罗森财政学复习资料(双语版)
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap013
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap013CHAPTER 13 - Taxation and EfficiencyMultiple-Choice Questions1. An income effecta) is measured as the change in prices over time.b) is not possible when people are unemployed.c) requires interest rates to remain constant.d) is the change in the quantity demand, due to the fact that real income changeswhen prices change.e) is none of the above.2. Equivalent variation meansa) finding an equivalent change in income that puts a person on the same utility as achange in price would.b) finding equal tax rates that insure quantity demanded does not change.c) equalizing excess burden across all markets.d) moving the same distance in either direction from a starting point on anindifference curve.e) price variations that ensure quantity demanded does not change.3. The compensated demand curvea) shows how the quantity demanded changes when the price changes.b) shows how income is compensated, so that the individual’s commodity bundlestays on the same indifference curve.c) is sometimes referred to as the Hicksian demand curve.d) is all of the above.e) is none of the above.4. The slope of the production possibilities curve is thea) marginal rate of substitution.b) contract curve.c) offer curve.d) Engel curve.e) marginal rate of transformation.5. Lump sum taxesa) create no excess burden.b) are not as widely used as other forms of taxation.c) generally lack a sense of equity.d) are all of the above.e) are none of the above.6. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.7. Points on the same utility curve area) points where the person is indifferent between bundles on the line.b) points where utility is maximized.c) never possible.d) known as “points of light.”e) all of the above.8. In the double-dividend hypothesis, if the proceeds from a Pigouvian tax are used to________ income tax rates, then efficiency _________ in bothmarkets.a) increase; increasesb) reduce; reducesc) increase; reducesd) reduce; increasese) none of the above9. A tax that causes the price that producers receive for a commodity to deviate from thebuyer’s price isa) a unit tax.b) a compensated tax.c) an income tax.d) a price-distorting tax.10. Which of the following would be an example of a lump-sum tax?a) a compensated taxb) a retail sales taxc) a head taxd) an admission fee11. Which of the following is a unit excise tax?a) a tax of 15%b) an admissions fee of $2.00 on each ticket purchasedc) an ad valorem tax of $3.00d) an income tax of $3.00e) none of the above12. The economic incidence of a unit tax isa) generally borne by the buyers.b) generally borne by sellers.c) generally borne by the government.d) independent of the statutory incidence for the tax.e) none of the above13. Excess burden is largest witha) lump-sum taxes.b) unit taxes.c) no taxes.d) all of the above.14. When a demand curve is vertical, the elasticity of demand is equal toa) 0.b) 1.c) .d) -1.15. A tax wedge causesa) consumer prices to equal producer prices.b) producer prices to rise above consumer prices.c) consumer prices to separate from producer prices.d) all prices to fall.e) none of the above.Discussion Questions1. Refer to Figure 13.5 in your textbook. Suppose that the demand curve for barley can becharacterized by the equation X d = 26 –P/2. Suppose further that price was $10.00 and a $4.00 tax is imposed on the market.a) What is the amount of tax revenue generated by the tax?b) How much excess burden is generated by the tax?2. Refer to Figure 13.7 in your textbook. If the supply curve for labor can be written as L =w/2 –3/2 and the initial wage was $10, how much excessburden is created if there is a tax on wages of $2?3. Suppose the inverse demand curve for good A is given by the equation P A = 10 – Q A/10,and the supply curve is perfectly elastic (horizontal) at $1. Good A is presently taxed at $2 per unit. Good B (which is independent of good A) has an inverse demand curve, P B = 5 –Q B/20, and is also perfectly elastic at $1. Good B is untaxed.a) How much tax revenue is collected and what is the excess burden of the $2 tax onA?b) How much revenue is collected if the tax on good A is reduced to $1 per unit andgood B is taxed at $1 per unit?c) What is the total excess burden of taxing both goods at $1 per unit?d) Which tax system is preferable from the point of view of economic efficiency?4. Suppose that demand is perfectly inelastic. Supply is normal and upward sloping. Whatis the economic incidence of a unit tax placed on suppliers?5. Refer to Figure 13.8 in your textbook. If VMP mkt can be characterized by the equationVMP mkt= 50 –2H mkt, where H is the number of hours worked, and VMP home can be characterized by the equation VMP home = 45 –3H home, where H is the number of hours worked, what is H* if there are a total of 40 hours to be worked between work and home? True/False/Uncertain Questions1. When a single tax is imposed, the excess burden is proportional to the compensatedelasticity of demand and to the square of the tax rate.2. A lump sum tax can create an excess burden.3. The logic of the double-dividend hypothesis may not hold because the Pigouvian taxexacerbates pre-existing distortions in the labor market.4. Taxing in labor markets creates more excess burden than taxing in commodity markets.5. The differential taxation of inputs does not create an excess burden.6. Lump sum taxes do not distort behavior.7. Taxes that create an excess burden are bad.8. Excess burden calculations typically assume no other distortions.9. Unit taxes vary along with the price of the taxed commodity.10. Taxes impose an excess burden.Essay Questions1. Suppose you had to design an economic system for a country that had never existedbefore, like one of the former Soviet Union countries. What criteria would you consider to minimize the excess burden of the system of taxation?2. Equivalent variation is a method employed to measure excess burden. Comment on whya method such as compensating variation would not be appropriate for this analysis.3. Is it possible to design a tax that does all of the following:i) leaves behavior unchangedso that the quantity demanded of goods and services does not change, ii) creates no excess burden, iii) is not regressive, and iv) is welfare enhancing?Answers to CHAPTER 13 - Taxation and EfficiencyAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. a2. a3. d4. e5. d6. a7. a8. d9. d10. c11. b12. d13. b14. a15. cAnswers to Discussion Questions1. a) Tax revenue generated is (4)(19) = 76.b) Excess burden is (1/2)(4)(2) = 4.2. Excess burden is the area of the triangle idh, which is (1/2)(2)(1) = 1.3. a) Tax revenue = (2)(70) =140. Excess burden = (1/2)(2)(20) = 20.b) Total tax revenue = (1)(80) + (1)(60) = 140.c) Total excess burden = (1/2)(20)(1) + (1/2)(10)(1) = 15.d) Both systems raise the same amount of tax revenue, 140, but the second systemdoes it with less excess burden, 15 < 20. Therefore, the second system would bemore efficient.4. The economic incidence of the tax falls entirely on the consumers.5. Setting the two equations equal to each other gives 50 –2H mkt = 45 –3H home and,keeping in mind the total time constraint, that H mkt + H home = 40 yields that H home * = 25 and H mkt* = 15.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. F3. T4. U5. F6. T7. F8. T9. F10. UAnswers to Essay Questions1. Reducing excess burden would be critical, but there has to be a great deal of careinvolved in ensuring that the tax system is fair. This would be very important for a new country that has no institutional history to draw upon.2. Compensating variation measures the change in income that would be required to return aperson to his original utility curve after a commodity tax/subsidy had moved him from it.Equivalent variation measures the amount of income change that would be necessary to move a person to the same level ofutility that a commodity tax/subsidy moved him to. 3. No. Currently, it would be difficult to design a tax system that can do all of these things.。
罗森财政学知识点
罗森财政学知识点1. 罗森财政学的定义和背景罗森财政学是以美国经济学家罗森（Rosen）为代表的公共经济学派的一个重要分支。
它主要研究公共部门和私人部门之间的关系以及公共支出和税收对经济运行的影响。
罗森财政学在20世纪60年代兴起，并在之后几十年中得到了广泛发展和应用。
2. 罗森财政学的基本假设罗森财政学基于一系列基本假设，其中最重要的是“人们对于公共产品和服务具有非排他性消费特征”。
这意味着，一旦公共产品或服务得到提供，任何人都无法排除其他人享受它们带来的好处。
这种特征使得私人市场无法提供足够数量和质量的公共产品，需要相关部门来进行干预。
3. 公共产品与私人产品在罗森财政学中，将产品分为公共产品和私人产品两类。
公共产品具有非排他性消费特征，并且一旦提供给一个人使用，其他人也可以免费享受到它们带来的好处。
而私人产品则具有排他性消费特征，只有购买者支付了相应的费用，才能享受到产品的好处。
4. 公共产品的特征公共产品具有以下几个基本特征：（1）非排他性消费特征：一旦公共产品提供给一个人使用，其他人也可以免费享受到它们带来的好处。
（2）非竞争性消费特征：一个人对公共产品的使用不会减少其他人对该产品的使用。
（3）无法通过市场供给：私人市场无法提供足够数量和质量的公共产品。
5. 公共支出和税收罗森财政学研究了公共支出和税收对经济运行的影响。
根据罗森财政学理论，相关部门通过提供公共产品和服务来改善社会福利，并通过税收来融资。
合理配置公共支出和税收可以实现社会资源最优化配置，并提高整体福利水平。
6. 公共支出与经济增长罗森财政学认为，合理增加公共支出可以促进经济增长。
适当投资于基础设施建设、教育、医疗保健等领域，可以提高生产力和劳动力素质，进而推动经济发展。
然而，过度的公共支出可能会导致财政赤字和债务累积，对经济稳定产生负面影响。
7. 税收与经济效应罗森财政学研究了税收对经济的影响。
税收可以用来调节收入分配、实现资源再分配，并提供公共产品和服务。
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap009
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap009CHAPTER 9 – Social Insurance I:Social Security and Unemployment InsuranceMultiple-Choice Questions1. A pay-as-you-go system meansa) you pay for your dinner as you go to the table to eat.b) current working citizens pay for current retired citizens.c) there is no need for taxes since current workers pay for current retirees.d) retirees are paid from accounts that have accumulated with interest over theirworking lives.e) all of the above.2. Asymmetric information generally impliesa) information between parties is not equal.b) all parties are fully informed.c) information is costless.d) information is too costly to transmit.e) a and c.3. A fully funded plan requiresa) you to pay for your dinner as you go to the table to eat.b) current working citizens to pay for current retired citizens.c) no taxes since current workers pay for current retirees.d) retirees to be paid from accounts that have accumulated with interest over theirworking lives.e) all of the above.4. An actuarially fair return meansa) returns on investments are indexed to the stock market.b) returns on investments have to be positive.c) benefits received, on average, would be equal to the premiums paid.d) premiums for insurance are generally paid by the government.e) none of the above.5. When workers save less during their working lives due to the fact that they have beenpaying Social Security taxes, this is known asa) the Social Security effect.b) the wealth substitution effect.c) the bequest effect.d) the life cycle hypothesis.6. The Social Security earnings testa) applies only to workers between 65 and 69 years of age.b) was redesigned in the 1980s to include foreign workers.c) has a tax rate of no more than 16.9 percent.d) does all of the above.7. Social Security pension benefits area) subject to income taxes for those with certain income levels.b) nontaxable for all retirees.c) subject to state, but not federal, income taxes.d) subject to capital gains taxes.e) all of the above.8. The Social Security Administration has which program(s) to administer?a) disability paymentsb) health benefitsc) pensionsd) survivors' benefitse) all of the above9. The percentage of unemployed Americans that actually collects unemployment insurancebenefits isa) 9 percent.b) 18 percent.c) 25 percent.d) 33 percent.10. An earnings test as it relates to Social Security impliesa) benefits are reduced by some predetermined amount for those who have notreached normal retirement age.b) the amount of money earned during the working life of an individual determinesthe amount of benefits received.c) family earnings determine the amount of benefits received.d) all of the above.11. Social security taxes are projected to fall short of benefits starting ina) 2005.b) 2010.c) 2016.d) 2020.e) 2030.12. Social insurance can be justified on the grounds ofa) adverse selection.b) decision-making costs.c) income distribution.d) paternalism.e) all of the above.13. The retirement effect isa) when people retire later than they normally would have due to Social Security.b) when people decide not to retire at all because of problems with Social Security.c) when people retire earlier than they normally would have due to Social Security.d) when people save less for their retirement due to Social Security.e) none of the above.14. The gross replacement rate isa) the proportion of pretax earnings replaced by unemployment insurance.b) a rate of employment in key sectors of the economy.c) the percentage of each paycheck that is removed for unemployment insurance.d) the rate that tax receipts are used to cover tax expenditures.e) none of the above.15. A current worker may save more towards retirement so that he or she will have more toleave his or her children later. This altruistic motive is known as thea) altruism effect.b) bequest effect.c) income effect.d) savings effect.Discussion Questions1. Suppose in the market for labor that the labor supply curveis perfectly inelastic. Thiswould mean that the supply curve is vertical. Furthermore, suppose that demand is normal and downward sloping. Your textbook has explained that unemployment taxes are paid entirely by the employer (demanders). Who actually pays the tax in the scenario described above?2. Suppose that a fresh college grad gets a new job initially paying $20,000 a year. Theemployee gets a 3 percent raise annually. After 5 years of working, the employee quits and never works again. How much will this worker have earned over her brief working career? How much will she have paid in Social Security and Medicare taxes if the tax rate is 7.45 percent?3. Suppose that the ratio of retirees to working citizens is currently 1 to 5, meaning thatthere are 5 working people for every retiree. Suppose that in thirty years the ratio will change to 1 to 2. If benefits remain the same, what will happen to the tax rate assuming retirees are provided benefits in a pay-as-you-go system? How much would benefits decrease if the tax rate remained the same?4. A worker within the middle-income class is preparing to retire. In the year before heretired, his gross monthly earnings are $2,000. His Social Security benefits will be $1,200 per month. Before he retired, his income was subject to a tax of 25 percent. Find his before-tax and after-tax replacement rates.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Having unemployment insurance available makes people work less.2. The percentage of retired older workers has decreaseddramatically since the introductionof Social Security.3. Social Security benefits have played an important role in the improved economic statusof the elderly over time.4. Unemployment taxes are collected from both employees and employers.5. A pay-as-you-go system of financing Social Security is not as good as a fully fundedsystem.6. A worker can begin receiving benefits as early as age 62.7. Social Security is used to redistribute income.8. Average indexed monthly earnings are derived from the worker’s earnings history anddetermine the primary insurance amount (PIA).9. Having a Social Security program makes people less inclined to save for their ownretirement.10. The gross replacement rate is typically 95% of pretax earnings.Essay Questions1. Work disincentives in the system of Social Security have seen the number of persons inthe program increase dramatically. What incentives could be put in place to reverse, or at least slow, this trend?2. Why should firms in industries with higher levels of turnover be required to pay more inunemployment insurance payments?3. Do you feel that when you retire there will still be Social Security? If so, do you feel thatbenefits will be at present levels or tax rates will have increased? Finally, has this discussion changed your plans regarding your own personal savings for your retirement?Answers to CHAPTER 9 - Social Insurance I:Social Security and Unemployment InsuranceAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. b2. a3. d4. c5. b6. a7. a8. e9. d10. a11. c12. e13. c14. a15. bAnswers to Discussion Questions1. The suppliers of labor (employees) would be totally responsible for the paying the tax,despite the fact that the tax was levied on employers.2. The worker will have earned a total of approximately $106,182. She will have paidapproximately $7,910.59 in taxes.3. Initially, a worker paid for 20 percent of a retiree’s benefits. In the future, the sameworker would be responsible for paying for half of a current retiree’s benefits. If benefits remained the same, then each worker’s tax burden would increase by approximately30 percent of the cost of benefits. If tax rates remained the same, then benefits wouldneed to fall by approximately 60 percent.4. His before-tax replacement rate would be 1,200/2,000 = 0.6. His after-tax replacementrate would be 1,200/1,500 = 0.8.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. U2. F3. T4. F5. U6. T7. T8. T9. U10. FAnswers to Essay Questions1. Increasing the retirement age would see fewer people in the program. Other solutionsinclude removing the survivor’s benefits and introducing a more stringent wealth threshold that says that those persons with a certain wealth are not allowed to receive benefits.2. The employees in these industries are more likely to need unemployment benefits in thefuture.3. This is a personal question but, as recently as August 2004,the current chairman of theFederal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, has warned that benefits will need to be reduced for future recipients or that there will need to be increases in taxes. Many working adults today are changing their saving patterns because of this outlook.。
罗森财政学知识点
罗森财政学知识点在当今社会，财政学作为一门重要的社会科学学科，对于国家和个人的财务状况起着至关重要的作用。
罗森财政学作为财政学领域的重要分支之一，旨在研究相关部门与市场之间的关系，探讨如何有效地运用金融资源来满足社会需求，并在保证市场自由的前提下实现公平与效率的平衡。
本文将从罗森财政学的相关知识点出发，探讨其理论与实践的应用，以期对社会的财政管理与金融决策提供一定的参考与借鉴。
首先我们从罗森财政学的基本概念入手，了解其研究的核心内容。
罗森财政学，又称作微观财政学，主要关注相关部门与市场之间的互动关系，尤其是在资源配置和公共制定方面的作用。
在传统的财政学理论中，相关部门主要扮演着资源配置和社会福利的调节者角色，而市场则被认为是资源分配的最佳机制。
然而，罗森财政学认为相关部门与市场应当相辅相成，各自发挥自己的优势，实现资源的最优配置与公共的最大效益。
在罗森财政学的研究范畴中，有一系列重要的理论框架和方法论，如社会成本工程、效率与公平的权衡、激励与约束机制等。
其中，社会成本工程是罗森财政学的核心概念之一，其主张通过对社会成本和边际效用的评估，来确定相关部门干预的必要性和程度。
在现实世界中，相关部门面临着各种不同的社会问题和挑战，需要通过财政手段来解决这些问题，社会成本工程为相关部门提供了一种科学的方法来制定公共和财政预算。
此外，罗森财政学还强调了效率与公平的权衡，在相关部门干预和市场机制之间寻求平衡点。
在经济学中，效率通常被定义为资源的最佳利用程度，而公平则意味着资源的合理分配和社会的公正性。
在实际的制定中，相关部门既要追求经济效率，又要考虑社会公平，这要求相关部门在制定公共和税收时，要考虑到各方利益的平衡，避免出现资源分配的失衡和社会不公的问题。
激励与约束机制是罗森财政学中另一个重要的研究领域，其主要关注个体行为与公共之间的互动关系。
在现实社会中，人们的行为往往受到各种激励与约束机制的影响，相关部门通过税收、补贴、奖励和惩罚等手段来引导个体行为，实现经济效率和社会公平的平衡。
罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）
罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）第一篇：罗森财政学复习资料(双语版)罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）Unified budget: The document which itemizes all the federal government’s expenditures and revenues.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出的文件Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations 管制预算：政府管制对经济产生的成本Entitlement programs: programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.公民权利性计划：（是指有关社会保障、公共福利计划、农产品价格维持等法律规定受益人和收益数额的政府支出项目）项目的成本不是由固定的美元数额来决定，而是由符合条件的人的数量决定。
Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应：是指一种商品价格的变化所引起的使消费者调整该种商品与其他商品需求量比例的效应。
Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmer’s income has changed 收入效应：收入效应指由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。
财政学（双语）超全重点难点考点~~湖南农大重点
财政学（双语）超全重点难点考点~~湖南农大重点财政学。
Chapter 11、Unified budget: The document which itemizes（逐项列出）all the federal government’s expenditures（支出）and revenues （收入）.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出。
2、regulatory budget: An annual statement of the costs imposed on（施加影响于）the economy by government regulations.(Currently, there is no such budget.)管制预算：政府管制给经济造成的成本的年度报告。
（目前尚无）3、entitlement programs: Programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify, rather than preset budget allocations（分配）.公民权力性计划其支出由符合条件的人数而非预先的预算安排来决定的计划。
Summary :1、public finance ,also known as public sector economics or public economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution（分配）of income.财政学，也称公共部门经济学或公共经济学，以政府的收支活动及其资源配置与收入分配的影响为研究对象2、I n an organic view of society ,individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. These goals are determined by the government.按照社会有机论，个人只有在有助于社会目标实现时才有价值。
罗森财政学知识点
罗森财政学知识点1. 什么是罗森财政学？罗森财政学（Rosen’s Public Finance）是一门研究政府如何收入和支出的经济学分支，它主要关注公共部门的经济活动和决策。
罗森财政学涵盖了许多重要的知识点，如税收、公共支出、社会保障、公共债务等。
通过研究这些知识点，我们可以更好地理解政府在经济中的作用和影响。
2. 税收税收是罗森财政学中一个重要的知识点。
它是指政府从个人和企业等经济单位征收的一种强制性非对等交换关系。
税收有许多不同的类型，包括所得税、消费税、财产税等。
税收的目的主要有三个方面：平衡财政预算、调节经济和实现社会公平。
在罗森财政学中，我们还研究了税收的效率和公平性问题。
效率指的是最大化社会总福利，而公平性则包括垂直公平性（富人应缴纳更多税款）和水平公平性（相同财富状况的人应缴纳相同的税款）。
3. 公共支出公共支出是指政府为了满足公众需求而进行的支出活动。
它包括教育、医疗、基础设施建设等各个方面。
罗森财政学研究了公共支出的决策过程和效果评估。
政府在进行公共支出时需要考虑资源配置效率、社会福利最大化和可持续发展等因素。
4. 社会保障社会保障是罗森财政学中一个重要的议题。
它包括养老金、医疗保险、失业保险等各种社会福利项目。
罗森财政学研究了社会保障的融资和管理问题，以及其对经济和社会的影响。
在社会保障领域，我们还需要关注可持续性问题。
由于人口老龄化和生育率下降等原因，许多国家面临着社会保障系统不可持续的挑战。
罗森财政学提供了一些解决方案，如增加税收收入、调整退休年龄等。
5. 公共债务公共债务是指政府通过发行债券等形式借入的资金。
罗森财政学研究了公共债务的融资、管理和影响。
公共债务可以用于满足紧急需求、推动经济增长和实现社会福利，但也可能带来财政风险和经济不稳定。
在研究公共债务时，我们需要考虑其可持续性和影响因素。
可持续性指的是政府能否按时偿还债务，而影响因素包括利率、经济增长率等。
总结罗森财政学是一门研究政府收入和支出的重要学科，它涵盖了税收、公共支出、社会保障和公共债务等知识点。
哈维罗森财政学全英笔记Chapter1
Chapter One IntroductionThis book is about the taxing and spending activities of government, a subject usually called public finance.This term is something of a misnomer, because the fundamental issues are not financial (that is, relating to money). Rather, the key problems relate to the use of real resources. For this reason, some authors prefer the label public sector economics or simply public economics.We focus on the microeconomic function of government- the way government affects the allocation of resources and the distribution of income.This book follows tradition by focusing on governmental spending and revenue-raising activities.Public Finance and IdeologyOpinions on how government should function in the economic sphere are influenced by ideological views concerning the relationship between the individual and the state. Political philosophers have distinguished two major approaches.1. Organic View of GovernmentSociety is conceived of as a natural organism. Each individual is a part of this organism, and the government can be thought of as its heart. The individual has significance only as part of the community, and the good of the individual is defined with respect to the good of the whole. Thus, the community is stressed above the individual.The goals of the society are set by the state, which attempts to lead society toward their realization. The choice of goals differs considerably.Because societal goals can differ, a crucial question is how they are to be selected. Proponents of the organic view usually argue that certain goals are natural for the societal organism.2. Mechanistic View of GovernmentGovernment is not an organic part of society. Rather, it is a contrivance created by individuals to better achieve their individual goals.Virtually everyone agrees that it is good for individuals when government protects them from violence. To do so government must have a monopoly on coercive power.Opinions within the mechanistic tradition diverge. Libertarians, who believe in a very limited government, argue against any further economic role for the government. Libertarians are extremely skeptical about the ability of governments to improve social welfare.Social democrats believe that substantial government intervention is required for the good of individuals.3. Viewpoint of This BookThe mechanistic view of government has come to dominate Anglo-American political thought. Not surprisingly, Anglo-American economic thought has alsodeveloped along individual lines. Within the individualistic tradition there is much controversy with respect to how active government should be.Economic policy is not based on economic analysis alone. The desirability of a given course of government action inevitably depends in part on ethical and political judgments.Government at a Glance1. The Legal Framework2. The Size of GovernmentA more sensible (and common) approach is to measure the size of government by the volume of its annual expenditures, of which there are basically three types:(1) Purchase of goods and services.(2) Transfers of income to people, businesses, or other governments.(3) Interest payments.The federal government itemizes its expenditures in a document referred to a as the unified budget. However, some government activities have substantial effects on resource allocation even though they involve minimal explicit outlays. For example, issuing regulations per se is not very expensive, but compliance with the rules can be very costly. Some have suggested that the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations be published in an annual regulatory budget. Unfortunately, computing such costs is exceedingly difficult so it is unlikely there will ever be an official regulatory budget.The figure is a misleading indicator of the growth of government for several reasons:(1) Because of inflation, the dollars decreased in value over time.(2) The population has also grown over time. An increasing population by itself creates demands for a larger public sector.(3) It is sometimes useful to examine government expenditure compared to the size of the economy. If government doubles in size but at the same time the economy triples, then government has relatively shrunk.Government expenditures have increased in both nominal and real absolute terms, in per capita terms, and as a percentage of GDP.3. ExpendituresNational defense and Social Security are the largest spending items in the federal budget.Much of the government budget consists of so-called entitlement programs-programs determined by the number of people who qualify which are out of hands of the current government. The fast-growing areas such as Social Security and interest payments are relatively fixed in the sense that they are determined by the previous decisions.The share of national defense spending in federal expenditure has fallen over time, while Social Security, public welfare, and payments on outstanding debt have increased in importance. The combination of entitlement programs and interestof the payments reduces yearly control over the level of expenditures. About 34federal budget is relatively uncontrollable.It is useful to break down total expenditures by level of government. State and local governments are clearly important players.4. RevenuesAt the federal level, personal income taxation is currently the single most important source of revenue, accounting for about 45% of the tax collections. Socialof federal revenue collections, which are payroll tax Insurance accounting for 13collections used to finance Social Security and Medicare. The federal corporate income tax decreases. In the state and local sector, the property tax decreases and individual income taxes increase.Changes in the Real Value of Debt When the government is a debtor and prices increase, changes in the real value of the debt may be an important source of revenue.。
财政学双语重点（重中之重啊!）
财政学双语重点（重中之重啊!）1.Unified budget: The document which itemizes（逐项列出）all the federal government’s expenditures（支出）and revenues （收入）.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出。
2.substitution effect: The tendency of an individual to consume more of one good andless of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应一个人因一种商品相对于另一种商品的价格降低而多消费前者，少消费后者的倾向。
3. income effect :The effect of a price change on the quantity demanded（需求量）due exclusively（唯一的）to the fact that the consumer’s income has changed.收入效应价格变化对需求量的影响完全是由于消费者的实际收入的变化所致。
4. Pareto efficient: An allocation of resources such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率一种资源配置状态，在该状态下，如果不使一个人的境况变差就不可能使另一个人的境况变好。
5. Pareto improvement: A reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.帕累托改进资源的重新配置可在不使任何人的境况变差的前提下，至少使一个人的境况变好。
罗森 财政学 第七版(英文版) 配套习题及答案Chap004
CHAPTER 4 - Public GoodsMultiple-Choice Questions1. Public goods are characterized bya) nonrivalness.b) excludability.c) the sum of the MRSs equaling MRT.d) all of the above.2. Market mechanisms are unlikely to providea) prices.b) nonrival goods efficiently.c) supply and demand.d) none of the above.3. A pure private good isa) nonrival in consumption and subject to exclusion.b) rival in consumption and subject to exclusion.c) rival in consumption and not subject to exclusion.d) all of the above.4. Commodity egalitarianism refers to commodities thata) are important for most consumers.b) are too dangerous for most consumers.c) should be made available to all consumers.d) are good ideas but never produced.e) are produced in bulk.5. Charging individual prices that are based on consumers’ willingness to pay isa) government price supports.b) will pricing.c) second tier pricing.d) price discrimination.6. Equilibrium for public goods is characterized bya) MSB = MSB.b) MRS = MRT.c) MRS = MRS = MRS=…=MRS = MRT.d) MC = MB.e) MRS – MRT = MSB.7. Summing demand curves horizontally sends market ______________ to individuals,while summing vertically sends market ______________ to individuals.a) price; priceb) quantity; quantityc) quantity; priced) price; quantity8. Public goods can bea) provided privately.b) provided publicly.c) subject to free rider problems.d) all of the above.9. A ________ is a person who wants to enjoy the benefits of a public good withoutcontributing his or her marginal benefit to the cost of financing the amount made.a) free riderb) politicianc) price makerd) price optimizer10. Congestible public goodsa) are nonrival in consumption.b) can not be priced in the market.c) are rival in consumption.d) are never provided by the private sector.11. A private good isa) nonrival in consumption.b) subject to free rider problems.c) subject to exclusion.d) not subject to exclusion.e) none of the above.12. When those that do not contribute to the costs of a public good are denied use, this is acase ofa) exclusion.b) being nonrival.c) price discrimination.d) infeasibility.e) all of the above.13. Which of the following is a public good?a) public defenseb) public televisionc) a libraryd) schoolse) all of the above14. Pure private goods are supplied througha) the market.b) government taxes.c) merit pricing.d) none of the above.15. School vouchers area) provided by the government.b) provided by private organizations.c) public funds to be used for private tuition.d) all of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose there are two individuals with identical demand curves characterized by theequation Q = (33/2) – (P/2). What is market demand if these demand curves are added horizontally? Vertically?2. Redo problem 10 of Chapter 4 in your textbook. Assume now that the marginal cost ofgetting snow plowed is now $24.3. Use the answer you found when adding market demand curves vertically in Question 1above to find the market equilibrium quantity if the market supply is constant at 10.4. Suppose you are given the following demand curves: Q = 32 – P and Q = 16 – (P/2).Add these two demand curves vertically and find the market demand curve.5. Suppose there is a public good that has market supply characterized by the equation X =(P/3) – (32/3). Suppose further that market demand for this good can be characterized by the equation X = 25 –P. Find the equilibrium quantity of the public good that will be supplied.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. The free rider problem causes less than optimal production of a public good.2. Pure private goods are nonrival in consumption.3. Most goods that are nonexcludable are pure public goods.4. Vertical summation of demand curves yield results equivalent to those of horizontalsummation.5. Increasing the quantity of a pure public good can be done at zero cost.6. Demand curves for pure public goods satisfy the law of demand.7. Pure public goods involve positive externalities.8. Increases in spending on education will lead to an increase in student performance.9. Privatization means taking services that are supplied by the government and turning themover to the private sector for provision.10. Private goods are always provided by the private sector.Essay Questions1. You have read that the free rider problem affects equilibrium in a public good context.Explain how this situation can be modeled as a prisoner’s dilemma game.2. Discuss and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of public highways versus tollroads.3. Some economists believe that public schools would improve if they were subjected tocompetition. Discuss the pros and cons of this idea.。
罗森财政学第七版(英文版)配套习题及答案Chap002
Test Bank to accompany Rosen’s PublicFinance, Seventh Edition Chapter 2CHAPTER 2 - Tools of Positive AnalysisMultiple-Choice Questions1. Positive economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) is very subjective.2. The Law of Demand statesa) that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.b) that the judicial branch of government sets demand schedules.c) that laws can have no effect on market economies.d) none of the above.3. The function Y = f(X,Z) meansa) X multiplied by Y equals f.b) X + Y = Z.c) Y is a function of both X and Z.d) none of the above.4. If there is a function and one component is Y3, then there is a ____ in the function.a) square rootb) cubicc) cosined) circlee) all of the above5. Refer to Question 4 above. The equation containing Y3 would bea) linear.b) quadratic.c) a Nash equilibrium.d) inefficient.e) nonlinear.6. Marginal and average taxes area) calculated using the same methodology.b) not used in modern tax analysis.c) not calculated using the same methodology.d) all of the above.77. The slope of a regression line is calculated by dividinga) the intercept by the change in horizontal distance.b) the change in horizontal distance by the change in vertical distance.c) the change in horizontal distance by the intercept term.d) the change in vertical distance by the change in horizontal distance.e) none of the above.8. Unobserved influences on a regression are captured in thea) error term.b) parameters.c) regression line.d) significance term.e) regression coefficient.9. The following can be analyzed using econometrics:a) labor supply.b) market demand.c) tax-setting behavior.d) poverty.e) all of the above.10. Normative economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) embodies value judgments.11. The Latin phrase ceteris paribus meansa) let the buyer beware.b) other things being the same.c) swim at your own risk.d) whatever will be will be.12. The substitution effecta) is when individuals consume more of one good and less of another.b) is associated with changes in relative prices.c) will have no effect if goods are unrelated.d) is all of the above.13. Self-selection bias affects empirical estimation bya) leading to samples that are not representative of the entire population.b) making estimators improved.c) increasing the accuracy of test results.d) doing none of the above.14. When different bundles of commodities give the same level of satisfaction, you area) said to be indifferent between the bundles.b) said to be confused.c) not able to make a decision.d) unhappy with any combination.e) none of the above.15. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose tha t a competitive firm’s marginal cost of producing output q is given byMC=2+2q. Assume that the market price of the firm’s product is $13.a) What level of output will the firm produce?b) What is the firm’s producer surplus?2. Use the following function for elasticity: = -(1/s)(P/X), wheres is the slope of thedemand curve, P is the price, and X is the quantity demanded, tofind elasticity when demand is X d= 22-(1/4)P when the price of good Xis 20.3. Imagine that the demand for concert tickets can be characterized by the equation X d = 7 –P/5. The supply of tickets can be written as X d = -2 + P/5. Find the equilibrium price and quantity of concert tickets.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Empirical analysis generally deals with theory and little data.2. Economists attempt, with moderate success, to perform controlled experiments makingpolicy analysis helpful.3. Regression coefficients are indicators of the impact of independent variables ondependent variables.4. Primary data sources include information gathered from interviews and experiments.5. Multiple regression analysis typically requires several computers.6. Econometrics is the statistical analysis of economic data.7. Theory is always necessary for empirical research.8. The demand for a good is not affected by the demand for arelated good.9. Equilibrium in the market is where supply is equal to demand.10. A model is a simplified description of some aspect of the economy.Essay Questions1. “S ince the social sciences are not like the natural sciences, experiments are a waste oftime.” Comment on the above statement.2. Discuss the concept in econometrics that states, “garbagein . . . garbage out.”3. It is possible that two different economists can examine the same situation, such asschool funding, and reach entirely different conclusions. Why is this so?。
财政学 哈维罗森 第七版 课后习题答案(英文)(2)
Chapter 7 – Income Redistribution: Conceptual Issues1. Utilitarianism suggests that social welfare is a function of individuals’ utilities. Whetherthe rich are vulgar is irrelevant, so this part of the statement is inconsistent with utilitarianism. O n the other hand, Stein’s assertion that inequality per se is unimportant is inconsistent with utilitarianism.2. a. To maximize W, set marginal utilities equal; the constraint is I s + I c = 100.So,400 - 2I s = 400 - 6I c.substituting I c = 100 - I s gives us 2I s = 6 (100 - I s ).Therefore, I s = 75, I c = 25.b.If only Charity matters, then give money to Charity until MU c = 0 (unless all themoney in the economy is exhausted first).So,400-6 I c = 0; hence, I c = 66.67.Giving any more money to Charity causes her marginal utility to become negative,which is not optimal. Note that we don’t care if the remaining money ($33.33) isgiven to Simon or not.If only Simon matters, then, proceeding as above, MU s. 0 if I s = 100; hence, givingall the money to Simon is optimal. (In fact, we would like to give him up to $200.)c.MU s = MU c for all levels of income. Hence, society is indifferent among alldistributions of income.3. The main conceptual problem with the poverty gap is that it doesn’t account fo r theincome effect on labor force participation rates. The poverty gap is calculated assuming there are no behavioral responses; e.g., that labor income would remain unchanged even after the income was transferred to the poor population, but economic theory predicts that this will not be so. In fact, if the poor household were given enough income to bring it out of poverty, we would believe that the household would work less as a result of receiving this transfer. This complicates the analysis, of course, because once the household works less, then it will generate less labor income, thus lowering its overall income. This means that the poverty gap actually understates the amount of money necessary to alleviate poverty in the United States. In addition, the poverty gap is based on the official poverty line, which is thought to be an ad-hoc measure of the true “needs”of a family.4. A day care center is an example of an in-kind compensation. The figure below is similarto Figure 8.2 in the text. The original budget line is G1 H1 If the employee received $5,000 cash, the budget line moves to G2 H2 . An employee who uses the day care center may not be $5,000 better off. The employee consumes at point A, but would be better off at point B, which represents consumption after a cash transfer of $5,000.5. a. This would increase the incomes of the providers of computer equipment and theindividuals who maintain the equipment. In the long run, this might also increasethe incomes of the students who use the equipment. Moreover, giving a laptop toall seventh graders (rather than poor seventh graders) may simply “crowd-out”computer transfers from parents to children. One could imagine that nowadaysmany children do have a computer at home, paid for by the parents. Thisgovernment transfer may simply result in less parental transfer to the child.b.Providing free after-school programs for children in impoverished families largelyacts as an in-kind transfer for poor, working households. The program is of littlevalue for unemployed households, as the alternative would be childcare at home.For those who are employed, and paying for childcare, this program provides analternative and effectively changes the after-tax, after-working-cost wage. Thisalso may affect work behavior on the extensive margin. The likely “losers” fromsuch a program are childcare providers, who see a reduction in demand for theirservices. In principle, this reduction in demand could lower the hourly childcarecost for all workers with children, though this effect is likely to be modest becausemost impoverished families do not have a very large labor force attachment and,thus, their effect on the childcare market as a whole is likely to be small.6. a. False. Society is indifferent between a util to each individual, not a dollar to eachindividual. Imagine that U L=I and U J=2I. Then each dollar given to Jonathanraises welfare more than the same dollar given to Lynne.b. True. The social welfare function assumes a cardinal interpretation of utility sothat comparisons across people are valid.c. False. Departures from complete equality raise social welfare to the extent thatthey raise the welfare of the person with the minimum level of utility. Forexample, with the utility functions U L=I and U J=2I, the social welfare functionW=min[U L,U J] would allocate twice as much income to Lynne than Jonathan.7. Initially the price of food was $2 and the price of other goods was $1. The black marketfor food stamps changes the price of food sold to $1. In Figure 7.2 of the textbook, as one moves to the “northwest” from point F, the segment will now have a slope (in absolute value) of 1 rather than 2. The black market may make the individual better off if the best point on her budget constraint AFD was initially at the corner solution of point F, and the black market certainly does not make her worse off. It is important to note that the black market does not always make the recipient better off. If the (absolute value) of the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) were between 1 and 2, the indifference curve would not “cut” into the new part of the budget constraint with the black market.If the MRS were less than (or equal to) 1 in absolute value, the person would be made better off and would reduce food consumption by selling the food stamps on the black market.Food StampGuarantee Food8. Pareto efficient redistribution is a reallocation of income that increases (or does notdecrease) the utility of all consumers. With these two consumers, Marsha’s utility increases as Sherry’s utility increases. Thus, it may be possible to reallocate income from Marsha to Sherry and raise both of their utility. With Sherry’s initial utility function of U S=100Y S1/2, her utility with $100 of income is U S=100($100)1/2, or U S=1,000. With Marsha’s initial utility function of U M=100Y M1/2+0.8U S, her utility with $100 of income is U M=100($100)1/2+0.8(1,000), or U M=1,800. If the social welfare function is additive, then initial welfare is W=U S+U M=1,000+1,800=2,800. If $36 is reallocated from Marsha to Sherry, then Sherry’s income is now $136 and Marsha’s is now $64. With Sherry’s utility function, her utility with $136 of income is U S=100($136)1/2, or U S=1,166.190.With Marsha’s utility function, her utility with $64 of income is U M=100($64)1/2+0.8(1,166.190), or U M=800+932.952=1,732.952. In this case, Sherry’s utility increases from 1,000 to 1,166.190, while Marsha’s utility falls from 1,800 to 1,732.952. Social welfare increases with this redistribution, going from 2,800 to 2,899.142. Thus, this redistribution increases social welfare, but is not Pareto efficient redistribution.Chapter 8 – Expenditure Programs for the Poor1. a. Note that the figure below shows the correct shape of the budget constraint, butthe numbers themselves are outdated. With a wage rate of $10 per hour,Elizabeth earns $100. Because the deduction in California is $225, none of herearnings are counted against the $645 welfare benefit. Thus, her total income is$745 (=$100+$645).b.The actual welfare benefits collected by a person equals B=G-t(Earnings-D),where B=actual benefits, G=welfare grant, t=tax rate on earned income, andD=standard deduction. Thus, (Earnings-D) is the net earnings that are taxed awayin the form of reduced benefits. When benefits equal zero (B=0), the expressionbecomes 0=G-t(Earnings-D), which collapses to: Earnings=G/t+D. This is knownas the “breakeven formula.” In the California context here, the expressionbecomes Earnings=$645/0.5 + 225, or Earnings=$1,515. With a wage rate of $10per hour, this corresponds to 151.5 hours of work per month.c.The diagram shows the correct shape of the budget constraint, but the “577” figureshould be r eplaced with “645” and the “9” hours should be replaced with “22.5”.d.The diagram above shows one possibility – in this case, Elizabeth is both workingand on welfare – but she collects a reduced welfare benefit in this case.2. One could gather data on the earnings of those in the program, as well as earnings datafrom nonparticipants. Regress the earnings variable on demographic variables and other factors that determine earnings (such as education and experience), and a variable that indicates whether the individual participated in the training program. Factors that affect local employment conditions, such as unemployment levels, may help explain earnings, but they may also explain participation in the program. The econometric strategy should be chosen carefully to account for this.3. If the quantity of leisure consumed by X appears as an argument in the utility function ofY, then X’s consumption of leisure creates an externality. If the externality is negative(i.e., Y likes X to work), then a wage subsidy of X might induce him to work the efficientnumber of hours. Alternatively, a workfare program might achieve the same goal by simply forcing X to work. However, to the extent that the feasible quantity of labor supply is determined less through market incentives now, workfare would be less efficient.4. He participates in the public housing program as long as P1P2ca cef.5. As illustrated below, the budget constraint with food stamps has a “notch” in it, similar tothe analysis of Medicaid in Figure 8.9 of the textbook. At the notch, the marginal tax rate is greater than 100%. One key difference from the figure in the textbook is that the marginal tax rate on earned income for Medicaid is 0% until the “Medicaid notch,” while the marginal tax rate on earned income for food stamps is 24% until the “food stamp notch.” The reason the food stamp notch exists at all is that there is a “gross income test,” where a recipient is ineligible if income is higher than the limit. The characterization in the Rosen textbook on page 189 that “at some point near the poverty line, food stamps worth about $1,250 are suddenly lost” implicitly assumes that childcare costs are quite high. This is likely to be true for many households. In the year 2004, this monthly (annual) gross income limit was $1,994 per month ($23,928 per year) for a family of four, while the monthly guarantee was $471 ($5,652 per year). Assuming the family had earnings at the limit of $1,994 of earnings during the month, and after applying a 20% earnings deduction and a $134 monthly standard deduction, the household would receive a monthly (annual) benefit of $32 ($384). We arrive at this number using the equation B=G-t(E-.2E-D)=471-.3(.8*1994-134)=$471-$438.36=$32.64, which is then rounded down to $32. In this case, B=actual benefits received, G=food stamp guarantee, t=tax rate, E=earnings, and D=standard deduction. Increasing annualearnings by $1 from $23,928 to $23,929 would reduce food stamp benefits from $384 to $0; hence the “food stamp notch.” This notch would be even higher if the household qualified for a childcare deduction, child support deduction, or shelter deduction. The childcare deduction ranges between $175 and $200 per child per month. Assuming this family of four consisted of a mother and three children, each with $175 of monthly childcare costs, then B=G-t(E-.2E-D-C)=471-.3(.8*1994-134-525)=$471-$280.86=$190.14, which is then rounded down to $190. The modification here is that C=childcare costs. This amount corresponds to an annual food stamp benefit of $2,280. Figure 8.5 below draws the budget constraint using annual levels for the food stamp program, using 2004 rules and assumes no childcare expenses.6. For an individual who is not working while on welfare, in this case the highestindifference curve touches the budget constraint on the right vertical axis. Note that the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) does not necessarily equal the after-tax wage rate at the time endowment – rather, it is possible that the person would want to consume more leisure than the time endowment but is obviously constrained from doing so.Leisure$23,928Leisure7.In all cases, the demand curve for housing slopes downward. a. If the price of low income housing gets bid up but there is no increase in the stock of housing, then the supply curve is perfectly inelastic, e.g., vertical.Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7a – Demand curve shiftsb.If there is no increase in the price of housing, but there is an increase in the stockof housing, then the supply curve is perfectly elastic, e.g., horizontal.Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7b – Demand curve shifts Q 1c.If there is an increase in both the price and quantity of housing, then the supplycurve slopes upward.According to Sinai and Waldfogel, there is partial crowding out, consistent with case cabove. Although the underlying housing stock itself is probably quite inelastic in the short-run, the number of rental homes can be more elastic as (potential) landlords convert vacation homes or vacant homes into rental units.8. a.When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 0 to 1,000 ($0 to $8,000), she qualifiesfor an additional earned income tax credit (EITC) worth $3,200 (=0.4*8,000).Thus, her income goes up from $0 to $11,200. Note to instructors – thedistinction between earnings and income may cause confusion in the students’answers. b.When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 1,000 to 1,500 ($8,000 to $12,000), shequalifies for the maximum EITC (according to Figure 8.8 in the textbook). Shereceives the full EITC when her earnings exceed $10,510, at which time the creditequals $4,204 (=0.4*$10,510). The earnings between $10,510 and $12,000 face neither a subsidy nor phase-out from the EITC. Thus, her income goes up from $11,200 to $16,204.c. When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 1,500 to 2,000 ($12,000 to $16,000),she moves into the range where the EITC is phased out. According to Figure 8.8 Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7c – Demand curve shifts outward,Q 1in the textbook, she receives the maximum subsidy of $4,204 until her earningsexceed $14,730. For the marginal earnings between $14,730 and $16,000, theEITC is reduced at a 21.06% tax rate. Thus, her EITC falls by $267.46 from$4,204 to $3,936.54 (=4,204-0.2106*(16,000-14,730)). Her income rises from$16,204 to $19,936.54.Chapter 9 – Social Insurance I: Social Security and Unemployment Insurance1. With adverse selection, insurance contracts with more comprehensive coverage arechosen by people with higher unobserved accident probabilities. To make up for the fact that a benefit is more likely to be paid to such individuals, the insurer charges a higher premium per unit of insurance coverage.2. There are many possible implications of a voluntary Social Security system. Onepossibility is that people would save less for retirement, betting that society would not put up with having great numbers of elderly poor. Part of the effect of the Friedman program, then, would depend on the government's credibility when it promises not to bail out people who do not save enough to survive during retirement.3. Use the basic formula for balance in a pay-as-you-go social security system:t =(N b/N w)*(B/w).Call 1990 year 1 and 2050 year 2. Thent1 = .267*(B/w)1t2 = .458*(B/w)2It follows that to keep (B/w)1=(B/w)2 we require t2/t1=.458/.267=1.71. That is, tax rates would have to increase by 71 percent. Similarly, to keep the initial tax rate constant, we would require (B/w)2/(B/w)1=.267/.458=0.58. Benefits would have to fall almost by half.4. If Social Security benefits are partially taxed for those who have other income over acertain level, then there is an implicit means test in receiving full, untaxed benefits.However, there is no explicit means test for eligibility for the program. Everyone receives benefits, though some recipients must pay some tax on them. Thus, the two statements are somewhat inconsistent with each other.5. Austen’s quote seems like it could relate adverse selection, but perhaps more likely, tomoral hazard. The q uote “If you observe, people always live forever when there is any annuity to be paid them” in a sense sounds like they act differently (e.g., better diet, more exercise, etc.) when an annuity is to be paid –the idea of moral hazard. In contrast, adverse selection suggests that people who expect to live a long time to be the ones who purchase annuities. A recent paper by Finkelstein and Poterba (NBER working paper, December 2000) found that “mortality patterns are consistent with models of asymmetric inf ormation” and that annuity “insurance markets may be characterized by adverse selection.”6. Equation (9.1) relates taxes paid into the Social Security system to the dependency ratioand the replacement ratio, that is, t=(N b/ N w)*(B/w). If the goal of public policy is to maintain a constant level of benefits, B, rather than a constant replacement ratio, (B/w), then taxes may not need to be raised. If there is wage growth (through productivity), then it is possible to maintain B at a constant level, even if the dependency ratio is growing.By rearranging the equation, we can see that B=t*w*(N b/ N w)-1. That is, increases in wage rates (the second term) offset increases in the dependency ratio (the third term).Thus, constant benefits do not necessarily imply higher tax rates.7. The statement about how the different rates of return in the stock market and governmentbond market affect the solvency of the trust fund is false. If the trust fund buys stocks, someone else has to buy the government bonds that it was holding. So, there is no new saving and no new capacity to take care of future retirees.8. Diamond and Gruber’s calculations suggest that the additional year of work (and delayedretirement) lowers the present discounted value of expected Social Security wealth by $4,833. If the adjustment were actuarially fair, Social Security wealth would neither rise nor fall. Since wealth falls, the adjustment is actuarially unfair.9. For those who argue that the scheme for financing Social Security is unfair becausepeople with low earnings are taxed at a higher rate than those with high earnings, the key issue is that the cumulative payroll tax of 12.4 percent is capped for each person, after which the payroll tax is zero (this ignores the 2.9 percent uncapped Medicare tax, however). The earnings ceiling in 2004 is $87,900. Hence, Social Security payroll taxes as a share of earnings fall after the ceiling is passed – thus, the Social Security payroll tax may be thought of as regressive. The opponents to this view note that the above analysis only focuses on taxes paid, not benefits received. As shown in Table 9.3, Social Security redistributes from high earners to low earners, and the formula for the primary insurance amount offers extremely high replacement rates to very low earners, and much lower replacement rates to high earners. Thus, the net tax payment(taxes minus benefits) is likely to be progressive, not regressive. One critical assumption in this kind of analysis is how one computes lifetime benefits –e.g., do we assume that low earners and high earners live the same number of years?10. Let G stand for the individual’s gross earnings. The question assumes that the personfaces a marginal tax rate of 15% and a payroll tax of 7.45%. Thus, the person’s after-tax earnings (denoted by N) are N=(1-t earn-t payroll)G, or N=(1-0.15-0.0745)G, or N=0.7755G.It is assumed that the gross unemployment benefits, U, are equal to 50 percent of before-tax earnings, or U=0.5G. Net unemployment benefits, B, take out income taxes, so B=(1-t earn)U=(1-t earn)0.5G=(1-0.15)0.5G=0.425G. The percentage of the individual’s after-tax income that is replaced by UI is therefore equal to B/N, or 0.425G/0.7755G, which is approximately 54.8%.Unemployment benefits are about 55% of the individual’s previous after-tax income. The effects of unemployment insurance on unemployment area matter of considerable debate. While the high replacement rates from UI may increasethe duration of unemployment, the longer search time may reduce recurrence of unemployment by allowing time for a worker to find a better job match. Empiricalstudies seem to show that the hazard rate into employment spikes up around the time that benefits run out – perhaps suggesting that job matches are not really improving.Chapter 10 – Social Insurance II: Health Care1. The quotation contains several serious errors. First, concern with health care costs doesnot mean that health care is not a “good.” Economists do not care about the cost of health care per se. Rather, the issue is whether there are distortions in the market that lead to more than an efficient amount being consumed. Second, it makes a lot of difference how money is spent. One can create employment by hiring people to dig ditches and then fill them up, but this produces nothing useful in the way of goods and services. Thus, employment in the health care sector is not desirable in itself. It is desirable to the extent that it is associated with the production of an efficient quantity of health care services.2. a. Those who have a relatively high probability of needing the insurance are the oneswho are most likely to buy it. This raises the premium, which in turn, leads toselection by people who have an even higher probability of using it. The cyclecontinues until the price is so high that virtually no one purchases the policy.b.Employer-provided health insurance is deductible to the employer and not taxed tothe employee.c.Because of the tax subsidy, individuals may purchase more than the efficientamount of health insurance. That is, they “over-insure.” An interesting exampleof how the tax system leads to overinsurance is given in a recent Wall StreetJournal (January 19, 2004) article by Martin Feldstein. He gives an example oftwo different California Blue Cross health plans – identical in all respects exceptfor the deductible and annual premiums. The low-deductible plan (the “generous”plan) has a deductible of $500 per family member, up to a maximum of two andan annual premium of $8,460. Thus, the maximum out-of-pocket expense is$1,000. The high-deductible plan (the “less generous” plan) has a deductible of$2,500 per family member, up to a maximum of two, and an annual premium of$3,936. Thus, the maximum out-of-pocket expense is $5,000. Note that thepremium savings of $4,524 actually exceeds the maximum incremental deductiblepayment of $4,000 (which would only occur if the family had very high healthexpenses). In principle, the high deductible plan is unambiguously better. But thetraditional tax rules could lead an employer to choose the low deductible policy.If the employee faced a marginal tax rate of 45% (the sum of federal, state, andpayroll tax rates), then if the $4,524 premium saving was turned into taxablesalary, the individual’s net income would only rise by $2,488. Thus, families withhigh expected medical expenses do better with the “generous” plan, even though itis more costly in terms of premiums.3. a. D d=4.22–(0.044)(50)=2 visits per year.Total expenditure =(2)(50)=$100b.Now the individual pays only $5 per visit.D d = 4.22 – (0.044)(5) = 4 visits, with out-of-pocket costs of $20.Insurance company pays ($45)(4) = $180Total expenditure = $200, double its previous level.4. Examining Figure 10.1, we can see why health care costs increased for the state ofTennessee. As insurance coverage increases, this lowers the cost of medical expenses for those who were previously did not have insurance, which increases the overall amount of medical services they consume. Before receiving insurance, these people demand M o units of medical services, and the amount they pay is represented by the area OP o aM o.But after receiving insurance coverage, they demand M1amounts of medical services, paying only OjhM1, while their insurance pays jP o bh. The increase in insurance payments is sizable for two reasons – first, by providing coverage, it pays for the majority of the already sizable medical expenses incurred by this group, and second, the introduction of insurance makes the group consume even more medical services. In short, if the people who designed the Tennessee program had realized that the demand curve for medical services is downward sloping, they would not have been surprised at the consequences of their program.To explain why HMOs have been unable to contain long-run health care costs, it is necessary to consider the effect of technology on health care costs in the long-term. The inherent problem is that the market for medical care places a large premium on using the latest and most-developed medicines and machinery for treating patients. These technologies tend to be expensive. Hence, while introducing HMOs can lead to a once and for all decrease in the rate of change in health care costs, there is nothing that an HMO can do to lower the cost of continually providing the latest in medical treatments. 5. The goal of making the Medicare prescription drug benefit a one-time, permanentdecision is to reduce the adverse selection problem (no te: the current “Medigap”program operates in this manner to some extent – a senior citizen has choice over all 10 of the Medigap plans for only a short period of time after they turn 65, after which they may be denied based on their health). Imagine a cohort of people turning age 65 and becoming eligible for the Medicare drug benefit. If the decision to enter (or exit) could be made every year, then healthy senior citizens would have a strong incentive to wait until they became unhealthy and needed drugs, and then enter the prescription drug program (presumably resulting in economic losses for the program). Similarly, when people who were collecting the prescription drug benefit became healthy, they would have a strong incentive to “opt-out” of the prog ram. By making the decision opt-in at the beginning or not at all, the healthy younger seniors are likely initially cross-subsidizing the older seniors. Note that this “opt-in at the beginning” works because bad health and older age are positively correlated with each other. If, for example, younger seniors used more drugs (and perhaps older seniors used more inpatient care, etc.), then older seniors could simply stop paying annual premiums and give up their option of being in the program. If this scenario held empirically, this would exacerbate the adverse selection problem and the opt-in scenario would not completely solve the adverse selection problem.6. The budget constraint initially has units of Medigap on the x-axis, and other goods on they-axis. Given initial prices of $1 per unit for each good, and $30,000 of income, the budget constraint has a slope of -1, and the intercepts on both axes are at 30,000 units. It is assumed that the initial utility maximizing bundle consumes 5,000 units of Medigap, hence the indifference curve is tangent at (5000,25000). All of this is illustrated in the figure below.Medigapefficiency units30,000 5,000After the “minimum Medigap” mandate, the consumer can either choose 0 units of Medigap or 8,000 or more units of Medigap. Thus, part of the budget constraint is eliminated (though the overall shape remains the same as before). After the mandate, the point (0,30000) is available, as well as all of the points to the southeast of the point (8000,22000). Clearly, the person’s utility must fall since the preferred choice, (5000,25000) is no longer available. If the person attains a higher level of utility as (0,30000) compared with (8000,22000), the person chooses to not purchase Medigap. In this case, the marginal rate of substitution is no longer equal to the price ratio. This is illustrated below.Medigapefficiency units30,000 5,000 8,000。
罗森财政学知识点
罗森财政学知识点【原创版】目录1.罗森财政学的基本概念2.罗森财政学的核心理论3.罗森财政学的应用实例4.罗森财政学的意义和影响正文1.罗森财政学的基本概念罗森财政学，是以美国经济学家罗森（Rosen）为代表的一种财政学理论。
它是公共财政学的一个重要分支，主要研究政府财政行为及其对经济的影响。
罗森财政学关注的核心问题是政府如何通过财政政策来实现社会公平与效率的平衡。
2.罗森财政学的核心理论罗森财政学的核心理论是“公共品与私人品的最优组合理论”。
该理论认为，政府和市场在提供公共品和私人品时各自有其优势，政府的职责是提供那些市场无法有效提供的公共品，如国防、教育、医疗等，而私人品则应由市场来提供。
通过政府与市场的有机结合，可以实现社会公平与效率的最优组合。
3.罗森财政学的应用实例罗森财政学理论在实际应用中有很多实例，如政府通过财政支出提供基础设施、教育、医疗等公共服务，以满足社会公平的需要；同时，政府通过税收政策调控市场经济的运行，保证经济的稳定与增长。
这些政策措施均体现了罗森财政学理论的核心思想。
4.罗森财政学的意义和影响罗森财政学理论对我国财政制度的改革和经济发展具有重要的指导意义。
首先，它为我国政府提供了一种理论依据，帮助政府明确财政职能，更好地实现公共服务与市场经济的有机结合。
其次，罗森财政学理论强调财政政策在实现社会公平与效率平衡方面的重要作用，为我国财政政策的制定和实施提供了有益启示。
最后，罗森财政学理论有助于我国经济学界深入研究公共财政领域的问题，推动财政学理论的发展。
总之，罗森财政学作为一种重要的财政学理论，对于我国财政制度的改革和经济发展具有重要的指导意义。
罗森财政学知识点
罗森财政学知识点
以下是一些可能的罗森财政学的知识点：
1. 罗森财政学的概念和基本原理：罗森财政学是由美国经济学家罗森于1956年首次提出的，主要研究政府在经济中的角色
和功能，以及公共财政的理论与实践。
2. 政府支出和税收：罗森财政学强调政府支出和税收的决策应基于经济效益分析，即政府应考虑公共财政项目的社会成本与社会收益。
3. 公共财政项目选择：罗森财政学认为，政府应选择那些能够提供最大社会效益的公共财政项目，而不仅仅是通过政府开支来满足需求。
4. 税收原则：罗森财政学提出了一些税收原则，如效率原则（税制应避免对经济行为造成扭曲）、公平原则（税收应按照个人或企业的能力来分摊）和简单易行原则（税制应简化且易于执行）。
5. 财政分权与分权理论：罗森财政学关注政府间的财政关系和权力分配，认为不同层级的政府应适应各自的财政能力和责任，以实现财政资源的合理配置和公共服务的优化。
6. 市场失灵与政府干预：罗森财政学研究了市场失灵的情况，即市场在提供公共产品和解决外部性等问题上存在局限。
在这些情况下，政府需要进行干预和调整，以修正市场的不完美。
这些只是一些罗森财政学的知识点示例，而实际上，罗森财政学的范围非常广泛，涉及诸多方面的理论和实践问题。
深入学习罗森财政学需要详细了解其相关的理论和研究领域。
(完整版)罗森财政学第七版(英文版)配套习题及答案Chap005
CHAPTER 5 - ExternalitiesMultiple-Choice Questions1.Reducing output from the privately optimal level to the socially optimal level willa)cause a loss of consumption to consumers.b)reduce marginal damages.c)reduce the production costs.d)cause all of the above.2.Marginal damages are hard to measure becausea)they can be generated from multiple sources.b)they are hard to graph.c)they happen over time.d)no one cares about them.3.In Figure 5.4, if the marginal damages line did not originate at 0,a)it would mean that marginal damages did not exist.b)there is no way to find MSC.c)MSC would not originate at the same intercept as MPC.d)then all of the above.4.Externalities can be positive becausea)marginal damages do not last over time.b)utility can be impacted positively as well as negatively.c)there is no concept for marginal benefit.d)positive externalities are subsidies.5.Refer to the graphs below. Which graph(s) represent(s) an externality?a)graph Ab)graphs A and Bc)graph Bd)neither graph A nor graph BA B6.Refer to Figure 5.7 in the textbook. What does it mean if all firms have to reduce to a point ?2*)*(X Z a)Firm X will reduce more than optimal.b)Firm Z will reduce less than optimal.c)The new point is between X* and Z*.d)All of the above.7.The Coase theorem has problems becausea)generally, bargaining costs are not zero.b)individuals are not concerned with others.c)markets always exist.d)all of the above.8.Pollution rights may be traded ifa)polluters try to hide pollution.b)administrators are uncertain about Pigouvian taxes.c)there is no market for pollution.d)pollution is harmless.9.Externalities can be produced by ____________, as well as ____________.a)individuals; firmsb)market prices; market incomesc)oceans; streamsd)none of the above10. A Pigouvian tax corrects fora)market congestion.b)market losses.c)inefficient sales.d)low market prices.11.Which of the following is correct?a)SMC = PMC - MDb)MPB = MSB + MEBc)SMC = PMC + MDd)MSC = MPBe)MSB =MSC + MPB12.Marginal benefits are downward sloping whena)there are no total benefits.b)the slope of the marginal benefits curve is negative.c)total benefits are increasing at a decreasing rate.d)marginal costs are upward sloping.13. A Pigouvian subsidya)can not exist with externalities.b)is the same thing as a Pigouvian tax.c)is measured in terms of Pigouvian dollars.d)moves production to the socially optimal level of output.14.As a general rule, zero pollution is not socially desirable becausea)there would be no production.b)the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) needs to have something to do.c)no pollution would lead to global warming.d)all of the above.15.Externalities require government intervention whena)violence will result between disputing parties.b)there are only a few sellers in the market.c)property rights are not clearly established.d)the government imposes sales taxes.e)all of the above.16.Which method helps in obtaining the socially optimal level of output?a)Pigouvian taxesb)regulationc)property rights and bargainingd)all of the above17.Marginal damagesa)must always be considered in social marginal costs.b)must not be considered in social marginal costs.c)must sometimes be considered in social marginal costs.d)have nothing to do with social marginal costs.Discussion Questions1.Suppose the factory Afro-Puffs Inc. produces wigs. As a by-product of this wigproduction, they also produce dangerous emissions of toxic gases (as a result of the strong glue used to hold the hair in place). The De-Lite car factory, down the road, experiences a negative externality from this production process. Suppose that the supply curve (private marginal costs) for the wig factory is X=(2/5)P- 2, and it faces a market demand of X d=15 - P/2. The marginal damages caused by the production of wigs can be written as X=P – 1/2.a.Find the equilibrium price and quantity in the market for wigs.b.Find the socially optimal level of wigs and the corresponding price.c.How much should the wig factory be taxed per wig?2. A steel factory has the right to discharge waste into a river. The waste reduces thenumber of fish, causing damage for swimmers. Let X denote the quantity of waste dumped. The marginal damage, denoted MD, is given by the equation MD = 2 + 5X.The marginal benefit (MB) of dumping waste is given by the equation MB = 34 – 3X.a.Calculate the efficient quantity of waste.b.What is the efficient fee, in dollars per unit of waste, that would cause the firm todump only an efficient quantity of waste?c.What would be the quantity dumped if the firm did not care about the fishery?3.The private marginal benefit for commodity X is given by 15 – X, where X is the numberof units consumed. The private marginal cost of producing X is constant at 10. In the absence of any government intervention, how much X is produced? What is the gain to society involved in moving from the inefficient to the efficient level of production?4.Consider the case of two farmers, Tony and Hakim, depicted in the figure below. Bothuse DDT (a chemical pesticide) for their crops. The use of DDT causes an externality for swimmers down river from the farms.a.Show the amount of pesticides used if each uses the privately optimal level ofpesticides.b.Show the amount of pesticides used if they are socially concerned.c.Why is a reduction back to X H = H T not socially desired?T H SMC(PMC+MB)PMCMB HMB/MCPesticidesMB T5.Redo discussion question 10, part a, from Chapter 5 in your book. Suppose emissions arelimited to 25 units per year instead of 50. How does your answer change?True/False/Uncertain Questions1.Externalities always work themselves out.2.Negative externalities cause loss of welfare not transmitted by market factors.3.Externalities can be positive, as well as negative.4. A subsidy for pollution not produced can induce producers to pollute at the efficientlevel.5.Pollution rights can be traded and are always efficient.6.Regulation helps to correct for externalities.7.Any commodity market has the potential to have an externality.8.Market-oriented solutions to externalities rarely work.9.For market efficiency, MSC must be equated to MSB.10.College education is an example of a positive externality.Essay Questions1.How do social conventions help in alleviating externalities without governmentintervention?2.How do you feel the U.S. has fared in its attempt to impose market forces to correctexternalities?3.List and discuss three problems that might arise when using the Coase theorem.。
罗森 财政学 第七版(英文版) 配套习题及答案Chap008
CHAPTER 8 – Expenditure Programs for the Poor Multiple-Choice Questions1. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)a) provides more income to those people on welfare.b) is a tax on low income workers.c) provides additional tax credits to low income workers.d) is a tax break for the wealthiest Americans.e) was eliminated by the Bush administration.2. The switch from AFDC to TANF took place ina) 1937.b) 1986.c) 1996.d) 1998.e) 2003.3. Social Security Income(SSI) is available for all, excepta) aged.b) immigrants.c) blind.d) disabled.4. A dollar reduction in benefits as a result of a dollar income from working is aa) 50% tax rate.b) 75% tax rate.c) 0% tax rate.d) 100% tax rate.5. Who is eligible to receive food stamps?a) poor families without childrenb) childless single menc) childless single womend) all of the abovee) a and c6. Voucher programs for housinga) provide rent vouchers for existing housing stock.b) are under utilized with a surplus of housing stock.c) provide down payment assistance to purchase homes.d) are known as Section 8.e) do none of the above.7. The Head Start programa) has been successful in fostering better levels of school attainment.b) began in 1965.c) provides preschool activities for 4 and 5 year old disadvantaged students.d) does all of the above.e) does none of the above.8. Enrollment in the Medicaid programa) is designed for those persons 65 years of age and older.b) has increased due to expanded eligibility.c) covers all medical expenses that a poor person may incur.d) requires a substantial co-payment that has not been helpful to poor families.9. Federal job training programsa) help provide job market skills to those in poverty.b) have been overwhelmingly effective in helping those in poverty.c) cost very little money per person participating.d) do all of the above.e) do none of the above.10. The group comprising the highest percentage of the poor isa) the disabled.b) elderly.c) male heads of households.d) children.11. The U nited States’ official measure of poverty is measured bya) only cash income.b) cash income and capital gains.c) only in-kind income.d) the imputed value of rent payments.12. Which is the largest cash transfer program for the poor?a) TANFb) Medicarec) SSId) Medicaide) Section 813. Under TANF, the time limit for receiving benefits during a lifetime isa) 12 years.b) 13 weeks.c) 60 months.d) 5 months.e) unlimited.14. Which group is not provided aid by Medicaid?a) elderlyb) blindc) disabledd) poore) none of the above15. All of the following are in-kind benefit programs, excepta) food stamps.b) Medicaid.c) energy assistance.d) SSI.Discussion Questions1. Consider a negative income tax. As discussed in your textbook, under the negativeincome tax, each person is entitled to a grant of G dollars per month. For every dollar the person earns, the grant is reduced by t dollars.a) Suppose G = 200 and t = 0.40. Consider an individual whose hourly wage is $10.There are 30 days in a month (so T is 720). Sketch the budget constraint beforeand after the introduction of a negative income tax.2. This question is similar to Question 1 of Chapter 8 in your textbook. In New York, awelfare recipient can earn $90 per month without having her benefits reduced. Beyond $90, benefits are reduced by 57 cents for every dollar of earnings. Consider Jackie, a resident of New York, who can earn $10 per hour. If she does not work at all, she is eligible for welfare benefits of $577.a) If she works 10 hours, how much are her work earnings, how much is her welfarebenefits, and how much is her total income?b) After Jackie works a certain number of hours, she does not receive any benefits atall. What is that number of hours?3. Suppose in a certain city the demand for low-cost housing can be characterized by theequation Q = 165 – P/2, where Q is housing measured in square feet. Further, suppose that supply is characterized by the equation: Q = P/2 – 1.a) How much consumer surplus is there?b) Suppose that a grant is given so that the supply of housing is increased. Thisincrease changes the supply curve to Q = P/2. How much does consumer surpluschange because of the grant?4. Return to Question 3 above. Suppose that the government feels that the grant is notenough and, in addition, imposes a price ceiling of $125. What will happen to consumer surplus? What are the drawbacks?5. A needy family consisting of a mother and three children currently receives cash benefitsthat average $12 per day. The mother of this family is allowed to earn an average of $4 per day before her benefits begin to decline. After that, for each dollar earned, cash benefits decline by 67 cents for each dollar earned. Assume that she can find work at $4 per hour.a) How many hours will she have to work per day before her benefits are eliminated? True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Under TANF, at least 50% of single mother recipients and 90% of two-parent familiesmust be working or in work preparation programs.2. Poor people who participate in job training programs are more successful in leavingpoverty.3. In 1990, 29% of the United States’ population was in poverty.4. Increasing the wage rate will cause people to work more.5. Crowding out can occur when public insurance crowds out private insurance.6. In 2002, 20.7% of blacks were classified as being in poverty.7. Medicaid is the most expensive program that the government runs that provides benefitsto the poor.8. The majority of government programs designed to help poor families consists of directcash payments.9. Workfare requires able-bodied individuals to participate in work-related activities inorder to receive transfer payments.10. Only about a quarter of the population eligible for housing subsidies actually receivesthem.Essay Questions1. Over the years, there have been many programs designed to help the poor. One of themore popular ones has been the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). What makes this program so popular?2. What are some of the drawbacks, as you see them, to a program like Workfare?3. One of the changes in the welfare system of the United States that occurred in 1996 was amove to block grants for states. What advantage(s) might a block grant system allow?Answers to CHAPTER 8 – Expenditure Programs for the PoorAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. c2. c3. b4. d5. d6. a7. d8. b9. a10. d11. a12. a13. c14. a15. dAnswers to Discussion Questions1.Consumption 200 670 7200 Wage=$10 720 Hours2. a) If Jackie works 10 hours at $10 per hour, she will have earned $100 fromworking. She gets to earn $90 before her benefits are reduced. She earned $10over that limit, so her benefits will be reduced to 577 – (0.57 * 10) = 571.3. Shewill have received in total $671.3.b) She would need to work 110.228 hours before benefits are completely eliminated.3. a) Setting supply equal to demand gives that Q* = 82 and P* = 166. Therefore,consumer surplus is (1/2)(164)(82) = 6,724.b) Setting the new supply curve equal to the original demand curve gives Q* = 82.5with P* = 165. Now consumer surplus is (1/2)(165)(82.5) = 6,806.25.4. Under the price ceiling scheme, consumer surplus is now found by 80(62.5) +(1/2)(125(62.5) = 8,906.25. The drawback is that there is a shortage now, as Q* supplied is only 62.5 instead of 82.5. Cash benefits decline by $0.67 per dollar earned after she earns $4. Benefits decline$.067 * $4 = $2.68 per hour worked after her first hour. Given that it would take 5.4776 hours, then her cash benefits will be eliminated.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. U3. F4. U5. T6. T7. T8. F9. T10. TAnswers to Essay Questions1. Unlike other programs, participants in EITC are working and contributing to society.The skills and contacts made through working helps in the efforts to keep these people from slipping further into poverty.2. Workfare requires a good deal of monitoring to ensure that participants are gaining skills.In addition, there have to be jobs available, which may not be the case. Some participants do not have the necessary education required for certain jobs and first need to concentrate on increasing their human capital regarding education.3. Since participants in different states face varying needs to help them escape poverty, anational program may be too restricting, and local control can design a program more suitable to their constituents.。
哈维罗森财政学笔记全英Chapter4
Chapter Four Public GoodsIn this chapter, we discuss the conditions under which public provision of commodities is appropriate. We should understand why markets may fail to provide particular goods at Pareto efficient levels.Public Goods DefinedNational defense is an example of pure public good, defined as follows:(1) Consumption of the good is nonrival-once it is provided, the additional resource cost of another person consuming the good is zero.(2) Consumption of the good is nonexcludable-to prevent anyone from consuming the good is either very expensive or impossible.In contrast, a private good is rival and excludable.Several aspects of our definition of public good are worth noting.(1)Even though everyone consumes the same quantity of the good, it need not be valued equally by all. People might differ over whether the value of certain public goods is positive or negative.(2) Classification as a public good is not an absolute; it depends on market conditions and the state of technology. It makes sense to think of "publicness" as a matter of degree. Consumption of an impure public good is to some extent rival or excludable.(3)A commodity can satisfy one part of the definition of a public good and not the other. That is, nonexcludability and nonrivalness do not have to go together.(4)Some things that are not conventionally thought of as commodities have public good characteristics. Consumption of honesty, fair income distribution and certain types of information is nonrival and nonexcludable, and therefore they are public goods.(5)Private goods are not necessarily provided exclusively by the private sector. There are many publicly provided private goods-rival and excludable commodities that are provided by governments. Medical services and housing are two examples. Similarly, public goods can be provided privately. In short, the label private or public does not by itself tell us anything about which sector provides the item.(6) Public provision of a good does not necessarily mean that it is also produced by the public sector. The local government may hire a private firm for the job and not organize production itself.Efficient Provision of Public GoodsPrivate goods: The process of creating a market demand curve by summing the quantities demanded by each individual at every price is called horizontal summation.The equilibrium in private goods market has a significant property: The allocation of commodities is Pareto efficient. As long as the market is competitive and functions properly, the First Welfare Theorem guarantees Pareto efficient(MRT af=MRS Adamaf =MRS Eveaf).1. Deriving the Efficiency ConditionIf the sum of individuals' willingness to pay for an additional unit of a public good exceeds its marginal cost, efficiency requires that the unit be purchased; otherwise, it should not. Efficiency requires that provision of a public good beexpanded until the point at which the sum of each person's marginal benefit for the last unit just equals the marginal cost.A public good must be consumed in equal amounts.Public goods: The process of creating an aggregate demand curve for a public good by adding the prices each individual is willing to pay for a given quantity of the good is called vertical summation .Note the symmetry between private and public goods. With a private good,everyone has the same MRS, but people can consume different quantities. Therefore, demands are summed horizontally over the differing quantities. For public goods, everyone consumes the same quantity, but people can have different MRSs. Vertical summation is required to find the group willingness to pay. Put another way, for standard private goods, everyone sees the same price and then people decide what quantity they want. For public goods, everyone sees the same quantity and people decide what price they are willing to pay.Prices can be interpreted in terms of marginal rates of substitution(MRS). Adam's marginal willingness to pay for rockets is his marginal rate ofsubstitution(MRS Adam ra), and Eve's marginal willingness to pay for rockets is her marginal rate of substitution(MRS Evera ). Therefore, the sum of the prices they arewilling to pay equals MRS Adam ra + MRS Evera . From the production standpoint, price stillrepresents the marginal rate of transformation, MRT ra. Hence, the equilibrium is characterized by the conditionMRS Adam ra + MRS Evera = MRT raFor a private good, efficiency requires that each individual have the samemarginal rate of substitution, and that this equal the marginal rate of transformation. For a pure public good, the sum of the marginal rates of substitution must equal the marginal rate of transformation.2. Problems in Achieving EfficiencyWhen a private good is exchanged in a competitive market, an individual has no incentive to lie about how much he or she values it.However, people may have incentives to hide their true preferences for a public good. Someone who lets other people pay while enjoying the benefits himself is known as a free rider . Hence, the market may fall short of providing the efficient amount of the public good. No automatic tendency exists for markets to attain the efficient allocation.Suppose the following two conditions hold: (1) the entrepreneur knows each person's demand curve for the public good; and (2) it is difficult or impossible to transfer the good from one person to another. Under these two conditions, the entrepreneur could charge each person an individual price based on his or her willingness to pay, a procedure known as perfect price discrimination .Perfect price discrimination may seem to be the solution but everybody'spreferences were unable to be known. If individual's demand curves were known, there would be no problem in determining the optimum provision in the first place. We conclude that even if a nonrival commodity is excludable, private provision is unlikely to be efficient.3. The Free Rider ProblemThe Privatization DebatePrivatization is the process of turning services that are supplied by the government over to the private sector for provision and/or production.1. Public versus Private ProvisionOver time, the mix between public and private provision has changed substantially. What is the right mix of public and private provision? To approach this question, think of publicly and privately provided goods as inputs into the production of some output that people desire. Assume that what ultimately matters to people is the level of output, not the particular inputs used to produce it. What criteria should be used to select the amount of each input? There are several considerations. Relative wage and materials costs The less expensive sector is to be preferred on efficiency grounds.Administrative costs Under public provision, any fixed administrative costs can be spread over a large group of people. The larger the community, the greater the advantage to being able to spread these costs.Diversity of tastes To the extent such diversity is present, private provision is more efficient because people can tailor their consumption to their own tastes. The benefits of diversity must be weighed against any possible increases in administrative costs.Distributional issues The idea that some commodities ought to be made available to everybody is called commodity egalitarianism.2. Public versus Private ProductionPeople can agree that certain items should be provided by the public sector, but still disagree over whether they should be produced publicly or privately. Part of the controversy stems from fundamental differences regarding the extent to which government should intervene in the economy. Part is due to differences of opinions about the relative costs of public and private production. Some argue that public sector managers do not have to worry about making profits or becoming the victims of takeovers or bankruptcy. Hence, public sector managers have little incentive to monitor the activities of their enterprises carefully.The central argument of opponents of private production is that private contractors produce inferior products.Incomplete Contracts A possible response to this criticism is that the government can simply write a contract with the private provider, completely specifying the quality of the service that the government wants. It is sometimes impossible to write a contract that is anywhere near being complete because one cannot specify in advance every possible contingency. In short, when the private sector cost is lower than in the public sector and relatively complete contracts can be written, a strongcase can be made for private production.Advocates of privatization believe that, even if it is impossible to write a complete contract, there are other mechanisms for getting private firms to refrain from engaging in inefficient cost reductions. Consumers can choose good suppliers. Reputation building may be important.Market Environment Public versus private ownership is less important than whether competition is present.Public Goods and Public ChoicePrivate markets are unlikely to generate pure public goods in Pareto efficient quantities. Some collective decision must be made regarding the quantity to be supplied. Sometimes there may be private substitutes for an impure publicly provided good, but community decision making is also needed in these cases, this time can choose the extent to which public provision will be used. The subjects of public goods and public choice(chapter 6) are closely linked.。
财政学罗森复习资料
财政学罗森复习资料财政学罗森复习资料财政学是经济学的一个重要分支，研究政府如何收入和支出的学科。
罗森是财政学领域的著名学者，他的研究成果对于我们理解财政学的基本原理和政府财政政策的制定具有重要意义。
在准备财政学考试复习资料时，罗森的相关著作是不可或缺的参考资料之一。
首先，我们可以从罗森的著作中了解财政学的基本概念和原理。
他对财政学的定义是：“财政学是研究政府如何通过收入和支出来影响经济活动的学科。
”这一定义揭示了财政学的核心内容，即政府通过税收和支出来调节经济活动，实现宏观经济目标。
接下来，我们可以深入研究罗森在财政学中的重要贡献之一，即公共财政理论。
他提出了一种新的方法来分析政府的收入和支出决策，即“公共财政的经济学分析”。
这一方法将政府视为一个经济主体，通过比较政府和私人部门的决策行为，揭示了政府干预经济的动机和效果。
在公共财政理论中，罗森还提出了一种重要的观点，即“财政外部性”。
他认为，政府的财政决策不仅影响政府自身，还会对整个社会产生外部性影响。
例如，政府的税收政策会影响企业的生产和消费决策，从而影响整个经济的运行。
这一观点对于我们理解政府财政政策的长期影响和社会福利的最大化具有重要启示。
此外，罗森的研究还深入探讨了政府支出的决策和效果。
他提出了“公共品”和“私人品”之间的区别，并分析了政府如何提供公共品以及如何通过税收来融资。
他还研究了政府支出对经济增长、资源配置和收入分配的影响，为我们理解政府支出政策的效果提供了有益的启示。
最后，我们还可以从罗森的著作中了解到一些实证研究和政策建议。
他通过对各国财政数据的分析，研究了不同国家的财政状况和政策效果。
他还提出了一些政策建议，如如何改革税收制度、如何提高政府支出的效率等，为我们理解和改进财政政策提供了重要的参考。
综上所述，财政学罗森复习资料是我们准备财政学考试的重要参考资料之一。
通过研究罗森的著作，我们可以深入理解财政学的基本概念和原理，掌握公共财政理论的核心观点，了解政府支出的决策和效果，以及掌握一些实证研究和政策建议。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）Unified budget:The document which itemizes all the federal government’s expenditures and revenues.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出的文件Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations管制预算：政府管制对经济产生的成本Entitlement programs: programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.公民权利性计划：（是指有关社会保障、公共福利计划、农产品价格维持等法律规定受益人和收益数额的政府支出项目）项目的成本不是由固定的美元数额来决定，而是由符合条件的人的数量决定。
Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应：是指一种商品价格的变化所引起的使消费者调整该种商品与其他商品需求量比例的效应。
Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmer’s income has changed收入效应：收入效应指由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。
Welfare economics: the branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states. 福利经济学：研究各种经济状态的社会合意性的经济理论的一个分支Pareto efficient : an allocation of resource such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率：要使一个人的境况变好，唯一的办法就是使另一个人的境况变坏Pareto improvement: a reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.对在不使其他任何人境况变坏的情况下使某人的境况变好的资源进行重新配置Pure public good : a commodity that is nonrival and nonexcludable in consumption.纯公共物品：指既没有排他性有没有竞争性的产品和服务Privatization ：the process of turning services that are supplied by the government over to the private sector for provision and production私有化：把由政府提供的服务交给私人部门去提供和生产Commodity egalitarianism : the idea that some commodities ought to be made available to everybody商品平均主义：要求某些商品人人有份Externality: an activity of one entity that affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism外部性：当某一实体的活动以市场机制之外的某种方式直接影响他人的福利时，这种影响称为外部性Coase theorem : provided that transaction costs are negligible ,an efficient solution to an externality problem is achieved as long as someone is assigned property rights independent of who is assigned those rights.科斯定理：认为只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的理论。
Emissions fee（排污费）: a tax levied on each unit of pollutionCost effective : a policy that achieves a given amount of pollution reduction at the lowest cost possible成本有效：一种以可能的最低成本实现的结果Cap-and-trade(总量控制与交易制度) : a policy of granting permits to pollute , with the number of permits set at the desired pollution level ,and allowing polluters to trade the permits .Incentive-based regulations(激励型管制) : policies that provide polluters with financial incentives to reduce pollutionCommand-and-control regulations（命令控制型管制）: policies that require a given amount of pollution reduction with limited or no flexibility with respect to how it may be achieved .Crowd out（排挤）: when public provision of a good substitutes for private provision of the good . in the presence of crowd out , when the government increases public education ,the net change in the amount of education is less than the amount provided by the government.Charter schools : public school that operate under special state government charters. Within limits established by their charters , these schools can experiment with a variety of approaches to education and gave some independence in making spending and hiring decisions.特许学校：特许学校属于公立学校，它们在政府特许的情况下，按国家标准办学，但教学有自由，在开支和雇佣方面也有一定的独立性。
School voucher : a voucher given to a family to help the family pay for tuition at any qualified school . the school redeems the voucher for cash .教育券：教育券是指政府把教育经费折算成一定数额的有价证券发给每位学生Social insurance programs（社会保险）: government programs that provide insurance to protect against adverse eventsInsurance premium（保险费）: money paid to an insurance company in exchange for a guarantee of compensation given a specified adverse event.Risk aversion（风险厌恶）: a preference for paying more than the actuarially fair premium in order to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs .Risk premium（风险溢价）: the amount above the actuarially fair premium that a risk-averse person is willing to pay to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs.Asymmetric information（不对称信息）: a situation in which one party engaged in an economic transaction has better information about the good or service traded than the other party.Adverse selection（逆向选择）: the phenomenon under which the uninformed side of a deal gets exactly the wrong people trading with it .由于信息不对称，保险公司得到的客户恰恰是有毛病的人Community rating （团体费率法）: the practice of charging uniform insurance premiums for pelple in different risk categories within a community , thus resulting in low-risk people subsidizing high-risk people.向某一由不同健康风险的个人组成的团体收取统一保费Moral hazard（道德风险）: when obtaining insurance against an adverse outcome leads to changes in behavior that increase the likelihood of the outcome.道德风险指在委托一代理关系中，代理人为了追求自身利益最大化而不惜损害委托人利益的行为Deadweight loss（无谓损失）: the waste that exists when trades occur in which marginal cost exceeds marginal benefit ,or when trades in which marginal benefit exceeds marginal cost do not take place .Third-party payment （第三方支付）: payment for services by someone other than the consumer .是指一些和国内外各大银行签约、并具备一定实力和信誉保障的第三方独立机构提供的交易支持平台Cost-based reimbursement or fee-for-service（按费用补偿制度或一次一付医疗费制度）: a system under which health care providers receive payment for all services required保单对包间提供者的支付都是以治疗病人的实际费用为基础的Managed care（管理保健）: any of a variety of health care arrangements in which prices are kept down by supply-side control of services offered and prices charged从市场的供给面而非需求面入手，即限制利用并降价的做法Capitation-based reimbursement （按人头补偿制）: a system in which health care providers receive annual payments for each patient in their care ,regardless of services actually used by that patient.保健提供者每年按服务的病人得到费用支付，而不管该病人实际接收的而医疗服务是多少Medicare（医疗保险）: federally funded government program that provides health insurance to people aged 65 and over and to the disabled .政府向65岁以上的老人和伤残人提供健康保险Medicaid （医疗补助）: federal – and state- financed health insurance program for the poor医疗补助是对低收入者的最大政府支出计划，为现金福利计划的受益者提供健康保险，由联邦政府和州政府共同管理Catastrophic insurance policy（灾难保单）: an insurance policy that has a high deductible and generous coverage for high medical costs.Fully funded（完全积累制）: a pension system in which an individual’s benefits are paid out deposits that have been made during his or her working life ,plus accumulated interest个人把新进的一定比列存入某种基金，随着时间推移该基金会积累利息，到退休时本金和应计利息用来支付退休金Pay-as-you-go（现收现付制）: a pension system in which benefits paid to current retirees come from payments made by current workers .退休者领取的养老金来自目前正在工作的人的缴款HI : hospital insurance（医院保险）：part A component of medicare that covers inpatient medical care and is founded through a payroll tax参加医院保险是强制的，它覆盖住院病人的医疗保险SMI: supplementary medical insurance（补充医疗保险）：part B component of medicare that covers physician services and medical services rendered outside the hospital and is funded by a monthly premium and by general revenues它对医院之外的医生、医生订购的用品及提供的医疗服务付费，补充医疗保险是资源的，。