信号与系统课后习题答案—第1章

合集下载

信号与系统 陈后金 第二版 课后习题答案(完整版)

信号与系统 陈后金 第二版 课后习题答案(完整版)

(1) f (t) = 3sin 2t + 6 sinπ t
(2) f (t) = (a sin t) 2
(8)
f
(k)
=
cos⎜⎛ ⎝
πk 4
⎟⎞ ⎠
+
sin⎜⎛ ⎝
πk 8
⎟⎞ ⎠

2
cos⎜⎛ ⎝
πk 2
⎟⎞ ⎠
解:(1)因为 sin 2t 的周期为π ,而 sin πt 的周期为 2 。
显然,使方程
−∞
0
2-10 已知信号 f (t) 的波形如题 2-10 图所示,绘出下列信号的波形。
f (t)
2
1
−1 0
t 2
题 2-10 图
(3) f (5 − 3t) (7) f ′(t) 解:(3)将 f (t) 表示成如下的数学表达式
(5) f (t)u(1 − t)
由此得
⎧2
f
(t)
=
⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩
f (t)u(1− t) 2
1
0.5
t
−1 0
1
(7)方法 1:几何法。由于 f (t) 的波形在 t = −1处有一个幅度为 2 的正跳变,所以 f ′(t) 在 此处会形成一个强度为 2 的冲激信号。同理,在 t = 0 处 f ′(t) 会形成一个强度为 1 的冲激信 号(方向向下,因为是负跳变),而在 0 < t < 2 的区间内有 f ′(t) = −0.5 (由 f (t) 的表达式可
第 1 页 共 27 页
《信号与系统》(陈后金等编)作业参考解答
(2)显然,该系统为非线性系统。 由于
T{f (t − t0 )}= Kf (t − t0 ) + f 2 (t − t0 ) = y(t − t0 )

信号与线性系统分析习题答案

信号与线性系统分析习题答案

信号与线性系统课后答案第一章 信号与系统(一)1-1画出下列各信号的波形【式中)()(t t t r ε=】为斜升函数。

(2)∞<<-∞=-t e t f t ,)( (3))()sin()(t t t f επ= (4))(sin )(t t f ε= (5))(sin )(t r t f = (7))(2)(k t f k ε= (10))(])1(1[)(k k f k ε-+= 解:各信号波形为 (2)∞<<-∞=-t e t f t ,)((3))()sin()(t t t f επ=(4))fεt=(sin)(t (5))tf=r(sin)(t(7))tf kε(k=(2)(10))f kεk-=(k+]()1(1[)1-2 画出下列各信号的波形[式中)()(t t t r ε=为斜升函数]。

(1))2()1(3)1(2)(-+--+=t t t t f εεε (2))2()1(2)()(-+--=t r t r t r t f(5))2()2()(t t r t f -=ε (8))]5()([)(--=k k k k f εε(11))]7()()[6sin()(--=k k k k f εεπ (12))]()3([2)(k k k f k---=εε 解:各信号波形为 (1))2()1(3)1(2)(-+--+=t t t t f εεε(2))2()1(2)()(-+--=t rt rt rtf(5))2()2()(ttrtf-=ε(8))]5()([)(--=k k k k f εε(11))]7()()[6sin()(--=k k k k f εεπ(12))]()3([2)(kkkf k---=εε1-3 写出图1-3所示各波形的表达式。

1-4 写出图1-4所示各序列的闭合形式表达式。

1-5 判别下列各序列是否为周期性的。

如果是,确定其周期。

信号与系统课后习题与解答第一章

信号与系统课后习题与解答第一章

信号与系统课后习题与解答第⼀章1-1 分别判断图1-1所⽰各波形是连续时间信号还是离散时间信号,若是离散时间信号是否为数字信号?图1-1图1-2解信号分类如下:--???--))(散(例见图数字:幅值、时间均离))(连续(例见图抽样:时间离散,幅值离散))(连续(例见图量化:幅值离散,时间))(续(例见图模拟:幅值、时间均连连续信号d 21c 21b 21a 21图1-1所⽰信号分别为(a )连续信号(模拟信号);(b )连续(量化)信号;(c )离散信号,数字信号;(d )离散信号;(e )离散信号,数字信号;(f )离散信号,数字信号。

1-2 分别判断下列各函数式属于何种信号?(重复1-1题所⽰问)(1))sin(t e at ω-;(2)nT e -;(3))cos(πn ;(4)为任意值)(00)sin(ωωn ;(5)221。

解由1-1题的分析可知:(1)连续信号;(2)离散信号;(3)离散信号,数字信号;(4)离散信号;(5)离散信号。

1-3 分别求下列各周期信号的周期T :(1))30t (cos )10t (cos -;(2)j10t e ;(3)2)]8t (5sin [;(4)[]为整数)(n )T nT t (u )nT t (u )1(0n n ∑∞=-----。

解判断⼀个包含有多个不同频率分量的复合信号是否为⼀个周期信号,需要考察各分量信号的周期是否存在公倍数,若存在,则该复合信号的周期极为此公倍数;若不存在,则该复合信号为⾮周期信号。

(1)对于分量cos (10t )其周期5T 1π=;对于分量cos (30t ),其周期15T 2π=。

由于5π为21T T 、的最⼩公倍数,所以此信号的周期5T π=。

(2)由欧拉公式)t (jsin )t (cos e t j ωωω+= 即)10t (jsin )10t (cos e j10t +=得周期5102T ππ==。

(3)因为[])16t (cos 2252252)16t (cos 125)8t (5sin 2-=-?=所以周期8162T ππ==。

信号与系统课后习题答案

信号与系统课后习题答案

习 题 一 第一章习题解答基本练习题1-1 解 (a) 基频 =0f GCD (15,6)=3 Hz 。

因此,公共周期3110==f T s 。

(b) )30cos 10(cos 5.0)20cos()10cos()(t t t t t f ππππ+==基频 =0f GCD (5, 15)=5 Hz 。

因此,公共周期5110==f T s 。

(c) 由于两个分量的频率1ω=10π rad/s 、1ω=20 rad/s 的比值是无理数,因此无法找出公共周期。

所以是非周期的。

(d) 两个分量是同频率的,基频 =0f 1/π Hz 。

因此,公共周期π==01f T s 。

1-2 解 (a) 波形如图1-2(a)所示。

显然是功率信号。

t d t f TP T TT ⎰-∞→=2)(21lim16163611lim 22110=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡++=⎰⎰⎰∞→t d t d t d T T T W(b) 波形如图1.2(b)所示。

显然是能量信号。

3716112=⨯+⨯=E J (c) 能量信号 1.0101)(lim101025=-===⎰⎰∞∞---∞→T t ttT e dt edt eE J(d) 功率信号,显然有 1=P W1-3 解 周期T=7 ,一个周期的能量为 5624316=⨯+⨯=E J 信号的功率为 8756===T E P W 1-5 解 (a) )(4)2()23(2t tt δδ=+; (b) )5.2(5.0)5.2(5.0)25(5.733-=-=----t e t e t et tδδδ(c) )2(23)2()3sin()2()32sin(πδπδπππδπ+-=++-=++t t t t 题解图1-2(a) 21题解图1-2(b) 21(d) )3()3()(1)2(-=----t e t t et δδε。

1-6 解 (a) 5)3()94()3()4(2-=+-=+-⎰⎰∞∞-∞∞-dt t dt t t δδ(b) 0)4()4(632=+-⎰-dt t t δ(c) 2)]2(2)4(10[)]42(2)4()[6(63632=+++-=+++-⎰⎰--dt t t dt t t t δδδδ(d)3)3(3)(3sin )(1010=⋅=⎰⎰∞-∞-dt t Sa t dt ttt δδ。

信号与系统课后习题答案—第1章

信号与系统课后习题答案—第1章

第1章 习题答案1-1 题1-1图所示信号中,哪些是连续信号?哪些是离散信号?哪些是周期信号?哪些是非周期信号?哪些是有始信号?解: ① 连续信号:图〔a 〕、〔c 〕、〔d 〕; ② 离散信号:图〔b 〕; ③ 周期信号:图〔d 〕; ④ 非周期信号:图〔a 〕、〔b 〕、〔c 〕; ⑤有始信号:图〔a 〕、〔b 〕、〔c 〕。

1-2 某系统的输入f(t)与输出y(t)的关系为y(t)=|f(t)|,试判定该系统是否为线性时不变系统。

解: 设T 为此系统的运算子,由条件可知: y(t)=T[f(t)]=|f(t)|,以下分别判定此系统的线性和时不变性。

① 线性1〕可加性不失一般性,设f(t)=f 1(t)+f 2(t),那么y 1(t)=T[f 1(t)]=|f 1(t)|,y 2(t)=T[f 2(t)]=|f 2(t)|,y(t)=T[f(t)]=T[f 1(t)+f 2(t)]=|f 1(t)+f 2(t)|,而|f 1(t)|+|f 2(t)|≠|f 1(t)+f 2(t)|即在f 1(t)→y 1(t)、f 2(t)→y 2(t)前提下,不存在f 1(t)+f 2(t)→y 1(t)+y 2(t),因此系统不具备可加性。

由此,即足以判定此系统为一非线性系统,而不需在判定系统是否具备齐次性特性。

2〕齐次性由条件,y(t)=T[f(t)]=|f(t)|,那么T[af(t)]=|af(t)|≠a|f(t)|=ay(t) 〔其中a 为任一常数〕即在f(t)→y(t)前提下,不存在af(t)→ay(t),此系统不具备齐次性,由此亦可判定此系统为一非线性系统。

② 时不变特性由条件y(t)=T[f(t)]=|f(t)|,那么y(t-t 0)=T[f(t-t 0)]=|f(t-t 0)|,即由f(t)→y(t),可推出f(t-t 0)→y(t-t 0),因此,此系统具备时不变特性。

依据上述①、②两点,可判定此系统为一非线性时不变系统。

信号与系统 人民邮电出版社 第二版第一章 课后答案

信号与系统 人民邮电出版社 第二版第一章 课后答案
w
w
w
.k hd
第一章 信号与系统的基本概念 习题
南京邮电大学 信号分析与信息处理教学中心
aw
信号与系统
2006.1
.c
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
om
.c

1 2 0
1-1 下列信号中哪些是周期信号,哪些是脉冲信号?哪 些是能量信号?哪些是功率信号它们的平均功率各为多 少? ω 0t ω 0t j (ω 0t +θ )
om

q
w
画系统 x (t ) q ∑ 模拟图:

15

y (t )
w
5
11
15
w
aw
) 1-23 已知某系统的数学模型为 y " ( t ) + a y ' ( t ) + a y ( t ) = b ' x ( t ) + b x ( t, 其模拟图如下,试导出微分方程中的系数 a1, a0 , b1, b0 与模拟图 与模拟 中的系数 α1,α0 , β1, β0的关系。 解:设辅助函数 q" x(t ) β0 β1 如图所示,则 q" = β 0 x + α 0 y + α1q' y (t ) q' q"
w
w
1 y ( t ) = {[[ x1( t ) + x2 ( t )]2 [[ x1( t ) x2 (t )]2 } 4 = x1(t ) x2 ( t )
.k hd
对所假设系统,有:
q(3) (t ) = x (t ) 5q" (t ) 11q' (t ) 15q(t )

信号与系统课后习题答案

信号与系统课后习题答案

f 2 (−1) (t) =
δ (t − 2) − δ (t − 3)
*
t ε e(−t+1) (t + 1)dt
−∞
= [δ (t − 2) − δ (t − 3)]* (1 − e−(t+1) )ε (t + 1)
= (1 − e−(t−2+1) )ε (t − 2 + 1) − (1 − e−(t−3+1) )ε (t − 3 + 1)
) − iL (t) − uC (t) R1
R2
状态方程为:
⎪⎪⎧u&C (t) ⎨
=
f (t) R1C

uC (t) R1C

iL (t) C
⎪⎪⎩i&L
(t)
=
uC
(t)
− R2iL L
(t)
1.17 写出题图 1.8 系统的输入输出方程。
解: (b)系统框图等价为:
⎧x′′(t) = f (t) − 3x′(t) − 2 y(t)
x2(0-)=1 时,y2(t)=4e-t-2e-3t,t≥0 则 x1(0-)=5,x2(0-)=3 时,系统的零输入响应: yx(t)=y(t)=5y1(t)+3y2(t)=22e-t 十 9e-3t,t≥0
1.22 在题 1.21 的基础上,若还已知 f(t)=ε(t),x1(0-)=0,x2(0-)=0 时,有 y(t)=2+e-t+2e-3t,t≥0 试求当 f(t)=3ε(t),x1(0-)=2,x2(0-)=5 时的系统响应 y(t)。 解: 记,f(t)=ε(t),x1(0-)=0,x2(0-)=0 时,系统响应 yf(t)=y(t)=2+e-t+2e-3t,t≥0 则当 f(t)=3ε(t),x1(0-)=2,x2(0-)=5 时的系统全响应 y(t)为: y(t)=3yf(t)+2y1(t)+5y2(t)

西南交大信号与系统第二版课后答案

西南交大信号与系统第二版课后答案

1口 7 -, 刀、歹L
2.25
CD CD
f(t) = IOcosl 11(1) 证明: J(t)关8(1-1。) =f(t-1。)
@ f(t) = e-''u(t) (?) f(t)
状态响应可以表示力
2.26
已知线性时不变系统的输入力f(t)'系统的阶跃响应力g(t)'试证明系统的零 汕) = Lf'(,!)g(t-,!)d儿 2.27 2.28 2.29 用MATLAB求题2.7的全响 应。 用MATLAB求题2. 9的零输入响应。 (此式称为杜阿美尔积分)
=
心Yx (/)=7e-'-5e-2'(t汃0)
(2)yx (1)=6e-'-(4+5/)e-3'(t;>O) CZ) /,(1)= te-'11(1) 3 @i,(1) = -e-2'sin(21)11(1) 2
2.11 2.12
CD /,(1)�(-2e-'+2e-")的)+ 0(1)
心yx (t)�ze-" -2e-" (1;;, O) I 5 8 3 y(t) � - 3 e- '+ 2e-" + 6
第1章信号与系统概述
习题1
心f(t)=cost+2 sin(2 兀t) @ f(t)=e _,, srn(2 亢I) (J) f(k)=sm(2忒) 心f(t)=cos( 兀 I) @ 1.2 1.1 判断 下列信号是否是周期信号。若是周期信号,则确定信号周期。 @ f(t)= costu(t) CZ) f(t)= sin(3 兀t)+cos(2 兀t) @八I)= sin'[

信号与系统课后习题参考答案

信号与系统课后习题参考答案

信号与系统课后习题参考答案1试分别指出以下波形就是属于哪种信号?题图1-11-2试写出题1-1图中信号得函数表达式。

1-3已知信号与波形如题图1-3中所⽰,试作出下列各信号得波形图,并加以标注。

题图1-3⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻⑼1-4已知信号与波形如题图1-4中所⽰,试作出下列各信号得波形图,并加以标注。

题图1-4⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻⑼1-5已知信号得波形如题图1-5所⽰,试作出信号得波形图,并加以标注。

题图1-51-6试画出下列信号得波形图:⑴⑵⑶⑷1-7试画出下列信号得波形图:⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹1-8试求出以下复变函数得模与幅⾓,并画出模与幅⾓得波形图。

⑴⑵⑶⑷1-9已知信号,求出下列信号,并画出它们得波形图。

1-10试作出下列波形得奇分量、偶分量与⾮零区间上得平均分量与交流分量。

题图1-101-11试求下列积分:⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹1-12试求下列积分:⑴⑵⑴(均为常数)⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻1-14如题图1-14中已知⼀线性时不变系统当输⼊为时,响应为。

试做出当输⼊为时,响应得波形图。

题图1-14 1-15已知系统得信号流图如下,试写出各⾃系统得输⼊输出⽅程。

题图1-151-16已知系统⽅程如下,试分别画出她们得系统模拟框图。

⑴⑵⑶1-17已知⼀线性时不变系统⽆起始储能,当输⼊信号时,响应,试求出输⼊分别为与时得系统响应。

第⼆章习题2-1试计算下列各对信号得卷积积分:。

⑴(对与两种情况)⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹2-2试计算下列各对信号得卷积与:。

⑴(对与两种情况)⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹2-3试计算下图中各对信号得卷积积分:,并作出结果得图形。

题图2-32-4试计算下图中各对信号得卷积与:,并作出结果得图形。

题图2-42-5已知,试求:⑴⑵⑶2-7系统如题图2-7所⽰,试求系统得单位冲激响应。

已知其中各⼦系统得单位冲激响应分别为:题图2-72-8设已知LTI 系统得单位冲激响应,试求在激励作⽤下得零状态响应。

2-9⼀LTI 系统如题图2-9所⽰,由三个因果LTI ⼦系统级联⽽成,且已知系统得单位样值响应如图中。

信号与系统课后答案

信号与系统课后答案

与奇分量的波形,相应如图题 1.12 中所示。
1-13 已知信号 f(t)的偶分量 fe(t)的波形如图题 1-13(a)所示, 信号 f(t+1)×U(-t-1)的波形如图题 1-13(b) 所示。求 f(t)的奇分量 fo(t),并画出 fo(t)的波形。
解 因
f (t ) = f e (t ) + f 0 (t )

t
−∞
δ (τ )dτ ,故根据现行系统的积分性有
y (t ) = ∫ h(τ (dτ = ∫ [δ (τ ) − δ (τ − 1) − δ (τ − 2) + δ (τ − 3)]dτ = u (t ) − u (t − 1) − u (t − 2) + u (t − 3)
1-2 已知各信号的波形如图题 1-2 所示,试写出它们各自的函数式。
解: f 1 (t ) = t[u (t ) − u (t − 1)] + u (t − 1)
f 2 (t ) = −(t − 1)[u (t ) − u(t − 1)]
f 3 (t ) = (t − 2)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 3)]
y 2 (t ) 的波形如图题 1.17(c)所示.
1-18 图题 1-18(a)所示为线性时不变系统,已知 h1(t)=δ(t)-δ(t-1), h2(t)=δ(t-2)-δ(t-3)。(1)求响 应 h(t); (2) 求当 f(t)=U(t)时的响应 y(t)(见图题 1-18(b))。
解(1) h(t ) = h1 (t ) − h2 (t ) = δ (t ) − δ (t − 1) − δ (t − 2) + δ (t − 3) (2) 因 f (t ) = u (t ) =

信号与系统奥本海姆第二版课后答案

信号与系统奥本海姆第二版课后答案

信号与系统 奥本海姆第二版 习题解答Department of Computer Engineering2005.12ContentsChapter 1 (2)Chapter 2 (17)Chapter 3 (35)Chapter 4 (62)Chapter 5 (83)Chapter 6 (109)Chapter 7 (119)Chapter 8 (132)Chapter 9 (140)Chapter 10 (160)Chapter 1 Answers1.1 Converting from polar to Cartesian coordinates:111cos 222j eππ==- 111c o s ()222j e ππ-=-=- 2cos()sin()22jj j eπππ=+=2c o s ()s i n ()22jjj eπππ-=-=- 522j jj eeππ==4c o s ()s i n ())144jjj πππ+=+9441j jj ππ=-9441j j j ππ--==-41jj π-=-1.2 055j=, 22j e π-=,233jj e π--=212je π--=, 41j j π+=, ()2221jj eπ-=-4(1)j je π-=, 411j je π+=-12e π-1.3. (a) E ∞=4014tdt e∞-=⎰, P ∞=0, because E ∞<∞ (b) (2)42()j t t x eπ+=, 2()1t x =.Therefore, E ∞=22()dt t x +∞-∞⎰=dt +∞-∞⎰=∞,P ∞=211limlim222()TTTTT T dt dt TTt x --→∞→∞==⎰⎰lim11T →∞=(c) 2()t x =cos(t). Therefore, E ∞=23()dt t x +∞-∞⎰=2cos()dt t +∞-∞⎰=∞, P ∞=2111(2)1lim lim 2222cos()TTTTT T COS t dt dt T Tt --→∞→∞+==⎰⎰(d)1[][]12nn u n x =⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭,2[]11[]4nu n n x =⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. Therefore, E ∞=24131[]4nn n x +∞∞-∞===⎛⎫∑∑ ⎪⎝⎭P ∞=0,because E ∞<∞.(e) 2[]n x =()28n j e ππ-+,22[]n x =1. therefore, E ∞=22[]n x +∞-∞∑=∞,P ∞=211limlim1122121[]NNN N n Nn NN N n x →∞→∞=-=-==++∑∑.(f) 3[]n x =cos 4nπ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. Therefore, E ∞=23[]n x +∞-∞∑=2cos()4n π+∞-∞∑=2cos()4n π+∞-∞∑,P ∞=1limcos 214nNN n NN π→∞=-=+⎛⎫∑ ⎪⎝⎭1cos()112lim ()2122NN n Nn N π→∞=-+=+∑ 1.4. (a) The signal x[n] is shifted by 3 to the right. The shifted signal will be zero for n<1, And n>7. (b) The signal x[n] is shifted by 4 to the left. The shifted signal will be zero for n<-6. And n>0. (c) The signal x[n] is flipped signal will be zero for n<-1 and n>2.(d) The signal x[n] is flipped and the flipped signal is shifted by 2 to the right. The new Signal will be zero for n<-2 and n>4.(e) The signal x[n] is flipped and the flipped and the flipped signal is shifted by 2 to the left. This new signal will be zero for n<-6 and n>0.1.5. (a) x(1-t) is obtained by flipping x(t) and shifting the flipped signal by 1 to the right. Therefore, x (1-t) will be zero for t>-2. (b) From (a), we know that x(1-t) is zero for t>-2. Similarly, x(2-t) is zero for t>-1, Therefore, x (1-t) +x(2-t) will be zero for t>-2. (c) x(3t) is obtained by linearly compression x(t) by a factor of3. Therefore, x(3t) will be zero for t<1.(d) x(t/3) is obtained by linearly compression x(t) by a factor of 3. Therefore, x(3t) will bezero for t<9.1.6(a) x1(t) is not periodic because it is zero for t<0.(b) x2[n]=1 for all n. Therefore, it is periodic with a fundamental period of 1.(c) x3[n1.7. (a)()1[]vnxε={}1111[][]([][4][][4])22n n u n u n u n u nx x+-=--+----Therefore, ()1[]vnxεis zero for1[]nx>3.(b) Since x1(t) is an odd signal, ()2[]vnxεis zero for all values of t.(c)(){}11311[][][][3][3]221122vn nn n n u n u nx x xε-⎡⎤⎢⎥=+-=----⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭Therefore, ()3[]vnxεis zero when n<3 and when n→∞.(d) ()1554411()(()())(2)(2)22vt tt t t u t u tx x x e eε-⎡⎤=+-=---+⎣⎦Therefore, ()4()vtxεis zero only when t→∞.1.8. (a) ()01{()}22cos(0)tt tx eπℜ=-=+(b) ()02{()}cos()cos(32)cos(3)cos(30)4tt t t tx eππℜ=+==+(c) ()3{()}sin(3)sin(3)2t tt t tx e eππ--ℜ=+=+(d) ()224{()}sin(100)sin(100)cos(100)2t t tt t t tx e e eππ---ℜ=-=+=+1.9. (a)1()tx is a periodic complex exponential.101021()j t j tt jx e eπ⎛⎫+⎪⎝⎭==(b)2()tx is a complex exponential multiplied by a decaying exponential. Therefore,2()tx is not periodic.(c)3[]nx is a periodic signal. 3[]n x=7j neπ=j neπ.3[]nx is a complex exponential with a fundamental period of 22ππ=.(d)4[]nx is a periodic signal. The fundamental period is given by N=m(23/5ππ)=10().3mBy choosing m=3. We obtain the fundamental period to be 10.(e)5[]nx is not periodic. 5[]nx is a complex exponential with 0w=3/5. We cannot find any integer m such that m(2wπ) is also an integer. Therefore,5[]nxis not periodic.1.10. x(t)=2cos(10t+1)-sin(4t-1)Period of first term in the RHS =2105ππ=.Period of first term in the RHS =242ππ=.Therefore, the overall signal is periodic with a period which the least commonmultiple of the periods of the first and second terms. This is equal toπ.1.11. x[n] = 1+74j n e π−25j n e πPeriod of first term in the RHS =1. Period of second term in the RHS =⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛7/42π=7 (when m=2)Period of second term in the RHS =⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛5/22ππ=5 (when m=1)Therefore, the overall signal x[n] is periodic with a period which is the least common Multiple of the periods of the three terms inn x[n].This is equal to 35.1.12. The signal x[n] is as shown in figure S1.12. x[n] can be obtained by flipping u[n] and thenShifting the flipped signal by 3 to the right. Therefore, x[n]=u[-n+3]. This implies that M=-1 and no=-3.1.13y (t)=⎰∞-tdt x )(τ =dt t))2()2((--+⎰∞-τδτδ=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>≤≤--<2,022,12,0,t t tTherefore ⎰-==∞224d t E∑∑∞-∞=∞-∞=----=k k k t k t t g 12(3)2(3)(δδ)This implies that A 1=3, t 1=0, A 2=-3, and t 2=1.1.15 (a) The signal x 2[n], which is the input to S 2, is the same as y 1[n].Therefore ,y 2[n]= x 2[n-2]+21x 2[n-3] = y 1[n-2]+ 21y 1[n-3]=2x 1[n-2] +4x 1[n-3] +21( 2x 1[n-3]+ 4x 1[n-4]) =2x 1[n-2]+ 5x 1[n-3] + 2x 1[n-4] The input-output relationship for S isy[n]=2x[n-2]+ 5x [n-3] + 2x [n-4](b) The input-output relationship does not change if the order in which S 1and S 2 are connected series reversed. . We can easily prove this assuming that S 1 follows S 2. In this case , the signal x 1[n], which is the input to S 1 is the same as y 2[n].Therefore y 1[n] =2x 1[n]+ 4x 1[n-1]= 2y 2[n]+4 y 2[n-1]=2( x 2[n-2]+21 x 2[n-3] )+4(x 2[n-3]+21x 2[n-4]) =2 x 2[n-2]+5x 2[n-3]+ 2 x 2[n-4]The input-output relationship for S is once againy[n]=2x[n-2]+ 5x [n-3] + 2x [n-4]1.16 (a)The system is not memory less because y[n] depends on past values of x[n].(b)The output of the system will be y[n]= ]2[][-n n δδ=0(c)From the result of part (b), we may conclude that the system output is always zero for inputs of the form ][k n -δ, k ∈ ґ. Therefore , the system is not invertible .1.17 (a) The system is not causal because the output y(t) at some time may depend on future values of x(t). For instance , y(-π)=x(0).(b) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1(t)and x 2(t).x 1(t) →y 1(t)= x 1(sin(t)) x 2(t) → y 2(t)= x 2(sin(t))Let x 3(t) be a linear combination of x 1(t) and x 2(t).That is , x 3(t)=a x 1(t)+b x 2(t)Where a and b are arbitrary scalars .If x 3(t) is the input to the given system ,then the corresponding output y 3(t) is y 3(t)= x 3( sin(t))=a x 1(sin(t))+ x 2(sin(t)) =a y 1(t)+ by 2(t)Therefore , the system is linear.1.18.(a) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1[n]and x 2[n].x 1[n] → y 1[n] =][01k x n n n n k ∑+-=x 2[n ] → y 2[n] =][02k x n n n n k ∑+-=Let x 3[n] be a linear combination of x 1[n] and x 2[n]. That is :x 3[n]= ax 1[n]+b x 2[n]where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3[n] is the input to the given system, then the corresponding outputy 3[n] is y 3[n]=][03k x n n n n k ∑+-==])[][(2100k bx k ax n n n n k +∑+-==a ][001k x n n n n k ∑+-=+b ][02k x n n n n k ∑+-== ay 1[n]+b y 2[n]Therefore the system is linear.(b) Consider an arbitrary input x 1[n].Lety 1[n] =][01k x n n n n k ∑+-=be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x 2[n] obtained by shifting x 1[n] in time:x 2[n]= x 1[n-n 1]The output corresponding to this input isy 2[n]=][02k x n n n n k ∑+-== ]n [1100-∑+-=k x n n n n k = ][01011k x n n n n n n k ∑+---=Also note that y 1[n- n 1]=][01011k x n n n n n n k ∑+---=.Therefore , y 2[n]= y 1[n- n 1] This implies that the system is time-invariant.(c) If ][n x <B, then y[n]≤(2 n 0+1)B. Therefore ,C ≤(2 n 0+1)B.1.19 (a) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1(t) and x 2(t). x 1(t) → y 1(t)= t 2x 1(t-1)x 2(t) → y 2(t)= t 2x 2(t-1)Let x 3(t) be a linear combination of x 1(t) and x 2(t).That is x 3(t)=a x 1(t)+b x 2(t)where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3(t) is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output y 3(t) is y 3(t)= t 2x 3 (t-1)= t 2(ax 1(t-1)+b x 2(t-1))= ay 1(t)+b y 2(t)Therefore , the system is linear.(ii) Consider an arbitrary inputs x 1(t).Let y 1(t)= t 2x 1(t-1)be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x 2(t) obtained by shifting x 1(t) in time:x 2(t)= x 1(t-t 0)The output corresponding to this input is y 2(t)= t 2x 2(t-1)= t 2x 1(t- 1- t 0)Also note that y 1(t-t 0)= (t-t 0)2x 1(t- 1- t 0)≠ y 2(t) Therefore the system is not time-invariant.(b) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1[n]and x 2[n]. x 1[n] → y 1[n] = x 12[n-2]x 2[n ] → y 2[n] = x 22[n-2].Let x 3(t) be a linear combination of x 1[n]and x 2[n].That is x 3[n]= ax 1[n]+b x 2[n]where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3[n] is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output y 3[n] is y 3[n] = x 32[n-2]=(a x 1[n-2] +b x 2[n-2])2=a 2x 12[n-2]+b 2x 22[n-2]+2ab x 1[n-2] x 2[n-2]≠ ay 1[n]+b y 2[n]Therefore the system is not linear.(ii) Consider an arbitrary input x 1[n]. Let y 1[n] = x 12[n-2]be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x 2[n] obtained by shifting x 1[n] in time:x 2[n]= x 1[n- n 0]The output corresponding to this input isy 2[n] = x 22[n-2].= x 12[n-2- n 0]Also note that y 1[n- n 0]= x 12[n-2- n 0] Therefore , y 2[n]= y 1[n- n 0] This implies that the system is time-invariant.(c) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1[n]and x 2[n].x 1[n] →y 1[n] = x 1[n+1]- x 1[n-1] x 2[n ]→y 2[n] = x 2[n+1 ]- x 2[n -1]Let x 3[n] be a linear combination of x 1[n] and x 2[n]. That is :x 3[n]= ax 1[n]+b x 2[n]where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3[n] is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output y 3[n] is y 3[n]= x 3[n+1]- x 3[n-1]=a x 1[n+1]+b x 2[n +1]-a x 1[n-1]-b x 2[n -1]=a(x 1[n+1]- x 1[n-1])+b(x 2[n +1]- x 2[n -1])= ay 1[n]+b y 2[n]Therefore the system is linear.(ii) Consider an arbitrary input x 1[n].Let y 1[n]= x 1[n+1]- x 1[n-1]be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x 2[n] obtained by shifting x 1[n] in time: x 2[n]= x 1[n-n 0]The output corresponding to this input isy 2[n]= x 2[n +1]- x 2[n -1]= x 1[n+1- n 0]- x 1[n-1- n 0] Also note that y 1[n-n 0]= x 1[n+1- n 0]- x 1[n-1- n 0] Therefore , y 2[n]= y 1[n-n 0] This implies that the system is time-invariant.(d) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1(t) and x 2(t).x 1(t) → y 1(t)= d O {}(t) x 1 x 2(t) → y 2(t)= {}(t) x 2d OLet x 3(t) be a linear combination of x 1(t) and x 2(t).That is x 3(t)=a x 1(t)+b x 2(t)where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3(t) is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output y 3(t) is y 3(t)= d O {}(t) x 3={}(t) x b +(t) ax 21d O=a d O {}(t) x 1+b {}(t) x 2d O = ay 1(t)+b y 2(t)Therefore the system is linear.(ii) Consider an arbitrary inputs x 1(t).Lety 1(t)= d O {}(t) x 1=2)(x -(t) x 11t -be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x 2(t) obtained by shifting x 1(t) in time:x 2(t)= x 1(t-t 0)The output corresponding to this input isy 2(t)= {}(t) x 2d O =2)(x -(t) x 22t -=2)(x -)t -(t x 0101t t --Also note that y 1(t-t 0)= 2)(x -)t -(t x 0101t t --≠ y 2(t)Therefore the system is not time-invariant.1.20 (a) Givenx )(t =jt e 2 y(t)=t j e 3x )(t =jt e 2- y(t)=t j e 3- Since the system liner+=tj e t x 21(2/1)(jt e 2-))(1t y =1/2(tj e 3+tj e 3-)Thereforex 1(t)=cos(2t))(1t y =cos(3t)(b) we know thatx 2(t)=cos(2(t-1/2))= (j e -jte 2+je jt e 2-)/2Using the linearity property, we may once again writex 1(t)=21( j e -jt e 2+j e jte 2-))(1t y =(j e -jt e 3+je jte 3-)= cos(3t-1)Therefore,x 1(t)=cos(2(t-1/2)))(1t y =cos(3t-1)1.21.The signals are sketched in figure S1.21.1.24 The even and odd parts are sketched in Figure S1.24 1.25 (a) periodic period=2π/(4)= π/2 (b) periodic period=2π/(4)= 2(c) x(t)=[1+cos(4t-2π/3)]/2. periodic period=2π/(4)= π/2 (d) x(t)=cos(4πt)/2. periodic period=2π/(4)= 1/2 (e) x(t)=[sin(4πt)u(t)-sin(4πt)u(-t)]/2. Not period. (f) Not period.1.26 (a) periodic, period=7.(b) Not period.(c) periodic, period=8.(d) x[n]=(1/2)[cos(3πn/4+cos(πn/4)). periodic, period=8. (e) periodic, period=16. 1.27 (a) Linear, stable(b) Not period. (c) Linear(d) Linear, causal, stable(e) Time invariant, linear, causal, stable (f) Linear, stable(g) Time invariant, linear, causal 1.28 (a) Linear, stable(b) Time invariant, linear, causal, stable (c)Memoryless, linear, causal (d) Linear, stable (e) Linear, stable(f) Memoryless, linear, causal, stable (g) Linear, stable1.29 (a) Consider two inputs to the system such that[][][]{}111.S e x n y n x n −−→=ℜand [][][]{}221.Se x n y n x n −−→=ℜNow consider a third inputx3[n]=x2[n]+x 1[n]. The corresponding system outputWill be [][]{}[][]{}[]{}[]{}[][]33121212e e e e y n x n x n x n x n x n y n y n ==+=+=+ℜℜℜℜtherefore, we may conclude that the system is additive Let us now assume that inputs to the system such that [][][]{}/4111.Sj e x n y n e x n π−−→=ℜand[][][]{}/4222.Sj e x n y n e x n π−−→=ℜNow consider a third input x 3 [n]= x 2 [n]+ x 1 [n]. The corresponding system outputWill be[][]{}()[]{}()[]{}()[]{}()[]{}()[]{}()[]{}[]{}[]{}[][]/433331122/4/41212cos /4sin /4cos /4sin /4cos /4sin /4j e m e m e m e j j e e y n e x n n x n n x n n x n n x n n x n n x n e x n e x n y n y n πππππππππ==-+-+-=+=+ℜℜI ℜI ℜI ℜℜ therefore, we may conclude that the system is additive (b) (i) Consider two inputs to the system such that()()()()211111Sdx t x t y t x t dt ⎡⎤−−→=⎢⎥⎣⎦and ()()()()222211S dx t x t y t x t dt ⎡⎤−−→=⎢⎥⎣⎦ Now consider a third input x3[t]=x2[t]+x 1[t]. The corresponding system outputWill be()()()()()()()()()2333211111211dx t y t x t dt d x t x t x t x t dt y t y t ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦⎡⎤+⎡⎤⎣⎦=⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎣⎦≠+ therefore, we may conclude that the system is not additiveNow consider a third input x 4 [t]= a x 1 [t]. The corresponding system output Will be()()()()()()()()2444211211111dx t y t x t dt d ax t ax t dt dx t a x t dt ay t ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦⎡⎤⎡⎤⎣⎦=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦=Therefore, the system is homogeneous.(ii) This system is not additive. Consider the fowling example .Let δ[n]=2δ[n+2]+2δ[n+1]+2δ[n] andx2[n]=δ[n+1]+ 2δ[n+1]+ 3δ[n]. The corresponding outputs evaluated at n=0 are [][]120203/2y andy ==Now consider a third input x 3 [n]= x 2 [n]+ x 1 [n].= 3δ[n+2]+4δ[n+1]+5δ[n]The corresponding outputs evaluated at n=0 is y 3[0]=15/4. Gnarly, y 3[0]≠ ]0[][21y y n +.This[][][][][]444442,1010,x n x n x n y n x n otherwise ⎧--≠⎪=-⎨⎪⎩[][][][][][]4445442,1010,x n x n ax n y n ay n x n otherwise ⎧--≠⎪==-⎨⎪⎩Therefore, the system is homogenous.1.30 (a) Invertible. Inverse system y(t)=x(t+4)(b)Non invertible. The signals x(t) and x 1(t)=x(t)+2πgive the same output (c) δ[n] and 2δ[n] give the same output d) Invertible. Inverse system; y(t)=dx(t)/dt(e) Invertible. Inverse system y(n)=x(n+1) for n ≥0 and y[n]=x[n] for n<0 (f) Non invertible. x (n) and –x(n) give the same result (g)Invertible. Inverse system y(n)=x(1-n) (h) Invertible. Inverse system y(t)=dx(t)/dt(i) Invertible. Inverse system y(n) = x(n)-(1/2)x[n-1] (j) Non invertible. If x(t) is any constant, then y(t)=0 (k) δ[n] and 2δ[n] result in y[n]=0 (l) Invertible. Inverse system: y(t)=x(t/2)(m) Non invertible x 1 [n]= δ[n]+ δ[n-1]and x 2 [n]= δ[n] give y[n]= δ[n] (n) Invertible. Inverse system: y[n]=x[2n]1.31 (a) Note that x 2[t]= x 1 [t]- x 1 [t-2]. Therefore, using linearity we get y 2 (t)= y 1 (t)- y 1 (t-2).this is shown in Figure S1.31(b)Note that x3 (t)= x1 [t]+ x1 [t+1]. .Therefore, using linearity we get Y3 (t)= y1 (t)+ y1 (t+2). this is2(4) y 2(t) periodic, period T; x(t) periodic, period T/2;1.33(1) True x[n]=x[n+N ]; y 1 (n)= y 1 (n+ N 0)i.e. periodic with N 0=n/2if N is even and with period N 0=n if N is odd.(2)False. y 1 [n] periodic does no imply x[n] is periodic i.e. Let x[n] = g[n]+h[n] where0,1,[][]0,(1/2),nn even n even g n and h n n odd n odd⎧⎧==⎨⎨⎩⎩ Then y 1 [n] = x [2n] is periodic but x[n] is clearly not periodic. (3)True. x [n+N] =x[n]; y 2 [n+N 0] =y 2 [n] where N 0=2N (4) True. y 2 [n+N] =y 2 [n]; y 2 [n+N 0 ]=y 2 [n] where N 0=N/2 1.34. (a) ConsiderIf x[n] is odd, x[n] +x [-n] =0. Therefore, the given summation evaluates to zero. (b) Let y[n] =x 1[n]x 2[n] .Theny [-n] =x 1[-n] x 2[-n] =-x 1[n]x 2[n] =-y[n]. This implies that y[n] is odd.(c)ConsiderUsing the result of part (b), we know that x e [n]x o [n] is an odd signal .Therefore, using the result of part (a) we may conclude thatTherefore,(d)ConsiderAgain, since x e (t) x o (t) is odd,Therefore,1.35. We want to find the smallest N 0 such that m(2π /N) N 0 =2πk or N 0 =kN/m,{}1[][0][][]n n x n x x n x n ∞∞=-∞==++-∑∑22[][]e o n n n n x x ∞∞=-∞=-∞=+∑∑222[][][]e on n n n n n x x x∞∞∞=-∞=-∞=-∞==+∑∑∑2[][]0eon n n x x ∞=-∞=∑222[][][].e on n n n n n xx x ∞∞∞=-∞=-∞=-∞==+∑∑∑2220()()()2()().eoet dt t dt t dt t t dt x x x x x ∞∞∞∞-∞-∞-∞-∞=++⎰⎰⎰⎰0()()0.et t dt x x ∞-∞=⎰222()()().e ot dt t dt t dt xx x ∞∞∞-∞-∞-∞=+⎰⎰⎰()()()()()().xy yx t x t y d y t x d t φττττττφ∞-∞∞-∞=+=-+=-⎰⎰where k is an integer, then N must be a multiple of m/k and m/k must be an integer .this implies that m/k is a divisor of both m and N .Also, if we want the smallest possible N 0, then m/k should be the GCD of m and N. Therefore, N 0=N/gcd(m,N). 1.36.(a)If x[n] is periodic0(),0..2/j n N T o e where T ωωπ+= This implies that022o T kNT k T T Nππ=⇒==a rational number . (b)T/T 0 =p/q then x[n] =2(/)j n p q e π,The fundamental period is q/gcd(p,q) and the fundmental frequencyis(c) p/gcd(p,q) periods of x(t) are needed .1.37.(a) From the definition of ().xy t φWe havepart(a) that()().xx xx t t φφ=-This implies that()xy t φis(b) Note from even .Therefore,the odd part of().xx t φis zero.(c) Here, ()().xy xx t t T φφ=-and ()().yy xx t t φφ= 1.38.(a) We know that /22(2)().t t δδ=ThereforeThis implies that1(2)().2t t δδ=(b)The plot are as shown in Figure s3.18. 1.39 We havelim ()()lim (0)()0.u t t u t δδ→→==Also,0022gcd(,)gcd(,)gcd(,)gcd(,).T pp q p q p q p q q p q p pωωππ===/21lim (2)lim ().2t t δδ→∞→∞=01lim ()()().2u t t t δδ→=u Δ'(t ) 1 1/2Δ/2-Δ/2t 0tu Δ'(t )12Δ t 0tu Δ'(t ) 1 1/2Δ-Δttu Δ'(t )1 1/2Δ-Δt 0t⎰⎰∞∞∞--=-=0)()()()()(ττδτττδτd t u d t u t gTherefore,0,0()1,00t g t t undefined for t >⎧⎪=<⎨⎪=⎩()0()()()t u t t δττδτδτ-=-=-1.40.(a) If a system is additive ,then also, if a system is homogeneous,then(b) y(t)=x 2(t) is such a systerm . (c) No.For example,consider y(t) ()()ty t x d ττ-∞=⎰with ()()(1).x t u t u t =--Then x(t)=0for t>1,but y(t)=1 for t>1.1.41. (a) y[n]=2x[n].Therefore, the system is time invariant.(b) y[n]=(2n-1)x[n].This is not time-invariant because y[n- N 0]≠(2n-1)2x [n- N 0]. (c) y[n]=x[n]{1+(-1)n +1+(-1)n-1}=2x[n].Therefore, the system is time invariant .1.42.(a) Consider two system S 1 and S 2 connected in series .Assume that if x 1(t) and x 2(t) arethe inputs to S 1..then y 1(t) and y 2(t) are the outputs.respectively .Also,assume thatif y 1(t) and y 2(t) are the input to S 2 ,then z 1(t) and z 2(t) are the outputs, respectively . Since S 1 is linear ,we may write()()()()11212,s ax t bx t ay t by t +→+where a and b are constants. Since S 2 is also linear ,we may write()()()()21212,s ay t by t az t bz t +→+We may therefore conclude that)()()()(212121t b t a t b t a z z x x s s +−→−+Therefore ,the series combination of S 1 and S 2 is linear. Since S 1 is time invariant, we may write()()11010s x t T y t T -→-and()()21010s y t T z t T -→-Therefore,()()121010s s x t T z t T -→-Therefore, the series combination of S 1 and S 2 is time invariant.(b) False, Let y(t)=x(t)+1 and z(t)=y(t)-1.These corresponds to two nonlinear systems. If these systems are connected in series ,then z(t)=x(t) which is a linear system.00.()().00x t y t =→=0()()()()0x t x t y t y t =-→-=(c) Let us name the output of system 1 as w[n] and the output of system 2 as z[n] .Then11[][2][2][21][22]24y n z n w n w n w n ==+-+-[][][]241121-+-+=n x n x n xThe overall system is linear and time-invariant.1.43. (a) We have())(t y t x s−→−Since S is time-invariant.())(T t y T t x s-−→−-Now if x (t) is periodic with period T. x{t}=x(t-T). Therefore, we may conclude that y(t)=y(t-T).This impliesthat y(t) is also periodic with T .A similar argument may be made in discrete time . (b)1.44 (a) Assumption : If x(t)=0 for t<t 0 ,then y(t)=0 for t< t 0.To prove That : The system is causal.Let us consider an arbitrary signal x 1(t) .Let us consider another signal x 2(t) which is the same as x 1(t)fort< t 0. But for t> t 0 , x 2(t) ≠x 1(t),Since the system is linear,()()()()1212,x t x t y t y t -→-Since ()()120x t x t -=for t< t 0 ,by our assumption =()()120y t y t -=for t< t 0 .This implies that()()12y t y t =for t< t 0 . In other words, t he output is not affected by input values for 0t t ≥. Therefore, thesystem is causal .Assumption: the system is causal . To prove that :If x(t)=0 for t< t 0 .then y(t)=0 for t< t 0 .Let us assume that the signal x(t)=0 for t< t 0 .Then we may express x(t) as ()()12()x t x t x t =-, Where()()12x t x t = for t< t 0 . the system is linear .the output to x(t) will be()()12()y t y t y t =-.Now ,since the system is causal . ()()12y t y t = for t< t 0 .implies that()()12y t y t = for t< t 0 .Therefore y(t)=0 for t< t 0 .(b) Consider y(t)=x(t)x(t+1) .Now , x(t)=0 for t< t 0 implies that y(t)=0 for t< t 0 .Note that the system is nonlinear and non-causal .(c) Consider y(t)=x(t)+1. the system is nonlinear and causal .This does not satisfy the condition of part(a). (d) Assumption: the system is invertible. To prove that :y[n]=0 for all n only if x[n]=0 for all n . Consider[]0[]x n y n =→. Since the system is linear :2[]02[]x n y n =→.Since the input has not changed in the two above equations ,we require that y[n]= 2y[n].This implies that y[n]=0. Since we have assumed that the system is invertible , only one input could have led to this particular output .That input must be x[n]=0 .Assumption: y[n]=0 for all n if x[n]=0 for all n . To prove that : The system is invertible . Suppose that11[][]x n y n → and21[][]x n y n →Since the system is linear ,1212[][][][]0x n x n y n y n -=→-=By the original assumption ,we must conclude that 12[][]x n x n =.That is ,any particular y 1[n] can be produced that by only one distinct input x 1[n] .Therefore , the system is invertible. (e) y[n]=x 2[n]. 1.45. (a) Consider ,()111()()shx x t y t t φ→= and()222()()shx x t y t t φ→=.Now, consider ()()()312x t ax t bx t =+. The corresponding system output will be()()12331212()()()()()()()()()hx hx y t x h t d a x h t d b x t h t d a t b t ay t by t ττττττττφφ∞-∞∞∞-∞-∞=+=+++=+=+⎰⎰⎰Therefore, S is linear .Now ,consider x 4(t)=x 1(t-T).The corresponding system output will be()14411()()()()()()()hx y t x h t d x T h t d x h t T d t T τττττττττφ∞-∞∞-∞∞-∞=+=-+=++=+⎰⎰⎰Clearly, y 4(t)≠ y 1(t-T).Therefore ,the system is not time-invariant.The system is definitely not causal because the output at any time depends on future values of the input signal x(t).(b) The system will then be linear ,time invariant and non-causal. 1.46. The plots are in Figure S1.46.1.47.(a) The overall response of the system of Figure P1.47.(a)=(the response of the system to x[n]+x 1[n])-the response of the system to x 1[n]=(Response of a linear system L to x[n]+x 1[n]+zero input response of S)- (Response of a linear system L to x 1[n]+zero input response of S)=( (Response of a linear system L to x[n]).Chapter 2 answers2.1 (a) We have know that 1[]*[][][]k y x n h n h k x n k ∞=-∞==-∑1[][1][1][1][1]y n h x n h x n =-++-2[1]2[1]x n x n =++-This gives1[]2[1]4[]2[1]2[2]2[4]y n n n n n n δδδδδ=+++-+--- (b)We know that2[][2]*[][][2]k y n x n h n h k x n k ∞=-∞=+=+-∑Comparing with eq.(S2.1-1),we see that21[][2]y n y n =+(c) We may rewrite eq.(S2.1-1) as1[][]*[][][]k y n x n h n x k h n k ∞=-∞==-∑Similarly, we may write3[][]*[2][][2]k y n x n h n x k h n k ∞=-∞=+=+-∑Comparing this with eq.(S2.1),we see that31[][2]y n y n =+2.2 Using given definition for the signal h[n], we may write{}11[][3][10]2k h k u k u k -⎛⎫=+-- ⎪⎝⎭The signal h[k] is non zero only in the rang 1[][2]h n h n =+. From this we know that the signal h[-k] is non zero only in the rage 93k -≤≤.If we now shift the signal h[-k] by n to the right, then the resultant signal h[n-k] will be zero in the range (9)(3)n k n -≤≤+. Therefore ,9,A n =- 3B n =+ 2.3 Let us define the signals11[][]2nx n u n ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭and1[][]h n u n =. We note that1[][2]x n x n =- and 1[][2]h n h n =+ Now,。

信号与系统第三版课后习题答案

信号与系统第三版课后习题答案

信号与系统第三版课后习题答案信号与系统第三版课后习题答案信号与系统是电子信息类专业中一门重要的基础课程,它是研究信号的产生、传输、处理和识别的学科。

在学习这门课程时,课后习题是非常重要的,它可以帮助我们巩固所学的知识,并且提高解决问题的能力。

下面是信号与系统第三版课后习题的答案。

第一章:信号与系统的基本概念1. 信号是指随时间、空间或其他独立变量的变化而变化的物理量。

系统是指能够对输入信号进行处理并产生输出信号的物理设备或数学模型。

2. 连续时间信号是在连续时间范围内定义的信号,可以用连续函数表示。

离散时间信号是在离散时间范围内定义的信号,可以用数列表示。

3. 周期信号是指在一定时间间隔内重复出现的信号,具有周期性。

非周期信号是指不具有周期性的信号。

4. 奇对称信号是指关于原点对称的信号,即f(t)=-f(-t)。

偶对称信号是指关于原点对称的信号,即f(t)=f(-t)。

5. 系统的线性性质是指系统满足叠加原理,即对于输入信号的线性组合,输出信号也是这些输入信号的线性组合。

6. 系统的时不变性质是指系统对于不同时间的输入信号,输出信号的特性是不变的。

7. 系统的因果性质是指系统的输出只依赖于当前和过去的输入信号,而不依赖于未来的输入信号。

第二章:连续时间信号与系统的时域分析1. 奇偶分解是将一个信号分解为奇对称和偶对称两个部分的过程。

奇偶分解的目的是简化信号的处理和分析。

2. 卷积是信号处理中常用的一种操作,它描述了两个信号之间的相互作用。

卷积的定义为:y(t) = ∫[x(τ)h(t-τ)]dτ。

3. 系统的冲激响应是指系统对于单位冲激信号的输出响应。

冲激响应可以用来描述系统的特性和性能。

4. 系统的单位阶跃响应是指系统对于单位阶跃信号的输出响应。

单位阶跃响应可以用来描述系统的稳定性和响应速度。

5. 系统的单位斜坡响应是指系统对于单位斜坡信号的输出响应。

单位斜坡响应可以用来描述系统的积分特性。

信号与系统(郑君里)课后答案 第一章习题解答

信号与系统(郑君里)课后答案  第一章习题解答

1-4 分析过程:(1)例1-1的方法:()()()()23232f t f t f t f t →−→−→−− (2)方法二:()()()233323f t f t f t f t ⎡⎤⎛⎞→→−→−−⎜⎟⎢⎥⎝⎠⎣⎦(3)方法三:()()()()232f t f t f t f t →−→−+→−−⎡⎤⎣⎦ 解题过程:(1)方法一:方法二:(1)()−f at 左移0t :()()()000−+=−−≠−⎡⎤⎣⎦f a t t f at at f t at (2)()f at 右移0t :()()()000−=−≠−⎡⎤⎣⎦f a t t f at at f t at (3)()f at 左移0t a :()()000⎡⎤⎛⎞+=+≠−⎜⎟⎢⎥⎝⎠⎣⎦t f a t f at t f t at a (4)()f at 右移0t a :()()000⎡⎤⎛⎞−−=−+=−⎜⎟⎢⎥⎝⎠⎣⎦t f a t f at t f t at a 故(4)运算可以得到正确结果。

注:1-4、1-5题考察信号时域运算:1-4题说明采用不同的运算次序可以得到一致的结果;1-5题提醒所有的运算是针对自变量t 进行的。

如果先进行尺度变换或者反转变换,再进行移位变换,一定要注意移位量和移位的方向。

1-9 解题过程: (1)()()()2tf t eu t −=− (2)()()()232tt f t ee u t −−=+(3)()()()255ttf t e eu t −−=− (4)()()()()cos 1012tf t et u t u t π−=−−−⎡⎤⎣⎦1-12 解题过程:((((注:1-9、1-12题中的时域信号均为实因果信号,即()()()=f t f t u t 1-18 分析过程:任何信号均可分解为奇分量与偶分量之和的形式,即()()()()1e o f t f t f t =+其中,()e f t 为偶分量,()o f t 为奇分量,二者性质如下:()()()()()()23e e o o f t f t f t f t =−=−−()()13∼式联立得()()()12e f t f t f t =+−⎡⎤⎣⎦ ()()()12o f t f t f t =−−⎡⎤⎣⎦ 解题过程:(a-1) (a-2)(a-3)(a-4)f t为偶函数,故只有偶分量,为其本身(b) ()(c-1)(c-2)(c-3)(c-4)(d-1)(d-2)(d-3)(d-4)1-20 分析过程:本题为判断系统性质:线性、时不变性、因果性(1)线性(Linearity):基本含义为叠加性和均匀性即输入()1x t ,()2x t 得到的输出分别为()1y t ,()2y t ,()()11T x t y t =⎡⎤⎣⎦,()()22T x t y t =⎡⎤⎣⎦,则()()()()11221122T c x t c x t c y t c y t +=+⎡⎤⎣⎦(1c ,2c 为常数)。

信号与系统的课后答案

信号与系统的课后答案
读者也可以用图形扫描法计算之。结果见图p2-10(a)所示。
(b)根据(t)的特点,则
f1(t) *f2(t) =f1(t) *[(t)+(t2)+(t+ 2)]
=f1(t)+f1(t2)+f1(t+ 2)
结果见图p2-10(b)所示。
图p2-10
2-11试求下列卷积。
(a)
(b)
解(a)因为 ,故
2-10对图示信号,求f1(t) *f2(t)。
题2-10图
解(a)先借用阶跃信号表示f1(t)和f2(t),即
f1(t)= 2(t)2(t1)
f2(t)=(t)(t2)

f1(t) *f2(t) = [2(t)2(t1)] * [(t)(t2)]
因为
(t) *(t)= =t(t)
故有
f1(t) *f2(t) = 2t(t)2(t1)(t1)2(t2)(t2)+ 2(t3)(t3)
题2-14图
解由KCL和KVL,可得电路方程为
代入数据得
特征根
1,2=1j1
故冲激响应uC(t)为
2-15一线性时不变系统,在某起始状态下,已知当输入f(t)=(t)时,全响应y1(t)= 3e3t(t);当输入f(t)=(t)时,全响应y2(t)= e3t(t),试求该系统的冲激响应h(t)。
解因为零状态响应
1-2给定题1-2图示信号f(t),试画出下列信号的波形。[提示:f( 2t)表示将f(t)波形压缩,f( )表示将f(t)波形展宽。]
(a)2f(t2)
(b)f(2t)
(c)f( )
(d)f(t+1)
题1-2图
解以上各函数的波形如图p1-2所示。

信号与系统课后答案(西南交大)

信号与系统课后答案(西南交大)

y x (t ) = 3e −2 t − 2 e−3 t t ≥ 0 y f ( t ) = te−2 t − e−2 t + e −3 t t ≥ 0
自由响应 2 e−2 t − e −3 t 强迫响应 te−2 t 稳态响应 0
暂态响应 te−2 t + 2e −2 t − e− 3t t ≥ 0
2.19 y f ( t ) =
2.22① t 3 u( t ) ④(
②∞
③( t−
1 2
1 1 −2 t + e )u( t ) 4 4
sin t + cost 1 −t − e )u( t ) ⑤ eu (t − 3) + e t − 2 u( 3 − t ) ⑥ cos(ωt + 45° ) 2 2 1 − cosπt cosπt − 1 1 1 2.23① u( t ) + u( t − 2) ② t 2 u( t ) − ( t − 1)2 u( t − 1) π π 2 2
3.6 f (t ) =
1 − j 3 ω0 t 3 − j 2 ω 0 t 3 1 e + e + e − jω 0 t + 1 + e jω 0 t + e j 2 ω0 t + e j 3 ω 0t 2 2 2 2
3.7 f (t ) = cos( 4ω0 t + 20°) + 2 cos( 2ω0 t + 30 °) + 3 cos(ω 0 t + 10° ) + 2
p2 + p +1 2.3 H ( p ) = 3 p + 2 p2 + 3p + 2 p2 + 3 p + 2 2.4 H ( p ) = 2p2 +3p +2

信号与系统课后习题答案(金波 华中科技大学出版社)

信号与系统课后习题答案(金波 华中科技大学出版社)
t
(t ) ;
(c) f (t ) G2 (t ) Q1 (t ) (d) f (t ) (t 1)G1 (t 0.5) G1 (t 0.5) (t 2)G1 (t 0.5) ; (e) f (t ) sin( t )G3 (t 1.5)
1-18 对于题图1.18中的信号 f (t ) ,为以下各式作图。
P lim
1 T 2T

T T
f (t ) d t lim
2
2 T 1 1 1d t 36 d t 16 d t 16 W 1 2 T T 0
f (t )
6 6
f (t )
4 1
0
1 1 2
t
0
1
2
t
题解图 1-2(a)
题解图 1-2(b)
2
1-10 已知一线性非时变系统,系统的初始状态为零,当输入信号为 f1 (t ) ,其输出信号为
y1 (t ) ,对应的波形如题图 1.10(a)(b)所示。试求: (a) 当输入信号为 f 2 (t ) 时,其波形如题图 1.15(c)所示,画出对应的输出 y 2 (t ) 的波形。 (b) 当输入信号为 f 3 (t ) 时,其波形如题图 1.10(d)所示,画出对应的输出 y 3 (t ) 的波形。

3
t 2
(b) e
3t
(5 2t ) ;
) (t

2
);
(d) e
(t 2)
(t ) (t 3) 。
(b) (d)
1-6 求下列积分。 (a) (c)

4
6 3
(4 t 2 ) (t 3) dt ;
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

第1章 习题答案1-1 题1-1图所示信号中,哪些是连续信号?哪些是离散信号?哪些是周期信号?哪些是非周期信号?哪些是有始信号?解: ① 连续信号:图(a )、(c )、(d ); ② 离散信号:图(b ); ③ 周期信号:图(d ); ④ 非周期信号:图(a )、(b )、(c ); ⑤有始信号:图(a )、(b )、(c )。

1-2 已知某系统的输入f(t)与输出y(t)的关系为y(t)=|f(t)|,试判定该系统是否为线性时不变系统。

解: 设T 为此系统的运算子,由已知条件可知: y(t)=T[f(t)]=|f(t)|,以下分别判定此系统的线性和时不变性。

① 线性1)可加性不失一般性,设f(t)=f 1(t)+f 2(t),则y 1(t)=T[f 1(t)]=|f 1(t)|,y 2(t)=T[f 2(t)]=|f 2(t)|,y(t)=T[f(t)]=T[f 1(t)+f 2(t)]=|f 1(t)+f 2(t)|,而|f 1(t)|+|f 2(t)|≠|f 1(t)+f 2(t)|即在f 1(t)→y 1(t)、f 2(t)→y 2(t)前提下,不存在f 1(t)+f 2(t)→y 1(t)+y 2(t),因此系统不具备可加性。

由此,即足以判定此系统为一非线性系统,而不需在判定系统是否具备齐次性特性。

2)齐次性由已知条件,y(t)=T[f(t)]=|f(t)|,则T[af(t)]=|af(t)|≠a|f(t)|=ay(t) (其中a 为任一常数)即在f(t)→y(t)前提下,不存在af(t)→ay(t),此系统不具备齐次性,由此亦可判定此系统为一非线性系统。

② 时不变特性由已知条件y(t)=T[f(t)]=|f(t)|,则y(t-t 0)=T[f(t-t 0)]=|f(t-t 0)|,即由f(t)→y(t),可推出f(t-t 0)→y(t-t 0),因此,此系统具备时不变特性。

依据上述①、②两点,可判定此系统为一非线性时不变系统。

1-3 判定下列方程所表示系统的性质:)()()]([)()(3)(2)(2)()()2()()(3)(2)()()()()()(2''''''''0t f t y t y d t f t y t ty t y c t f t f t y t y t y b dx x f dt t df t y a t =+=++-+=+++=⎰解:(a )① 线性1)可加性由 ⎰+=t dx x f dt t df t y 0)()()(可得⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧→+=→+=⎰⎰t t t y t f dx x f dt t df t y t y t f dx x f dt t df t y 01122011111)()()()()()()()()()(即即 则⎰⎰⎰+++=+++=+t t t dx x f x f t f t f dtd dx x f dt t df dx x f dt t df t y t y 0212102201121)]()([)]()([)()()()()()( 即在)()()()()()()()(21212211t y t y t f t f t y t f t y t f ++前提下,有、→→→,因此系统具备可加性。

2)齐次性由)()(t y t f →即⎰+=t dx x f dtt df t y 0)()()(,设a 为任一常数,可得 )(])()([)()()]([)]([000t ay dx x f dtt df a dx x f a dt t df a dx x af t af dt d t t t =+=+=+⎰⎰⎰ 即)()(t ay t af →,因此,此系统亦具备齐次性。

由上述1)、2)两点,可判定此系统为一线性系统。

② 时不变性)()(t y t f → 具体表现为:⎰+=t dx x f dtt df t y 0)()()( 将方程中得f(t)换成f(t-t 0)、y(t)换成y(t-t 0)(t 0为大于0的常数),即 ⎰-+-=-t dx t x f dtt t df t t y 0000)()()( 设τ=-0t x ,则τd dx =,因此⎰--+-=-00)()()(00t t t d f dtt t df t t y ττ 也可写成⎰--+-=-00)()()(00t t t dx x f dtt t df t t y , 只有f(t)在t=0时接入系统,才存在)()(00t t y t t f -→-,当f(t)在t ≠0时接入系统,不存在)()(00t t y t t f -→-,因此,此系统为一时变系统。

依据上述①、②,可判定此系统为一线性时变系统。

(b )① 线性1)可加性在由)2()()(3)(2)(''''-+=++t f t f t y t y t y 规定的)()(t y t f →对应关系的前提下,可得 )]2()2([)]()([)]()([3)]()([2)]()([)2()()(3)(2)()2()()(3)(2)(21'2121'21''212'22'2''21'11'1''1-+-++=+++++⇒⎭⎬⎫-+=++-+=++t f t f t f t f t y t y t y t y t y t y t f t f t y t y t y t f t f t y t y t y即由)()()()()()()()(21212211t y t y t f t f t y t f t y t f ++可推出→−−→−⎭⎬⎫→→,系统满足可加性。

2)齐次性 由)()(t y t f →,即)2()()(3)(2)(''''-+=++t f t f t y t y t y ,两边同时乘以常数a ,有 )]2([)]([)]([3)]([2)]([)]2()([)](3)(2)([''''''''-+=++⇒-+=++t af t af t ay t ay t ay t f t f a t y t y t y a 即)()(t ay t af →,因此,系统具备齐次性。

由1)、2)可判定此系统为一线性系统。

② 时不变性分别将)()(00t t f t t y --和(t 0为大于0的常数)代入方程)2()()(3)(2)(''''-+=++t f t f t y t y t y 左右两边,则左边=)(3)(2)(00202t t y dt t t dy dtt t y d -+-+- )(3)()(2)]()([)()2()(00000000t t y t t y t t d d t t y t t d d t t d d t t f dt t t df -+--+---=--+-右边= 而 ,)()()(000t t y dt d t t y t t d d -=-- )()]()([)(022000t t y dtd t t y t t d d t t d d -=--- 所以,右边=)(3)(2)(00202t t y dt t t dy dtt t y d -+-+-=左边,故系统具备时不变特性。

依据上述①、②,可判定此系统为一线性时不变系统。

(c )① 线性1)可加性在由式)(3)(2)(2)('''t f t y t ty t y =++规定的)()(t y t f →对应关系的前提下,可得)]()([3)]()([2)]()([2)]()([)(3)(3)(2)(2)(2)(2)()()(3)(2)(2)()(3)(2)(2)(2121'21''212121'2'1''2''122'2''211'1''1t f t f t y t y t y t y t t y t y t f t f t y t y t ty t ty t y t y t f t y t ty t y t f t y t ty t y ++++++两式相加=+++−−→−=+++−−−→−⎭⎬⎫=++=++ 即在)()()()(2211t y t f t y t f →→、的前提下,有式)()()()(2121t y t y t f t f +→+存在,即系统满足可加性。

2)齐次性由)()(t y t f →,即)(3)(2)(2)('''t f t y t ty t y =++,两边同时乘以常数a ,有)]([3)]([2)]([2)]([)(3)(2)(2)(''''''t af t ay t ay t t ay t af t ay t aty t ay =++⇒=++,即有 )()(t ay t af →,因此,系统具备齐次性。

依据上述1)、2),此系统为一线性系统。

② 时不变性分别将)()(00t t f t t y --和 (t 0为大于0的常数)代入方程)(3)(2)(2)('''t f t y t ty t y =++ 左右两边,则 )(2)(2)(00022t t y t t y dt d t t t y dtd -+-+-左边=右边=右边=≠-+--+-=-+---+---)(2)()(2)()(2)()()(2)()()(3000022000002020t t y t t y dt d t t t t y dt d t t y t t y t t d d t t t t y t t d d t t f因此,系统是时变的。

依据上述①、②,可判定此系统为一线性时变系统。

(d )① 线性1)可加性在由式)()()]([2't f t y t y =+规定的)()(t y t f →对应关系的前提下,可得)()()()()]([)]([)()()]([)()()]([21212'22'1222'2112'1t f t f t y t y t y t y t f t y t y t f t y t y +=+++−−−→−⎭⎬⎫=+=+两式相加 而不是:)]()([)]()([})]'()({[2121221t f t f t y t y t y t y +=+++即在)()()()(2211t y t f t y t f →→、的前提下,并不存在)()()()(2121t y t y t f t f +→+ 因此系统不满足可加性,进而系统不具备线性特性。

相关文档
最新文档