计算机中英文翻译
专业计算机英文翻译
principal number 主数master data 主数据master data sheet 主数据表primary data set group 主数据集组master data control console 主数据控制台master data base 主数据库primary data base manager 主数据库管理程序main data area 主数据区master data file 主数据文件host data language 主数据语言chief series 主数列kingbolt 主栓main canal 主水道basic tax 主税principal tetrahedron 主四面体main servomotor 主伺服电动机main suit 主诉master speed tape 主速度带track rope 主索master index 主索引prime index 主索引machine tower 主塔key station 主控台main station 主台master 主台master station 主台master mode 主状态master mode program 主态程序master mode entry instruction 主态入口指令master mode bit 主态位main spring 主弹簧principal character 主特征principal character 主特征标subject 主题topic 主题subject indexing 主题标引arrangement of subjects 主题表thesaurus 主题词表thesaurus construction 主题词表结构thesaurus display 主题词表显示thematic 主题的master search file 主题检索文档thematic apperception test 主题理解测验thematic catalogue 主题目录subject data base 主题数据库subject-matter index 主题索引thematic apperception test 主题统觉测验agent 自主体host 主体main body 主体mainstream corporation tax 主体公司税base metal 主体金属body group 主体栏body group presentation rule table 主体栏表示规则表body color 主体色primary body 主天体main pressure regulator valve 主调压阀primary channel 主通道major path satellite earth station 主通道卫星地面站main channel 主通路main path 主通路major path 主通路main traffic station 主通信站main communication center 主通信中心master synchronization pulse 主同步脉冲master synchronizer 主同步器main lens 主透镜main cam 主凸轮master gyroscope 主陀螺仪primary network 主网络main network address 主网络地址host network administration facilities 主网络管理设备host network control 主网络控制primary network flow control 主网络信息流控制primary network support 主网络支援principal derivative 主微商mainmast 主桅杆main course 主桅主帆dominant dimension 主维数principal maintenance period 主维修时间host test 主文本host file 主文件main file 主文件master file 主文件owner file 主文件master file tape 主文件带master file update program 主文件更新程序host file close 主文件关闭central file on-line 主文件联机master file directory 主文件目录master file directory block 主文件目录块master file inventory 主文件清单host transceiver 主文件收发程序master file index 主文件索引host file system 主文件系统master file updating program 主文件修改程序host file enquire 主文件询问master file job processing 主文件作业处理bound vortex 主涡main couple 主屋架inner marker signal 主无线电信标信号master set 主系principal series 主系列host system 主系统main system 主系统primary system operator 主系统操作员master system tape 主系统带master system distribution tape format 主系统分配带格式host attachment 主系统连接装置primary system input source 主系统输入源程序host system mailbox 主系统信箱区host system mailbox switch setting 主系统信箱区开关设置host preparation facility 主系统准备功能light cell 集合小管主细胞principal cell 集合小管主细胞chief cell 主细胞primary index 主下标principal fibers 主纤维main display console 主显示台primary display sequence 主显示序列main line 主线main track 主线principal line 主线main line program 主线程序main line program counter 主线程序计数器main line code 主线代码main line code program counter 主线代码程序计数器main section 主线段principal series 主线系main line channel 主线信道master busy 主线占线dominant vector 主向量principal vector 主向量principal term 主项subject 主项main phase 主相kingpin 主销main pin 主销axle-pin rake 主销后倾kingpin castor angle 主销后倾角castor 主销后倾距caster action 主销后倾作用knuckle 主销连接kingpin offset 主销偏移距caster 主销倾角major gene resistance 主效基因抗病性main effect 主效应primal coordination 主协调main diagonal 主斜杆leading beacon 主信标main channel 主信道main signal 主信号master signal 主信号main signalling equipment 主信号设备host information processor 主信息处理机master letter of credit 主信用证prime credit 主信用证primary 主星primary component 主星primary star 主星primary body 主星体- 与卫星有关的major star 主星形main sequence 主星序principal penalty 主刑principal planet 主行星major 主修的- 大学学科major 主修科目- 大学学科中的major 主修学生- 大学专业的main sequence 主序principal order 主序post-main sequence star 主序后星chief series 主序列principal order module 主序模块pre-main sequence 主序前pre-main sequence star 主序前星principal series 主序系main sequence star 主序星main rotor 主旋翼primary cleaning 主选master gate control block 主选通控制块main gating pulse 主选通脉冲alveolus 主穴main loop 主循环major cycle 主循环major loop 主循环air-line main 主压气管道cardinal tooth 主牙host 主岩host rock 主岩main grinder table 主研磨台master sample 主样本master policy 主要保险单leading schedule 主要表格primary weapon 主要兵器main supply depot 主要补给仓库major component 主要部分essential element 主要部件major component 主要部件vitals 主要部件main department 主要部门main material 主要材料primary materials 主要材料main material cost 主要材料成本master stores record 主要材料帐master financial budget 主要财务预算main product 主要产品major product 主要产品principal product 主要产品main product order 主要产品定单leading firm 主要厂商prime cost 主要成本major constituent 主要成分basis material 主要成分材料basis metal 主要成分金属main contractor 主要承包商master certificate 主要单证master document 主要单证prime navaid facility 主要导航设施cardinal 主要的grand 主要的major 主要的primal 主要的main area 主要地区main order 主要定单main director 主要董事dominant motive 主要动机main angle 主要对角平巷principal fact related to crime 主要犯罪事实capital expenditure 主要费用cardinal winds 主要风向primary liabilities 主要负债stem 主要干线key post 主要岗位major project 主要工程key industry 主要工业major industry 主要工业main industrial sector 主要工业部门major industrial products 主要工业产品ground work 主要工作main company 主要公司majorcompany 主要公司key vendor 主要供货商main stockholder 主要股东leading share 主要股份leading stock 主要股份major failure 主要故障main 主要管道key management system 主要管理系统key currencies for international settlements 主要国际结算货币basal water 主要含水层main workings plan 主要巷道平面图senior partner 主要合伙人key link 主要环节principal volcano 主要火山key currency 主要货币main currency 主要货币major currency 主要货币principal currency 主要货币main organ 主要机构major organ 主要机构major gene 主要基因master plan 主要计划essential record 主要记录major technique 主要技术main precipitation core 主要降水中心major nodal earth terminal 主要结点地面终端机primary solution 主要解main manager 主要经理primary employment 主要就业major control 主要控制major control change 主要控制改变master inventory file 主要库存档案essential labour 主要劳动major part 主要零件main buyer 主要买主principal trade partner 主要贸易伙伴main title 主要名称principal proposition 主要命题principal mode 主要模式dominant mode 主要模式main crop 主要农作物main enterprise 主要企业major enterprise 主要企业major bulk 主要散装货dominant firm 主要商号staple 主要商品staple commodities 主要商品major equipment 主要设备major installation 主要设备key facility 主要设施main facility 主要设施principal auditor 主要审计师main crosscut 主要石门primary tense 主要时- 拉丁语、希腊语语法的leading market 主要市场primary market 主要市场- 证券发行principal market 主要市场staple market 主要市场main fact 主要事实primary fact 主要事实essential attribute 主要属性main feature 主要特点key architectural characteristics 主要体系特性key architectural feature 主要体系特性essential condition 主要条件mother gallery 主要通道- 昆虫巢中的leading currency 主要通货key statistic 主要统计量major investment projects 主要投资项目key breakthrough 主要突破principal drawback 主要退税退款main danger 主要危险性master file 主要文件primary pollution source 主要污染源major section terminal subcontrol 主要线段终端控制分站main project 主要项目major project 主要项目prime cost of sale 主要销售成本macronutrient 主要养分primary nutrient 主要养分key factor 主要因素principle factor 主要因素main bank 主要银行principal place of business 主要营业地main effect 主要影响concordance 主要语词索引major component 主要元件major casualty 主要灾害ultimate liability 主要责任primary liabilities 主要债务head book 主要帐簿main book 主要帐簿major book 主要帐簿principal book 主要帐簿main account 主要帐户major issue 主要争论点cardinal symptom 主要症状main executive 主要执行者major executive 主要执行者key post 主要职位chief group of occupation 主要职业组first charge 主要指控primary instruction 主要指令major installation 主要装置prime assets 主要资产prime meridian 主要子午线code name of main charter party 主要租船合同代号key component 主要组成部分major histocompatibility complex 主要组织相容性复合体MHC restriction 主要组织相容性复合体的限制性major offence 主要罪行home page 主页principal sheet 主页main page pool 主页池main pancreatic duct 主胰管primary constriction 主缢痕main plane 主翼面primary cause 主因principal factor 主因子principal factor method 主因子法principal factor solution 主因子解法main establishment 主营业所principal strain 主应变primary stress 主应力principal stress 主应力trajectory of principal stress 主应力轨线principal stress space 主应力空间principal axes of stresses 主应力轴principal stress axis 主应力轴primary application 主应用程序primary application block 主应用块principal mapping 主映射master user 主用户primary user disk 主用户磁盘main oil pump 主油泵main cylinder 主油缸main poise 主游铊principal right ideal 主右理想subject 主语host language 主语言host language compilation 主语言编译host language processor 主语言处理程序host language interface 主语言接口host language data base 主语言数据库host language system 主语言系统host language statement 主语言语句host language execution 主语言执行pivot 主元pivot element 主元principal element 主元素pivot selection 主元选择method of pivot selection 主元选择法pivot operation 主元运算primary circle 主圆principal circle 主圆master source program 主源程序primary source text 主源程序正文principal reduced form 主约化型main thermocline 主温跃层primary motion 主运动principle motion 主运动direction of primary motion 主运动方向main haulage 主运输大巷main haulage conveyor 主运输机gangway 主运输平巷main arithmetic processor 主运算处理机master factor 主宰因子main carrier 主载波primary plasticizer 主增塑剂master gain control 主增益控制prime liability 主债务principal debt 主债务principal obligation 主债务principal debtor 主债务人main stack frame 主栈框架main battle tank 主战坦克main station 主站master station 主站primary 主站primary station 主站primary-to-secondary flow 主站到次站数据流primary application 主站应用primary application program 主站应用程序principal tensor 主张量principal nutation 主章动major fold 主褶曲battle position 主阵地principal oscillation 主振荡master oscillator 主振荡器master oscillator power amplifier 主振功率放大器masterfrequency 主振频率main shock 主震major shock 主震main steam 主蒸汽principal normal complex 主正规复形principal normal section 主正截面main forward path 主正向通路principal branch 主枝main executive module 主执行程序模块principal value 主值main check valve 主止回阀master instruction tape 主指令带main instruction buffer 主指令缓冲器primary instruction pipeline 主指令流水线basic order code 主指令码principal exponent 主指数parenchyma 主质major dense line 主致密线major relay station 主中继站primary center 主中心局principal neutral point 主中心点main centre 主中心局master CPU 主中央处理机master central timing system 主中央计时系统master terminal 主终端master terminal key 主终端密钥master clock 主钟primary clock 主钟primary period 主周期principal period 主周期capstan 主轴arbor 主轴basic shaft 主轴caudex 主轴head shaft 主轴main axle 主轴main shaft 主轴pilot shaft 主轴principal axis 主轴quill 主轴rachis 主轴spindle 主轴principal axis transformation 主轴变换transformation of principal axis 主轴变换spindle unit 主轴部件bush neck 主轴衬base bearing 主轴承main bearing 主轴承spindle drive 主轴传动机构distance from spindle nose to central line of table 主轴端面至工作台中心线距离method of principal axis 主轴法main shaft distance bushing 主轴隔套spindle drum 主轴鼓轮spindle collar 主轴环principal axis solution 主轴解main journal 主轴颈spindle hole 主轴孔spindle bore 主轴孔径main shaft seal 主轴密封- 水轮机spindle face 主轴面main shaft angle 主轴倾角quill servo stroke 主轴伺服行程spindle speed function 主轴速度功能main shaft packing 主轴填料main shaft gland 主轴填料压盖spindle head 主轴头spindle nose 主轴头部external taper of spindle 主轴外锥primary axis 主轴线setting-out of main axis 主轴线测设headstock 主轴箱spindle carrier 主轴箱spindle head 主轴箱rapid traverse speed of headstock 主轴箱快移速度maximum travel of headstock 主轴箱最大行程travel of spindle 主轴行程basic shaft system 主轴制speed of main spindle 主轴转速speed of main shaft 主轴转速spindle speed 主轴转速range of spindle speeds 主轴转速范围number of spindle speeds 主轴转速级数taper hole of spindle 主轴锥孔minimum speed of spindle 主轴最低转速maximum speed of spindle 主轴最高转速spindle seat 主轴座dominant patent 主专利main patent 主专利master patent 主专利principle patent 主专利date of commencement of the main patent 主专利的开始日major relay center 主转换中心principal moment of inertia 主转动惯量main rotor 主转子king pile 主桩major state generator 主状态发生器major state logic generator 主状态逻辑发生器main cone 主锥inner cone angle 主锥角principal square submatrix 主子方阵principal minor array 主子矩阵principal subspace 主子空间prime subpool 主子库chief series of subgroups 主子群列leading minor 主子式minor in principal position 主子式principal minor 主子式principal meridian 主子午线master subsystem 主子系统principal automorphism 主自同构majority word 主字main group 主族major constituent 主组分principal maximum 主最大principal left ideal 主左理想principal coordinate 主坐标kier 煮布锅koktigen 煮沸疫苗cocoon cooking 煮茧cocoon cooking machine 煮茧机glue cooker 煮胶锅digestion 煮解digester 煮解器boiling-off 煮练bucking kier 煮练锅boiling house recovery 煮炼收回率boiling house efficiency 煮炼效率crabbing 煮呢boiling 煮呢crabbing machine 煮呢机boiling hole 煮生石灰坑water evaporator 煮水罐sugar boiling 煮糖vacuum pan 煮糖罐dosage for sugar boiling 煮糖配料pan-boiling system 煮糖系统boiling scheme 煮糖制度soap kettle 煮皂锅boiling of seed strike 煮种Boehmeria nivea Gaud. 苎麻China grass 苎麻ramie 苎麻ramie lining 苎麻衬布Paraglenea fortunei 苎麻天牛ramie 苎麻纤维Cocytodes coerulea 苎麻夜蛾ramie counts 苎麻支数ramie cloth 苎麻织物auxiliary saddle 助鞍boost 助爆midwife 助产士midwifery 助产学truster 助铲机- 铲运机的activating accelerator 助促进剂promoter 助催化剂auxiliary type gravimeter 助动型重力仪astatic gravimeter 助动重力仪jato unit 助飞装置nurse-root grafting 助根接secondary attack 助攻subsidiary attack 助攻scaling powder 助焊剂navaid 助航设备mnemonic coding 助记编码mnemonic variable name 助记变量名mnemonic operation code 助记操作码mnemonic programming language 助记符程序设计语言mnemonic address 助记地址mnemonic address code 助记地址码mnemonic system 助记忆方式。
计算机网络中英文互译
DWDM (Deｎｓe WDM) 密 集 波 分 复 用
AＲQ (Autｏmaｔic Rｅpeａt reQｕest) 自 动 请 求 重 发
ATM (Ａsynchronous Ｔransｆeｒ Moｄe) 异 步 传 递 方 式
ATU (Aｃceｓs Tｅrminatioｎ Unit) 接 入 端 接 单 元
ATU-C (Accesｓ Ｔermination Unit Ceｎtraｌ Ofｆicｅ ) 端 局 接 入 端 接 单 元
ＣCIＴT (Cｏnsultatiｖe Commｉｔtee, Intｅrnａtional Tｅlｅgraph and Tｅlｅpｈone）国际电报电话咨询委员会
CCＰ 通信控制处理机
CＤＭ (Cｏde Division Mulｔiplexinｇ) 码 分 复 用
CDMA (Ｃoｄe Ｄivisioｎ Ｍuｌtipｌex Aｃｃｅｓs) 码 分 多 址 ﻫCNNＩC (Neｔwｏｒｋ Information Centeｒ of China) 中 国 互 联 网 络 信 息 中 心
CＡP (Cａｒrierｌｅss Amplituｄe Phaｓe) 无 载 波 振 幅 相 位 调 制 ﻫCATV (Comｍunｉty Antenna TV, CAble ＴV) 有 线 电 视
CＢＲ ( Constant Bit Ｒatｅ ) 恒 定 比 特 率 ﻫCCIR （Ｃｏｎsultatiｖe Ｃommiｔｔｅe，Ｉnternational Rａdio） 国 际 无 线 电 咨 询 委 员 会
计算机的英文翻译是什么
计算机的英文翻译是什么计算机的英文翻译是什么计算机现在多指我们所用的电脑，那么计算机用英语该如何表达呢?现在就一起来学习关于计算机的英语知识吧，希望能够帮到大家!计算机的英文翻译计算机[jì suàn jī]词典computer：(电子)计算机，电脑。
词典calculator：计算器;计算者;计算图表。
词典calculating machine：计算机;计算器。
词典computing machinery：计算机。
词典counting machine：计算机;数纸机。
计算机的网络解释1. calculator：综合以上的几种说法,资讯融入教学,资讯科技可以为是既有现存的'教学的支援或补充工具、可以为有效使用资料库(ACCESS)、试算表(EXCEL)、图库、计算机(CALCULATOR)、多媒体应用系统(MEDIASHOW, DIRCTOR,2. Computers：他认为在现代化战争中,取胜的关键在于建立一个快速、健全完整的系统,即所谓的C4ISR,集合指挥(Command)、控制(Control)、通讯(Communication)、计算机(Computers)、情报(intelligence)、监视(Surveillance)、侦察(Reconnaissance)的功能于一体,计算机的双语例句他还从计算机系统里删除了文件。
He also d files from the computer system机器上的计算机在屏幕上产生了影像。
A computer in the machine creates an image on the screen.经理们已经学会了如何应对联网、人工智能、计算机辅助工程和制造。
Managers have learned to grapple with networking, artificialintelligence, computer-aided engineering and manufacturing.这就使得它的微型计算机与它的大型主机不兼容。
计算机专业英语的课文与翻译
Unit 8 Computer NetworkingText 1 Data CommunicationsThe end equipment can be computers, printers, keyboards, CRTs, and so on.They are either generates the digital information for transmission or uses the received digital data. This equipment generally operates digital information internally in word units.DTE is data terminal equipment. A station controller STACO is the corresponding unit at the secondaries. At one time, the DTE was the last piece of equipment that belonged to the subscriber in a data link system. Between the DTEs, first is the modem, and then is the communications equipment. The communication equipment is owned and maintained by Telco. Data communications equipment DCE accepts the serial data stream from the DTE. And DCE converts it to some form of analog signal suitable for transmission on voice-grade lines. At the receive end, the DCE performs the reverse function. It converts the received analog signal to a serial digital data stream. The simplest form of DCE is a modem modulator/demodulator or data set. At the transmit end, the modem can be considered a form of digital-to-analog converter.While at the receive end, it can be considered a form of analog-to-digital converter.参考译文数据通信终端设备可以是计算机、打印机、键盘、CRT等;它们可以生成要发送的数字信息,也可以使用所接收的数字数据;这种设备通常在内部以字为单位处理数字信息;DTE一般称为数据终端设备;辅助设备一方的相应设备是工作站控制器STACO;同时,DTE也是数据链路系统中属于用户端的最后一个设备;在两个DTE之间,先是调制解调器,接着是属于Telco电话公司维护的通信设备;数据通信设备DCE从DTE接收串行数据流,并将其转换成适合于在语音线路上发送的某种模拟信号形式;在接收端,DCE完成相反的功能,把接收到的模拟信号转换成串行数字数据流;最简单的DCE是调制解调器或数据传送机;在发送端,调制解调器可以视为一种数/模转换器,而在接收端则可视为一种模／数转换器;Text 2 Architecture of Computer NetworksComputer network is a complex unit, it consists of two or more connected computing units. It is used for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing. Design of a network and its logical structure should comply with a set of design principles. They include: the organization of functions, the description of data formats and procedure.In the following two sections we will discuss two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model.(1)the OSI reference modelThe OSI open systems interconnection model was created by the ISO. This model is a foundation for comparing protocols; However, more protocols deviate from the rules set up by the OSI model.The OSI model has seven layers. Note that the OSI model itself is not a network architecture.It just tells what each layer should do. However, ISO has also produced standards for all the layers. Each one has been published as a separate international standard.(2)the TCP/IP reference modelTCP/IP is a communication protocol; it provides many different networking services.The TCP/IP Internet protocol suite is formed from two standards: the TCP Transmission Control Protocol and the IP Internet Protocol. TCP means it is on the transport layer. IP means it is on the network layer. On top of the transport layer is the application layer. It contains all the higher-level protocols. The early ones included virtual terminal TELNET, file transfer FTP, electronic mail SMTP and domain name service DNS.As we know, TCP/IP is the foundation of the Internet.These protocols are continually changing and evolving to support the needs of the user community.参考译文计算机网络结构计算机网络是由两个或多个计算机设备互连而成的一种复合系统,它用于数据通信和资源共享;网络设计及其逻辑结构应该遵循一套设计原则,其中包括：功能的组织以及数据格式和过程的说明;在下面的两小节里,我们将讨论两个重要的网络体系结构,即OSI参考模型和TCP/IP参考模型;(1)OSI参考模型OSI模型开放系统互联参考模型是由国际标准化组织ISO开发的一个建议;相对于其他协议来说,此种模式为基础模式;然而,更多的协议是背离OSI模型的;OSI模型有7层;应该注意的是,OSI模型本身并不是一种网络体系结构,它只是说明每一层应该做什么;然而,ISO还是对各层制定了标准,每一层都是作为一个单独的国际标准来颁布的;(2)TCP/IP参考模型TCP/IP参考模型是一种传输协议,提供了许多不同的网络服务;TCP/IP协议组由TCP传输控制协议和IP网际协议两部分组成;TCP表明是处于传输层,IP意为是在网络层;在传输层上面是应用层;应用层包括所有高层协议;早期的协议包括虚拟终端TELNET、文件传送协议FTP、电子邮件SMTP和域名服务DNS;现在我们知道,TCP/IP协议是因特网的基础;这些协议在用户们的支持下不断地改变和进化着;Text 3 Local Area NetworkA LAN Local area data network is a group of computers. The work devices connected together usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high-speed and relatively inexpensive . token ring or Ethernet. For example, a LAN may be used to interconnect workstations distributed around offices within a single building or a group of buildings such as a university campus.LANs consist of carefully selected groups of components hardware and software. They are configured for the specific requirements of the organization. A LAN is generally limited to the size of a department or an organization. And a LAN often consists of 2 to 100 devices. LANs usually contain resources such as servers, printers, and connections to other networks through internetworking devices. The internetworking devices include switches and routers.In the next section we will discuss the structure of the different types of LAN.(1)TopologyMost wide area networks, such as the PSTN, use a mesh sometimes referred to as a network topology. With LANs, however, the limited physical separation of the subscriber DTEs allows simpler topologies to be used. The four topologies in common use are star, bus, ring and hub.The most widespread topology for LANs designed to function as data communication subnetworks for the interconnection of local computer-based equipment is the hub topology. It is a variation of the bus andring.(2)Transmission mediaTwisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fibre are the three main types of transmission medium used for LANs.(3)Medium access control methodsTwo techniques have been adopted for use of the medium access control in the LANs. One is carrier-sense-multiple-access with collision detection, and the other is control token.参考译文局域网局域数据网局域网由若干计算机组成;通常是一幢楼内的工作设备被连接在一起;通过定义可知,这种连接一定是高速并且相对廉价的如：令牌网和以太网;例如,一个局域网可以把一幢楼里或像大学校园内楼群里的各个办公室的工作站连在一起;局域网是由精心挑选的各组设备硬件和软件构成的;它们根据组织的各种特殊需要来配置;局域网的大小一般限制在一个部门或者一个组织,由2～100台电脑组成;局域网经常包含一些资源,如一些服务器和打印机,而且可以通过网络设备与其他的网络连接;这些网络设备包括交换机和路由器等;接下来,我们将讨论不同类型局域网的结构;(1)拓扑结构大多数广域网,如公共电话交换网PSTN,使用网状有时称为网络拓扑结构；而局域网由于用户数据终端设备相距很近,可采用简单的拓扑结构;常用的有星形、总线、环形和集线器等4种拓扑结构;应用最广的、用于互连本部门计算机设备以进行数据通信的局域网拓扑结构是集线器拓扑结构;这种拓扑结构是总线和环形拓扑结构的变种;(2)传输媒体双绞线、同轴电缆和光纤是局域网采用的3种主要传输媒体;(3)媒体访问控制方法局域网中采用了两种媒体访问控制技术,一种是载波侦听多路访问／冲突检测技术CSMA/CD,另一种是令牌控制技术;Text 4 InternetThe Internet is used by millions of people across the world to communicate business and personal information. The Internet is huge. Then we will talk about the difference of “an internet”and “ the Internet”.An internet note the lower case "i" is a computer network. It allows computers with distinctive software and hardware to communicate. Many kinds of computers can be connected to an internet. Each computer can serve a specialized role. It offers a wide variety of services to its users.The Internet is specific kind of internet. In The Internet Passport, the Internet will be defined as the network of networks. It follows a set of rules known as the "Internet Protocol IP suite".But what does this mean to you It means that any computer that is connected to the Internet can communicate with any other Internet computer. From the user's perspective, this works much like the telephone system works. You can dial from your phone to any other phone on the system, no matter what kind of telephone you have; you only need to know the phone number of the person you want to reach.With an Internet connection you can get some of the basic services available are:•E-mail. It’s a fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet users around the world.•Telnet. It allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it were a local system.•FTP. It allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can be stored on a computer from one Internet-connected computer to another.•Usenet news. It’s a distributed bulletin board which offers a combination news and discussion service on thousands of topics.•World Wide Web . It’s a hypertext interface to Internet information resources. Also, through an Internet connection, you can:•access online library catalogs.•copy computer files or software from archives.•access databases for teaching or research.•obtain free electronic books.•use educational and information services.•use directory services to find Internet users.•access supercomputer sites.It was estimated that at this rapid growth everyone in the world would have an e-mail address in the near future.参考译文互联网因特网是世界上很多人用来进行商业贸易和个人信息交流的网络,它非常巨大;接下来,我们将讨论互联网及因特网;互联网internet注意小写字母i是一种计算机网络,该网络上的计算机在通信时可以使用不同的软件和硬件;多种计算机都可以连入互联网,每台计算机都可以有一独特作用;一个互联网可以向它的用户提供各式各样的业务;因特网Internet是一种专用互联网;因特网在它的证书中定义为网络的网络,该网络使用了一组叫做互联网协议IP组的规则;但对你来说,这意味着什么呢这表明连接到因特网上的计算机可以与因特网上任何其他计算机通信;从用户的角度来看,其工作方式很像电话系统的工作方式;在电话系统内,可以从你的电话机拨打任何其他电话,而不管你使用什么样的电话机,你只需知道对方的电话号码即可;你可以通过因特网得到的基本服务如下：•电子邮件;它是与世界范围内的因特网用户进行联系的一种快速、方便、廉价的交流方式;•远程登录;允许用户连接到远程计算机上,就像这台远程计算机是本地机一样;•文件传输协议;该协议可以将存储在计算机上的各种文件,从因特网上的一台计算机传送给另一台计算机;•新闻组网络系统;一种分布式的电子公告牌,它能提供有关上千种话题的新闻和讨论服务;•万维网;一种因特网信息资源的超文本界面;•访问在线图书馆目录;•从计算机档案库存储器中拷贝文件或软件;•访问教学或科研数据库;•获取免费电子图书;•使用教育和信息服务;•使用目录服务以查找因特网用户;•访问超级计算机站点;估计以这样的高速发展,在不久的将来世界上每个人都将拥有至少一个电子邮件地址;Text 5 The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web also known as or Web is one of the fastest-growing Internet software applications. It is an architectural framework. It linked documents spread out over thousands of machines for accessing all over the Internet.The World Wide Web ties the computers together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources. The is a way of exchange information between computers on the Internet.The Web is built around hypertext and hypermedia. A hypertext document has certain keywords or phrases linked to other online documents. A person reading a hypertext document about mobile phone, for example, might be able to select the highlighted word “Nokia 3310”, and he call up another document giving more information about that particular type. With documents intertwined by links into a web of information, you can select paths to browse online resources, a process often referred to as surfing.Hypermedia extends the concept of hypertext to other forms of information. They include: images, sounds, and even video clips. If a person read a hypermedia document about mobile phones, then he might select a video show of a phone and hear the ring of it.The World Wide Web also subsumes previous Internet information systems such as Gopher and FTP. These resources can still be accessed through the Web. But the Web offered by these more restricted connection methods. Now the Web provides a wealth of additional capabilities.Thousands of computers around the world are now connected to the Web. They offer a huge variety of information and services to visitors. These online documents are generally referred to as pages. They are composed and supported by various people and organizations. Web pages are available for an amazing variety of tasks ranging from the playful to the serious. You can get many services access Web pages. For example, you can search database of mailing lists, you can see pictures of your favorite band and their concert schedule, or you can take a “tour” through a foreign country. Thousands of links to new services are added to the Web each day, and its growth has been explosive.参考译文万维网万维网又称或Web是因特网上发展最快的应用软件之一;它是一种结构化框架,用于访问遍布在因特网上的成千上万台机器中的链接文档;万维网把这些计算机连接成了一个巨大的交互式多媒体资源库,它是因特网上的计算机之间进行信息交流的一种方式;Web是用超文本和超媒体设计的;超文本文档中的一些关键词或短语被链接到了其他的在线文档中;例如,某人在阅读一篇有关移动电话的超文本文档时,如果他选择高亮显示的词“诺基亚3310”,就能链接到另一篇有关这一类型移动电话的文章,从而可以获取更多的信息;网络文章通过链接形成了一个网络信息资源库,用户可以选择路径来浏览这些在线资源,这种行为通常被称为“网上冲浪”;超媒体将超文本的概念扩展到了其他的信息形式,其中包括图片、声音,甚至是录像剪辑;在超媒体文档中阅读有关移动电话的文章时,读者可以选择关于该电话的视频演示,还能听见铃声;万维网也包括了以前的因特网信息系统,如Gopher 和FTP;这些资源仍然可以通过网络访问,但是以前那些连接方式的局限性很大,现在的网络提供了许多先辈们没能提供的功能;现在世界上成千上万的计算机都连接到了网络上,而且为访问者提供了相当多的信息和服务;这些由不同的人和组织编写和支持的在线文档被称为网页;Web网页可以跨越从诙谐到严肃的各种风格;通过访问网页,用户可以查看邮件数据库,查阅自己喜爱的乐队的图片和他们的演出时间表,或去国外周游一圈;现在每天都会增加上千种新的服务链接,万维网已经飞速发展起来了;。
计算机专业词汇英语翻译
Guest editora vehicle of 一种手段productivity生产力perceive 感知empirical means：经验方法the prolonged exponential growth：长期的指数增长Fidelity：保真度energy harvesting：能源获取Ubiquitous computing：普适计算Photosynthesis ：光合作用incident light 入射光coated 覆盖的humidity 湿度moisture gradients：湿气梯度semiconductor fabrication：半导体制造Acoustic：声学的Miniaturization:小型化Photons：光子，量子Concentrations：浓度Tailored：定制的Spectrum：光谱sophisticated heterogeneous systems：复杂的异构系统Fusion：融合=aggregationQualitative 定性的Diffusion：扩散duty-cycle：占空比spatial dimension：空间范围Dissemination：散播Pervasive：普遍的Trajectory：轨道Ambient：周围的②leachMicrosensors：微传感器Cluster: 名词：簇动词：分簇Cluster head：簇头Hierarchy 分层Application-Specific 应用相关的In terms of 按照Aggregate聚合Diffusion：传播Dissipated：耗散Timeline 时间轴Backs off：后退Dissipation：耗散spread-spectrum：扩频intra-cluster：簇内Outperform：胜过③pegasisHomogeneous:同质的fusion ：融合aggregationFuse：v. 融合Humidity：湿度Beacon：信标timestamp 时间戳in terms of ：就...而言greedy approach：贪婪算法truncated chain：截断链Critical：关键的propagation delays：传播延迟Dissipate：v.发散SNR：信噪比Joules：焦耳The upper bound：上限tier：等级token ：令牌，象征Dense：密集的Sparse：稀疏的Heuristic：启发式Outperforms：胜过Preliminary：初步的Exponential：指数的traveling salesman problem 旅行商问题tradeoff 代价④z-macLatency：时间延迟Robust：鲁棒性slot assignment：时隙分配multiple access control：多址接入控制Aggregate：聚合duty cycle：占空比the overhead of：开销Vendors：厂商surface-mount：表面贴装hand-soldering：手工焊接Predetermined：预定的Stochastic：随机的Explicit Contention Notification:明确竞争通知Unicast：单播Congestion：拥塞Benchmark：基准Preamble：头部⑤A building。
计算机专用术语英文及中文翻译
计算机术语大全1、CPU3DNow!（3D no waiting，无须等待的3D处理）AAM（AMD Analyst Meeting，AMD分析家会议）ABP（Advanced Branch Prediction，高级分支预测）ACG（Aggressive Clock Gating，主动时钟选择）AIS（Alternate Instruction Set，交替指令集）ALA T（advanced load table，高级载入表）ALU（Arithmetic Logic Unit，算术逻辑单元）Aluminum（铝）AGU（Address Generation Units，地址产成单元）APC（Advanced Power Control，高级能源控制）APIC（Advanced rogrammable Interrupt Controller，高级可编程中断控制器）APS（Alternate Phase Shifting，交替相位跳转）ASB（Advanced System Buffering，高级系统缓冲）A TC（Advanced Transfer Cache，高级转移缓存）A TD（Assembly Technology Development，装配技术发展）BBUL（Bumpless Build-Up Layer，内建非凹凸层）BGA（Ball Grid Array，球状网阵排列）BHT（branch prediction table，分支预测表）Bops（Billion Operations Per Second，10亿操作秒）BPU（Branch Processing Unit，分支处理单元）BP（Brach Pediction，分支预测）BSP（Boot Strap Processor，启动捆绑处理器）BTAC（Branch Target Address Calculator，分支目标寻址计算器）CBGA (Ceramic Ball Grid Array，陶瓷球状网阵排列)CDIP (Ceramic Dual-In-Line，陶瓷双重直线)Center Processing Unit Utilization，中央处理器占用率CFM（cubic feet per minute，立方英尺秒）CMT（course-grained multithreading，过程消除多线程）CMOS（Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor，互补金属氧化物半导体）CMOV（conditional move instruction，条件移动指令）CISC（Complex Instruction Set Computing，复杂指令集计算机）CLK（Clock Cycle，时钟周期）CMP（on-chip multiprocessor，片内多重处理）CMS（Code Morphing Software，代码变形软件）co-CPU（cooperative CPU，协处理器）COB（Cache on board，板上集成缓存，做在CPU卡上的二级缓存，通常是内核的一半速度））COD（Cache on Die，芯片内核集成缓存）Copper（铜）CPGA（Ceramic Pin Grid Array，陶瓷针型栅格阵列）CPI（cycles per instruction，周期指令）CPLD（Complex Programmable Logic Device，複雜可程式化邏輯元件）CPU（Center Processing Unit，中央处理器）CRT（Cooperative Redundant Threads，协同多余线程）CSP（Chip Scale Package，芯片比例封装）CXT（Chooper eXTend，增强形K6-2内核，即K6-3）Data Forwarding（数据前送）dB（decibel，分贝）DCLK（Dot Clock，点时钟）DCT（DRAM Controller，DRAM控制器）DDT（Dynamic Deferred Transaction，动态延期处理）Decode（指令解码）DIB（Dual Independent Bus，双重独立总线）DMT（Dynamic Multithreading Architecture，动态多线程结构）DP（Dual Processor，双处理器）DSM（Dedicated Stack Manager，专门堆栈管理）DSMT（Dynamic Simultaneous Multithreading，动态同步多线程）DST（Depleted Substrate Transistor，衰竭型底层晶体管）DTV（Dual Threshold V oltage，双重极限电压）DUV（Deep Ultra-Violet，纵深紫外光）EBGA（Enhanced Ball Grid Array，增强形球状网阵排列）EBL（electron beam lithography，电子束平版印刷）EC（Embedded Controller，嵌入式控制器）EDB（Execute Disable Bit，执行禁止位）EDEC（Early Decode，早期解码）Embedded Chips（嵌入式）EM64T（Extended Memory 64 Technology，扩展内存64技术）EPA（edge pin array，边缘针脚阵列）EPF（Embedded Processor Forum，嵌入式处理器论坛）EPL（electron projection lithography，电子发射平版印刷）EPM（Enhanced Power Management，增强形能源管理）EPIC（explicitly parallel instruction code，并行指令代码）EUV（Extreme Ultra Violet，紫外光）EUV（extreme ultraviolet lithography，极端紫外平版印刷）FADD（Floationg Point Addition，浮点加）FBGA（Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array，精细倾斜球状网阵包装）FBGA（flipchip BGA，轻型芯片BGA）FC-BGA（Flip-Chip Ball Grid Array，翻转芯片球形网阵包装）FC-LGA（Flip-Chip Land Grid Array，翻转接点网阵包装）FC-PGA（Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array，翻转芯片球状网阵包装）FDIV（Floationg Point Divide，浮点除）FEMMS：Fast EntryExit Multimedia State，快速进入退出多媒体状态FFT（fast Fourier transform，快速热欧姆转换）FGM（Fine-Grained Multithreading，高级多线程）FID（FID：Frequency identify，频率鉴别号码）FIFO（First Input First Output，先入先出队列）FISC（Fast Instruction Set Computer，快速指令集计算机）flip-chip（芯片反转）FLOPs（Floating Point Operations Per Second，浮点操作秒）FMT（fine-grained multithreading，纯消除多线程）FMUL（Floationg Point Multiplication，浮点乘）FPRs（floating-point registers，浮点寄存器）FPU（Float Point Unit，浮点运算单元）FSUB（Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减）GFD（Gold finger Device，金手指超频设备）GHC（Global History Counter，通用历史计数器）GTL（Gunning Transceiver Logic，射电收发逻辑电路）GVPP（Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器）HL-PBGA表面黏著,高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状网阵封装HTT（Hyper-Threading Technology，超级线程技术）Hz（hertz，赫兹，频率单位）IA（Intel Architecture，英特尔架构）IAA（Intel Application Accelerator，英特尔应用程序加速器）IA TM（Intel Advanced Thermal Manager，英特尔高级热量管理指令集）ICU（Instruction Control Unit，指令控制单元）ID（identify，鉴别号码）IDF（Intel Developer Forum，英特尔开发者论坛）IDMB（Intel Digital Media Boost，英特尔数字媒体推进指令集）IDPC（Intel Dynamic Power Coordination，英特尔动态能源调和指令集）IEU（Integer Execution Units，整数执行单元）IHS（Integrated Heat Spreader，完整热量扩展）ILP（Instruction Level Parallelism，指令级平行运算）IMM Intel Mobile Module, 英特尔移动模块Instructions Cache，指令缓存Instruction Coloring（指令分类）IOPs（Integer Operations Per Second，整数操作秒）IPC（Instructions Per Clock Cycle，指令时钟周期）ISA（instruction set architecture，指令集架构）ISD（inbuilt speed-throttling device，内藏速度控制设备）ITC（Instruction Trace Cache，指令追踪缓存）ITRS（International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors，国际半导体技术发展蓝图）KNI（Katmai New Instructions，Katmai新指令集，即SSE）Latency（潜伏期）LDT（Lightning Data Transport，闪电数据传输总线）LFU（Legacy Function Unit，传统功能单元）LGA（land grid array，接点栅格阵列）LN2（Liquid Nitrogen，液氮）Local Interconnect（局域互连）MAC（multiply-accumulate，累积乘法）mBGA (Micro Ball Grid Array，微型球状网阵排列)nm（namometer，十亿分之一米毫微米）MCA（Machine Check Architecture，机器检查架构）MCU（Micro-Controller Unit，微控制器单元）MCT（Memory Controller，内存控制器）MESI（Modified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid：修改、排除、共享、废弃）MF（MicroOps Fusion，微指令合并）mm（micron metric，微米）MMX（MultiMedia Extensions，多媒体扩展指令集）MMU（Multimedia Unit，多媒体单元）MMU（Memory Management Unit，内存管理单元）MN（model numbers，型号数字）MFLOPS（Million Floationg PointSecond，每秒百万个浮点操作）MHz（megahertz，兆赫）mil（PCB 或晶片佈局的長度單位，1 mil = 千分之一英寸）MIMD（Multi Instruction Multiple Data，多指令多数据流）MIPS（Million Instruction Per Second，百万条指令秒）MOESI（Modified, Owned, Exclusive, Shared or Invalid，修改、自有、排除、共享或无效）MOF（Micro Ops Fusion，微操作熔合）Mops（Million Operations Per Second，百万次操作秒）MP（Multi-Processing，多重处理器架构）MPF（Micro processor Forum，微处理器论坛）MPU（Microprocessor Unit，微处理器）MPS（MultiProcessor Specification，多重处理器规范）MSRs（Model-Specific Registers，特别模块寄存器）MSV（Multiprocessor Specification V ersion，多处理器规范版本）MVP（Mobile V oltage Positioning，移动电压定位）IVNAOC（no-account OverClock，无效超频）NI（Non－Intel，非英特尔）NOP（no operation，非操作指令）NRE（Non-Recurring Engineering charge，非重複性工程費用）OBGA（Organic Ball Grid Arral，有机球状网阵排列）OCPL（Off Center Parting Line，远离中心部分线队列）OLGA（Organic Land Grid Array，有机平面网阵包装）OoO（Out of Order，乱序执行）OPC（Optical Proximity Correction，光学临近修正）OPGA（Organic Pin Grid Array，有机塑料针型栅格阵列）OPN（Ordering Part Number，分类零件号码）PA T（Performance Acceleration Technology，性能加速技术）PBGA（Plastic Pin Ball Grid Array，塑胶球状网阵排列）PDIP (Plastic Dual-In-Line，塑料双重直线)PDP（Parallel Data Processing，并行数据处理）PGA（Pin-Grid Array，引脚网格阵列）,耗电大PLCC (Plastic Leaded Chip Carriers，塑料行间芯片运载)Post-RISC（加速RISC，或后RISC）PPE（Power Processor Element，Power处理器元件）PPU（Physics Processing Unit，物理处理单元）PR（Performance Rate，性能比率）PIB（Processor In a Box，盒装处理器）PM（Pseudo-Multithreading，假多线程）PPGA（Plastic Pin Grid Array，塑胶针状网阵封装）PQFP（Plastic Quad Flat Package，塑料方块平面封装）PSN（Processor Serial numbers，处理器序列号）QFP（Quad Flat Package，方块平面封装）QSPS（Quick Start Power State，快速启动能源状态）RAS（Return Address Stack，返回地址堆栈）RAW（Read after Write，写后读）REE（Rapid Execution Engine，快速执行引擎）Register Contention（抢占寄存器）Register Pressure（寄存器不足）Register Renaming（寄存器重命名）Remark（芯片频率重标识）Resource contention（资源冲突）Retirement（指令引退）RISC（Reduced Instruction Set Computing，精简指令集计算机）ROB（Re-Order Buffer，重排序缓冲区）RSE（register stack engine，寄存器堆栈引擎）RTL（Register Transfer Level，暫存器轉換層。
计算机英语第四版课文翻译
《计算机英语》参考译文第一单元：计算机与计算机科学课文A：计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机都是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。
同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。
计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯?帕斯卡于1642年设计的，它是数字计算机的先驱。
这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
轮子互相连接，从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子，就可以将数字彼此相加。
17世纪70年代，德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德?威廉?莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良，设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。
法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽?雅卡尔，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。
在19世纪80年代期间，美国统计学家赫尔曼?何勒里斯，想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。
通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。
1、分析机也是在19世纪，英国数学家和发明家查尔斯?巴比奇，提出了现代数字计算机的原理。
他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器，如差分机。
许多历史学家认为，巴比奇及其合伙人，数学家奥古斯塔?埃达?拜伦，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。
巴比奇的设计之一，分析机，具有现代计算机的许多特征。
计算机网络中英文互译
计算机网络中英翻译ACK (ACKnowledgement) 确认帧ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字用户线AN (Access Network ）接入网ANSI (American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准协会AP (Access Point) 接入点API (Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) 亚太网络信息中心ARP （ Address Resolution Protocol ）地址解析协议ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency)美国国防部远景研究规划局（高级研究计划署）ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 自动请求重发ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 异步传递方式ATU (Access Termination Unit) 接入端接单元ATU-C (Access Termination Unit Central Office ）端局接入端接单元ATU-R (Access Termination Unit Remote) 远端接入端接单元AUI (Attachment Unit Interface ）连接接口单元AWT （ Abstract Window Toolkit ）抽象窗口工具箱BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) 反向显式拥塞通知BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本编码规则BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 边界网关协议BSA (Basic Service Area) 基本服务区BSS (Basic Service Set) 基本服务集BNA 宝来网络体系结构CAC (Connection Admission Control) 连接准许控制CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Phase) 无载波振幅相位调制CATV (Community Antenna TV, CAble TV) 有线电视CBR （ Constant Bit Rate ）恒定比特率CCIR (Consultative Committee，International Radio) 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT (Consultative Committee, International Telegraph and Telephone)国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP 通信控制处理机CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) 码分复用CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access) 码分多址CNNIC (Network Information Center of China) 中国互联网络信息中心CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循环冗余检验CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access ／ Collision Detection)载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSU/DSU （ Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) 信道服务单元／数据服务单元CTD (Cell Transfer Delay) 信元传送时延DACS (Digital Access and Cross-connect System) 数字交接系统DCA 数据通信体系结构DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 数据电路端接设备DE (Discard Eligibility) 丢弃指示DES (Data Encryption Standard) 数据加密标准DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 动态主机配置协议DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) 数据链路连接标识符DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) 离散多音（调制）DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系统DNA 数据网络系统结构DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 数字用户线DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) 数据终端设备DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播路由选择协议DWDM (Dense WDM) 密集波分复用EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议EIA (Electronic Industries Association ）美国电子工业协会ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) 封装安全有效载荷ESS 伍 xtended Service Set) 扩展的服务集FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface ）光纤分布式数据接口FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) 频分复用FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) 转发等价类FEC (Forward Error Correction) 前向纠错FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 跳频扩频FIFO （ First In First Out) 先进先出FQ (Fair Queuing) 公平排队FR (Frame Relay) 帧中继FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) 移频键控FTP (File Transfer Protocol ）文件传送协议FTTB (Fiber To The Building) 光纤到大楼FTTC (Fiber To The Curb ）光纤到路边FTTH (Fiber To The Home) 光纤到家FTTD (Fiber To The Desk) 光纤到桌面FTTZ(Fiber To The Zone ）光纤到小区FTTO (Fiber To The Office) 光纤到办公室FTTF (Fiber To The Floor) 光纤到楼层GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) 图形交换格式GII (Global Information Infrastructure) 全球信息基础结构，全球信息基础设施GFC （ Generic Flow Control) 通用流量控制GSM (Group Special Mobile) 群组专用移动通信体制HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 面向比特的链路控制规程HDSL (High speed DSL) 高速数字用户线HEC (Header Error Control) 首部差错控制HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) 光纤同轴混合（网）HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超文本置标语言HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超文本传送协议IAB (Internet Architecture Board) 因特网体系结构委员会IAC （ Interpret As Command ）作为命令解释IAHC (Internet International Ad Hoc Committee ）因特网国际特别委员会ICMP （ Internet Control Message Protocol ）因特网控制报文协议IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) 国际数据加密算法IEEE电气和电子工程师协会IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) 因特网工程指导小组IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 因特网工程部IFS (Inter Frame Space) 帧间间隔IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) 因特网组管理协议IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议IM (Instant Messaging) 即时传信IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) 因特网报文存取协议IMP （ Interface Message Processor) 接口报文处理机IP (Internet Protocol ）网际协议IR (InfraRed ）红外技术IRTF （ Internet Research Task Force ）因特网研究部ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 综合业务数字网ISO （ International Organization for Standardization ）国际标准化组织ISOC (Internet Society) 因特网协会ISP （ Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供者ITU （ International Telecommunication Union ）国际电信联盟ITU-T （ ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) 国际电信联盟电信标准化部门JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) 联合图像专家组标准KDC (Key Distribution Center) 密钥分配中心LAN (Local Area Network ）局域网LANE (LAN Emulation ）局域网仿真LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced) 链路接入规程（平衡型）LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) 标记分配协议LLC (Logical Link Control) 逻辑链路控制LSP (Label Switched Path) 标记交换路径LSR (Label Switching Router) 标记交换路由器MAC (Medium Access Control) 媒体接入控制MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网MAU (Medium Attachment Unit) 媒体连接单元MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt ）多播主干网MBS (Maximum Burst Size ）最大突发长度MCR (Minimum Cell Rate ）最小信元速率 MCU (Multipoint Control Unit)多点控制单元MD (Message Digest) 报文摘要MDI (Medium Dependent Interface ）媒体相关接口MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息库MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用因特网邮件扩充modem 调制解调器MOTIF (Message Oriented Text Interchange System) 面向报文的电文交换系统MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) 活动图像专家组标准MPOA (MultiProtocol Over ATM) 多协议在 ATM 上运行MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) 多协议标记交换MRU (Maximum Receive Unit) 最大接收单元MSS (Maximum Segment Size) 最长报文段MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) 最大传送单元NAK (Negative AcKnowlegement) 否认帧NAP （ Network Access Point) 网络接入点N.ISDN (Narrowband-ISDN) 窄带综合业务数字网NAT (Network Address Translation ）网络地址转换NAV (Network Al location Vector) 网络分配向量NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统NGI 下一代因特网计划NIA 网络适配器NIC (Network Interface Card) 网络接口卡、网卡NII (National Information Infrastructure) 国家信息基础结构，国家信息基础设施NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) 网络层可达性信息NNI (Network-Node Interface) 网络结点接口NSF (National Science Foundation) （美国）国家科学基金会NVT (Network Virtual Terminal ）网络虚拟终端ODBC （Open Database Connection）开放数据库互连OSF （Open Software Fundation ）开放软件基金会OSI （Open System Interconnection ）开放系统互联PBX （Private Branch eXchange ）用户交换机PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ) 脉冲编码调制PCN (Personal Communications Network ) 个人通信网络PCR （Peak Cell Rate ）峰值信元速率PCS 个人通信服务 Personal Communications ServicePDH 准同步数字系列PDA 个人数字助理 Personal Digital AssistantPDN 公用数据网 Public Data NetworkPDU 协议数据单元 Protocol Data UnitPER 分组差错率 packet error ratePIR 分组插入率 packet insertion ratePLCP 物理层会聚协议 Physical Layer Convergence ProtocolPLR 分组丢失率 packet loss ratePMD 物理媒体相关（子层） Physical Medium DependentPPP 点到点协议 Point to Point ProtocolPPTP 点对点隧道协议PRM 协议参考模型 Protocol Reference ModelPRN 分组无线网 Packet Radio NetworkPSN 分组交换节点 Packet Switch NodePSTN 公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone NetworkRARP 逆向地址解析协议 Reverse Address Resolution ProtocolRAS 远程访问服务器RFC 请求评注 Request for CommentsRMON 远程网络管理Router 路由器RPC 远程过程调用 Remote Procedure CallRSVP 资源重复利用协议RTP 接收和发送端口RTS 往返样本 Round Trip SampleRTS 剩余时间标签SAP 业务接入点 Service Access PointSAP 服务公告协议 Service Advertising ProtocolSAR 分段和重组(子层) Segmentation and ReassemblySDH 同步数字系列 Synchronous Digital HierarchySDLC 同步数据链路控制(协议) Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure SDTV 标准数字电视SDU 业务数据单元 Service Data UnitSIPP 增强的简单因特网协议 Simple Internet Protocol PlusSLIP 串行线路IP Serial Line Interface ProtocolSMDS 交换式多兆比特数据业务 Switched Multimegabit Data ServicesSMF 单模光纤 Single-mode FiberSMT 站点管理 Station ManagementSMTP 简单邮件传输协议 Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNA 系统网络体系结构 System Network ArchitectureSNMP 简单网络管理协议 Simple Network Management ProtocolSNR 信噪比 Signal-Noise ratioSONET 同步光纤网络 Synchronous Optical NetworkSTM 同步传输方式 Synchronous Transfer ModeSTP 屏蔽双绞线 Shielded Twisted PairSTS 同步传输信号 Synchronous Transport SignalSVC 交换虚电路 Switched Virtual CircuitSwitch 交换机TCP 传输控制协议 Transmission Control ProtocolTDM 时分多路复用 Time Division MultiplexingTFTP 单纯文件传输协议 Trivial File Transfer protocolTelnet 远程登录协议TIP 终端接口处理机 Terminal Interface ProcessorTP 双绞线 Twisted PairTSAP 传输层服务访问点 Transport Service Access PointUDP 用户数据报协议 User Datagram ProtocolUSB 通用串行总线 Universal Serial BusUTP 非屏蔽双绞线 Unshielded Twisted PairVAN 增值网 Value Added NetworkVBR 可变比特率 Variable Bit RateVCC 虚信道连接 Virtual Channel ConnectionVLAN 虚拟局域网 Virtual LANVLSI 超大规模集成电路VOD 点播图像 Video on DemandVPC 虚路径连接 Virtual Path ConnectionVPI 虚路径标识 virtual path identifierVPN 虚拟专用网络 Virtual Private NetworkVRML 虚拟现实造型语言 Virtual Reality Modeling Language VTP 虚拟隧道协议WAN 广域网 Wide Area NetworkWDM 波分多路复用 Wavelength Division MultiplexingWWW 万维网 World Wide Web。
计算机外文翻译（完整）
计算机外⽂翻译（完整）毕业设计(论⽂)外⽂资料翻译专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：王成明学号：06120186外⽂出处：The History of the Internet附件： 1.外⽂原⽂ 2.外⽂资料翻译译⽂；附件1：外⽂原⽂The History of the InternetThe Beginning - ARPAnetThe Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet.With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were290,000.Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992.Today - The InternetToday, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the Internet, and it's predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access. The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day.HOW IT WORKS:It's a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual Internet environments.The Internet is not a 'thing' itself. The Internet cannot just "crash." It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet.The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or have the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it.The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage?Internet communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system.But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between onecomputer and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access.The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem cable connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers.A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information.To explain this better, let's look at how a standard computer might viewa webpage.1. The user's computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.2. The user launches a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer and types in an internet location to go to.3. Here's where the tricky part comes in. First, the computer sends data about it's data request to a router. A router is a very high speed powerful computer running special software. The collection of routers in the world make what is called a "backbone," on which all the data on the Internet is transferred. The backbone presently operates at a speed of several gigabytes per-second. Such a speed compared to a normal modem is like comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of an ice-cube.Routers handle data that is going back and forth. A router puts small chunks of data into packages called packets, which function similarly to envelopes. So, when the request for the webpage goes through, it uses TCP/IP protocols to tell the router what to do with the data, where it's going, and overall where the user wants to go.4. The router sends these packets to other routers, eventually leadingto the target computer. It's like whisper down the lane (only the information remains intact).5. When the information reaches the target web server, the webserver then begins to send the web page back. A webserver is the computer where the webpage is stored that is running a program that handles requests for the webpage and sends the webpage to whoever wants to see it.6. The webpage is put in packets, sent through routers, and arrive at the users computer where the user can view the webpage once it is assembled.The packets which contain the data also contain special information that lets routers and other computers know how to reassemble the data in the right order.With millions of web pages, and millions of users, using the Internet is not always easy for a beginning user, especially for someone who is not entirely comfortale with using computers. Below you can find tips tricks and help on how to use main services of the Internet.Before you access webpages, you must have a web browser to actually be able to view the webpages. Most Internet Access Providers provide you with a web browser in the software they usually give to customers; you. The fact that you are viewing this page means that you have a web browser. The top two use browsers are Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html and MSIE can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html /ie.The fact that you're reading this right now means that you have a web browser.Next you must be familiar with actually using webpages. A webpage is a collection of hyperlinks, images, text, forms, menus, and multimedia. To "navigate" a webpage, simply click the links it provides or follow it's own instructions (like if it has a form you need to use, it will probably instruct you how to use it). Basically, everything about a webpage is made to be self-explanetory. That is the nature of a webpage, to be easily navigatable."Oh no! a 404 error! 'Cannot find web page?'" is a common remark made by new web-users.Sometimes websites have errors. But an error on a website is not the user's fault, of course.A 404 error means that the page you tried to go to does not exist. This could be because the site is still being constructed and the page hasn't been created yet, or because the site author made a typo in the page. There's nothing much to do about a 404 error except for e-mailing the site administrator (of the page you wanted to go to) an telling him/her about the error.A Javascript error is the result of a programming error in the Javascript code of a website. Not all websites utilize Javascript, but many do. Javascript is different from Java, and most browsers now support Javascript. If you are using an old version of a web browser (Netscape 3.0 for example), you might get Javascript errors because sites utilize Javascript versions that your browser does not support. So, you can try getting a newer version of your web browser.E-mail stands for Electronic Mail, and that's what it is. E-mail enables people to send letters, and even files and pictures to each other.To use e-mail, you must have an e-mail client, which is just like a personal post office, since it retrieves and stores e-mail. Secondly, you must have an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers provide free e-mail account(s) for free. Some services offer free e-mail, like Hotmail, and Geocities.After configuring your e-mail client with your POP3 and SMTP server address (your e-mail provider will give you that information), you are ready to receive mail.An attachment is a file sent in a letter. If someone sends you an attachment and you don't know who it is, don't run the file, ever. It could be a virus or some other kind of nasty programs. You can't get a virus justby reading e-mail, you'll have to physically execute some form of program for a virus to strike.A signature is a feature of many e-mail programs. A signature is added to the end of every e-mail you send out. You can put a text graphic, your business information, anything you want.Imagine that a computer on the Internet is an island in the sea. The sea is filled with millions of islands. This is the Internet. Imagine an island communicates with other island by sending ships to other islands and receiving ships. The island has ports to accept and send out ships.A computer on the Internet has access nodes called ports. A port is just a symbolic object that allows the computer to operate on a network (or the Internet). This method is similar to the island/ocean symbolism above.Telnet refers to accessing ports on a server directly with a text connection. Almost every kind of Internet function, like accessing web pages,"chatting," and e-mailing is done over a Telnet connection.Telnetting requires a Telnet client. A telnet program comes with the Windows system, so Windows users can access telnet by typing in "telnet" (without the "'s) in the run dialog. Linux has it built into the command line; telnet. A popular telnet program for Macintosh is NCSA telnet.Any server software (web page daemon, chat daemon) can be accessed via telnet, although they are not usually meant to be accessed in such a manner. For instance, it is possible to connect directly to a mail server and check your mail by interfacing with the e-mail server software, but it's easier to use an e-mail client (of course).There are millions of WebPages that come from all over the world, yet how will you know what the address of a page you want is?Search engines save the day. A search engine is a very large website that allows you to search it's own database of websites. For instance, if you wanted to find a website on dogs, you'd search for "dog" or "dogs" or "dog information." Here are a few search-engines.1. Altavista (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed2. Yahoo (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed Collection3. Excite (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed4. Lycos (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed5. Metasearch (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Multiple searchA web spider is a program used by search engines that goes from page to page, following any link it can possibly find. This means that a search engine can literally map out as much of the Internet as it's own time and speed allows for.An indexed collection uses hand-added links. For instance, on Yahoo's site. You can click on Computers & the Internet. Then you can click on Hardware. Then you can click on Modems, etc., and along the way through sections, there are sites available which relate to what section you're in.Metasearch searches many search engines at the same time, finding the top choices from about 10 search engines, making searching a lot more effective.Once you are able to use search engines, you can effectively find the pages you want.With the arrival of networking and multi user systems, security has always been on the mind of system developers and system operators. Since the dawn of AT&T and its phone network, hackers have been known by many, hackers who find ways all the time of breaking into systems. It used to not be that big of a problem, since networking was limited to big corporate companies or government computers who could afford the necessary computer security.The biggest problem now-a-days is personal information. Why should you be careful while making purchases via a website? Let's look at how the internet works, quickly.The user is transferring credit card information to a webpage. Looks safe, right? Not necessarily. As the user submits the information, it is being streamed through a series of computers that make up the Internet backbone.The information is in little chunks, in packages called packets. Here's the problem: While the information is being transferred through this big backbone, what is preventing a "hacker" from intercepting this data stream at one of the backbone points?Big-brother is not watching you if you access a web site, but users should be aware of potential threats while transmitting private information. There are methods of enforcing security, like password protection, an most importantly, encryption.Encryption means scrambling data into a code that can only be unscrambled on the "other end." Browser's like Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer feature encryption support for making on-line transfers. Some encryptions work better than others. The most advanced encryption system is called DES (Data Encryption Standard), and it was adopted by the US Defense Department because it was deemed so difficult to 'crack' that they considered it a security risk if it would fall into another countries hands.A DES uses a single key of information to unlock an entire document. The problem is, there are 75 trillion possible keys to use, so it is a highly difficult system to break. One document was cracked and decoded, but it was a combined effort of14,000 computers networked over the Internet that took a while to do it, so most hackers don't have that many resources available.附件2：外⽂资料翻译译⽂Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为⼀项⼯程进⾏开发的。
计算机网络中英文互译,DOC
欢迎共阅计算机网络中英翻译ACK(ACKnowledgement)确认帧ADSL(AsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine)非对称数字用户线AN(AccessNetwork）接入网ANSI(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute)美国国家标准协会AP(AccessPoint)接入点API(ApplicationProgrammingInterface)应用编程接口APNIC(AsiaPacificNetworkInformationCenter)亚太网络信息中心ARP（AddressResolutionProtocol）地址解析协议AWT（BNACBR（CCPCSMA/CD(CarrierSenseMultipleAccess／CollisionDetection)载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSU/DSU（ChannelServiceUnit/DataServiceUnit)信道服务单元／数据服务单元CTD(CellTransferDelay)信元传送时延DACS(DigitalAccessandCross-connectSystem)数字交接系统DCA数据通信体系结构DCE(DataCircuit-terminatingEquipment)数据电路端接设备DE(DiscardEligibility)丢弃指示DES(DataEncryptionStandard)数据加密标准DHCP(DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol)动态主机配置协议DLCI(DataLinkConnectionIdentifier)数据链路连接标识符DMT(DiscreteMulti-Tone)离散多音（调制）DNS(DomainNameSystem)域名系统DNA数据网络系统结构DSL(DigitalSubscriberLine)数字用户线DSLAM(DSLAccessMultiplexer)数字用户线接入复用器DSSS(DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum)直接序列扩频DTE(DataTerminalEquipment)数据终端设备DVMRP(DistanceVectorMulticastRoutingProtocol)距离向量多播路由选择协议DWDM(DenseWDM)密集波分复用EGP(ExternalGatewayProtocol)外部网关协议EIA(ElectronicIndustriesAssociation）美国电子工业协会ESS伍FCS(FrameFIFO（FR(FrameGFC（HDSL(HighspeedDSL)高速数字用户线HEC(HeaderErrorControl)首部差错控制HFC(HybridFiberCoax)光纤同轴混合（网）HTML(HyperTextMarkupLanguage)超文本置标语言HTTP(HyperTextTransferProtocol)超文本传送协议IAB(InternetArchitectureBoard)因特网体系结构委员会IAC（InterpretAsCommand）作为命令解释IAHC(InternetInternationalAdHocCommittee）因特网国际特别委员会ICMP（InternetControlMessageProtocol）因特网控制报文协议IDEA(InternationalDataEncryptionAlgorithm)国际数据加密算法IEEE电气和电子工程师协会IESG(InternetEngineeringSteeringGroup)因特网工程指导小组IETF(InternetEngineeringTaskForce)因特网工程部IFS(Inter Frame Space)帧间间隔IGMP(InternetGroupManagementProtocol)因特网组管理协议IGP(InteriorGatewayProtocol)内部网关协议IM(InstantMessaging)即时传信IMAP(InternetMessageAccessProtocol)因特网报文存取协议IMP（InterfaceMessageProcessor)接口报文处理机IP(InternetProtocol）网际协议IR(InfraRed）红外技术IRTF（ISO（ISP（ITU（ITU-T（MIB(ManagementInformationBase)管理信息库MIME(MultipurposeInternetMailExtensions)通用因特网邮件扩充modem调制解调器MOTIF(MessageOrientedTextInterchangeSystem)面向报文的电文交换系统MPEG(MotionPictureExpertsGroup)活动图像专家组标准MPOA(MultiProtocolOverATM)多协议在ATM上运行MPLS(MultiProtocolLabelSwitching)多协议标记交换MRU(MaximumReceiveUnit)最大接收单元MSS(MaximumSegmentSize)最长报文段MTU(MaximumTransferUnit)最大传送单元NAK(NegativeAcKnowlegement)否认帧NAP（NetworkAccessPoint)网络接入点N.ISDN(Narrowband-ISDN)窄带综合业务数字网NAT(NetworkAddressTranslation）网络地址转换NAV(NetworkAl location Vector)网络分配向量NCP(NetworkControlProtocol)网络控制协议NFS(NetworkFileSystem)网络文件系统NGI下一代因特网计划NIA网络适配器NIC(NetworkInterfaceCard)网络接口卡、网卡NII(NationalInformationInfrastructure)国家信息基础结构，国家信息基础设施ODBC（OSF（OSI（PBX（PCR（PCSPDHPDAPDNPDUPERPIRPLCPPLRPMDPPPPPTPPRMPRNPSN分组交换节点PacketSwitchNodePSTN公用电话交换网PublicSwitchedTelephoneNetworkRARP逆向地址解析协议ReverseAddressResolutionProtocolRAS远程访问服务器RFC请求评注RequestforCommentsRMON远程网络管理Router路由器RPC远程过程调用RemoteProcedureCallRSVP资源重复利用协议RTP接收和发送端口RTS往返样本RoundTripSampleRTS剩余时间标签SAP业务接入点ServiceAccessPointSAP服务公告协议ServiceAdvertisingProtocolSAR分段和重组(子层)SegmentationandReassemblySDH同步数字系列SynchronousDigitalHierarchySDLC同步数据链路控制(协议)AdvancedDataCommunicationControlProcedure SDTV标准数字电视SDU业务数据单元ServiceDataUnitSIPP增强的简单因特网协议SimpleInternetProtocolPlusSLIP串行线路IPSerialLineInterfaceProtocolSMDSSMFSMTSMTPSNASNMPSNRSONETSTMSTPSTSSVCTCPTDMTFTPVCC虚信道连接VirtualChannelConnectionVLAN虚拟局域网VirtualLANVLSI超大规模集成电路VOD点播图像VideoonDemandVPC虚路径连接VirtualPathConnectionVPI虚路径标识virtualpathidentifierVPN虚拟专用网络VirtualPrivateNetworkVRML虚拟现实造型语言VirtualRealityModelingLanguageVTP虚拟隧道协议WAN广域网WideAreaNetworkWDM波分多路复用WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing WWW万维网WorldWideWeb。
计算机专业中英文文献翻译
1In the past decade the business environment has changed dramatically. The world has become a small and very dynamic marketplace. Organizations today confront new markets, new competition and increasing customer expectations. This has put a tremendous demand on manufacturers to; 1) Lower total costs in the complete supply chain 2) Shorten throughput times 3) Reduce stock to a minimum 4) Enlarge product assortment 5) Improve product quality 6) Provide more reliable delivery dates and higher service to the customer 7) Efficiently coordinate global demand, supply and production. Thus today's organization have to constantly re-engineer their business practices and procedures to be more and more responsive to customers and competition. In the 1990's information technology and business process re-engineering, used in conjunction with each other, have emerged as important tools which give organizations the leading edge.ERP Systems EvolutionThe focus of manufacturing systems in the 1960's was on inventory control. Most of the software packages then (usually customized) were designed to handle inventory based on traditional inventory concepts. In the 1970's the focus shifted to MRP (Material Requirement Planning) systems which translatedthe Master Schedule built for the end items into time-phased net requirements for the sub-assemblies, components and raw materials planning and procurement,In the 1980's the concept of MRP-II (Manufacturing Resources Planning) evolved which was an extension of MRP to shop floor and distribution management activities. In the early 1990's, MRP-II was further extended to cover areas like Engineering, Finance, Human Resources, Projects Management etc i.e. the complete gamut of activities within any business enterprise. Hence, the term ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) was coined.In addition to system requirements, ERP addresses technology aspects like client/server distributedarchitecture, RDBMS, object oriented programming etc. ERP Systems-Bandwidth ERP solutions address broad areas within any business like Manufacturing, Distribution, Finance, Project Management, Service and Maintenance, Transportation etc. A seamless integration is essential to provide visibility and consistency across the enterprise.An ERP system should be sufficiently versatile to support different manufacturing environments like make-to-stock, assemble-to-order and engineer-to-order. The customer order decoupling point (CODP) should be flexible enough to allow the co-existence of these manufacturing environments within the same system. It is also very likely that the same product may migrate from one manufacturing environment to another during its produce life cycle.The system should be complete enough to support both Discrete as well as Process manufacturing scenario's. The efficiency of an enterprise depends on the quick flow of information across the complete supply chain i.e. from the customer to manufacturers to supplier. This places demands on the ERP system to have rich functionality across all areas like sales, accounts receivable, engineering, planning, inventory management, production, purchase, accounts payable, quality management, distribution planning and external transportation. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is an important tool in speeding up communications with trading partners.More and more companies are becoming global and focusing on down-sizing and decentralizing their business. ABB and Northern Telecom are examples of companies which have business spread around the globe. For these companies to manage their business efficiently, ERP systems need to have extensive multi-site management capabilities. The complete financial accounting and management accounting requirementsof the organization should be addressed. It is necessary to have centralized or de-centralized accounting functions with complete flexibility to consolidate corporate information.After-sales service should be streamlined and managed efficiently. A strong EIS (Enterprise Information System) with extensive drill down capabilities should be available for the top management to get a birds eye view of the health of their organization and help them to analyze performance in key areas.Evaluation CriteriaSome important points to be kept in mind while evaluating an ERP software include: 1) Functional fit with the Company's business processes 2) Degree of integration between the various components of the ERP system 3) Flexibility and scalability 4) Complexity; user friendliness 5) Quick implementation; shortened ROI period 6) Ability to support multi-site planning and control 7) Technology; client/server capabilities, database independence, security 8)Availability of regular upgrades 9) Amount of customization required 10) Local support infrastructure II) Availability of reference sites 12) Total costs,including cost of license, training, implementation, maintenance, customization and hardware requirements.ERP Systems-ImplementationThe success of an ERP solution depends on how quick the benefits can be reaped from it. This necessitates rapid implementations which lead to shortened ROI periods. Traditional approach to implementation has been to carry out a Business Process Re-engineering exercise and define a "TO BE"model before the ERP system implementation. This led to mismatches between the proposed model and the ERP functionality, the consequence of which was customizations, extended implementation time frames, higher costs and loss of user confidence.ERP Systems-The FutureThe Internet represents the next major technology enabler which allows rapid supply chain management between multiple operations and trading partners. Most ERP systems are enhancing their products to become "Internet Enabled" so that customers worldwide can have direct to the supplier's ERP system. ERP systems are building in the Workflow Management functionally which provides a mechanism to manage and controlthe flow of work by monitoring logistic aspects like workload, capacity, throughout times, work queue lengths and processing times.译文1在过去十年中，商业环境发生了巨大的变化。
计算机专业英语-1-8英语翻译
Chapter 11.multi-core processor(多核处理器)------It is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units called “cores”, which are the units that read and execute program instructions.它是集成了两个或两个以上称为“核”的处理单元的计算部件，具有读取和执行程序指令的单元。
2.graphics processing unit(GPU)(图形处理单元)------A graphics processing unit, also occasionally called visual processing unit(VPU),is a specialized processor. It is designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.它是一个图形处理单元，有时也被称为视觉处理单元VPU，一个专门的处理器。
它的设计目的是快速地操作和改变内存，以加速在帧缓冲区中创建图像，以便显示输出。
3.Wearable computer(可穿戴电脑)------A wearable computer, also known as a body-borne computer or wearable ,is a miniature electronic device that is worn by the bearer under, with or on top of clothing.穿戴式电脑，也被称为人体电脑或穿戴电脑，是一种微型电子设备，由持有者佩戴在身上或者衣服上。
计算机网络中英文互译
计算机网络中英翻译ACK (ACKnowledgement) 确认帧ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字用户线AN (Access Network ）接入网ANSI (American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准协会AP (Access Point) 接入点API (Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) 亚太网络信息中心ARP （ Address Resolution Protocol ）地址解析协议ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency)美国国防部远景研究规划局（高级研究计划署）ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 自动请求重发ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 异步传递方式ATU (Access Termination Unit) 接入端接单元ATU-C (Access Termination Unit Central Office ）端局接入端接单元ATU-R (Access Termination Unit Remote) 远端接入端接单元AUI (Attachment Unit Interface ）连接接口单元AWT （ Abstract Window Toolkit ）抽象窗口工具箱BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) 反向显式拥塞通知BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本编码规则BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 边界网关协议BSA (Basic Service Area) 基本服务区BSS (Basic Service Set) 基本服务集BNA 宝来网络体系结构CAC (Connection Admission Control) 连接准许控制CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Phase) 无载波振幅相位调制CATV (Community Antenna TV, CAble TV) 有线电视CBR （ Constant Bit Rate ）恒定比特率CCIR (Consultative Committee，International Radio) 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT (Consultative Committee, International Telegraph and Telephone)国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP 通信控制处理机CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) 码分复用CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access) 码分多址CNNIC (Network Information Center of China) 中国互联网络信息中心CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循环冗余检验CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access ／ Collision Detection)载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSU/DSU （ Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) 信道服务单元／数据服务单元CTD (Cell Transfer Delay) 信元传送时延DACS (Digital Access and Cross-connect System) 数字交接系统DCA 数据通信体系结构DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 数据电路端接设备DE (Discard Eligibility) 丢弃指示DES (Data Encryption Standard) 数据加密标准DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 动态主机配置协议DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) 数据链路连接标识符DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) 离散多音（调制）DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系统DNA 数据网络系统结构DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 数字用户线DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) 数据终端设备DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播路由选择协议DWDM (Dense WDM) 密集波分复用EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议EIA (Electronic Industries Association ）美国电子工业协会ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) 封装安全有效载荷ESS 伍 xtended Service Set) 扩展的服务集FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface ）光纤分布式数据接口FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) 频分复用FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) 转发等价类FEC (Forward Error Correction) 前向纠错FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 跳频扩频FIFO （ First In First Out) 先进先出FQ (Fair Queuing) 公平排队FR (Frame Relay) 帧中继FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) 移频键控FTP (File Transfer Protocol ）文件传送协议FTTB (Fiber To The Building) 光纤到大楼FTTC (Fiber To The Curb ）光纤到路边FTTH (Fiber To The Home) 光纤到家FTTD (Fiber To The Desk) 光纤到桌面FTTZ(Fiber To The Zone ）光纤到小区FTTO (Fiber To The Office) 光纤到办公室FTTF (Fiber To The Floor) 光纤到楼层GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) 图形交换格式GII (Global Information Infrastructure) 全球信息基础结构，全球信息基础设施GFC （ Generic Flow Control) 通用流量控制GSM (Group Special Mobile) 群组专用移动通信体制HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 面向比特的链路控制规程HDSL (High speed DSL) 高速数字用户线HEC (Header Error Control) 首部差错控制HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) 光纤同轴混合（网）HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超文本置标语言HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超文本传送协议IAB (Internet Architecture Board) 因特网体系结构委员会IAC （ Interpret As Command ）作为命令解释IAHC (Internet International Ad Hoc Committee ）因特网国际特别委员会ICMP （ Internet Control Message Protocol ）因特网控制报文协议IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) 国际数据加密算法IEEE电气和电子工程师协会IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) 因特网工程指导小组IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 因特网工程部IFS (Inter Frame Space) 帧间间隔IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) 因特网组管理协议IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议IM (Instant Messaging) 即时传信IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) 因特网报文存取协议IMP （ Interface Message Processor) 接口报文处理机IP (Internet Protocol ）网际协议IR (InfraRed ）红外技术IRTF （ Internet Research Task Force ）因特网研究部ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 综合业务数字网ISO （ International Organization for Standardization ）国际标准化组织ISOC (Internet Society) 因特网协会ISP （ Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供者ITU （ International Telecommunication Union ）国际电信联盟ITU-T （ ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) 国际电信联盟电信标准化部门JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) 联合图像专家组标准KDC (Key Distribution Center) 密钥分配中心LAN (Local Area Network ）局域网LANE (LAN Emulation ）局域网仿真LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced) 链路接入规程（平衡型）LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) 标记分配协议LLC (Logical Link Control) 逻辑链路控制LSP (Label Switched Path) 标记交换路径LSR (Label Switching Router) 标记交换路由器MAC (Medium Access Control) 媒体接入控制MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网MAU (Medium Attachment Unit) 媒体连接单元MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt ）多播主干网MBS (Maximum Burst Size ）最大突发长度MCR (Minimum Cell Rate ）最小信元速率 MCU (Multipoint Control Unit)多点控制单元MD (Message Digest) 报文摘要MDI (Medium Dependent Interface ）媒体相关接口MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息库MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用因特网邮件扩充location Vector) 网络分配向量NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统NGI 下一代因特网计划NIA 网络适配器NIC (Network Interface Card) 网络接口卡、网卡NII (National Information Infrastructure) 国家信息基础结构，国家信息基础设施NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) 网络层可达性信息NNI (Network-Node Interface) 网络结点接口NSF (National Science Foundation) （美国）国家科学基金会NVT (Network Virtual Terminal ）网络虚拟终端ODBC （Open Database Connection）开放数据库互连OSF （Open Software Fundation ）开放软件基金会OSI （Open System Interconnection ）开放系统互联PBX （Private Branch eXchange ）用户交换机PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ) 脉冲编码调制PCN (Personal Communications Network ) 个人通信网络PCR （Peak Cell Rate ）峰值信元速率PCS 个人通信服务 Personal Communications ServicePDH 准同步数字系列PDA 个人数字助理 Personal Digital AssistantPDN 公用数据网 Public Data NetworkPDU 协议数据单元 Protocol Data UnitPER 分组差错率 packet error ratePIR 分组插入率 packet insertion ratePLCP 物理层会聚协议 Physical Layer Convergence ProtocolPLR 分组丢失率 packet loss ratePMD 物理媒体相关（子层） Physical Medium DependentPPP 点到点协议 Point to Point ProtocolPPTP 点对点隧道协议PRM 协议参考模型 Protocol Reference ModelPRN 分组无线网 Packet Radio NetworkPSN 分组交换节点 Packet Switch NodePSTN 公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone NetworkRARP 逆向地址解析协议 Reverse Address Resolution ProtocolRAS 远程访问服务器RFC 请求评注 Request for CommentsRMON 远程网络管理Router 路由器RPC 远程过程调用 Remote Procedure CallRSVP 资源重复利用协议RTP 接收和发送端口RTS 往返样本 Round Trip SampleRTS 剩余时间标签SAP 业务接入点 Service Access PointSAP 服务公告协议 Service Advertising ProtocolSAR 分段和重组(子层) Segmentation and ReassemblySDH 同步数字系列 Synchronous Digital HierarchySDLC 同步数据链路控制(协议) Advanced Data Communication Control ProcedureSDTV 标准数字电视SDU 业务数据单元 Service Data UnitSIPP 增强的简单因特网协议 Simple Internet Protocol PlusSLIP 串行线路IP Serial Line Interface ProtocolSMDS 交换式多兆比特数据业务 Switched Multimegabit Data Services SMF 单模光纤 Single-mode FiberSMT 站点管理 Station ManagementSMTP 简单邮件传输协议 Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNA 系统网络体系结构 System Network ArchitectureSNMP 简单网络管理协议 Simple Network Management ProtocolSNR 信噪比 Signal-Noise ratioSONET 同步光纤网络 Synchronous Optical NetworkSTM 同步传输方式 Synchronous Transfer ModeSTP 屏蔽双绞线 Shielded Twisted PairSTS 同步传输信号 Synchronous Transport SignalSVC 交换虚电路 Switched Virtual CircuitSwitch 交换机TCP 传输控制协议 Transmission Control ProtocolTDM 时分多路复用 Time Division MultiplexingTFTP 单纯文件传输协议 Trivial File Transfer protocolTelnet 远程登录协议TIP 终端接口处理机 Terminal Interface ProcessorTP 双绞线 Twisted PairTSAP 传输层服务访问点 Transport Service Access PointUDP 用户数据报协议 User Datagram ProtocolUSB 通用串行总线 Universal Serial BusUTP 非屏蔽双绞线 Unshielded Twisted PairVAN 增值网 Value Added NetworkVBR 可变比特率 Variable Bit RateVCC 虚信道连接 Virtual Channel ConnectionVLAN 虚拟局域网 Virtual LANVLSI 超大规模集成电路VOD 点播图像 Video on DemandVPC 虚路径连接 Virtual Path ConnectionVPI 虚路径标识 virtual path identifierVPN 虚拟专用网络 Virtual Private NetworkVRML 虚拟现实造型语言 Virtual Reality Modeling LanguageVTP 虚拟隧道协议WAN 广域网 Wide Area NetworkWDM 波分多路复用 Wavelength Division MultiplexingWWW 万维网 World Wide Web。
计算机有关的英语单词及翻译
计算机有关的英语单词及翻译PC：个人计算机Personal Computer 英][ˈpɜ:sənl][美][ˈpɜ:rsənl]CPU：中央处理器Central Processing Unit [ˈsentrəl][美][ˈsɛntrəl] [prəʊˈsesɪŋ]CPU Fan：中央处理器的“散热器”(Fan) [英][fæn][美][fæn]MB：主机板MotherBoard [英][ˈmʌðə bɔ:d][美][ˈmʌðɚ bɔrd]RAM：内存Random Access Memory[英][ˈrændəm ˈækses ˈmeməri][美][ˈrændəm ˈæksɛs ˈmɛməri]，以PC-代号划分规格，如PC-133，PC-1066，PC-2700HDD：硬盘Hard Disk Drive [英][hɑrd disk draiv][美][hɑː(r)d dɪskdraɪv]FDD：软盘Floppy Disk Drive [英][ˈflɔpi: disk draiv][美][ˈflɑpi dɪsk draɪv]CD-ROM：光驱Compact Disk Read Only Memory [英][kəmˈpækt disk ri:d ˈəunli ˈmeməri][美][kəmˈpækt dɪsk rid ˈonli ˈmɛməri]DVD-ROM：DVD光驱Digital Versatile Disk Read Only MemoryCD-RW：刻录机Compact Disk ReWriterVGA：显示卡(显示卡正式用语应为Display Card)AUD：声卡(声卡正式用语应为Sound Card)LAN：网卡(网卡正式用语应为Network Card)MODM：数据卡或调制解调器ModemHUB：集线器WebCam：网络摄影机Capture：影音采集卡Case：机箱Power：电源Mouse：鼠标，常见接口规格为PS/2与USBMoniter：屏幕，CRT为显像管屏幕，LCD为液晶屏幕USB：通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus，用来连接外围装置IEEE1394：新的高速序列总线规格Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersKB：键盘，常见接口规格为PS/2与USBSpeaker：喇叭Printer：打印机Scanner：扫描仪UPS：不断电系统IDE：指IDE接口规格Integrated DeviceElectronics：IDE接口装置泛指采用IDE接口的各种设备SCSI：指SCSI接口规格Small Computer SystemInterface，SCSI接口装置泛指采用SCSI接口的各种设备GHz：(中央处理器运算速度达)Gega赫兹/每秒FSB：指“前端总线(Front Side Bus)”频率，以MHz为单位ATA：指硬盘传输速率ATAttachment，ATA-133表示传输速率为133MB/secAGP：显示总线Accelerated GraphicsPort，以2X，4X，8X表示传输频宽模式PCI：外围装置连接端口Peripheral Component InterconnectATX：指目前电源供应器的规格，也指主机板标准大小尺寸BIOS：硬件(输入/输出)基本设置程序Basic Input Output SystemCMOS：储存BIOS基本设置数据的记忆芯片Complementary Metal-Oxide SemiconductorPOST：开机检测Power On Self TestOS：操作系统Operating SystemWindows：窗口操作系统，图形接口DOS：早期文字指令接口的操作系统 Disk Operating Systemfdisk：“规划硬盘扇区”-DOS指令之一format：“硬盘扇区格式化”-DOS指令之一setup.exe：“执行安装程序”-DOS指令之一Socket：插槽，如CPU插槽种类有SocketA，Socket478等等Jumper：跳线(短路端子)Pin：针脚，如ATA133硬盘排线是80Pin，如PC2700内存模块是168Pin bit：位(0与1这两种电路状态)，计算机数据最基本的单位Byte：字节，等于8 bit(八个位的组合，共有256种电路状态)，计算机一个文字以8 bit来表示KB：等于1024 ByteMB：等于1024 KBGB：等于1024 MBaccess arm 磁头臂,存取臂access time 存取时间adder 加法器address 地址alphanumeric 字母数字的analog computer 模拟计算机analyst 分析员area 区域array 数组,阵列assembler 汇编程序automation 自动化band 区batch processing 成批处理binary code 二进制码binary digit 二进制位,二进制数字bit 比特,二进制的一位branch 分支,支线brush 电刷buffer storage 缓冲存储器calculator 计算器call instruction 呼叫指令card punch 卡片穿孔机card reader 卡片阅读机,读卡机cell 单元channel 通道,信道character 字符check digit 校验数位circuit 电路,线路to clear 清除,清零clock 时钟code 代码to code 编码coder 编码员,编码器command 指令,命令compiler 编译程序computer language 计算机语言console 控制台control unit 控制部件,控制器core storage, core store 磁心存储器counter 计数器cybernetics 控制论cycle 循环data 数据data processing 数据处理debugging 调试decision 制定digit 数字,数位,位digital computer 数字计算机disc, disk 磁盘display unit 显示装置drum 磁鼓to edit 编辑electronics 电子学emitter 发射器to encode 编码to erase 擦除,清洗,抹除feed 馈送,供给to feed 馈送,供给feedback 反馈field 字段,信息组,域file 文件floppy disk 软磁盘floppy disk drive 软磁盘机flow chart 流程图frame 帧hardware 硬件identifier 标识符index 索引information 信息inline processing 内处理input 输入inquiry 询问instruction 指令integrated circuit 集成电路to interpret 解释item 项目,项jump 转移key 键,关键码keyboard 键盘latency time 等待时间library 库,程序库linkage 连接to load 装入,寄存,写入,加载location 存储单元logger 登记器,记录器loop 循环machine language 机器语言magnetic storage 磁存储器magnetic tape 磁带matrix 矩阵memory 存储器message 信息,报文microcomputer 微型计算机module 组件,模块monitor 监视器,监督程序,管程nanosecond 毫微秒network 网络,网numeric, numerical 数字的,数值的octet 八位位组,八位字节operator 操作员optical character reader 光符阅读机optical scanner 光扫描器output 输出overflow 溢出,上溢panel 平板parameter 参数,参量perforator 穿孔机peripheral equipment 外围设备,外部设备personal computer 个人计算机printed circuit 印制电路printer 打印机printout 打印输出to process 处理processing unit 处理部件program 程序to program 程序编制programmer 程序设计员programming 程序设计,程序编制pulse 脉冲punch 穿孔to punch 穿孔punched card, punch card 穿孔卡片punched tape, punch tape 穿孔纸带punch hole 孔,穿孔random access 随机存取to read 读reader 阅读程序reading 阅读real time 实时record, register 记录redundancy 冗余routine 例行程序selector 选择器,选择符sentinel 标记sequence 序列,顺序sequential 顺序的serial 串行的.连续的shift 移位,移数signal 信号simulation 模拟simulator 模拟器,模拟程序software 软件,软设备sort 分类,排序sorter 分类人员,分类机,分类程序,排序程序storage 存储器to store 存储subroutine, subprogram 子程序switch 开关symbol 符号symbolic language 符号语言system 系统tabulator 制表机teleprinter 电传打字机terminal 终端terminal unit 终端设备timer 时钟,精密***time sharing 分时timing 定时track 磁道transducer 传感器,翻译机translator 翻译程序,翻译器to update 更新Winchester disk drive 温彻斯特磁盘机,硬盘机working storage 工作存储器PC：Personal Computer，个人计算机、个人电脑，又称微型计算机或微机。
计算机英语字典
计算机英语字典是用于解释计算机专业术语和常用词汇的字典。
它包含了计算机领域中常用的专业术语、缩写、解释以及用法等信息，是计算机从业者、学习者以及相关人员必备的工具书之一。
以下是部分计算机英语词汇的中文解释：
CPU：中央处理器，计算机的核心部件，负责执行程序中的指令。
RAM：随机存取存储器，用于存储运行中的程序和数据。
ROM：只读存储器，存储固定数据和程序，只能读取不能写入。
BIOS：基本输入输出系统，用于初始化硬件设备和设置计算机参数。
Operating System：操作系统，负责管理计算机硬件和软件资源，提供用户界面和应用程序接口。
Application Software：应用软件，用于完成特定任务的软件，如办公软件、图像处理软件等。
Hardware：硬件，计算机系统的物理组件，如显示器、键盘、鼠标等。
Software：软件，运行在计算机上的程序和数据，分为系统软件和应用软件。
Network：网络，由多个计算机连接而成的系统，可以实现资源共享和信息交换。
Protocol：协议，网络中计算机之间通信的规则和标准。
以上仅是部分计算机英语词汇的中文解释，完整的计算机英语字典会包含更多的专业术语和词汇。
计算机英语课文翻译彭杰
计算机英语课文翻译彭杰•computer studies计算机artificial brain课程curriculum; course计算机课computer class计算机课件computer courseware我想北美的计算机课程更接近于实际应用i think north american courses might be more on the cutting edge of the subject电机课程设计course exercise in electric engine; motor elements and power supply计算机和信息课程computer and information science计算机系授课课程computing taught courses offered汽轮机课程设计steam turbine course design计算机科学大专课程diploma in computer science 计算机组成原理课程设计principles of computer composition course design微型计算机原理课程设计course exercise in microcomputer principles•计算机专业课程双语教学改革初探elementary research on bilingual teaching in computer science course•教学与课程编写的计算机语言teaching-and-course-writing computerlanguage•微型计算机控制技术课程设计course exercise in microcomputer principles•计算机computer; calculator; calculating machine; computing machinery; electronic wizard;processor; programmer; accounting machine; brain unit;computator; counter measurer; counting mechanism 超高速巨型计算机 giant-ultra-high-speed computer; 第五代计算机 fifth-generation computer; 电子计算机electronic computer; 模拟计算机 analogue computer;数控计算机 digital control computer; 微型计算机microcomputer; 自动程序控制计算机 automaticsequence controlled calculator; 自动数字跟踪分析计算机 automatic digital tracking analyser; 计算机编码 computer code; 计算机病毒 computer virus; 计算机操作 computer operation; computing service; 计算机操作人员 computer operator; 计算机程序 computerprogram; 计算机程序设计 computer programming;machine programming; 计算机存储器 computer storage;computer memory; 计算机代码 computer code; 计算机机房 computer room; 计算机技术 computer technique;computer art; 计算机教育 education for computer;education of computer; 计算机科学 computer science;计算机热 computer craze; 计算机软设备 computer soft ware; 计算机设备 computer equipment; 计算机设计语言computer design language; 计算机图象 computerpicture; 计算机图象处理 computer image processing;计算机用户 computer; computer user; 计算机用语computerese; 计算机语言 computer language; machine language; 计算机站 computer installation; 计算机制表 computer tabulation; 计算机制图 computergraphics; 计算机中心 computer centre; electrodata centre•计算机计算computer calculation•计算机图；计算机特技computer graphics •计算机计算器computometer•计算器计算机calputer•计算员计算机computer•用计算机计算compute•aloha计算机网aloha system•ast计算机ast computer•binac计算机binary automatic computer。
计算机BIOS中英文翻译对照
计算机BIOS中英文翻译对照Time/System Time 时间/系统时间Date/System Date 日期/系统日期Level 2 Cache 二级缓存System Memory 系统内存Video Controller 视频控制器Panel Type 液晶屏型号Audio Controller 音频控制器Modem Controller 调制解调器（Modem)Primary Hard Drive 主硬盘Modular Bay 模块托架Service Tag 服务标签Asset Tag 资产标签BIOS Version BIOS版本Boot order/Boot Sequence 启动顺序（系统搜索*作系统文件的顺序）Diskette Drive 软盘驱动器Internal HDD 内置硬盘驱动器Floppy device 软驱设备Hard-Disk Drive 硬盘驱动器USB Storage Device USB存储设备CD/DVD/CD-RW Drive 光驱CD-ROM device 光驱Modular Bay HDD 模块化硬盘驱动器Cardbus NIC Cardbus总线网卡Onboard NIC 板载网卡Boot POST 进行开机自检时（POST）硬件检查的水平：设置为"MINIMAL"（默认设置）则开机自检仅在BIOS升级，内存模块更改或前一次开机自检未完成的情况下才进行检查。
设置为"THOROUGH"则开机自检时执行全套硬件检查。
Config Warnings 警告设置：该选项用来设置在系统使用较低电压的电源适配器或其他不支持的配置时是否报警，设置为"DISABLED"禁用报警，设置为"ENABLED"启用报警Internal Modem 内置调制解调器：使用该选项可启用或禁用内置Modem。
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1、ENIAC 世界上第一台电子计算机1946 宾夕法尼亚大学
2、VLSI 超大规模集成电路
3、CAD 计算机辅助设计CAT 计算机辅助测试CAI 计算机辅助教学
CAM 计算机辅助制造CBE 计算机辅助教育CMI 计算机管理教学
CIMS 计算机集成制造系统
4、位bit 字节Byte 1B=8bit
5、GB2312-80 国标码
6、CPU中央处理器=控制器+运算器I\O 输入输出设备
7、ROM 只读存储器RAM 随机存储器Cache 高速缓冲存储器
8、DOS 操作系统CRT 阴极射线管显示器LCD 液晶显示器
9、PrintScreen：将当前屏幕内容作为图像复制到剪贴板
Alt+PrintScren : 将当前活动窗口以图像形式复制到剪贴板
10、DBMS 数据库管理系统
DDL 数据定义语言DML 数据管理语言DCL 数据控制语言
11、Config：用于检测当前TCP/IP网络中配置情况
Ping：用于检测网络连接是否正常
Tracert：判定数据到达目的主机所经过的路径，显示路径各个路由器的信息
12、ARPA Internet的前身
13、NIC 网卡（网络适配器）Hub集线器
14、OSI 开放系统互连参考模型：应用层表示层会话层传输层网络层（分组或包）
数据链路层（帧）物理层（比特）
ISO 国际标准化组织
15、TCP/IP协议（传输控制协议/网络协议）：应用层传输层网际层网络接口层
HTTP 超文本传输协议FTP 文件传输协议
SMTP 简单邮件协议SNMP 简单网络管理协议
Telnet 远程登录协议DNS 域名服务
RIP 路由信息协议NFS 网络文化系统
16、ChinaNet：公用计算机互联网
CERNet：中国教育和科研计算机网
CSTNet：中国科技信息网
ChinaNet：金桥网
17、PSTN:公用电话交换网
ADSL：非对称数字用户环路
18、ICQ:网上寻呼IRC:网上聊Usenet :新闻组VOD：交互式多媒体视
频点播业务BBS 电子公告栏系统
19、HTML：超文本标记语言URL：统一资源定位器
20、JPEG：联合图片专家组（静态图像压缩标准）
MPEG: 动态图像压缩标准
DES：数据加密标准
21、Ctrl+C 复制Ctrl+X剪切Ctrl+V粘贴
Ctrl+A全选Ctrl+F查找Ctrl+H替换
Ctrl+Z撤销Ctrl+Y恢复Ctrl+F9 查看域
Ctrl+Shift+Enter拆分单元格Shift+F9 插入域
Ctrl+Enter开始新一页
22、ICP 网络内容提供商NII：国家信息基础建设
ISDN：综合业务数字网。