商英翻译复习提纲
商英复习提纲
商英复习提纲1、选择题2、英汉互译3、翻译下册UNIT 1基价：base price商行：business house招标：call for tender商品目录：catalogue商务参赞：Commercial Attache经销商：dealer商务参赞处：Commercial Councillor’s Office价目单：price list数量折扣：quantity discount即期汇票：sight draft特殊订单：special order相关的信用证：the covering L/C跨国公司：transnational company畅销品：best/quick seller；quick-selling product开辟市场：establish/open/penetrate a market有销路：find a ready market；have a good market交易会：trade fair即期发货：prompt delivery发货时间：time of delivery一般询盘：general enquiry具体询盘：specific enquiry贴现行情：discount quotation享有盛誉：enjoy great popularity1）A：We’re thinking of placing an order for Chinese tea from your company.A：我方打算从你公司订购中国茶叶。
B：Which would you prefer, black or green tea?B：红茶还是绿茶？A：Both are very popular in my country. Could I have a look at your samples?A：两种茶叶在我国都很受欢迎。
能看看样品？B：Sure. This is Oolong Tea from Fujian and Longjing Tea from Xihu…B：当然可以。
商务英语翻译复习资料重点
索赔We've given your claim our careful consideration.我们已经就你们提出的索赔做了认真研究。
We filed a claim with(against) you for the shortweight.关于短重问题，我们已经向你方提出索赔。
The Chinese representative and Mr.Bake discussed the claim. 中方代表与贝克先生商谈了索赔问题。
We have received your remittance in settlement of our claim. 我们已经收到你方解决我们索赔问题的汇款。
Claims for incorrect material must be made within 60 days after arrival of the goods.有关不合格材料的索赔问题必须在货到后60天内予以解决。
We have already made a careful investigation of the case. 我们已经对这个索赔案件做了详细的调查研究。
I want to settle our claim on you for the 100 tons of bleached cotton waste, as per Sales Confirmation No. 1254E.我们想处理一下关于销售确认书第1254E号100吨漂白废棉的索赔问题。
We are not in a position to entertain your claim.我们不能接受你们提出的索赔要求。
But we regret our inability to accommodate your claim.很抱歉我们不能接受你方索赔。
I'll write to our home office to waive our claim immediately. 我马上写信给我们的总公司提出放弃索赔。
商英复习1
商英复习第一章翻译的基本知识1. 什么是翻译？请就本书提出的翻译定界谈谈你对翻译的看法？2. 严复翻译标准是什么？3. 在翻译的过程中应当注意哪些事项？4．译者必须具有什么条件？5. 何时使用直译法？何时使用意译法？6. 中国历史上出现过哪几次翻译高潮？7. 鲁迅在翻译标准问题上的主要观点是什么？第二章商务翻译和商务英语翻译1.商务英语与其他语体相比有哪些显著特点？2. 从事商务英语翻译的翻译标准.是什么?3. 从事商务英语翻译时要把握哪些要点？第三章商务翻译中的词语翻译1. 在商务翻译中，词语翻译应该注意哪几点？2. 将下面的句子译成汉语。
①It is imperative to orient the investment to enterprises with better economic benefits.②he high speed development of these enterprises will play a limited role in promoting thewhole of society.③It is better to change investment structure and orient the investment to infrastructure industriesof the national economy such as agriculture, energy, and communications than to blindly channel capital into real estate and securities.④And that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish theearth.⑤Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.⑥He likes mathematics more than physics.⑦In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.⑧Like knows like.第四章英汉翻译中的增词法与减词法1.增词法主要用于哪三种情况？2. 将下面的句子译成汉语，注意句中的增词与减词。
商务英语重点（翻译版）
商务英语重点（翻译版）第一篇：商务英语重点 (翻译版)Guidelines for the Final Examination of Business English指导方针的最终考试商务英语2011 Fall Semester2011秋季学期（所有翻译均是按原文使用百度翻译的，基本都能知道大概意思）1.Scope 1。
范围The content for the final examination will cover units 1-13 of the textbook, splitting into seven parts: True/False questions, blanks’ filling, multiple choices, Chinese/English translations, reading comprehension, and short-essay writing.Students are required to go over the texts/questions of listening task, speaking task(the first dialogue only), and reading task of each unit, as well as the notes or minutes taken from the class.For the writing tasks, students need know to write business letters and memos in formal format and etiquette as well as resume or curriculum vitae(CV).With provided information, students should be ready to write a short business letter or memo, or organize the information for a business presentation.内容为最后的考试将盖单位1-13的教材，分为七个部分：真/假问题，空白的填补，多种选择，中文/英文翻译，阅读理解，写作和short-essay。
李明《商务英语翻译（英译汉）》笔记及翻译示例汇总（关于商务英语）【圣才出品】
李明《商务英语翻译（英译汉）》笔记及翻译示例汇总（关于商务英语）【圣才出品】第1单元关于商务英语1.1 复习笔记“商务”的内涵。
商务，即商业实务，即商业活动中的一切事务，包括商业交际、商品营销、酒店服务、旅游服务、商业广告、商业谈判、商业宣传、招牌和商标命名等。
商业，即以买卖为手段从而促进商品流通的经济行业，其中的商品包括有形物品，无形商品及无形服务（黎运汉，2005：2）。
一、商务英语的界定1. 商务英语，即商业主体在国际商务活动中，为实现商业目的而使用的一种英语变体。
这种英语变体的语言特征和文体风格的独特性使它从普通英语（General English）中独立出来，称之为商务英语（Business English）。
从学术角度则称之为商务用途英语（English for Business Purposes）。
2. 商务英语属于英语的一种社会功能变体，是专门用途英语（English for Specific Purposes）中的一个分支，是英语在国际商务活动领域中的具体应用。
商务英语是一种蕴涵各种商务活动内容、为从事国际商务活动的人们所认同和接受、适合国际商务活动交际需要的一种英语变体。
它有着较强的实用性、较强的专业性和明确的目的性。
它包括语言知识、交际技能、专业知识、管理技能和文化意识等核心内容（向嫣红，2000：21）。
3. 在包括技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同、国际金融、涉外保险、国际旅游、海外投资、国际运输、商业广告等在内的各种商务活动中所使用的英语，即称之为商务英语。
4. 商务英语发源于普通英语，因此完全具有普通英语的语言学特征。
同时，商务英语又是商务专业知识和英语语言的紧密结合，因而商务英语本身又具有独特性。
商务英语如同法律英语和医学英语一样，也属于功能性语言的范畴。
二、商务英语的特点作为一种功能性语言变体，商务英语有以下特点：1. 商务英语的词汇、语法以及内容等各个方面均有较强的专业性。
商务英语翻译复习材料
商务英语翻译复习材料1. Business Negotiations 商务谈判- Negotiation Strategies 谈判策略- Preparing for Negotiations 准备谈判- Cultural Aspects in Negotiations 谈判中的文化因素2. Business Correspondence 商务信函- Letter Writing Format 信函写作格式- Formal and Informal Language in Business Correspondence 商务信函中的正式和非正式语言- Email Etiquette 电子邮件礼仪- Writing Effective Business Emails 写作有效的商务电子邮件3. Business Presentations 商务演讲- Planning and Structuring Business Presentations 商务演讲的规划和结构- Visual Aids and Presentation Tools 视觉辅助和演示工具- Engaging the Audience and Delivering a Persuasive Presentation 吸引观众并进行有说服力的演讲- Handling Questions and Objections 处理问题和异议- Tips for Successful Business Presentations 成功商务演讲的技巧4. Business Meetings 商务会议- Preparing for Business Meetings 准备商务会议- Conducting Effective Business Meetings 进行有效的商务会议- Meeting Etiquette 会议礼仪- Taking Minutes 会议记录- Following up on Action Items 后续行动项5. Business Ethics 商业道德- Ethical Decision Making in Business 商业中的伦理决策- Cultural Differences in Business Ethics 商业道德中的文化差异- Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 公司社会责任- Ethical Dilemmas in Business 商业中的伦理困境- Ethical Leadership in Business 商业中的伦理领导力7. International Business 国际商务- Globalization and its Impact on Business 全球化及其对商业的影响- International Market Entry Strategies 国际市场进入策略- International Business Laws and Regulations 国际商业法律和法规- Exporting and Importing Procedures 出口和进口程序- Managing Cultural Differences in International Business 管理国际商务中的文化差异以上是商务英语翻译的复习材料，涵盖了商务谈判、商务信函、商务演讲、商务会议、商业道德、跨文化沟通和国际商务等方面的内容。
词汇翻译复习资料 商务英语
商务英语翻译之词汇翻译I.词义的选择（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义1. a low figure 小数目2. workers on low incomes 低收入工人3. The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high.生意成功最简单的途径就是贱买贵卖。
4. The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar.英镑兑换美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低点。
5.We sell cheap quality goods.我们销售物美价廉商品。
6.We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.我方已按很低的价格向贵方报盘。
7.You will find our prices for these goods very popular.贵方将会看出我方此批货物的价格是很便宜的。
（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义1.Please make us your lowest quotation for bikes.请报自行车最低价。
2.If you feel interested in our business proposal, please send us the samples together with your best terms and conditions.如对我方业务建议有兴趣，请寄样品，并告最惠条款。
3.As we have quoted you our rock-bottom price, we can’t give you any more discount.如对我方业务建议有兴趣，请寄样品，并告最惠条款。
（二）根据词性确定词义1. He gets a 10% commission on everything he sells.他每卖一件商品得百分之十的佣金。
商英复习材料,完整版
Company Nationality (adj.) Product British Airway (BA) British airlineFirst direct British telephone bank IKEA Swedish interior design /furniture Marks&Spencer British department store Reuters British news and financial data EMI British record companyD HL German international air-express carrier McDonald’s American hamburger restaurant BMW German carCoca-Cola American soft-drinkNike American sportswearLevi Strauss&Co. American jeans Microsoft American software Financial Times(FT) British newspaper /magazine Virgin British music/cola/radio station/airline Benetton Italian clothing/sportswear Sony Japanese music/electronic/computer game L VMH French wines/leather goods Ford American carDM British shoesBic French disposable things:单词定义1.customer: a person who buys foods or services from a shop orbusiness2.assemble: fit together the parts of3.enquiry: seek information / ask a question4.quotation: the act or an instance of quoting or being quoted5.marketing: the action or business of promoting and selling productsincluding market research advertising6.manufacture: the making of articles/ make on an industrial scale7.multinationals: operating in a number of countries8.subsidiary: controlled by another9.enclose: put in an envelop together with a letter10.m anagerial: connected with the work of a manager11.c onventions: a costome or customary practice12.c olleagues: a fellow official or worker13.i tinerary: detailed route / a record of travel1.troubleshooting: solving problems2.represent: be on half of3.objective: goal or target4.proportion: the same meaning with “ratio”5.recommend: to particular purpose or job6.board: a group of people in an organization who make the rules andimportant decisions1.literature: written materials2.annual reports: directors show them to shareholders3.founder: person who started the company and key dates and events inthe company history4.refine: to improve sth5.modify: to make small change6.sufficient: something is enough7.throwaway: synonymous with “disposable”8.subsequently: later further9.insurance: a sum of money is to a company to take on a risk for you10.r e—insurance: an insurance company buy its own insurance from11.o ther insurance companies to share the risk of loss12.m erge: to join together to form a new company13.p atent: to get a legal document to stop others from manufacturing aproduct14.u nemployed: lay—off15．retailing: the provision of goods or services to customers 16．wholesaler: “the middleman” a person from manufacture to retailing 17．margin: “the price cuts” difference between the price they pay for the foods and the price they sell the goods at to the customers 18．hypermarket: a large self—service shop selling food and drink andsmall household items19．barcodes: they are patterns of thick and thin lines which can show in formations of products20．manufacturer: a firm which makes or produces goods 21．supplier: an agent who provides goods or services 22．packaging: which is used to protect goods and to present an image for them23.stock: in Britain it means “share”Ps (unique selling points): The things hat make it special and different from other similar products.25.custom profile: that is the srt of person who will buy the productunch: putting a new product on the market27.appliance: piece of electrical equipment28.innovation: creating new inventions or ideas29.status: that is your professional position30.achievement: doing something well31.job security: no worry about losing your job32.inspirational: motivating33.flatter organizations: organizations in which there are fewer managers and people have equal status34.consensus: an opinion that everyone agree or accept35.availability of labour: that is how easy or difficult it is to find workersbour costs: how much it costs to employ people37.trend: direction38.investor:people who use their money to earn more money39.shareholder:someone buy shares in a public company40.dividend:it is the share of the profits that the shareholders receive41.turnover:the total sum of money which is coming into the company42.deposit:a sum of money that is paid into a bank account43.liabilities:the amount of money that a person or company owes44.overhead:the general costs of running a business or an organization45.overdraft:the amount of money that you owe to a bank when you have spent more money than is in your bank account46.director:one of a group of senior managers who run a company47.decimal:a number that is shown as a dot followed by the number of tenths, hundredths, etc48.interest:the extra money that you pay back when you borrow money or that you receive when you invest money49.ethical consumers: they expect the companies they buy from to behave responsibly50.ethical policy: which covers areas such as payment on time ,product policy and environment51.bill:a proposal for a new law52.league table: a public list of all the worst payers53.outsell:sell more or to be sold in larger quantities than sb/sth54.domestic:not foreign or international55.rival:a person ,company ,or thing that competes with another in sport ,business ,etc56.chairman:the person in charge of a company57.entree:the right or ability to enter a social group or institution58.trademark:a name ,symbol or design that a company uses for its products and that cannot be used by anyone else59.float:sell shares in a company or business to the public for the first time60.split:to divide or to make sth divide ,into two or more parts●Consume v.消耗Consumer n.消费者顾客Consumption n.消耗消耗量消费●Compete v.竞争对抗Competition n.竞争对抗Competitor n.竞争者对手Competitive adj.竞争的●Develop v.发展开发Development n.发展开发Developer n.开发商开发者●Provide v.提供给予Provision n.提供给予Provider n.提供者●Analyse v.分析Analysis n.分析Analyst n.分析者●Participate v.参加参与Participation n.参加参与Participant n.参与者●Produce v.生产制造Production n.生产制造Producer n.生产商制造商Product n.产品●Consult v.咨询Consultation n.咨询商讨Consultant n.顾问Consultancy n.咨询公司●Invent v.发明创造Invention n.发明创造Inventor n.发明者●Apply v.申请Application n.申请申请书Applicant n.申请人●Manufacture v.&n.（批量）生产制造Manufacturer n.生产者制造者●Appraise v.估量估价评价Appraisal n.评价估价估计鉴定●Modify v.稍作修改缓和调整Modification n.修改改进●Innovate v.引入改革创新Innovation n.创新改革Innovative adj.创新的革新的●Negotiate v.谈判协商Negotiation n.谈判协商Negotiator n.协商者Negotiable adj.可协商的●Confront v.面对对抗Confrontation n.对抗冲突Confrontational adj.对抗性的●Collaborate v.合作协作Collaboration n.合作协作Collaborative adj.合作的协作的●Rise-Rose-Risen vi.增加提高●Raise-Raised-Raised vt.提升举起●Arise Arose Arisen vi.出现发生●Deliver v.递送运载Delivery n.传送递送●Cooperate v.合作Cooperation n.合作Cooperative adj.合作的●Quote v.引用报价Quotation n.引用报价Quotable adj.值得引用的●Supply v.&n.供应Supplier n.供应商●Prepare v.准备Preparation n.准备●Promote v.促进提升Promotion n.提升●Manage v.处理解决Management n.经营管理Manger n.经理Managerial adj.经理的管理的●Encourage v.支持鼓励Encouragement n.鼓舞鼓励Encouraging adj.鼓励的●Achieve v.达到Achievement n.成就功绩●Dominate v.支配控制Domination n.支配控制●Introduce v.介绍Introduction n.介绍●Recommend v.推荐Recommendation n.推荐●Interview v.&n.面试采访Interviewee n.参加面试采访者Interviewer n.主持面试采访者●Establish v.建立Establishment n.机构企业Established adj.已确立的●Emphasize v.强调Emphasis n.强调重视●Satisfy v.使满意满足Satisfaction n.满足Satisfactory adj.令人满意的Satisfied adj.满意的满足的Satisfying adj.令人满意的●Respond v.回答响应Response n.回答反应●Inspire v.激励启发Inspiration n.灵感Inspirational adj.启发灵感的Inspiring adj.启发灵感的●Discriminate v.歧视Discrimination n.歧视Discriminatory adj.歧视的●Invest v.投资Investment n.投资Investor n.投资者●Deposit n.存款v.存钱depositor n.存款人●Merge v.合并Merger n.合并者●Demerge v.拆分Demerger n.拆分者简答题1.Q: What is multinational company?A: These are companies which operate in a number of countries.2.Q: What is a holding company ?A: This company owns other companies or parts of other companies.3.Q: What is a subsidiary?A: This company or part of the company is owned by another company.4.Q: Name three different industries.A: Car manufacture Pharmaceutical Catering industry5. Q: What is social conventions?A: The different ways that other nationalities or different cultures do things.6. Q: Why Japanese like to live in British?A: Because there are so many parks and green fields in British and less busya)than Japan.7. Q: What do you say when you meet someone for the first time.A: How do you do / Nice to meet you /8. Q: What do you say to introduce 2 people?A: I’d like to introduce you to …/… this is …9. Q: What is SWOT short for ?A: strength weakness opportunity threat10. Q: What does management consultant do?A: To analyse the company’s performance and recommend changes to make it more efficient.11. Q: What verbs can you use to make recommendations?A: should ought to12. Q: What sort of analysis can you do to assess a company’s situation?A: SWOT14.Q：What is the there key inventions in the history of BIC?A：Ball point (biros), disposable lighter and throwaway razor 15.Q：What dose the EMI stand for? (answer with 3 words)A：Electrical musical industries16.Q：Why the company’s history is often included in companypresentation?A：In order to show that they are established, and have experience in their field17.Q：Write 3 types of direct sales?A：Mail order\door-to-door sales\TV sales\the internet\cash and carry18.Q：What are the four pieces of information that are included in abarcode?A：Country, manufacturer or supplier, and the product and the package size19.Q：What is margin?A：Profit20.Q：List 4 types of retail outlet?A:supermarket\hypermarket\shopping centre or mall\chain store\department store\specialist retailer21.w hat’s does USPs stand for?Unique selling points22.w hat does customer profile mean?That is the sort of person who will buy the product23.w hat d oes “fmcgs” stand for?Fast moving consumer goods24.w hat’s James Dyson’s new invention,a nd what is its advantage?V acuum cleaner , it does not use bags to collect dustwhere do people get satisfaction?Salary , social interaction ,status ,achievement,25.w hat does status mean?Y our professional poison26.give some factors considered when choosing your first job?p84 页下框27.w hat do we use for future plans and intentions?Going to28.w hat do we use to talk generally about the future?Will29.w hat’s the differences between the sexes in the workplace?The male :they are competitive ,directive,and confrontational.Personal status and a focus on the individual are important.The male approach is to the heart of the problem,without taking into account secondary conciderations.Male body language tends to be changing,include forceful gestures.they like to talk about personal experiences and achievements or masculine topics.Men’s humour can be cruel and harmful.The female:The method is collaborative ,collaborative action and responsibilities are important than personal achievements.they like to look at various options.Female body languages tends to self-protection,does’t include aggressive gestures.They tend to welcome other’s opinions and contributions more.They tend to talk about staff problems and personal matters.Female humour is less hurtful and they often jokes against herself.30. what does CEO stand for?Chief executive officer31. when we intend to do something in the future,what tense do we use?Be going to32. when can we use the will future?Uncertain future ,promise,offer to help33. what’s the negative contracted form of will?Won’t34. what’s the noun form of to achieve?Achievement35. what is the availiability of labour?That is how easy or difficult it is to find workers36. what is the labour costs?That is how much it costs to employ people.37. what is availibility of raw materials?That is how easy or difficult it is to find raw materials.38. what is ecomomic recession?That is what many businesses suffer,their profits fall and they have to make cuts.in this climate there will be a rise in unemployment.39. why many brands have different prices throughout the world?~differences in exchange rates ~differences in local raw materials ~production and shipping costs ~multinational companies are changing what they think the market will bear40. what factors may influence countries competitiveness?~political stability ~labour costs ~infrastracture ~international trade ~inflation f.foreign investment ~ taxes g .techonology41. what words can we use to give possible reasons?~may ~might ~probable ~possible42. think of words to decrible a downward trend.43. think of words to decrible a upward trend.44. what does investor mean?That is people who use their money to earn more money.45. what does a balance sheet show?Total assets and liabilities.46. why offshorebank is better?(for axample JYSKE BANK)~Intereste-bearing account ~different currencies ~exchange-rate benefits ~professional account managers47. what does a profit and loss account show ?~Turnover ~operating profit48. why people choose foreign or offshore bank accounts?Because they are taxfree.49. what is turnover?The total sum of money which is coming into the company.50.W hat is ethical consumers?The consumers who expect the companies they buy from to behaveresponsibly.51.W hat is spending power?The level of consumption.52. What is ethical policy?The ethical policy which covers areas such as payment on time ,product policy and the environment.53．Name three responsibilities that companies have.The company should pay suppliers on time.The company have an equal opportunities policy.It should try to protect and improve the environment.54.What is company puts social priorities before profits?The company does not claim to offer the best dividends to its shareholders，nor the cheapest prices to its customers，nor the highest wages to its staff.55.What is an open market?The market where any number of sellers or competitors can offer goods for sales.56．What is the market leaders?Companies with the biggest market share for a product.57. What is the new market?That is a market where companies do not have a presence.58. What tense do we use to talk about the present results of past actions?Present perfect.59. What tense do we use when we focus on when something happened? Past simple60. When do we use:for+present perfect?The period of time between the start of the action and now.61. When do we use:since+present perfect?The starting point of the action or state.语法一.Direct and indirect questions 直接和间接疑问句用法：1.直接疑问句：获取信息2.间接疑问句：提出‚难‛问题或私人问题，或者表示尊重礼貌Eg. With people we don’t know very wellWhen we ask a ‘difficult’question形式：1.Direct question: present simple tense（一般现在时）助动词（auxiliary）构成：例：Where do you shop?(1)Wh-/How questions（特殊疑问句）Questions words+v./auxiliary+subjest（主语）Eg. How much does it cost?How/What/Why/Which/Who+助/be+it/them…?Eg. What qualifications do your instructors have?(2)Yes/No questions（一般疑问句）aux.+subject+v. Do/Does+主+v.?Eg. Do you have fitness classes as well带be动词be+subject+adj./n.?Eg. Is it possible to bring guests?2. Indirect questions: present simple tense(1)Wh-/How questions 例：Could you tell me how much itcosts/is?(2)Yes/No questions 例：Could you tell me if…?二.Capital letter大写字母用大写字母的情况：1.头衔/人名（Dr.Yememh）2.固定职位（the Personal Director）3.街道（Oxford Street）4.城市（London）5.山川，河流，森林（the River Thames, the Black Forest）6.星期，月（Monday, April）7.节日（Christmas Day）8.国家，国家的（Finland, Finnish）9.著名建筑（the British Museum）10.产品商标，厂商（British Airways, Coca-Cola）11.缩写（CD,TV）12.句首（How are you?）四.Avoiding repetition避免重复可以用来避免重复的代词：one,other,these/those,it,they,them,their,one of them,the company 五.Present simple and present continuous一般现在时和现在进行时现在进行时用法：1表说话时正在发生的事情2说话前后发生的事情current activities3表将来（用于表示安排好的将来动作be going to…）Present continuous for future=fixed arrangements一般现在时用法：表事实或永久性动作/客观真理what the company does c六.Model verb情态动词用法：1提出意见和建议（should/ought to）2表可能性（may might could）3表将来（will）构成：情态动词+动词原形1．should（单纯建议）ought to（责任义务）均解释为应该,ought to 情感更强烈，严肃2．用法：should do/should not do Should they do…?Ought to do/ought not to do Ought they (to) do…? 七.Clause of purpose目的状语从句用来回答‚why‛or‚what for…?‛用来引导目的状语从句：1 to infinitive2 in order…+infinitive with to3 so that…/in order that(+subject+verb)4.be for + n.5.be + to do八.Past simple一般过去时用法：表示过去某个特定时间发生并完成的事情（参照时间：yesterday, last week, last night, three years ago, in 1969,in the first year）Irregular verbs P165 （不规则动词表）九.Countable and uncountable nouns可数与不可数名词用法：Indefinite Articles不定冠词Definite Articles冠词Zero Articles 零冠词a/an：1第一次提及的单数可数名词2泛指The：1前文提到的名词前2特指某物某地/明确所指的是何人何物Zero article：泛指事物时不用冠词1不可数名词2名词复数十.Order of adjectivesOpinion（主观）+fact（客观）客观：型号/长短+形状/宽窄+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+东西口诀：美(opinion)小(size)圆(shape)旧黄(colour)法国(origin)木(material)书房(goods)十一.Be going to和willBe going to：for the future plans and intentions表示将来想做或者打算做的事情，可能已经制定了计划也可能还没制定Will：for the future泛指将来要发生的动作，而不是捡来某个特定时间要发生的动作注意：口语中常出现缩写形式，但是书面上要用will, will not十二.Possible可能性may, might, can, could, maybe（句首）, perhaps (句首/句中), probably, possibly用法：表示可能性的原因或者进行推测构成：Perhaps this is because…Maybe…This might be because…This could be…can>could>may>mightprobably > possibly > maybe> perhaps十三.Connectors to show addition of information表示附加信息的连接词too/as well放句尾also连接两个信息1通常出现在第二个动词前The country has highinflation an it alsosuffers from highunemployment2 be alsoIn addition 第二个分句开头十四.Present simple一般现在时的被动语态用法：1.not clear about doer2.don‘t need to3.not convenient to4.emphasizeage十六.rise raise ariserise 上升vi rose risenraise 提出，上涨vt raised raisedProblem arise 出现vi arose arisenarise十七. Present perfect 现在完成时用法：1表示过去发生的事情对现在的影响2从过去某个时间开始的动作或状态持续到现在注意：for+时间段since+时间点十九.形容词的比较级和最高级1 the most/the least2 as+adj/adv+as3 not as/so…as4 more5 much/a lot more…thana little/a bit moremoderately more…6 less…than/not as demanding as二十.Connectors of effect结果连接词as a result therefore 出现在第二个句子中，只第一个句子的内容so 连接一个句子中的原因结果二十一.Clouse of contrast对比状语从句although句首but句中however/nevertheless前有逗号二十二.Conditional 1 sentenceGerund and Infinitiveboth…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…。
商英。期末复习要点
1.Entrepreneurial QualitiesPatienceStrategic Vision:Innovative vs. Creative:Accepting of Constructive Criticism and Rejection PassionAble to Communicate Disciplined ConfidenceOpen Minded Determination CompetitiveInner Drive to Succeed2. E-commerce: The buy ing and selling of products and services by businesses and consumers through an electronic medium, without using any paper documents. E-commerce is widely considered the buy ing and selling of products over the internet, but any transaction that is completed solely through electronic measures can be considered e-commerce. E-commerce is subdivided into three categories: business to business or B2B (Cisco), business to consumer or B2C (Amazon), and consumer to consumer or C2C (eBay). also called electronic commerce.advantages:1.The greatest and the most important advantage of e-commerce, is that it enables a business concern or individual to reach the global market.2. Electronic commerce gives the customers the opportunity to look for cheaper and quality products.3. For business concerns, e-commerce significantly cuts down the cost associated with marketing, customer care, processing, information storage and inventory management.disadvantages:1.One important disadvantage of e-commerce is that the Internet has still not touched the lives of a great number of people, either due to the lack of knowledge or trust.2. Another limitation of e-commerce is that it is not suitable for perishable commodities like food items.3. Corporate culture:is a term use to describe the collective beliefs, value systems, and process that provide a company with its own unique feature and attitude. Business sizes possess some type of culture in that every company has a set of values and goals that he lp to define what the business all about.4. Leadership is a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a task. Leadership is "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal". The leader may or may n ot have any formal authority.1.The activity of leading a group of people or an organization, or the ability to do this.In its essence, leadership in an organizational role involves(1) establishing a clear vision,(2) sharing that vision with others so that they will follow willingly,(3) providing the information, knowledge, and methods to realize that vision,(4) coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders. A leader comes to the forefront in case of crisis, and is able to think and act in creative way s in difficult situations. Unlike management, leadership flows from the core of a personality and cannot be taught, although it may be learned and may be enhanced through coaching or mentoring.2. The individuals who are the leaders in an organization, regarded collectively.5. Sharp decline in domestic sales 国内销售量的急剧下降Export space narrowing 出口空间的缩小Automotive service market hit 汽车服务市场遭受冲击6. Marketing is the process of planning and exacting the conception pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual or organizational objectives.Marketing mix: in carrying out the marketing functions, the firm needs to have a marketing program or strategy. This is known as the marketing mix. It contains the following major elements: product; price; place; and promotion. These are sometimes referred to as 4P’s of marketing.7. bad effects of Inflation:1. Hardships for poor people and fixed income salaried households2. Business Profits tend to go up in times of inflation3. Demand for pay hikes and wage increases4. Social tensions5. Value on money lent out falls in purchasing power - value of money to be repaid falls in terms of purchasing power falls.6. Interest may rise.7. Exchange rate may fall8. Advantages and Disadvantages of GlobalizationSome AdvantagesIncreased free trade between nationsIncreased liquidity of capital allowing investors in developed nations to invest in developing nationsCorporations have greater flexibility to operate across bordersGlobal mass media ties the world togetherIncreased flow of communications allows vital information to be shared between individuals and corporations around the worldGreater ease and speed of transportation for goods and peopleReduction of cultural barriers increases the global village effectSpread of democratic ideals to developed nationsGreater interdependence of nation-statesReduction of likelihood of war between developed nationsIncreases in environmental protection in developed nationsSome DisadvantagesIncreased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations as corporations seek out the cheapest laborIncreased likelihood of economic disruptions in one nation effecting all nationsCorporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organizations and average individualsThreat that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expressionGreater chance of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to preserve cultural heritageGreater risk of diseases being transported unintentionally between nationsSpread of a materialistic lifesty le and attitude that sees consumption as the path to prosperityInternational bodies like the World Trade Organization infringe on national and individual sovereigntyIncrease in the chances of civil war within developing countries and open war between developing countries as they vie for resourcesDecreases in environmental integrity as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countrie sThe AdvantagesGDP Increase: If statistics are of any indication, the GDP of the developing countries has increased twice as much as before.Per Capita Income Increase: The wealth has had a trickling effect on the poor. The average income has increased to thrice as much. Unemployment is Reduced: This fact is quite evident when you look at countries like India and China.Education has Increased: Globalization has been a cataly st to the jobs that require higher skill set. This demand allowed people to gain higher education.Competition on Even Platform: The companies all around the world are competing on a single global platform. This allows bette r options to consumers.The DisadvantagesUneven Distribution of Wealth: Wealth is still concentrated in the hands of a fe w individuals, and the common man in a developing country is yet to see any major benefits of globalization.Income Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries: The wealth of developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the developing world.Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries: A technology worker may get more value for his work in a developed country than a worker in a developing country.Reversal of Globalization: In future, factors such as war may demand the reversal of the gl obalization (as evident in inter world war y ears), and current process of globalization may just be impossible to reverse.。
商务英语翻译考试复习重点
商务英语翻译考试题型（课后习题）选择5*2’=10’短语英译汉15*1’=15’短语汉译英15*1’=15’句子英译汉5*6’=30’段落英译汉2*10’=20’合同条款翻译5*2’=10’一、翻译词语（可能考短语英译汉、汉译英、选择）英语错译正译1. a walking skeleton(瘦) 行尸走肉瘦骨如柴2.to hold one’s horse 悬崖勒马忍耐，观望3.to make the blood boil 热血沸腾怒火中烧4.white wine 白酒白葡萄酒白酒：white liquor5.dry goods 干货纺织品6.wet goods 湿货酒类产品7.white goods 白色商品白色油漆的家用电器8.toilet water 洗澡水花露水9.black tea 黑茶红茶10.sweet water 甜水淡水中文英文翻译1.方便面instant noodles2.长镜头zoom lens3.隐形眼镜contact glassea（间谍invisible glasses）4.青春痘acne5.绿豆mung bean6.食言break one’s promise7.番茄酱ketchup8.酸奶yogurt9.假花artificial flower10.假钞counterfeit money11.假酒adulterated wine12.恶性通货膨胀inflationary（通货膨胀的）spiral二、翻译句子（英译汉）三、翻译段落（句子英译汉）1.Good morning.It’s a pleasure for me to be here in front of present myself.Myname is Tennifer Wong,and I am a candidate for the position of OverseasSales Representative.早上好，我很高兴能够来到这里介绍我自己，我是珍妮芬·王，我应聘的是海外销售代表这一职位。
商务英语口译 大纲
商务英语口译大纲Business English Interpretation: An OutlineThe field of business English interpretation is a crucial aspect of global communication and collaboration. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demand for skilled interpreters who can bridge language barriers and facilitate seamless interactions between individuals and organizations from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds has grown significantly. In this outline, we will explore the key elements of business English interpretation, its importance, and the skills required to excel in this dynamic profession.I. Understanding Business English InterpretationA. Definition and Scope1. Business English interpretation involves the real-time translation of spoken communication in various business settings, such as meetings, negotiations, conferences, and presentations.2. Interpreters must have a strong command of both the source and target languages, as well as an in-depth understanding of business terminology, industry-specific jargon, and cultural nuances.B. The Role of Interpreters in Business Environments1. Facilitating effective communication between parties with different linguistic backgrounds2. Ensuring accurate and timely transfer of information to prevent misunderstandings and miscommunications3. Maintaining confidentiality and adhering to professional ethicsII. Key Skills and Competencies for Business English InterpretersA. Language Proficiency1. Fluency in both the source and target languages2. Ability to comprehend and convey complex ideas and concepts3. Mastery of specialized business vocabulary and terminologyB. Cultural Awareness and Adaptability1. Understanding cultural differences and their impact on communication styles2. Ability to adapt communication strategies to suit the needs of diverse audiences3. Sensitivity to cultural norms and etiquetteC. Cognitive and Multitasking Abilities1. Rapid information processing and decision-making skills2. Capacity to listen, comprehend, and interpret simultaneously3. Excellent short-term memory and concentration skillsD. Interpersonal and Communication Skills1. Effective public speaking and presentation abilities2. Strong listening and clarification skills3. Diplomacy and tact in handling sensitive or challenging situationsE. Continuous Learning and Adaptability1. Staying up-to-date with industry trends and evolving business practices2. Continuously expanding knowledge of business-related topics and terminology3. Willingness to adapt to new technologies and interpretation methodsIII. The Importance of Business English InterpretationA. Facilitating Global Business Transactions1. Enabling seamless communication between parties from different linguistic backgrounds2. Promoting cross-cultural understanding and collaboration3. Enhancing the success of international business negotiations and agreementsB. Ensuring Accurate Information Transfer1. Minimizing the risk of miscommunication and misunderstandings2. Preserving the integrity and nuance of the original message3. Preventing costly mistakes or legal issues arising fromcommunication breakdownsC. Enhancing Competitive Advantage1. Providing a valuable service that differentiates companies in the global marketplace2. Improving the quality of customer service and client satisfaction3. Strengthening relationships and trust between international business partnersIV. Challenges and Considerations in Business English InterpretationA. Managing Complex and Technical Terminology1. Staying up-to-date with industry-specific vocabulary and jargon2. Developing strategies to convey technical concepts accuratelyB. Adapting to Different Interpretation Modes1. Simultaneous interpretation: interpreting while the speaker is talking2. Consecutive interpretation: interpreting after the speaker has finished3. Sight translation: translating written documents orallyC. Ethical Considerations1. Maintaining confidentiality and respecting client privacy2. Avoiding conflicts of interest and bias3. Adhering to professional codes of conductV. ConclusionBusiness English interpretation is a crucial skill in today's globalized business landscape. Interpreters who possess a strong command of the language, cultural awareness, cognitive abilities, and interpersonal skills are in high demand. By continuously developing their expertise and adapting to the evolving needs of the industry, business English interpreters can play a vital role in fostering successful international business relationships and driving global economic growth.。
商英课件复习资料
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------商英课件复习资料. Unit 1 self-introduction in a business way 5 aspects:* personal information * educational background, major * employment history, working experience, or future career *family background * hobbies ① My name is Charles Blake. ②I graduated from Clumbia University in 1971. I studied International relations and a little Japanese. ③ After graduation, I worked for a small import-export company in NewYork city. I was with their sale force for about 5 years. Then,in 1976, I began working for Yamashita, Ltd, a Japanese corporation. My responsibility is to begin the export ofindustrial Robort to North America. ④ I live in Tokyo and Im married to a Japanese woman. I have a child, a son. ⑤ I enjoyplaying golf and tennis, but Im afraid I dont have a lot of sparetime. Unit 2 1. the layout of a memo Memo from:______ to:_______ date:_______ subject:_______ a. explain whats the matter b. what do you expect from thereceiver (the action to take) C. Deadline Unit 3 Expressions on the Telephone 1. Asking for a connection (canI have) extension please? Please connect me to .? Could youput me through to .? 2.Transferring a call You are wanted on1 / 12the phone. You have a call from .. 3. others I m sorry the lineis busy/engaged. Is the line open? I would like to speak to I’ll put you through 我帮你接通电话Can I ask who’s calling? Can I take a message? You’ve got the wrong number! . Could you put me back to the switchboard? Unit 4 Report Structure Title page. Summary/ abstract. Contents list/tableof contents. Introduction. main body (illustration discussion). Conclusions. Recommendations. Appendix. Bibliography. expressions the introduction This report presents. The report is based on the facts we collected Thereport carries the information on In this report I will explainthe illustration discussion Having made a close of the survey,I found. Our research reveals The current statistics show thatThe figures show referencing line and bar graphs The bar graphshows/displays/illustrates As you can see from this graph Asis shown on this chart.. The horizontal axis shows . On the horizontal axis, you can see The vertical axis shows. the conclusion suggestion To sum up, . In my opinion, Based onthe discussion, My opinion for your reference is Unit 5 公司 Company (B)/corporation (US) 企业 Firm/ enterprise 国有企业State-owned enterprise 个体企业Privately-owned enterprise 独资企业 Solely foreign owned/funded enterprise .---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture 跨国公司 MNC /TNC (multinational/transnational corporation 母公司Parent company 子公司 Subsidiary/ affiliate company 总公司 Head office/headquarter 分公司 branch 有限公司 Limited company/ p.l.c. Useful expressions: ①公司由 Robert Leaf 领导. The company is headed by Robert Leaf./ Robert Leaf serves as the chairman/CEO of the company. ②我们公司共有 4 个部门构成,包括. Our company is made up of/ divided into/ consists of four departments, including.. There are four departments in our company, including ③George Harris 负责生产部, Rosemary 负责市场营销部,他们直接向总裁负责。
商务英语翻译课程考试大纲
商务英语翻译课程考试大纲一、课程概述商务英语翻译课程旨在培养学生在商业领域中进行英语翻译和口译的能力。
通过培训，学生将学习掌握商务英语的专业词汇、翻译技巧以及口译技巧，提高商务领域中的翻译能力。
二、课程目标1.掌握商务英语的基本词汇和常用短语，能够正确理解商务文件和口语交流中的专业术语。
2.能够准确翻译商务文件，包括合同、报告、商业信函等，并保持原文中的信息准确性和意义的完整性。
3.具备良好的口译技巧，能够在商业会议、谈判和商务交流等场合中进行口译，并保持翻译的流畅度和表达的准确性。
4.了解商务领域的文化差异，能够根据实际情况进行文化适应和转换，确保翻译在跨文化交流中的准确性和有效性。
三、课程内容1.商务英语基础知识- 商务英语词汇和短语的学习和掌握- 商务英语的语法和句法结构的学习和应用- 商务文件和商务交流中的常见句型和表达方式2.商务翻译技巧- 商务文档的翻译准则和技巧- 商务合同、报告、商业信函等文档的翻译方法和技巧- 翻译过程中的问题处理和解决技巧3.商务口译技巧- 商务会议和商务谈判中的口译技巧- 口译中的即时翻译和口头表达的技巧- 协助商务谈判的基本技巧和礼仪规范4.文化适应和跨文化交际- 商务交流中的文化差异和文化适应- 跨文化交际中的礼貌用语和沟通技巧- 不同商务文化中的商务习惯和规范四、考试形式商务英语翻译课程考试分为笔试和口试两部分。
1.笔试内容：- 题目一：阅读理解及翻译题。
要求学生通过阅读商务文件，并根据文章内容回答问题，并进行翻译。
- 题目二：商务文档翻译。
要求学生翻译一篇商务文件，包括合同、报告、商业信函等。
2.口试内容：- 题目一：即时口译。
要求学生在给定的商务会议或谈判场景中进行即时口译，保持翻译的准确性和流畅度。
- 题目二：口头表达。
要求学生根据题目要求进行商务报告或演讲，并进行即时翻译。
五、考试评分标准考试将根据学生在笔试和口试中翻译的准确度、流畅度和文化适应能力进行评分。
商英翻译复习提纲
1.listening 15分2.translation 共25分Section A单词术语翻译1分一个，共10分mark-upoverheadsV ATboutiquedoor-to-door sellingsales agentpositive feedbackpress releasevisionnuclear powermiddlemenbreak-even totaldisparitysueprosecutecourtcasemobile operatorturn downconfusingchange handsstationerylitigationpetrolcold callingfreight and insuranceluxury brandsethical economicsthe best sellerset a targetGDPsales promotionsolar powercold callingahead of scheduleunder budgetalternative energy sourcestaple croplevel out 持平fluctuate 波动descentSection B句子翻译7选5，每个3分，共15分1. Sales professionals in the UK outnumber people in marketing by about 200,000.2. You need to establish trust with the person to whom you ar3. Your T-shirts can find a ready market in the eastern part of our country.4. We all understand that Chinese slippers are very popular in your market on account of their superior quality and competitive price. e selling.5. This online course will make you a more effective leader---whether you’re responsible for leading a project, a department or even a company.6. Despite having been very satisfied with your services in the past I may have to reconsider sending staff to your training company in the future.7. They are doing their utmost to open up an outlet.8. A visit to this premises can be arranged, although I would suggest a prompt decision on this second option.9. I would like to enquire if the warehouse space is still available at the W1 site.10. This course explores the key factors that make teams effective and the skills required to build, strengthen and maintain the team.11. Our approach to training has always been based on a 'discovery approach'.12. The towels were not changed in the bathroom overnight.13. Your client, a soft drinks company, wants to launch a new flavoured drink.14. Our demand for this product is steadily on the increase.15. Packing has a close bearing on sales.16. A soft drinks company wants to launch a new flavoured drink.17. When everything becomes routine, it’s time to ask, ‘What would happen if wetried it a different way?’18. Coffee is the second most traded commodity in the world after oil.19. Fairtrade organizations have been invited to high-level international meetings andeconomic forums.20. He began working on his salesman samples, sorting out broken packages and returns.21. Sony put customers in the mood for buying in its store with the smell of vanilla and mandarin.22. Likewise, if companies or managers renew themselves, they last longer than those who don’t.23. This disparity is causing increasing concern among some charities who believe that the excessive profits of coffee shop chains come at the expense of vulnerable coffee producers in countries like Ethiopia, Kenya or Latin America.24. According to experts, by the time it is consumed by us in our homes or in a coffee shop, the bean may actually change hands up to 150 times, each time facing a mark-up as it is transported, packaged and sold.。
商务英语翻译
商务英语翻译商务英语翻译English-Chinese Translation forInternational Business第一章翻译的基本知识（Chapter One : The Basic Knowledge of Translation）Teaching Objectives (教学目的):1.To make students understand the importance of translation2.To help students learn the standard .of the translation.3. To require the students to know the translating history of our countryTeaching Requirements(教学要求):1.Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .2.Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part.3.Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .Teaching methodology(教学方法):/doc/a828967da26925c52cc5bf9d.htmlmu nicative method (交际法)2.Cognitive method(认知法):3.Functional and notional method(功能意念法)4.The grammar-translation methodTime Distributive(时间分配)1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours)2.Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)Focuses in teaching (教学难点)1.The method of the translationTeaching Procedures (教学过程)一、我国翻译史简介我国的翻译事业有约两千年的光辉灿烂历史。
商务英语翻译要点复习过程
-----好资料学习商务英语语篇的特点及其翻译要点1 商务英语语篇的类型及其语篇模式1）问题解决型（）直接表述型（2 ）间接表述型（3 4）解析型（对比型）比较（5——）等级型（6 ）时间发展型（7 8）空间型（反主张型（9）主张——商务英语语篇的文体特点2商务英语在进行一般叙述时多使用日常用首先，2.1语，但涉及商贸活动时则大量使用专业词汇和具有商务含义的准商贸术语。
（排他性许可证）例如：sole license) 独占性许可证Exclusive license ()还盘Counter offer ()反还盘Counter suggestion () Irrevocable letter of credit (不可撤销信用证)Insurance policy ( 保险单)销售清仓削价Clearance sale (更多精品文档．-----好资料学习商务英语语言灵活且丰富。
不同的词序、介词以2.2及单复数变化都会导致词义发生重大的变化，并给翻译带来一定的困难。
property of goods 例如：property in goods （货权）surface Appearance ) surface (外表) (货物属性)表面状况appearance (：富，例如很用语使一词多义现象也丰务商英of instrument payment （支付工具）of instrument批准证) instrument of ratification (pledge (抵押契据instrument of credit control （信用管制手段），书) ，（购置凭证）。
instrument of acquisition例如：此外，不同搭配也可能会给理解造成困难，；direct B/L ，straight B/L （直达提单）（记名提单）clean ，documentary clean credit （光票信用证）。
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1.listening 15分
2.translation 共25分
Section A
单词术语翻译1分一个，共10分mark-up
overheads
V AT
boutique
door-to-door selling
sales agent
positive feedback
press release
vision
nuclear power
middlemen
break-even total
disparity
sue
prosecute
court
case
mobile operator
turn down
confusing
change hands
stationery
litigation
petrol
cold calling
freight and insurance
luxury brands
ethical economics
the best seller
set a target
GDP
sales promotion
solar power
cold calling
ahead of schedule
under budget
alternative energy source
staple crop
level out 持平
fluctuate 波动
descent
Section B句子翻译7选5，每个3分，共15分
1. Sales professionals in the UK outnumber people in marketing by about 200,000.
2. You need to establish trust with the person to whom you ar
3. Your T-shirts can find a ready market in the eastern part of our country.
4. We all understand that Chinese slippers are very popular in your market on account of their superior quality and competitive price. e selling.
5. This online course will make you a more effective leader---whether you’re responsible for leading a project, a department or even a company.
6. Despite having been very satisfied with your services in the past I may have to reconsider sending staff to your training company in the future.
7. They are doing their utmost to open up an outlet.
8. A visit to this premises can be arranged, although I would suggest a prompt decision on this second option.
9. I would like to enquire if the warehouse space is still available at the W1 site.
10. This course explores the key factors that make teams effective and the skills required to build, strengthen and maintain the team.
11. Our approach to training has always been based on a 'discovery approach'.
12. The towels were not changed in the bathroom overnight.
13. Your client, a soft drinks company, wants to launch a new flavoured drink.
14. Our demand for this product is steadily on the increase.
15. Packing has a close bearing on sales.
16. A soft drinks company wants to launch a new flavoured drink.
17. When everything becomes routine, it’s time to ask, ‘What would happen if we
tried it a different way?’
18. Coffee is the second most traded commodity in the world after oil.
19. Fairtrade organizations have been invited to high-level international meetings and
economic forums.
20. He began working on his salesman samples, sorting out broken packages and returns.
21. Sony put customers in the mood for buying in its store with the smell of vanilla and mandarin.
22. Likewise, if companies or managers renew themselves, they last longer than those who don’t.
23. This disparity is causing increasing concern among some charities who believe that the excessive profits of coffee shop chains come at the expense of vulnerable coffee producers in countries like Ethiopia, Kenya or Latin America.
24. According to experts, by the time it is consumed by us in our homes or in a coffee shop, the bean may actually change hands up to 150 times, each time facing a mark-up as it is transported, packaged and sold.。