the ambulance arrived.15.John _________ to smoke but he ________ after his father, a lifelong heavy smoker, got lung ________.__________ him die of the disease was a terrible experience for John. Nowadays he gets angry whenever he sees an _____________ for cigarettes.16.Professor Smith’s lecture was so _________ that half of the audience had to struggle not to _________asleep. John was one of the few people who were not ______. He thinks Smith’s research is fascinating.17.If you plan to _______ the conference in Sydney next month, you should _______ a seat as soon aspossible. I traveled to Australia at this time last year, and I had a lot of _______ getting a plane ticket. 18.All of Li Bo’s friends are __________ him to take the job that the new computer company has _______him, but thus far he has _________ to leave his current job. __________ can understand why he is so reluctant to change __________, especially since he often complains about he firm he works for now.PART 5. First read the article below carefully and completely. (Notice that the paragraphs are numbered from 1 to 11.) Then answer the questions on its content. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. Each answer is worth three points.You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the text. Read this vocabulary list before you begin the article.VOCABULARY FOR THE ARTICLEacute (adj.): sharp; causing difficult problemsto assimilate A: to make A similar to the other people in a new environment or societya buffer: something that reduces the shock of conflict or misunderstandinga C: a merely passing mark in the usual US grading system (A-B-C-D-F, with A as the high grade)a chasm: a wide, deep gapa corollary: a result of something else; a principle derived from another principlea curriculum: a list of courses taught in a schoolcuts far deeper = is more profound in its effectsa delicatessen: a store where ready-to-eat foods prepared in the store are sold and taken elsewhere despondent (adj.): discouraged and unhappydevastating (adj.): disastrousexotic (adj.): mysteriously foreigna family dynamic [a psychological term]: a pattern of authority and emotion inside a familya go-between: a middlemanto hammer X to A: to emphasize X by constant repetitionHispanic (adj.): from any of the countries in which Spanish is the main languagea privation: a lack of something importantself-esteem: self-respect, related to self-confidenceseventh grade: grade 7 of the 12 grades in US schools (like “CHU-YI” in China)to take a toll on X: to damage Xa toddler: a young child who can walk, but not yet very well (age 2-5)virtually: almost[1] Korean-born Sung Jong Chang and her 16-year-old American son have trouble talking to each other. they barely communicate, in fact. The reason cuts far deeper than the Normal parent-teenager divide in Western societies. Mrs Chang, a Korean immigrant who works seven days a week in the family’s restaurant business, speaks almost no English. Her son, John Kim, who came to the United States as a toddler, knows little Korean. At home in a Virginian suburb of Washington, Mrs Chang watches Korean television and videotapes. In the car she listens to Korean radio. At work and church, she speaks Korean with her friends and colleagues. Working twelve hours a day, she has little opportunity or even need to learn a new language.[2] John, on the other hand, is 100 percent Americanized. His friendships, his classes at school, his tastes in music, in clothes, in recreation – all are firmly rooted in the English language and American culture, especially as represented by the programs that he sees on TV. Television has also had an enormous influence on his spoken English had how he uses it. The direct input from his parents seems to have shrunk to little more than preferences in food and a habit of diligence.[3] In a society that insistently hammers into parents the importance of talking to children and spending time with them, many immigrants can hardly do either. Holding down one or more jobs to provide for their families leaves little time for family life, much less for attending language classes. At the same time, there is evidence that the children of today’s immigrants are losing their parents’ language a good deal faster than second-generation children did years ago.[4] The result, say sociologists and others who study the effects of immigration, is a troubling new family dynamic on the rise: a generation of children growing up almost strangers to their parent. “For most of us, it would be an easy choice,” said Kathleen Harris, a sociology professor at the University of North Carolina. “Of course you would learn to communicate with your child – but not if it meant having to do without food on the table.”[5] Twelve years after arriving in the US, Mrs Chang has come to believe that she is losing her son across a great cultural chasm. It pains her greatly, but she lacks the means to tell him even that much. Instead she relies on her daughter to speak for her. Sun Mi Kim, 18 years old, who grew up speaking English and a child’s oral Korean and is only now striving to learn the spoken and written Korean of an adult, serves as a go-between for her mother and brother, translating nearly everything that passes between the, even during their occasional angry shouting matches. Because Sun Mi’s Korean is limited, however, much is left unspoken – and many feelings unexplored – in the family. Subtlety is lost. Now, when Mrs chang sees her son despondent when she comes home at night after her long workday, she wonders if their language barrier has taken its toll on more than ease of communication within her family. “I’m afraid that by now my son may have given up trying to communicate –and maybe not just with me,”the 47-year-old mother said through a translator one recent afternoon while taking a break from her kitchen duties at one of the family’s two restaurants.[6] Previous waves of American immigrants switched over from their ancestral languages to English in a more gradual fashion, over the course of three or four generations, with a buffer between the immigrant generation and the fully assimilated generation. Back in the decades when Italy was a major source of immigrants to the US, for example, an English-speaking child might have had difficulty talking to his Italian-born grandfather, but usually the generation sandwiched in the middle was fluent in the oral forms of both languages. Nowadays the change is happening far more rapidly, according to Ruben Rumbaut, a sociologist at Michigan State University. “This country is becoming a language graveyard for the second generation,” he said, with children and parents living under the same roof yet substantially unable to talk toeach other except about the most superficial matters of everyday routine.[7] In a long-term study of 5,300 immigrant families, Professor Rumbaut found that 73 percent of the youngsters surveyed in 1991 stated that English was their primary language of communication by the time they reached seventh grade, but 94 percent of the parents spoke another language at home. In 1995, the figure for the parents was about the same, while the number of children speaking mainly English had jumped to 88 percent. A survey of immigrant families conducted last year in the Virginia county where Mrs Chang and her family live found that 53 percent of the households had an adult who spoke little or no English; in 27 percent of the households, no resident adult could speak English.[8] The language barrier separating parent and child may be particularly acute among Asians. Although a higher proportion know some English when they arrive in the US, according to a 1995 University of North Carolina study of 21,000 immigrant youths, Asian children lost their native language considerably more swiftly than do Hispanic children. That is in part because Hispanic young people usually live in larger communities where there are many Spanish-speakers. Asian communities, in contrast, tend to be much smaller and may have several languages, depending on how many countries are represented, said Pyong Gap Min, a Korean-American professor of sociology at Queens College in New York City.[9] Furthermore, Spanish has been woven into the fabric of life in many communities. “How many high schools in this country teach Korean or Vietnamese, or even Chinese?” Professor Min pointed out. “But every high school, virtually without exception, has Spanish in the curriculum, and that’s been the pattern for over a century in the US. People expect Spanish to be taught, whereas Asian language are still regarded as exotic and not of much use to the larger society. This attitude may be short-sighted, but it’s a fact, and a sad corollary is that there is seldom much support for funding instruction in Asian tongues at the primary or secondary school level, at least in public schools.”[10] Adding to the dissolution of communication is the fact that many cultures – particularly those in Asia – do not really encourage parents to sit down for heart-to-heart talks with their children. The most that these parents are likely to do is push their children to get good grades, according to Ms Min. “But if parents only talk about grades, their children’s self-esteem often becomes dependent on their school achievement, rather than on their parents’ love. Then getting a C in school can be devastating.”[11] Sung Jong Chang grew up in a South Korea recovering from the destruction wrought by war. Especially during her childhood, her parents had little food or money. When she migrated to the US in 1988, she came determined to make sure that her family would never have to face similar privations. By working in a relative’s delicatessen and at other jobs, she and her husband saved enough money to open two Japanese restaurants near their home. Now both put in long hours and take just two days off each year: Thanksgiving and New Year’s. John, who was five when he was brought to America, says he is not used to having his parents around. While they were at work, he was either with school friends or watching TV at home. He does not remember how or when he forgot the Korean he spoke as a pre-school child. Little though he now speaks with his mother, communication with his father, who knows no English beyond a few isolated words, is even worse. “We never talk at all,” John said, with a shrug of his shoulders.1In paragraph 1, the author implies thatA native-born American parents often have trouble talking to their childrenB differences between generations in the West often lead to great gaps in languageC Koreans immigrants usually fail to learn to speak English fluentlyD Asians who stay in America for years no longer use Asian languages very well2Mrs Chang’s daughter, Sun Mi Kim, moved to AmericaA at the age of 18B at the age of 5C at an unknown age; there is not enough information in the article even to hazard a guessD presumably around the age of 6 or 73The choice that Kathleen Harris refers to in paragraph 4 is betweenA learning English and ignoring itB learning how to talk to your child and focusing on economic mattersC advancing in your career and building a happy familyD migrating and losing family closeness, and remaining in your homeland4In paragraphs 5 and 11, the author seems to suggest that the boy John KimA will eventually learn to communicate well with his mother but not with his fatherB has been deeply and permanently affected by the long years of not really talking to his parentsC no longer has much trouble saying anything important to his motherD is communicating much better with his father now that his elder sister is improving her Korean5On the basis of this article, which of these statements is NOT true?A The way John Kim speaks English to some degree reflects what he watches on TV.B TV had helped John Kim get through a lot of lonely hours at home.C Spending so much time watching TV had made John Kim a passive, rather lazy boy.D John Kim feels somewhat ill at ease when he is in the company of his mother and father.6English-speaking children talking to immigrant grandparentsA used to face a much greater linguistic barrier than they do todayB seldom need to seek the help of other people nowadaysC often act as a sandwich generation helping their parents and grandparents to communicate betterD ordinarily used to have people in their parents’ generation to help bridge any gap7Researchers who compare young immigrant Asian-Americans to immigrant Hispanic-Americans in the same age group have discovered thatA Hispanic-Americans retain Spanish longer than Asian-Americans keep their native languagesB both groups become primarily English-speaking at roughly the same rateC Hispanic-Americans become English-speakers much more quickly than Asian-Americans doD Asian-Americans have smaller communities and therefore preserve their languages more zealously 8According to Professor Rumbaut’s study, in immigrant families between 1991 and 1995A parents woke up to the fact that they were losing touch with their Americanized childrenB it became a good deal less difficult for children to talk to their parentsC the proportion of children who relied on English to talk to other people rose by 15%D the proportion of parents who spoke a language other than English at home fell by 6%9Spanish is taught in most US schoolsA on account of the huge number of Hispanic immigrants in the US todayB in response to changes in the world in the last few decadesC today, as it has been for 100 years or moreD because there is no money in school budgets to pay teachers of other languages10An appropriate title for this article might beA Among Asian immigrants in the US, a wall of language separates generationsB English as a unifying factor in today’s immigrant families in the USC The Korean language faces hard times in the United States。