2019年12月六级考试(第三套)
2019年12月六级真题卷(三套全)
2019年12月六级第一套Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense family responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices markedA), B), C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Magazine reporter. B) Fashion designer.C) Website designer. D) Features editor.2. A) Designing sports clothing. B) Consulting fashion experts.C) Answering daily emails. D) Interviewing job-seekers.3. A) It is challenging. B) It is fascinating.C) It is tiresome. D) It is fashionable.4. A) Her persistence. B) Her experience.C) Her competence. D) Her confidence.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversations you have just heard.5. A) It is enjoyable. B) It is educational.C) It is divorced from real life. D) It is adapted from a drama.6. A) All the roles are played by famous actors and actress.B) It is based on the real-life experiences of some celebrities.C) Its plots and events reveal a lot about Frankie’s actual life.D) It is written, directed, edited and produced by Frankie himself.7. A) Go to the theater and enjoy it. B) Recommend it to her friends.C) Watch it with the man. D) Download and watch it.8. A) It has drawn criticisms from scientists. B) It has been showing for over a decade.C) It is a ridiculous piece of satire. D) It is against common sense.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) They are likely to get hurt when moving too fast.B) They believe in team spirit.C) They need to keep moving to avoid getting hurt.D) They have to learn how to avoid body contact.10. A) They do not have many years to live after retirement.B) They tend to live longer with early retirement.C) They do not start enjoying life until full retirement.D) They keep themselves busy even after retirement.11. A) It prevents us from worrying. B) It slows down our aging process.C) It enables us to accomplish in life. D) It provides us with more chances to learn.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) It tends to dwell upon their joyous experiences.B) It wanders for almost half of their waking time.C) It has trouble concentrating alter a brain injury.D) It tends to be affected by their negative feelings.13. A) To find how happiness relates to daydreaming.B) To observe how one’s mind affects one’s behavior.C) To see why daydreaming impacts what one is doing.D) To study the relation between health and daydreaming.14. A) It helps them make good decisions. B) It helps them tap their potentials.C) It contributes to their creativity. D) It contributes to their thinking.15. A) Subjects with clear goals in mind outperformed those without clear goals.B) The difference in performance between the two groups was insignificant.C) Non-daydreamers were more confused on their tasks than daydreamers.D) Daydreamers did better than non-daydreamers in task performance. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Similarities between human babies and baby animals.B) Cognitive features of different newly born mammals.C) Adults’ influence on children.D) Abilities of human babies.20. A) They can distinguish a happy tune from a sad one.B) They love happy melodies more than sad ones.C) They fall asleep easily while listening to music.D) They are already sensitive to beats and rhythms.21. A) Infants’ facial expressions. B) Babies’emotions.C) Babies’ interaction with adults. D) Infants’behaviors.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) It may harm the culture of today’s workplace.B) It may hinder individual career advancement.C) It may result in unwillingness to take risks.D) It may put too much pressure on team members.23. A) They can hardly give expression to their original views.B) They can become less motivated to do projects of their own.C) They may find it hard to get their contributions recognized.D) They may eventually lose their confidence and creativity.24. A) They can enlarge their professional circle. B) They can get chances to engage in research.C) They can make the best use of their expertise. D) They can complete the project more easily.25. A) It may cause lots of arguments in a team.B) It may prevent making a timely decision.C) It may give rise to a lot of unnecessary expenses.D) It may deprive a team of business opportunities.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You maynot use any of the words in the bank more than once.When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases, we often think about health indicators such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. But poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk of heart disease and have a role to play in the development of some cancers. Perhaps worse, the 26 effects of an unhealthy diet and insufficient exercise are not limited to your body. Recent research has also shown that 27 in a high-fat and high-sugar diet may have negative effects on your brain, causing learning and memory 28 .Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, as 29 by a range of learning and memory tests, such as the ability to remember a list of words presented some minutes or hours earlier. There is also a growing body of evidence that diet-induced cognitive impairments can emerge 30 -within weeks or even days. For example, one study found healthy adults 31 to a high-fat diet for five days showed impaired attention, memory, and mood compared with a low-fat diet control group. Another study also found eating a high-fat and high-sugar breakfast each day for as little as four days resulted in problems with learning and memory 32 to those observed in overweight and obese individuals.Body weight was not hugely different between the groups eating a healthy diet and those on high fat and sugar diets. So this shows negative 33 of poor dietary intake can occur even when body weight has not changed 34 . Thus, body weight is not always the best indicator of health and a thin person still needs to eat well and exercise 35 .Section BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the question by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Increased Screen Time and Wellbeing Decline in Youth[A] Have young people never had it so good Or do they face more challenges than any previous generation Our current era in the West is one of high wealth. This means minors enjoy material benefits and legal protections that would have been the envy of those living in the past. But there is an increasing suspicion that all is not well for our youth. And one of the most popular explanations, among some experts and the popular media, is that excessive “screen time” is to blame (This refers to all the attention young people devote to their phones, tablets and laptops). However, this is a connection theory and such claims have been treated skeptically by some scholars based on their reading of the relevant data.[B] Now a study in the journal Emotion has provided another contribution to the debate, uncovering strong evidence that adolescent wellbeing in the United States really is experiencing a decline and arguing thatthe most likely cause is the electronic riches we have given them. The background to this is that from the 1960s into the early 2000s, measures of average wellbeing went up in the US. This was especially true for younger people. It reflected the fact that these decades saw a climb in general standards of living and avoidance of mass societal traumas like full-scale war or economic deprivation. However, the “screen time”hypothesis, advanced by researchers such as Jean Twenge, is that electronic devices and excessive time spent online may have reversed these trends in recent years, causing problems for young people’s psychological health.[C] To investigate, Twenge and her colleagues dived into the “Monitoring The Future”dataset based on annual surveys of American school students from grades 8, 10, and 12 that started in 1991. In total, million young people answered various questions related to their wellbeing. Twenge’s team’s analysis of the answers confirmed the earlier, well-established wellbeing climb, with scores rising across the 1990s, and into the later 2000s. This was found across measures like self-esteem, life satisfaction, happiness and satisfaction with individual domains like job, neighborhood, or friends. But around 2012 these measures started to decline. This continued through 2016, the most recent year for which data is available.[D] Twenge and her colleagues wanted to understand why this change in average wellbeing has occurred. However, it’s very hard to demonstrate causes in non-experimental data such as this. In fact, when Twenge previously used this data to suggest a screen time effect, some commentators were quick to raise this problem. They argued that her causal-sounding claims rested on correlational data, and that she had not adequately accounted for other potential causal factors. This time around, Twenge and her team make a point of saying that that they are not trying to establish causes as such, but that they are assessing the plausibility of potential causes.[E] First, they explain that if a given variable is playing a causal role in affecting wellbeing, then we should expect any change in that variable to correlate with the observed changes in wellbeing. If not, it isn’t plausible that the variable is a causal factor. So the researchers looked at time spent in a number of activities that could plausibly be driving the wellbeing decline. Less sport, and fewer meetings with peers correlated with lower wellbeing, as did less time reading print media (newspapers) and, surprisingly, less time doing homework (This last finding would appear to contradict another popular hypothesis that it is our burdening of students with assignments that is causing all the problems). In addition, more TV watching and more electronic communication both correlated with lower wellbeing. Allthese effects held true for measures of happiness, life satisfaction and self-esteem, with the effects stronger in the 8th and 10th-graders.[F] Next, Twenge’s team dug a little deeper into the data on screen time. They found that adolescents who spent a very small amount of time on digital devices—a couple of hours—had the highest wellbeing. Their wellbeing was even higher than those who never used such devices. However, higher doses of screen time were clearly associated with lower happiness. Those spending 10-19 hours per week on their devices were 41 percent more likely to be unhappy than lower-frequency users. Those who used such devices 40 hours a week or more (one in ten of teenagers) were twice as likely to be unhappy. The data was slightly complicated by the fact that there was a tendency for kids who were social in the real world to also use more online communication, but by bracketing out different cases it became clear that the real-world sociality component correlated with greater wellbeing, whereas greater time on screens or online only correlated with poorer wellbeing.[G] So far, so plausible. But the next question is, are the drops in average wellbeing happening at the same time as trends toward increased electronic device usage It looks like it—after all, 2012 was the tipping point when more than half of Americans began owning smartphones. Twenge and her colleagues also found that across the key years of2013-16, wellbeing was indeed lowest in years where adolescents spent more time online, on social media, and reading news online, and when more youth in the US had smartphones. And in a second analysis, they found that where technology went, dips in wellbeing followed. For instance, years with a larger increase in online usage were followed by years with lower wellbeing, rather than the other way around. This does not prove causality, but is consistent with it. Meanwhile, TV use didn’t show this tracking. TV might make you less happy, but this is not what seems to be driving the recent declines in young people’s average happiness.[H] A similar but reversed pattern was found for the activities associated with greater wellbeing. For example, years where people spent more time with friends were better years for wellbeing (and followed by better years). Sadly, the data also showed face-to-face socializing and sports activity had declined over the period covered by the survey.[I] There is another explanation that Twenge and her colleagues wanted to address: the impact of the great recession of 2007-2009, which hit a great number of American families and might be affecting adolescents. The dataset didn’t include economic data, so instead the researchers looked at whether the 2013-16 wellbeing decline was tracking economicindicators. They found some evidence that some crude measures, like income inequality, correlated with changes in wellbeing, but economic measures with a more direct impact, like family income and unemployment rates (which put families into difficulties), had no relationship with wellbeing. The researchers also note that the recession hit some years before we see the beginning of the wellbeing drop, and before the steepest wellbeing decline, which occurred in 2013.[J] The researchers conclude that electronic communication was the only adolescent activity that increased at the same time psychological wellbeing declined. I suspect that some experts in the field will be keen to address alternative explanations, such as unassessed variables playing a role in the wellbeing decline. But the new work does go further than before and suggests that screen time should still be considered a potential barrier to young people’s flourishing.36. The year when most Americans began using smartphones was identifiedas a turning point in young Americans’ level of happiness.37. Scores in various wellbeing measures began to go downward among young Americans in recent years.38. Unfortunately, activities involving direct contact with people,which contributed to better wellbeing, were found to be on the decline.39. In response to past critics, Twenge and her co-researchers stressthey are not trying to prove that the use of digital devices reduces young people’s wellbeing.40. In the last few decades of the 20th century, living standards wentup and economic depressions were largely averted in the US.41. Contrary to popular belief, doing homework might add to students’wellbeing.42. The author believes the researchers’ new study has gone a stepfurther regarding the impact of screen time on wellbeing.43. The researchers found that extended screen time makes young peopleless happy.44. Data reveals that economic inequality rather than family incomemight affect people’s wellbeing.45. Too much screen time is widely believed to be the cause of unhappiness among today’s young people.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,”said Dan Ariely, behavioral psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene said, for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave study subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Somepeople told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty—and ultimately opting for the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows when we are able to rationalize it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that, when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability it will happen again,” Ariely said.In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear, anxiety and emotional responses—including that sinking, guilty feeling youget when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that, but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies and get bigger and bigger over time.46. Why do some experts consider lying a milestone in a child’s developmentA) It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.B) It indicates they have an ability more remarkable than crawling and walking.C) It represents their ability to actively interact with people around them.D) It involves the coordination of both their mental and physical abilities.47. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes workA) It is difficult to sound natural or plausible. B) It ishard to choose from several options.C) It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity. D) It requires speedy blood flow into one’s brain.48. Under what circumstances do people tend to lieA) When they become too emotional. B) When they face too much peer pressure.C) When the temptation is too strong. D) When the consequences are not imminent.49. When are people less likely to lieA) When they are worn out and stressed. B) When they are under watchful eyes.C) When they think in a rational way. D) When they have a clear conscience.50. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punishedA) They may feel justified. B) They will tell bigger lies.C) They will become complacent. D) They may mix lies andtruths.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Here’s how the Pacific Northwest is preparing for “The Big One”. It’s the mother of all disaster drills for what could be the worst disaster in American history. California has spent years preparing for “The Big One”—the inevitable earthquake that will undoubtedly unleash all kinds of havoc along the famous San Andreas fault. But what if the fault that runs along the Pacific Northwest delivers a gigantic earthquake of its own If the people of the Cascadia region have anything to do with it, they won’t be caught unawares.The region is engaged in a multi-day earthquake and tsunami drill involving around 20,000 people. The Cascadia Rising drill gives area residents and emergency responders a chance to practice what to do in case of a magnitude earthquake and tsunami along one of the nation’s dangerous—and underestimated—faults.The Cascadia Subduction Zone is big enough to compete with San Andreas (it’s been called the most dangerous fault in America), but it’s much lesser known than its California cousin. Nearly 700 mileslong, the earthquake zone is located by the North American Plate off the coast of Pacific British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and Northern California.Cascadia is what’s known as a “megathrust” fault. Megathrusts are created in subduction zones—land plate boundaries where two plates converge. In the areas where one plate is beneath another, stress builds up over time. During a megathrust event, all of that stress releases and some of the world’s most powerful earthquakes occur. Remember the earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean off of Sumatra in 2004 It was caused by a megathrust event as the India plate moved beneath the Burma micro-plate.The last time a major earthquake occurred along the Cascadia fault was in 1700, so officials worry that another event could occur at any time. To prevent that event from becoming a catastrophe, first responders will join members of the public in rehearsals that involve communication, evacuation, search and rescue, and other scenarios.Thousands of deaths and other casualties are expected if a earthquake were to occur. First, the earthquake would shake metropolitan areas including Seattle and Portland. This could trigger a tsunami that would create havoc along the coast. Not all casualties can necessarily be prevented—but by coordinating across local, state,and even national borders, officials hope that the worst-case scenario can be averted. On the exercise’s website, officials explain that the report they prepare during this rehearsal will inform disaster management for years to come.For hundreds of thousands of Cascadia residents, the big one isn’t a question of if, only when. And it’s never too early to get ready for the inevitable.51. What does “The Big One” refer toA) A gigantic geological fault. B) A large-scale exercise to prepare for disasters.C) A massive natural catastrophe. D) A huge tsunami on the California coast.52. What is the purpose of the Cascadia Rising drillA) To prepare people for a major earthquake and tsunami.B) To increase residents’ awareness of imminent disasters.C) To teach people how to adapt to post-disaster life.D) To cope with the aftermath of a possible earthquake.53. What happens in case of a megathrust earthquake according to thepassageA) Two plates merge into one. B) Boundaries blur between plates.C) A variety of forces converge. D) Enormous stress is released.54. What do the officials hope to achieve through the drillsA) Coordinating various disaster-relief efforts. B) Reducing casualties in the event of a disaster.C) Minimizing property loss caused by disasters. D) Establishing disaster and emergency management.55. What does the author say about “The Big One”A) Whether it will occur remains to be seen. B) How it will arrive is too early to predict.C) Its occurrence is just a matter of time. D) It keeps haunting Cascadia residents.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.牡丹花色艳丽，形象高雅，象征这和平与繁荣，因而在中国被称为”花中之王”。
大学英语2019年12月四级真题第3套(1)
2019年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, .you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a campus activity that has benefited you most. You should write at least120 words but No more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) （说明：由于2019年12月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现）Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a wordbank following the passage: Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words inthe bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.For decades, Americans have taken for granted the United States’leadership position in the development of new technologies. The innovations (创新) that resulted from research and development during World War II and afterwards were 36 to the prosperity of the nation in the second half of the 20th century. Those innovations, upon which virtually all aspects of 37 society now depend, were possible because the United States then 38 the world in mathematics and science education. Today, however, despite increasing demand for workers with strong skills in mathematics and science, the 39 of degrees awarded in science, math, and engineering are decreasing.The decline in degree production in what are called the STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and math) seems to be 40 related to the comparatively weak performance by U.S. schoolchildren on international assessments of math and science. Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. According to the 2005 report of the Business-Higher Education Forum, 22 percent ofcollege freshmen must take remedial (补习的) math 41 , and less than half of the students who plan to major in science or engineering 42 complete a major in those fields.The result has been a decrease in the number of American college graduates who have the skills, 43 in mathematics, to power a workforce that can keep the country at the forefront (前沿) of innovation and maintain its standard of living. With the 44 performance of American students in math and science has come increased competition from students from other countries that have strongly supported education in these areas. Many more students earn 45 in the STEM disciplines in developing countries than in the United States.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of theparagraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information isderived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraphis marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Ban Sugary Drinks—That Will Add Fuel to the Obesity War[A] On a train last Thursday, I sat opposite a man who was so fat he filled more thanone seat. He was pale and disfigured and looked sick to death, which he probably was: obesity(肥胖症) leads to many nasty ways of dying. Looking around the carriage, I saw quite a few people like him, including a couple of fatty children with swollen cheeks pressing against their eyes. These people are part of what is without exaggeration an epidemic (流行病) of obesity.[B] But it is quite unnecessary: there is a simple idea—far from new—that couldspare millions of such people a lifetime of chronic (长期病) ill health, and at the same time save the National Health Service (NHS) at least £14 billion a year inEngland and Wales. There would, you might think, be considerable public interest in it. This simple idea is that sugar is as good—or as bad—as poison and should be avoided. It is pure, white and deadly, as Professor John Yudkin described it 40 years ago in a revolutionary book of that name. The subtitle was How Sugar Is Killing Us.[C] In its countless hidden forms, in ready meals, junk food and sweet drinks, sugarleads to addiction (瘾), to hormonal upsets to the appetite, to metabolic (新陈代谢的) malfunctions and obesity and from there to type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) and its many horrible complications. If people really grasped that, they would try to kick the habit, particularly as Britain is the “fat man of Europe”. They might even feel driven to support government measures to prevent people from consuming this deadly stuff. Yet so far this idea has met little but resistance.[D] It is not difficult to imagine the vested interests (既得利益集团) lined up againstany sugar control—all the food and drink manufacturers, processors, promoters and retailers who make such easy pickings out of the magic powers of sugar.Then there are the liberals, with whom I would normally side, who protest that government regulation would be yet another instance of interference in our lives.[E] That is true, but people should realise that you cannot have a welfare state withouta nanny state (保姆国家), to some degree. If we are all to be responsible for oneanother’s health insurance, through socialised medicine, then we are all closely involved in one another’s health, including everyone’s eating and drinking. That has already been admitted, finally, with smoking. But it has yet to be admitted with overeating, even though one in four adults in this country is obese and that number is predicted to double by the year 2050. Quite apart from anything else, obesity will cripple the NHS.[F] Recently, though, there have been signs that the medical establishment is trying tosound the alarm. Last month the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (AMRC) published a report saying that obesity is the greatest public health issue affecting the UK and urging government to do something.[G] The report offers 10 recommendations, of which the first is imposing a tax of 20percent on sugary drinks for at least a year, on top of the existing 20 percent value-added tax. That at least would be an excellent start. The amounts of sugarin soft drinks are horrifying, and turn straight to fat. As Professor Terence Stephenson, head of the AMRC, has said, sugary soft drinks are “the ultimate bad food. You are just consuming neat sugar. Your body didn’t evolve to handle this kind of thing.”[H] Precisely. The risks of eating too much fat or salt (which are very different) paleinto insignificance compared with the harm done by sugar. And it is everywhere.[I]It is difficult to buy anything in a supermarket, other than plain, unprepared meat,fish or vegetables, that doesn’t have a large amount of sugar in it. This has come about because the prevailing scientific views of the 1960s and 1970s ignored the evidence about sugar, and instead saw fat as the really serious risk, both to the heart and other organs, as well as the cause of obesity.[J] The fashion was to avoid fat. But finding that food with much of its fat removed is not very appetising, food producers turned to sugar as a magic alternative flavour enhancer, often in the forms of syrups (糖浆) that had recently been developed from corn, and put it generously into most prepared foods and soft drinks.[K] This stuff is not just fattening. It is addictive. It interferes with the body’s metabolism, possibly via the activity of an appetite-controlling hormone. There’s plenty of evidence for this, for those who will accept the troth.[L] Theoretically, people ought to make “healthy choices” and avoid overeating. But sugar additives are not easy to identify and are hard to avoid. So the snacking, over-drinking and over-eating that makes people fat is not really their own fault: obesity is in large part something that is being done to them. It should be stopped, or rather the government should stop it.[M] Going round my local supermarket, I am constantly astonished that it is still legal to sell all the poisons stacked high on the shelves. The problem is that they are worse than useless. They are poisonous. They are known to be addictive. They are known to make people obese. And giving small children sweet drinks or bottles of fake juice all day long is nothing less than child abuse.[N] Clearly, the sale of such stuff ought to be illegal. I hate to think of yet more government regulation. But a bit of tax on sweet soda and a little more healtheducation, a bit of cooking in schools and banning vending machines (自动售货机) here and there—as suggested by the AMRC report—is not going to achieve very much. Labelling is quite inadequate. What is needed is legislation banning high levels of sugary syrups used in foods and drinks.[O] In June 2012, the then minister for public health said the government was not scared of the food industry and had not ruled out legislation, because of the costs of obesity to the NHS. However, nothing has happened yet. Why not have another Jammie Dodger biscuit and forget about it.46. Avoiding over-consumption of sugar can improve people’s health as well as savemedical expenses.47. Laws should be passed to make it illegal to produce overly sweet foods or drinks.48. Giving small children sweet juices to drink all the time is equal to child abuse.49. Looking around, the author found obesity quite widespread.50. The number of obese people is expected to increase quickly in the next fewdecades.51. If people really understood the horrible consequences of sugary foods and drinks,they would support government measures against sugar consumption.52. It would be a very good beginning to impose an additional tax on sugary drinks.53. The government has not yet taken any action to regulate sugar consumptionalthough it indicated its intention to do so some time ago.54. Sugar is far more harmful to health than fat and salt.55. Consumers of sweet foods are not really to blame because they cannot tell whatfood is sugary.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on following passage.The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in human history, comparable in impact to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph. Over two billion people worldwide now have access to vastly moreinformation than ever before, and can communicate with each other instantly, often using Web-connected mobile devices they carry everywhere. But the Internet’s tremendous impact has only just begun.“Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social, cultural, and political transformations in history, and unlike earlier periods of change, this time the effects are fully global,”Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book, The New Digital Age.Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people worldwide who currently lack Internet access get online. The authors do an excellent job of examining the implications of the Internet revolution for individuals, governments, and institutions like the news media. But if the book has one major shortcoming, it’s that the authors don’t spend enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses in these sweeping changes.In their book, the authors provide the most authoritative volume to date that describes—and more importantly predicts—how the Internet will shape our lives in the coming decades. They paint a picture of a world in which individuals, companies, institutions, and governments must deal with two realities, one physical, and one virtual.At the core of the book is the idea that “technology is neutral, but people aren’t.”By using this concept as a starting point, the authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs. pessimist dichotomy(对立观点) that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society. In an interview with TIME earlier this week, Cohen said although he and his co-author are optimistic about many aspects of the Internet, they’re also realistic about the risks and dangers that lie ahead when the next five billion people come online, particularly with respect to personal privacy and state surveillance (监视). 56. In what way is the rise of the Internet similar to the invention of the printing pressand the telegraph?A) It transforms human history.B) It facilitates daily communication.C) It is adopted by all humanity.D) It revolutionizes people’s thinking.57. How do Schmidt and Cohen describe the effects of the Internet?A) They are immeasurable.B) They are worldwide.C) They are unpredictable.D) They are contaminating.58. In what respect is the book The New Digital Age considered inadequate?A) It fails to recognize the impact of the Internet technology.B) It fails to look into the social implications of the Internet.C) It lacks an objective evaluation of the role of Internet businesses.D) It does not address the technical aspects of Internet communication.59. What will the future be like when everybody gets online?A) People will be living in two different realities.B) People will have equal access to information.C) People don’t have to travel to see the world.D) People don’t have to communicate face to face.60. What does the passage say about the authors of The New Digital Age?A) They leave many questions unanswered concerning the Internet.B) They are optimistic about the future of the Internet revolution.C) They have explored the unknown territories of the virtual world.D) They don’t take sides in analyzing the effects of the Internet.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.In 1950, a young man would have found it much easier than it is today to get and keep a job in the auto industry. And in that year the average autoworker could meet monthly mortgage (抵押贷款) payments on an average home with just 13.4 percent of his take-home pay. Today a similar mortgage would claim more than twice that share of his monthly earnings.Other members of the autoworker’s family, however, might be less inclined to trade the present for the past. His retired parents would certainly have had less economic security back then. Throughout much of the 1960s, more than a quarter of men and women age 65 and older lived below the poverty level, compared to less than 10 percent in 2010.In most states, his wife could not have taken out a loan or a credit card in her own name. In 42 states, a homemaker had no legal claim on the earnings of her husband. And nowhere did a wife have legal protection against family violence.Most black workers would not want to return to a time when, on average, they earned 40 percent less than their white counterparts (职位相对的人), while racially restrictive agreements largely prevented them from buying into the suburban neighborhoods being built for white working-class families.Today, new problems have emerged in the process of resolving old ones, but the solution is not to go back to the past. Some people may long for an era when divorce was still hard to come by. The spread of no-fault divorce has reduced the bargaining power of whichever spouse is more interested in continuing the relationship. And the breakup of such marriages has caused pain for many families.The growing diversity of family life comes with new possibilities as well as new challenges. According to a recent poll, more than 80 percent of Americans believe that their current family is as close as the one in which they grew up, or closer. Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age.61. What do we learn about American autoworkers in 1950?A) They had less job security than they do today.B) It was not too difficult for them to buy a house.C) Their earnings were worth twice as much as today.D) They were better off than workers in other industries.62. What does the author say about retired people today?A) They invariably long to return to the golden past.B) They do not depend so much on social welfare.C) They feel more secure economically than in the past.D) They are usually unwilling to live with their children.63. Why couldn’t black workers buy a house in a white suburban neighborhood?A) They lacked the means of transportation.B) They were subjected to racial inequality.C) They were afraid to break the law.D) They were too poor to afford it.64. What is the result of no-fault divorce?A) Divorce is easier to obtain.B) Domestic violence is lessened.C) It causes little pain to either side.D) It contributes to social unrest.65. What does the author suggest society do?A) Get prepared to face any new challenges.B) Try to better the current social security net.C) Narrow the gap between blacks and whites.D) Improve the lives of families with problems.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.大熊猫（giant panda）是一种温顺的动物，长着独特的黑白皮毛。
2019年12月六级真题(第3套)
2019年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第3套) Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of social responsibility.You shouldwrite at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)特别说明：由于多题多卷，官方第三套真题的听力试题与第二套真题的一致，只是选项顺序不同，因此，本套试卷不再提供听力部分。
Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bankfollowing the passage. Read the passage through carefully before makingyour choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please markthe corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more thanonce.The persistent haze over many of our cities is a reminder of the polluted air that we breathe. Over 80% of the world’s urban population is breathing air that fails to meet World Health Organisation guidelines, and an estimated 4.5 million people died26 from outdoor air pollution in 2015.Globally, urban populations are expected to double in the next 40 years, and an extra 2 billion people will need new places to live, as well as services and ways to move around their cities. What is more important, the decisions that we make now about the design of our cities will27 the everyday lives and health of the coming generations. So what would a smog-free, or at least low-pollution, city be like?Traffic has become28 with air pollution, and many countries intend to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars in the next two decades. But simply29 to electric cars will not mean pollution-free cities. The level of emissions they cause will depend on how the electricity to run them is30 , while brakes, tyres and roads all create tiny airborne31 as they wear out.Across the developed world, car use is in decline as more people move to city centres, while young people especially are32 for other means of travel.Researchers are already asking if motor vehicle use has reached its33 and will decline, but transport planners have yet to catch up with this34 , instead of laying new roads to tackle traffic jams. As users of London’s orbital M25 motorway will know, new roads rapidly fill with more traffic. In the US, studies have shown that doubling the size of a road can35 double the traffic, taking us back to the starting point.A)alternateB)crownC)determineD)generatedE)locatingF)mergedG)miniaturesH)optingI)particlesJ)peakK)prematurelyL)simplyM)switchingN)synonymousO)trendSection BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of theparagraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is markedwith a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.How much protein do you really need?[A] The marketing is tempting: Get stronger muscles and healthier bodies with minimal effort by adding protein powder to your morning shake or juice drink. Or grab a protein bar at lunch or for a quick snack. Today, you can find protein supplements everywhere- -online or at the pharmacy, grocery store or health food store. They come in powders, pills and bars. With more than ＄12 billion in sales this year, the industry is booming and, according to the market research company, Grand View Research, is on tack to sell billions more by 2025. But do we really need all this supplemental protein? It depends. There are pros, cons and some other things to consider.[B] For starters, protein is critical for every cell in our body. It helps build nails, hair, bones and muscles. It can also help you feel fuller longer than eating foods without protein. And, unlike nutrients that are found only in a few foods, protein is present in all foods. “The typical American diet is a lot higher in protein than a lot of us think,” says registered dietitian Angela Pipitone. It’s in foods many of us expect, such as beef, chicken and other types of meat and dairy, But it’s also in foods that may not come immediately to mind like vegetables, fruit, beans and grains.”[C]The U.S. government’s recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the average adultis 50 to 60 grams of protein a day. This may sound like a lot, but Pipitone says: “We get bits of protein here and there and that really adds up throughout the day.” Take, for example, breakfast. If you eat two eggs topped with a little bit of cheese and an orange on the side, you already have 22 grams of protein. Each egg gives you 7 grams, the cheese gives you about 6 grams and the orange -about 2 grams. Add a lunch of chicken, rice and broccoli (西兰花), and you are already over the recommended S0 grams. “You can get enough protein and meet the RDA before you even get to dinner,” says Pipitone.[D] So if it’s so easy to get your protein in food, why add more in the form of powders, snack bars or a boost at your local juice bar? No need to, says Pipitone, because, in fact, most of us already get enough protein in our diet. “Whole foods are always the best option rather than adding supplements,” she says, noting the FDA does not regulate supplements as rigorously as foods or drugs. So there could be less protein, more sugar and some additives you wouldn't expect, such as caffeine (咖啡因).[E] If you are considering a supplement, read the list of ingredients, she says, although this is not always reliable. “I’ve seen very expensive protein supplements that claim to be high quality but they might not really be beneficial for the average healthy adult,”she says. “It could just be a waste of money.”[F] But there are certain situations that do warrant extra protein.“Anytime you’re repairing or building muscle,” Pipitone says, such as if you’re an extreme endurance athlete, training for a marathon, or you’re a body builder. If you’re moderately exercising for 150 minutes a week. as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends, or less than that, you’re probably not an extreme athlete. Extreme athletes expend lots of energy breaking down and repairing and building muscles. Protein can give them the edge they need to speed that process.[G] Vegans can benefit from protein supplements since they do not eat animal-based protein sources like meat, dairy or eggs. And, for someone always on-the-go who may not have time for a meal, a protein snack bar can be a good option for occasional meal replacement. Also, individuals recovering from surgery or an injury can also benefit from extra protein. So, too, can older people. At around age 60, “muscles really start to break down,” says Kathryn Starr, an aging researcher, “and because of that, the protein needs of an older adult actually increase.”[H] In fact, along with her collage Connie Bales, Starr recently conducted a small study that found that adding extra protein foods to the diet of obese older individuals who were trying to lose weight strengthened their muscles. Participants in the study were separated into two groups -one group was asked to cat 30 grams of protein per meal in the form of whole foods. That meant they were eating 90 grams of protein a day. The other group-the control group-was put on a typical low-calorie diet with about 50 to 60 grams of protein a day. After six months, researchers found the high protein group had significantly improved their muscle function-almost twice as much as the control group.“They were able to walk faster, had improved balance, and were also able to get up out of a chair faster than the control group,” Starr says. All 67 participants were over 60 years of age, and both groups lost about the same amount of weight.[I] Starr is now looking into whether high-protein diets also improve the quality of the muscle itself in seniors. She’s using CT scans to measure muscle size and fat, and comparing seniors on a high-protein diet with those on regular diets. She says her findings should be available in a couple of months.[J] In the meantime, 70-year-old Corliss Keith, who was in the high protein group in Starr’ latest study, says she feels a big difference. “I feel excellent,” she says. “I feel like I have a different body, I have more energy, I’m stronger.” She says she is able to take Zumba exercise classes three times a week, work out on the treadmill (跑步机), and take long, brisk walks. Keith also lost more than 15 pounds. “I’m a fashionable person, so now I’m back in my 3-inch heels,” she says.[K] As people age, Starr says muscle strength is key to helping them stay strong and continue living on their own in their own home. “I feel very much alive now,” says Keith. I feel like I could stay by myself until I’m 100.”[L] But can people overdo protein? Pipitone says you do have to be careful. Other researchers say too much protein can cause cramps (痉挛), headaches, and fatigue. Dehydration (脱水) is also a risk when you eat too much protein. Pipitone says if you increase protein, you also have to increase your fluid intake. “I always tell people to make sure they’re drinking enough fluids,” which for the average person is 60 to 70 ounces a day, which translates into eight 8-ounce glasses of water or liquid per day.[M] There have been some indications that extra protein makes the kidneys work harder, which could be problematic for individuals with a history of kidney disease and for them, the supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones, she says.[N] Bottom line, if you think you need more protein in your diet, consider these questions: Are you an extreme athlete; are you recovering from injury or surgery; or are you 60 years or older? If so, adding high protein foods like eggs and meat products to your diet can be beneficial. And, if you’re not sure, it is always a good idea to check with your primary care provider.36.It is quite easy for one t take in the recommended amount of protein.37.Pipitone claims that healthy adults need to spend money on protein supplements.38.The protein supplement business is found to be thriving.39.Protein can spend the requiring of damaged muscles.40.Protein supplements may overburden some internal organ, thus leading to its malfunctioning.41.Older adults need to take in more protein to keep their muscles strong.42.Protein is found in more foods than people might realize.43.Additional protein was found to help strengthen the muscles of overweight seniors seeking weight loss.44.Pipitone believes that whole foods provide the best source of protein.45.People are advised to drink more liquid when they take in more protein.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Last year, a child was born at a hospital in the UK with her heart outside her body. Few babies survive this rare condition, and those who do must endure numerous operations and are likely to have complex needs. When her mother was interviewed, three weeks after her daughter’s birth, she was asked if she was prepared for what might be a daunting(令人生畏的) task caring for her. She answered without hesitation that, as far as she was concerned, this would be a “privilege”.Rarely has there been a better example of the power of attitude, one of our most powerful psychological tools. Our attitudes allow us to turn mistakes into opportunities, and loss into the chance for new beginnings. An attitude is a settled way of thinking, feeling and/or behaving towards particular objects, people, events or ideologies. We use our attitudes to filter, interpret and react to the world around us. You weren’t born with attitudes; rather they are all learned, and this happens in a number of ways.The most powerful influences occur during early childhood and include both what happened to you directly, and what those around you did and said in our presence. As you acquire a distinctive identity, your attitudes are further refined by the behavior of those with whom you identify-your family, those of your gender and culture, and the people you admire, even though you may not know them personally. Friendships and other important relationships become increasingly important, particularly during adolescence. About that same time and throughout adulthood, the information you receive, especially when ideas are repeated in association with goals and achievements you find attractive, also refines your attitudes.Many people assume that our attitudes are internally consistent, that is, the way you think and feel about someone or something predicts your behavior towards them. However, many studies have found that feelings and thoughts don’t necessarily predict behavior. In general, your attitudes will be internally consistent only when the behavior is easy, and when those around you hold similar beliefs. That’s why, for example, many say they believe in the benefits of recycling or exercise, but don’t behave in line with their views, because it takes awareness, effort and courage to go beyond merely stating that you believe something is a good idea.One of the most effective ways to change an attitude is to start behaving as if you already feel and think the way you’d prefer to. Take some time to reflect on yourattitudes, to think about what you believe and why. Is there anything you consider a burden rather than a privilege? If so, start behaving-right now-as if the latter is the case.46. What do we learn from the passage about attitude?A) It shapes our beliefs and ideologies.B) It improves our psychological wellbeing.C) It determines how we respond to our immediate environment.D) It changes the way we think, feel and interact with one another.47. What can contribute to the refinement of one’s attitude, according to the passage?A) Their idol’s behaviors.B) Their educational level.C) Their contact with the opposite gender.D) Their interaction with different cultures.48. What do many studies find about people’s feelings and thoughts?A) They may not suggest how a person is going to behave.B) They are in a way consistent with a person’s mentality.C) They may not find expression in interpersonal relations.D) They are in line with a person’s behavior no matter what.49. How come many people don’t do what they believe is good?A) They can’t afford the time.B) They have no idea how to.C）They are hypocritical.D) They lack willpower.50. What is proposed as a strategy to change attitude?A) Changing things that require one’s immediate attention.B) Starting to act in a way that embodies one’s aspirations.C）Adjusting one’s behavior gradually over a period of time.D) Considering ways of reducing one’s psychological burdens.Passage TwoQuestion 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Industrial fishing for krill(磷虾) in the unspoilt waters around Antarctica is threatening the future of one of the world’s last great widernesses, according to a new report.The study by Greenpeace analysed the movements of krill fishing vessels in the region and found they were increasingly operating “in the immediate vicinity of penguin colonies and whale-feeding grounds”. It also highlights incidents of fishing boats being involved in groundings, oil spills and accidents, which posed a serious threat to the Antarctic ecosystem.The report, published on Tuesday, comes amid growing concern about the impactof fishing and climate change on the Antarctic. A global campaign has been launched to create a network of ocean sanctuaries to protect the seas in the region and Greenpeace is calling for an immediate halt to fishing in areas being considered for sanctuary status.Frida Bengtsson from Greenpeace’s Protect the Antarctic campaign said: If the krill industry wants to show it’s a responsible player, then it should be voluntarily getting out of any area which is being proposed as an ocean sanctuary, and should instead be backing the protection of these huge tracts of the Antarctic.”A global campaign has been launched to turn a huge tract of Antarctic seas into ocean sanctuaries, protecting wildlife and banning not just krill fishing, but all fishing. One was created in the Ross Sea in 2016, another reserve is being proposed in a vast area of the Weddell Sea, and a third sanctuary is under consideration in the area west of the Antarctic Peninsula -a key krill fishing area.The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) manages the seas around Antarctica. It will decide on the Weddell Sea sanctuary proposal at a conference in Australia in October, although a decision on the peninsula sanctuary is not expected until later.Keith Reid, a science manager at CCAMLR, said that the organisation sought “a balance between protection conservation and sustainable fishing in the Southern Ocean.” He said although more fishing was taking place nearer penguin colonies it was often happening later in the season when these colonies were empty.“The creation of a system of marine protected areas is a key part of ongoing scientific and policy discussions in CCAMLR,” he added. “Our long- term operation in the region depends on a healthy and thriving Antarctic marine ecosystem, which is why we have always had an open dialogue with the environmental non-governmental organisations. We strongly intend to continue this dialogue, including talks with Greenpeace, to discuss improvements based on the latest scientific data. We are not the ones to decide on the establishment of marine protected areas, but we hope to contribute positively with our knowledge and experience.”51. What does Greenpeace’s study find about krill fishing?A) It caused a great many penguins and whales to migrate.B) It was depriving penguins and whales of their habitats.C)It was carried out too close to the habitats of penguins and whales.D)It posed an unprecedented threat to the wildlife around Antarctica.52. For what purpose has a global campaign been launched?A) To reduce the impact of climate change on Antarctica.B) To establish conservation areas in the Antarctic region.C) To regulate krill fishing operations in the Antarctic seas.D) To publicise the concern about the impact of krill fishing.53. What is Greenpeace’s recommendation to the krill industry?A) Opting to operate away from the suggested conservation areas.B) V olunteering to protect the endangered species in the Antarctic.C) Refraining from krill fishing throughout the breeding season.D) Showing its sense of responsibility by leading the global campaign.54. What did CCAMLR aim to do according to its science manager?A) Raise public awareness of the vulnerability of Antarctic species.B) Ban all commercial fishing operations in the Southern Ocean.C) Keep the penguin colonies from all fishing interference.D) Sustain fishing without damaging the Antarctic ecosystem.55. How does CCAMLR define its role in the conservation of the Antarctic environment?A) A coordinator in policy discussions.B) An authority on big data analysis.C) A provider of the needed expertise.D) An initiator of marine sanctuaries.Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.牡丹( peony)花色艳丽，形象高雅，象征着和平与繁荣，因而在中国被称为“花中之王”。
2019年12月英语六级真题试卷三套全
2019年12月英语六级真题试卷(三套全)2019年12月六级第一套Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense family responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Magazine reporter. B) Fashion designer.C) Website designer. D) Features editor.2. A) Designing sports clothing. B) Consulting fashion experts.C) Answering daily emails. D) Interviewing job-seekers.3. A) It is challenging. B) It is fascinating.C) It is tiresome. D) It is fashionable.4. A) Her persistence. B) Her experience.C) Her competence. D) Her confidence.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversations you have just heard.5. A) It is enjoyable. B) It is educational.C) It is divorced from real life. D) It is adapted from a drama.6. A) All the roles are played by famous actors and actress.B) It is based on the real-life experiences of some celebrities.C) Its plots and events reveal a lot about Frankie’s actual life.D) It is written, directed, edited and produced by Frankie himself.7. A) Go to the theater and enjoy it. B) Recommend it to her friends.C) Watch it with the man. D) Download and watch it.8. A) It has drawn criticisms from scientists. B) It has been showing for over a decade.C) It is a ridiculous piece of satire. D) It is against common sense. Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) They are likely to get hurt when moving too fast.B) They believe in team spirit.C) They need to keep moving to avoid getting hurt.D) They have to learn how to avoid body contact.10. A) They do not have many years to live after retirement.B) They tend to live longer with early retirement.C) They do not start enjoying life until full retirement.D) They keep themselves busy even after retirement.11. A) It prevents us from worrying. B) It slows down our aging process.C) It enables us to accomplish in life. D) It provides us with more chances to learn.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) It tends to dwell upon their joyous experiences.B) It wanders for almost half of their waking time.C) It has trouble concentrating alter a brain injury.D) It tends to be affected by their negative feelings.13. A) To find how happiness relates to daydreaming.B) To observe how one’s mind affects one’s behavior.C) To see why daydreaming impacts what one is doing.D) To study the relation between health and daydreaming.14. A) It helps them make good decisions. B) It helps them tap their potentials.C) It contributes to their creativity. D) It contributes to their thinking.15. A) Subjects with clear goals in mind outperformed those without clear goals.B) The difference in performance between the two groups was insignificant.C) Non-daydreamers were more confused on their tasks than daydreamers.D) Daydreamers did better than non-daydreamers in task performance.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Similarities between human babies and baby animals.B) Cognitive features of different newly born mammals.C) Adults’ influence on children.D) Abilities of human babies.20. A) They can distinguish a happy tune from a sad one.B) They love happy melodies more than sad ones.C) They fall asleep easily while listening to music.D) They are already sensitive to beats and rhythms.21. A) Infants’ facial expressions. B) Babies’ emotions.C) Babies’ interaction with adults. D) Infants’ behaviors.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) It may harm the culture of today’s workplace.B) It may hinder individual career advancement.C) It may result in unwillingness to take risks.D) It may put too much pressure on team members.23. A) They can hardly give expression to their original views.B) They can become less motivated to do projects of their own.C) They may find it hard to get their contributions recognized.D) They may eventually lose their confidence and creativity.24. A) They can enlarge their professional circle. B) They can get chances to engage in research.C) They can make the best use of their expertise. D) They can complete the project more easily.25. A) It may cause lots of arguments in a team.B) It may prevent making a timely decision.C) It may give rise to a lot of unnecessary expenses.D) It may deprive a team of business opportunities.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases, we often think about health indicators such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. But poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk of heart disease and have a role to play in the development of some cancers. Perhaps worse, the 26 effects of an unhealthy diet and insufficient exercise are not limited to your body. Recent research has also shown that 27 in a high-fat and high-sugar diet may have negative effects on your brain, causing learning and memory 28 .Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, as 29 by a range of learning and memory tests, such as the ability to remember a list of words presented some minutes or hours earlier. There is also a growing body of evidence that diet-induced cognitive impairments can emerge 30 -within weeks or even days. For example, one study found healthy adults 31 to a high-fat diet for five days showed impaired attention, memory, and mood compared with a low-fat diet control group. Another study also found eating a high-fat and high-sugar breakfast each day for as little as four days resulted in problems with learning and memory 32 to those observed in overweight and obese individuals.Body weight was not hugely different between the groups eating a healthy diet and those on high fat and sugar diets. So this shows negative 33 of poor dietary intake can occur even when body weight has not changed 34 . Thus, body weight is not always the best indicator of health and a thin person still needs to eat well and exercise 35 .Section BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the question by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Increased Screen Time and Wellbeing Decline in Youth[A] Have young people never had it so good? Or do they face more challenges than any previous generation? Our current era in the West is one of high wealth. This means minors enjoy material benefits and legal protections that would have been the envy of those living in the past. But there is an increasing suspicion that all is not well for our youth. And one of the most popular explanations, among some experts and the popular media, is that excessive “screen time” is to blame (This refers to all the attention young people devote to their phones, tablets and laptops). However, this is a connection theory and such claims have been treated skeptically by some scholars based on their reading of the relevant data.[B] Now a study in the journal Emotion has provided another contribution to the debate, uncovering strong evidence that adolescent wellbeing in the United States really is experiencing a decline and arguing that the most likely cause is the electronic riches we have given them. The background to this is that from the 1960s into the early 2000s, measures of average wellbeing went up in the US. This was especially true for younger people. It reflected the fact that these decades saw a climb in general standards of living and avoidance of mass societal traumas like full-scale war or economic deprivation. However, the “screen time”hypothesis, advanced by researchers such as Jean Twenge, is that electronic devices and excessive time spent online may have reversed these trends in recent years, causing problems for young people’s psychological health.[C] To investigate, Twenge and her colleagues dived into the “Monitoring The Future”dataset based on annual surveys of American school students from grades 8, 10, and 12 that started in 1991. In total, 1.1 million young people answered various questions related to their wellbeing. Twenge’s team’s analysis of the answers confirmed the earlier, well-established wellbeing climb, with scores rising across the 1990s, and into the later 2000s. This was found across measures like self-esteem, life satisfaction, happiness and satisfaction with individual domains like job, neighborhood, or friends. But around 2012 these measures started to decline. This continued through 2016, the most recent year for which data is available.[D] Twenge and her colleagues wanted to understand why this change in average wellbeing has occurred. However, it’s very hard to demonstrate causes in non-experimental data such as this. In fact, when Twenge previously used this data to suggest a screen time effect, some commentators were quick to raise this problem. They argued that her causal-sounding claims rested on correlational data, and that she had not adequately accounted for other potential causal factors. This time around, Twenge and her team make a point of saying that that they are not trying to establish causes as such, but that they are assessing the plausibility of potential causes.[E] First, they explain that if a given variable is playing a causal role in affecting wellbeing, then we should expect any change in that variable to correlate with the observed changes in wellbeing. If not, it isn’t plausible that the variable is a causal factor. So the researcherslooked at time spent in a number of activities that could plausibly be driving the wellbeing decline. Less sport, and fewer meetings with peers correlated with lower wellbeing, as did less time reading print media (newspapers) and, surprisingly, less time doing homework (This last finding would appear to contradict another popular hypothesis that it is our burdening of students with assignments that is causing all the problems). In addition, more TV watching and more electronic communication both correlated with lower wellbeing. All these effects held true for measures of happiness, life satisfaction and self-esteem, with the effects stronger in the 8th and 10th-graders.[F] Next, Twenge’s team dug a little deeper into the data on screen time. They found that adolescents who spent a very small amount of time on digital devices—a couple of hours—had the highest wellbeing. Their wellbeing was even higher than those who never used such devices. However, higher doses of screen time were clearly associated with lower happiness. Those spending 10-19 hours per week on their devices were 41 percent more likely to be unhappy than lower-frequency users. Those who used such devices 40 hours a week or more (one in ten of teenagers) were twice as likely to be unhappy. The data was slightly complicated by the fact that there was a tendency for kids who were social in the real world to also use more online communication, but by bracketing out different cases it became clear that the real-world sociality component correlated with greater wellbeing, whereas greater time on screens or online only correlated with poorer wellbeing.[G] So far, so plausible. But the next question is, are the drops in average wellbeing happening at the same time as trends toward increased electronic device usage? It looks like it—after all, 2012 was the tipping point when more than half of Americans began owning smartphones. Twenge and her colleagues also found that across the key years of 2013-16, wellbeing was indeed lowest in years where adolescents spent more time online, on social media, and reading news online, and when more youth in the US had smartphones. And in a second analysis, they found that where technology went, dips in wellbeing followed. For instance, years with a larger increase in online usage were followed by years with lower wellbeing, rather than the other way around. This does not prove causality, but is consistent with it. Meanwhile, TV use didn’t show this tracking. TV might make you less happy, but this is not what seems to be driving the recent declines in young people’s average happiness.[H] A similar but reversed pattern was found for the activities associated with greater wellbeing. For example, years where people spent more time with friends were better years for wellbeing (and followed by better years). Sadly, the data also showed face-to-face socializing and sports activity had declined over the period covered by the survey.[I] There is another explanation that Twenge and her colleagues wanted to address: the impact of the great recession of 2007-2009, which hit a great number of American families and might be affecting adolescents. The dataset didn’t include economic data, so instead the researchers looked at whether the 2013-16 wellbeing decline was tracking economic indicators. They found some evidence that some crude measures, like income inequality, correlated with changes in wellbeing, but economic measures with a more direct impact, like family income and unemployment rates (which put families into difficulties), had no relationship with wellbeing. The researchers also note that the recession hit some years before we see the beginning of the wellbeing drop, and before the steepest wellbeing decline, which occurred in 2013.[J] The researchers conclude that electronic communication was the only adolescent activitythat increased at the same time psychological wellbeing declined. I suspect that some experts in the field will be keen to address alternative explanations, such as unassessed variables playing a role in the wellbeing decline. But the new work does go further than before and suggests that screen time should still be considered a potential barrier to young people’s flourishing.36. The year when most Americans began using smartphones was identified as a turning pointin young Americans’ level of happiness.37. Scores in various wellbeing measures began to go downward among young Americans in recent years.38. Unfortunately, activities involving direct contact with people, which contributed tobetter wellbeing, were found to be on the decline.39. In response to past critics, Twenge and her co-researchers stress they are not trying toprove that the use of digital devices reduces young people’s wellbeing.40. In the last few decades of the 20th century, living standards went up and economic depressionswere largely averted in the US.41. Contrary to popular belief, doing homework might add to students’ wellbeing.42. The author believes the researchers’new study has gone a step further regarding the impactof screen time on wellbeing.43. The researchers found that extended screen time makes young people less happy.44. Data reveals that economic inequality rather than family income might affect people’swellbeing.45. Too much screen time is widely believed to be the cause of unhappiness among today’s young people.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,”said Dan Ariely, behavioral psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene said, for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave study subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal control network, which is involved in difficultor complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty—and ultimately opting for the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows when we are able to rationalize it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that, when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability it will happen again,” Ariely said.In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear, anxiety and emotional responses—including that sinking, guilty feeling you get when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that, but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies and get bigger and bigger over time.46. Why do some experts consider lying a milestone in a child’s development?A) It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.B) It indicates they have an ability more remarkable than crawling and walking.C) It represents their ability to actively interact with people around them.D) It involves the coordination of both their mental and physical abilities.47. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes work?A) It is difficult to sound natural or plausible. B) It is hard to choose from several options.C) It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity. D) It requires speedy blood flow into one’s brain.48. Under what circumstances do people tend to lie?A) When they become too emotional. B) When they face too much peer pressure.C) When the temptation is too strong. D) When the consequences are not imminent.49. When are people less likely to lie?A) When they are worn out and stressed. B) When they are under watchful eyes.C) When they think in a rational way. D) When they have a clear conscience.50. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punished?A) They may feel justified. B) They will tell bigger lies.C) They will become complacent. D) They may mix lies and truths.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Here’s how the Pacific Northwest is preparing for “The Big One”. It’s the mother of all disaster drills for what could be the worst disaster in American history. California hasspent years preparing for “The Big One”—the inevitable earthquake that will undoubtedly unleash all kinds of havoc along the famous San Andreas fault. But what if the fault that runs along the Pacific Northwest delivers a gigantic earthquake of its own? If the people of the Cascadia region have anything to do with it, they won’t be caught unawares.The region is engaged in a multi-day earthquake and tsunami drill involving around 20,000 people. The Cascadia Rising drill gives area residents and emergency responders a chance to practice what to do in case of a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and tsunami along one of the nation’s dangerous—and underestimated—faults.The Cascadia Subduction Zone is big enough to compete with San Andreas (it’s been called the most dangerous fault in America), but it’s much lesser known than its California cousin. Nearly 700 miles long, the earthquake zone is located by the North American Plate off the coast of Pacific British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and Northern California.Cascadia is what’s known as a “megathrust”fault. Megathrusts are created in subduction zones—land plate boundaries where two plates converge. In the areas where one plate is beneath another, stress builds up over time. During a megathrust event, all of that stress releases and some of the world’s most powerful earthquakes occur. Remember the 9.1 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean off of Sumatra in 2004? It was caused by a megathrust event as the India plate moved beneath the Burma micro-plate.The last time a major earthquake occurred along the Cascadia fault was in 1700, so officials worry that another event could occur at any time. To prevent that event from becoming a catastrophe, first responders will join members of the public in rehearsals that involve communication, evacuation, search and rescue, and other scenarios.Thousands of deaths and other casualties are expected if a 9.0 earthquake were to occur. First, the earthquake would shake metropolitan areas including Seattle and Portland. This could trigger a tsunami that would create havoc along the coast. Not all casualties can necessarily be prevented—but by coordinating across local, state, and even national borders, officials hope that the worst-case scenario can be averted. On the exercise’s website, officials explain that the report they prepare during this rehearsal will inform disaster management for years to come.For hundreds of thousands of Cascadia residents, the big one isn’t a question of if, only when. And it’s never too early to get ready for the inevitable.51. What does “The Big One” refer to?A) A gigantic geological fault. B) A large-scale exercise to prepare for disasters.C) A massive natural catastrophe. D) A huge tsunami on the California coast.52. What is the purpose of the Cascadia Rising drill?A) To prepare people for a major earthquake and tsunami.B) To increase residents’ awareness of imminent disasters.C) To teach people how to adapt to post-disaster life.D) To cope with the aftermath of a possible earthquake.53. What happens in case of a megathrust earthquake according to the passage?A) Two plates merge into one. B) Boundaries blur between plates.C) A variety of forces converge. D) Enormous stress is released.54. What do the officials hope to achieve through the drills?A) Coordinating various disaster-relief efforts. B) Reducing casualties in the event of a disaster.C) Minimizing property loss caused by disasters. D) Establishing disaster and emergency management.55. What does the author say about “The Big One”?A) Whether it will occur remains to be seen. B) How it will arrive is too early to predict.C) Its occurrence is just a matter of time. D) It keeps haunting Cascadia residents.Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.牡丹花色艳丽，形象高雅，象征这和平与繁荣，因而在中国被称为”花中之王”。
2019年12月英语六级真题试卷三套全
2019年12月英语六级真题试卷(三套全)2019年12月六级第一套Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense family responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Magazine reporter. B) Fashion designer.C) Website designer. D) Features editor.2. A) Designing sports clothing. B) Consulting fashion experts.C) Answering daily emails. D) Interviewing job-seekers.3. A) It is challenging. B) It is fascinating.C) It is tiresome. D) It is fashionable.4. A) Her persistence. B) Her experience.C) Her competence. D) Her confidence. Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversations you have just heard.5. A) It is enjoyable. B) It is educational.C) It is divorced from real life. D) It is adapted from a drama.6. A) All the roles are played by famous actors and actress.B) It is based on the real-life experiences of some celebrities.C) Its plots and events reveal a lot about Frankie’s actual life.D) It is written, directed, edited and produced by Frankie himself.7. A) Go to the theater and enjoy it. B) Recommend it to her friends.C) Watch it with the man. D) Download and watch it.8. A) It has drawn criticisms from scientists. B) It has been showing for over a decade.C) It is a ridiculous piece of satire. D) It is against common sense.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) They are likely to get hurt when moving too fast.B) They believe in team spirit.C) They need to keep moving to avoid getting hurt.D) They have to learn how to avoid body contact.10. A) They do not have many years to live after retirement.B) They tend to live longer with early retirement.C) They do not start enjoying life until full retirement.D) They keep themselves busy even after retirement.11. A) It prevents us from worrying. B) It slows down our aging process.C) It enables us to accomplish in life. D) It provides us with more chances to learn.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) It tends to dwell upon their joyous experiences.B) It wanders for almost half of their waking time.C) It has trouble concentrating alter a brain injury.D) It tends to be affected by their negative feelings.13. A) To find how happiness relates to daydreaming.B) To observe how one’s mind affects one’s behavior.C) To see why daydreaming impacts what one is doing.D) To study the relation between health and daydreaming.14. A) It helps them make good decisions. B) It helps them tap their potentials.C) It contributes to their creativity. D) It contributes to their thinking.15. A) Subjects with clear goals in mind outperformed those without clear goals.B) The difference in performance between the two groups was insignificant.C) Non-daydreamers were more confused on their tasks than daydreamers.D) Daydreamers did better than non-daydreamers in task performance.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Similarities between human babies and baby animals.B) Cognitive features of different newly born mammals.C) Adults’ influence on children.D) Abilities of human babies.20. A) They can distinguish a happy tune from a sad one.B) They love happy melodies more than sad ones.C) They fall asleep easily while listening to music.D) They are already sensitive to beats and rhythms.21. A) Infants’ facial expressions. B) Babies’emotions.C) Babies’ interaction with adults. D) Infants’behaviors.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) It may harm the culture of today’s workplace.B) It may hinder individual career advancement.C) It may result in unwillingness to take risks.D) It may put too much pressure on team members.23. A) They can hardly give expression to their original views.B) They can become less motivated to do projects of their own.C) They may find it hard to get their contributions recognized.D) They may eventually lose their confidence and creativity.24. A) They can enlarge their professional circle. B) They can get chances to engage in research.C) They can make the best use of their expertise. D) Theycan complete the project more easily.25. A) It may cause lots of arguments in a team.B) It may prevent making a timely decision.C) It may give rise to a lot of unnecessary expenses.D) It may deprive a team of business opportunities.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases, we often think about health indicators such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. But poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk of heart disease and have a role to play in the development of some cancers. Perhaps worse, the 26 effects of an unhealthy diet and insufficientexercise are not limited to your body. Recent research has also shown that 27 in a high-fat and high-sugar diet may have negative effects on your brain, causing learning and memory28 .Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, as 29 by a range of learning and memory tests, such as the ability to remember a list of words presented some minutes or hours earlier. There is also a growing body of evidence that diet-induced cognitive impairments can emerge 30 -within weeks or even days. For example, one study found healthy adults 31 to a high-fat diet for five days showed impaired attention, memory, and mood compared with a low-fat diet control group. Another study also found eating a high-fat and high-sugar breakfast each day for as little as four days resulted in problems with learning and memory 32 to those observed in overweightand obese individuals.Body weight was not hugely different between the groups eatinga healthy diet and those on high fat and sugar diets. So this shows negative 33 of poor dietary intake can occur even when body weight has not changed 34 . Thus, body weight is not alwaysthe best indicator of health and a thin person still needs to eatwell and exercise 35 .Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the question by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Increased Screen Time and Wellbeing Decline in Youth [A] Have young people never had it so good? Or do they face morechallenges than any previous generation? Our current era in the West is one of high wealth. This means minors enjoy material benefits and legal protections that would have been the envy of those living in the past. But there is an increasing suspicion that all is not well for our youth. And one of the most popular explanations, among some experts and the popular media, is that excessive “screen time” is to blame (This refers to all the attention young people devote to their phones, tablets and laptops). However, this is a connection theory and such claims have been treated skeptically by some scholars based on their reading of the relevant data.[B] Now a study in the journal Emotion has provided another contribution to the debate, uncovering strong evidence that adolescent wellbeing in the United States really is experiencing a decline and arguing that the most likely cause is the electronic riches we have given them. The background to this is that from the 1960s into the early 2000s, measures of average wellbeing went up in the US. This was especially true for younger people. It reflected the fact that these decades saw a climb in general standards of living and avoidance of mass societal traumas like full-scale war or economic deprivation. However, the “screen time” hypothesis, advanced by researchers such as Jean Twenge,is that electronic devices and excessive time spent online may have reversed these trends in recent years, causing problems for young people’s psychological health.[C] To investigate, Twenge and her colleagues dived into the “Monitoring The Future” dataset based on annual surveys of American school students from grades 8, 10, and 12 that started in 1991. In total, 1.1 million young people answered various questions related to their wellbeing. Twenge’s team’s analysis of the answers confirmed the earlier, well-established wellbeing climb, with scores rising across the 1990s, and into the later 2000s. This was found across measures like self-esteem, life satisfaction, happiness and satisfaction with individual domains like job, neighborhood, or friends. But around 2012 these measures started to decline. This continued through 2016, the most recent year for which data is available.[D] Twenge and her colleagues wanted to understand why this change in average wellbeing has occurred. However, it’s very hard to demonstrate causes in non-experimental data such as this. In fact, when Twenge previously used this data to suggest a screen time effect, some commentators were quick to raise this problem. They argued that her causal-sounding claims rested on correlationaldata, and that she had not adequately accounted for other potential causal factors. This time around, Twenge and her team make a point of saying that that they are not trying to establish causes as such, but that they are assessing the plausibility of potential causes.[E] First, they explain that if a given variable is playing a causal role in affecting wellbeing, then we should expect any change in that variable to correlate with the observed changes in wellbeing. If not, it isn’t plausible that the variable is a causal factor. So the researchers looked at time spent in a number of activities that could plausibly be driving the wellbeing decline. Less sport, and fewer meetings with peers correlated with lower wellbeing, as did less time reading print media (newspapers) and, surprisingly, less time doing homework (This last finding would appear to contradict another popular hypothesis that it is our burdening of students with assignments that is causing all the problems). In addition, more TV watching and more electronic communication both correlated with lower wellbeing. All these effects held true for measures of happiness, life satisfaction and self-esteem, with the effects stronger in the 8th and 10th-graders.[F] Next, Twenge’s team dug a little deeper into the data onscreen time. They found that adolescents who spent a very small amount of time on digital devices—a couple of hours—had the highest wellbeing. Their wellbeing was even higher than those who never used such devices. However, higher doses of screen time were clearly associated with lower happiness. Those spending 10-19 hours per week on their devices were 41 percent more likely to be unhappy than lower-frequency users. Those who used such devices 40 hours a week or more (one in ten of teenagers) were twice as likely to be unhappy. The data was slightly complicated by the fact that there was a tendency for kids who were social in the real world to also use more online communication, but by bracketing out different cases it became clear that the real-world sociality component correlated with greater wellbeing, whereas greater time on screens or online only correlated with poorer wellbeing.[G] So far, so plausible. But the next question is, are the drops in average wellbeing happening at the same time as trends toward increased electronic device usage? It looks like it—after all, 2012 was the tipping point when more than half of Americans began owning smartphones. Twenge and her colleagues also found that across the key years of 2013-16, wellbeing was indeed lowest in years where adolescents spent more time online, on social media,and reading news online, and when more youth in the US had smartphones. And in a second analysis, they found that where technology went, dips in wellbeing followed. For instance, years with a larger increase in online usage were followed by years with lower wellbeing, rather than the other way around. This does not prove causality, but is consistent with it. Meanwhile, TV use didn’t show this tracking. TV might make you less happy, but this is not what seems to be driving the recent declines in young people’s average happiness.[H] A similar but reversed pattern was found for the activities associated with greater wellbeing. For example, years where people spent more time with friends were better years for wellbeing (and followed by better years). Sadly, the data also showed face-to-face socializing and sports activity had declined over the period covered by the survey.[I] There is another explanation that Twenge and her colleagues wanted to address: the impact of the great recession of 2007-2009, which hit a great number of American families and might be affecting adolescents. The dataset didn’t include economic data, so instead the researchers looked at whether the 2013-16 wellbeing decline was tracking economic indicators. They found some evidence that some crude measures, like income inequality,correlated with changes in wellbeing, but economic measures with a more direct impact, like family income and unemployment rates (which put families into difficulties), had no relationship with wellbeing. The researchers also note that the recession hit some years before we see the beginning of the wellbeing drop, and before the steepest wellbeing decline, which occurred in 2013.[J] The researchers conclude that electronic communication was the only adolescent activity that increased at the same time psychological wellbeing declined. I suspect that some experts in the field will be keen to address alternative explanations, such as unassessed variables playing a role in the wellbeing decline. But the new work does go further than before and suggests that screen time should still be considered a potential barrier to young people’s flourishing.36. The year when most Americans began using smartphones wasidentified as a turning point in young Americans’ level of happiness.37. Scores in various wellbeing measures began to go downward among young Americans in recent years.38. Unfortunately, activities involving direct contact withpeople, which contributed to better wellbeing, were found tobe on the decline.39. In response to past critics, Twenge and her co-researchersstress they are not trying to prove that the use of digital devices reduces young people’s wellbeing.40. In the last few decades of the 20th century, living standardswent up and economic depressions were largely averted in the US.41. Contrary to popular belief, doing homework might add tostudents’ wellbeing.42. The author believes the researchers’ new study has gone astep further regarding the impact of screen time on wellbeing.43. The researchers found that extended screen time makes youngpeople less happy.44. Data reveals that economic inequality rather than familyincome might affect people’s wellbeing.45. Too much screen time is widely believed to be the cause of unhappiness among today’s young people.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You shoulddecide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand h ow the act changes us,” said Dan Ariely, behavioral psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene said, for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave study subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty—and ultimately optingfor the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows when we are able to rationalize it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that, when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability it will happen again,” Ariely said.In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear, anxiety and emotional responses—including that sinking, guilty feeling you get when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that, but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended toget even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies and get bigger and bigger over time.46. Why do some experts consider lying a milestone in a child’s development?A) It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.B) It indicates they have an ability more remarkable than crawling and walking.C) It represents their ability to actively interact with people around them.D) It involves the coordination of both their mental and physical abilities.47. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes work?A) It is difficult to sound natural or plausible. B) It is hard to choose from several options.C) It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity. D) It requires speedy blood flow into one’s brain.48. Under what circumstances do people tend to lie?A) When they become too emotional. B) When they face too much peer pressure.C) When the temptation is too strong. D) When theconsequences are not imminent.49. When are people less likely to lie?A) When they are worn out and stressed. B) When they are under watchful eyes.C) When they think in a rational way. D) When they have a clear conscience.50. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punished?A) They may feel justified. B) They will tell bigger lies.C) They will become complacent. D) They may mix lies and truths.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Here’s how the Pacific Northwest is preparing for “The Big One”. It’s the mother of all disaster drills for what could be the worst disaster in American history. California has spent years preparing for “The Big O ne”—the inevitable earthquake that will undoubtedly unleash all kinds of havoc along the famous San Andreas fault. But what if the fault that runs along the Pacific Northwest delivers a gigantic earthquake of its own? If the peopleof the Cascadia region have anything to do with it, they won’t be caught unawares.The region is engaged in a multi-day earthquake and tsunami drill involving around 20,000 people. The Cascadia Rising drill gives area residents and emergency responders a chance to practice what to do in case of a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and tsunami along one of the nation’s dangerous—and underestimated—faults.The Cascadia Subduction Zone is big enough to compete with San Andreas (it’s been called the most dangerous fault in America), but it’s much lesser known than its California cousin. Nearly 700 miles long, the earthquake zone is located by the North American Plate off the coast of Pacific British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and Northern California.Cascadia is what’s known as a “megathrust” fault. Megathrusts are created in subduction zones—land plate boundaries where two plates converge. In the areas where one plate is beneath another, stress builds up over time. During a megathrust event, all of that stress releases and some of the world’s most powerful earthquakes occur. Remember the 9.1 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean off of Sumatra in 2004? It was caused by a megathrust event as the India plate moved beneath the Burma micro-plate.The last time a major earthquake occurred along the Cascadia fault was in 1700, so officials worry that another event could occur at any time. To prevent that event from becoming a catastrophe, first responders will join members of the public in rehearsals that involve communication, evacuation, search and rescue, and other scenarios.Thousands of deaths and other casualties are expected if a 9.0 earthquake were to occur. First, the earthquake would shake metropolitan areas including Seattle and Portland. This could trigger a tsunami that would create havoc along the coast. Not all casualties can necessarily be prevented—but by coordinating across local, state, and even national borders, officials hope that the worst-case scenario can be averted. On the exercise’s website, officials explain that the report they prepare during this rehearsal will inform disaster management for years to come.For hundreds of thousands of Cascadia residents, the big one isn’t a question of if, only when. And it’s never too early to get ready for the inevitable.51. What does “The Big One” refer to?A) A gigantic geological fault. B) A large-scale exercise to prepare for disasters.C) A massive natural catastrophe. D) A huge tsunamion the California coast.52. What is the purpose of the Cascadia Rising drill?A) To prepare people for a major earthquake and tsunami.B) To increase residents’ awareness of imminent disasters.C) To teach people how to adapt to post-disaster life.D) To cope with the aftermath of a possible earthquake.53. What happens in case of a megathrust earthquake according to the passage?A) Two plates merge into one. B) Boundaries blur between plates.C) A variety of forces converge. D) Enormous stress is released.54. What do the officials hope to achieve through the drills?A) Coordinating various disaster-relief efforts. B) Reducing casualties in the event of a disaster.C) Minimizing property loss caused by disasters. D) Establishing disaster and emergency management.55. What does the author say about “The Big One”?A) Whether it will occur remains to be seen. B) How it will arrive is too early to predict.C) Its occurrence is just a matter of time. D) It keeps haunting Cascadia residents.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.牡丹花色艳丽，形象高雅，象征这和平与繁荣，因而在中国被称为”花中之王”。
2019年12月六级答案公布(三套完整版)
温馨提示：2019年12月英语六级考试采取“多题多卷”模式，试题顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对（大家核对答案时，找准具体选项内容，忽略套数）。
作文写作（共三套，忽略套数，只核对内容）第一套：The Importance of Having a Sense of Social ResponsibilityAs we all know, responsibility is one of the most basic qualities. If we give up the responsibility, we are equal to give up the whole world. As far as I am concerned, we should have a high sense of responsibility to become an upright person.How can we cultivate social responsibility? To start with, children should be taught about good moral outlooks, so that when they grow up, they will become law-abiding and responsible citizens. Furthermore, the humanistic education is vital, especially for us university students because we are the future pillars of our country. Last but not least, it is necessary to encourage people to care for others, help others through all kinds of propaganda, because each individual is closely related to and bears obligations to others.If all the citizens have a sound sense of social responsibility, it is hopeful that the world will enjoy a better future. Therefore, let's take our social responsibility and contribute to our society.第二套：The Importance of Having a Sense of Family ResponsibilityHome is a warm harbor for every family member. It brings us warmth, and gives us strength over the long course of our lives. While enjoying the benefits of the family, everyone should have a sense of family responsibility and contribute to the happiness of the family life.To begin with, as a member of the family, everyone is obliged to take on family responsibilities. Secondly, by taking family responsibilities, the relationship between family members can be strengthened, thus a harmonious family can be created, which can make each family member feel a sense of belonging. A good growing environment will influence one’s psychological development and ultimately one’s personal development. More than that, each person with a good sense of family responsibility will develop a good sense of social responsibility, which will do good to our society.To sum up, it is of great importance for everyone to have a sense of family responsibility, not only in that it strengthens family bond, thus do good to one’s personal development, but that it is beneficial to the social development. So, my dear friends, please take an active part in your family responsibilities!第三套：The Importance of Having a Sense of Community ResponsibilityWe all live in community. Community responsibility is an individual's duty or obligation to the community, which includes cooperation, respect and participation. The concept goes beyond thinking and acting as individuals to common beliefs about shared interests. With the development of society and interpersonal communication, it has gradually become a basic requirement for everyone.In my opinion, the sense of community responsibility is equally important to the development of community and the growth of individuals. As a college student, the sense of community responsibility means that we should give priority to the interests of the our school and class. If everyone takes on our own responsibilities, we can not only make our school better, but also improve our moral standard. As a citizen, we should pay more attention to the collective interests and exercise our obligations as citizens, such as participating in community voting and promoting environmental protection, etc. If everyone contributes our part, everything around us will become better.All in all, all of us should assume our community responsibilities, take the collective interests first and think more about others. Only in this way, will social development be more smooth and the relationship between people become more harmonious.听力听力（共2套）第一套：Section A: 1-81.D) Features editor.2.C) Answering daily emails.3.B) It is fascinating.4.A) Her persistence.5.A) It is enjoyable.6.D) It is written, directed, edited and produced by Frankie himself.7.D) Download and watch it.8.B) It has been showing for over a decade.Section B: 9-159.C) They need to keep moving to avoid getting hurt.10.A) They do not have many years to live after retirement.11.A) It prevents us from worrying.12.B) It wanders for almost half of their waking time.13.A) To find how happiness relates to daydreaming.14.C) It contributes to their creativity15.D) Daydreamers did better than non-daydreamers in task performance.Section C: 16-2516.D) They are in worsening condition.17.C) They are without foundations.18.C) Timber was abundant in Scandinavia.19.D) Abilities of human babies.20.A) They can distinguish a happy tune from a sad one.21.B) Babies emotions.22.B) It may hinder individual career advancement.23.C) They may find it hard to get their contributions recognized.24.A) They can enlarge their professional circle.25. B) It may prevent making a timely decision.第二套：Section A: 1-81.A) It focuses exclusively on jazz.2.B) Its market has now shrunk.3.A) Its definition is varied and complicated.4.C) Listen to them yourself.5.D) She went to the bank.6.B) Her credit history was considered poor.7.C) Start her own business.8.C) Build up her own finances step by step.Section B: 9-159.C) It is small and unconventional.10.D) Their wish to set a new farming standard.11.D) It loosens soil while seeding.12.A) It has turned certain insects into a new food source.13.B) It was a pleasant surprise.14.C) They contain more protein than conventional meats.15.A) It is environmentally friendly.Section C: 16-2516.D) To see if they are inherent traits affecting learning.17.A) It was defective.18.A) Auditory aids are as important as visual aids.19.D) Not spending enough time on family life and leisure.20.A) People would be working only fifteen hours a week now.21.C) Deterioration of workers’mental health.22.C) It has become something of a joke among Germans.23.B) The city had just been reunified.24.D) Problems of different kinds kept popping up.25. C) Huge maintenance costs accumulate.阅读阅读（共3套）第一套：选词填空When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases开头26-30 GJEAL31-35 BOCDN26. G) detrimental27. J) indulging28. E) deficits29. A) assessed30. L) rapidly31. B) assigned32. O) similar33. C) consequences34. D) conspicuously35. N) regularly信息匹配Increased Screen Time and Wellbeing Decline in Youth36-45GCHDB EJFIA仔细阅读Passage One—The dangerous thing about lying开头46-50 ADBBB46. A) It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.47. D) It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity.48. B) When they face too much peer pressure.49. B) When they are under watchful eyes.50. B) They will tell bigger lies.Passage Two—Here is how....开头51-55 CADBC51. C) A massive natural catastrophe52. A) To prepare people for a major earthquake and tsunami53. D) Enormous stress is released54. B) Reducing casualties in the event of a disaster55. C) Its occurrence is just a matter of time第二套：The persistent开头26-35 KCNMD IHJOL26. K) prematurely27. C) determine28. N) synonymous29. M) switching30. D) generated31. I) particles32. H) opting33. J) peak34. O) trend35. L) simply信息匹配How much protein do you really want?36-45 CEAFM GBHDL仔细阅读Passage One—Last year开头（态度的重要性）46-50 CAADB46. C) It determines how we respond to our immediate environment.47. A) Their idols’behaviors.48. A) They may not suggest how a person is going to behave.49. D) They lack willpower.50. B) Starting to act in a way that embodies one’s aspirations. Passage Two——Industrial fishing for krill开头51-55 CBADC51. C) It was carried out too close to the habitats of penguins and whales52. B) To establish conservation areas in the Antarctic region.53. A) Opting to operate away from the suggested conservation areas.54. D) Sustain fishing without damaging the Antarctic ecosystem.55. C) A provider of the needed expertise.第三套：选词填空The number of开头26-30 ELHAJ31-35 BIDFK26. E) circumstances27. L) lonely28. H) consciousness29. A) alleviate30. J) excluded31. B) apparently32. I) desires33. D) associated34. F) competitive35. K) feature信息匹配Why More Farmers Are Switching to Grass-Fed Meat and Dairy36-45 FCJDG AIEBK仔细阅读Passage One—Schools are not just开头46-50 BBDCC46. B) Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.47. B) They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.48. D) Activities involving all students on campus.49. A) They want their children to participate even though they don’t see much benefit.50. C) Avoiding creating new gaps among students.Passage Two—Rising temperatures and overfishing开头51-55 ACDAD51. A) King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.52. C) Industrial fishing and climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.53. D) The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.54. A) Many baby king penguins can’t have food in time.55. D) Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.翻译翻译（共3套）第一套：The peony, with its rich colors and elegant images, symbolizes peace and prosperity and is known as the "king of flowers" in China. Peony is cultivated in many parts of China. For thousands of years, many poems and paintings have been created in praise of peonies. During the Tang Dynasty, peonies were widely planted in the imperial gardens and known as the national flower, so they were very popular. In the 10th century, the ancient city of Luoyang became a center for peony cultivation and remains so today. Now, tens of thousands of tourists from home and abroad flock to Luoyang for the annual peony festival to admire the unique beauty of the city's peonies and explore the history of the ancient capital of nine dynasties.第二套：Plum blossom, which originated in southern China, has been cultivated for more than 3,000 years, and tops the list of China’s Top 10 famous flowers. In the middle of winter, colorful plum blossoms facing the wind and snow proudly bloom. In traditional Chinese culture, plum blossom symbolizes strength, purity and elegance, inspiring people to overcome hardships and forge ahead. Since ancient times, many poets and painters have drawn inspiration from the plum blossom and created countless immortal works. The common people also love plum blossoms, which are often used as home decorations during the Spring Festival. The city of Nanjing hasdesignated the plum blossom as the city flower. Every year, the Plum Blossom Festival is held，when tens of thousands of people brave the bitter cold to walk in the snow and appreciate the plum blossoms on Plum Blossom Mountain.第三套：Lotus is one of the best-known flowers in China which people love deeply. Many lakes and ponds in China are suitable for lotus’growth. Lotus features bright colors, blossoming in the morning and closing in the evening with a long flowering period of two to three months, attracting tourists across the country to appreciate it. Lotus has a variety of functions, which can not only green waters and beautify courtyards but also purify water, reduce pollution and improve environment. Lotus symbolizes purity and elegance and represents people's noble morals as it does not fear the strong sunshine and keeps clean in the mud. Therefore, the flower has become an important creation theme for poets and painters throughout the Chinese history, and the place where the lotus blooms is also frequented by many photography lovers.。
大学英语2019年12月四级真题第3套
2019年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of theimpact of the Internet on the way people communicate and thenexplain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-facecontact. You should write at least 120 words but no more than, 180words.Part ⅡListening Comprehension (30 minutes) （说明：由于2019年12月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现）Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a wordbank following the passage: Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words inthe bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.The mobile phone is a magic device widely used these days. Although it has been nearly 30 years since the first commercial mobile-phone network was launched, advertisers have yet to figure out how to get their 36 out to mobile-phone users in a big way. There are 2.2 billion cell-phone users worldwide, a 37 that is growing by about 25% each year. Yet spending on ads carried over cell-phone networks last year 38 to just $1.5 billion worldwide, a fraction of the $424 billion global ad market.But as the number of eyeballs glued to 39 screens multiplies, so too does the mobile phone’s value as a pocket billboard(广告的). Consumers are 40 using their phones for things other than voice calls, such as text messaging, downloading songs and games, and 41 the Internet. By 2010, 70 million Asians are expected to be watching videos and TV programs on mobile phones. All of these activities give advertisers 42 options for reaching audiences. During soccer’s World Cup last summer, for example, Adidas used real-time scores and games to 43 thousands of fans to a website set up for mobile-phone access. “Our target audience was males aged 17 to 25,”says Marcus Spurrell, Adidas regional manager for Asia. “Their mobiles are always on, always in their pocket—you just can’t 44 cell phones as an advertising tool.”Mobile-phone marketing has become as 45 a platform as TV, online or print.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of theparagraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information isderived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraphis marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.A Mess on the Ladder of Success[A] Throughout American history there has almost always been at least one centraleconomic narrative that gave the ambitious or unsatisfied reason to pack up and seek their fortune elsewhere. For the first 300 or so years of European settlement, the story was about moving outward: getting immigrants to the continent and then to the frontier to clear the prairies (大草原), drain the wetlands and build new cities.[B] By the end of the 19th century, as the frontier vanished, the US had a mild panicattack. What would this energetic, enterprising country be without new lands to conquer? Some people, such as Teddy Roosevelt, decided to keep on conquering (Cuba, the Philippines, etc.), but eventually, in industrialization, the US found a new narrative of economic mobility at home. From the 1890s to the 1960s, people moved from farm to city, first in the North and then in the South. In fact, by the 1950s, there was enough prosperity and white-collar work that many began to move to the suburbs. As the population aged, there was also a shift from the cold Rust Belt to the comforts of the Sun Belt, We think of this as an old person’s migration, but it created many jobs for the young in construction and health care, not to mention tourism, retail and restaurants.[C] For the last 20 years—from the end of the cold war through two burst bubbles in asingle decade—the US has been casting about for its next economic narrative.And now it is experiencing another period of panic, which is bad news for much of the workforce but particularly for its youngest members.[D] The US has always been a remarkably mobile country, but new data from theCensus Bureau indicate that mobility has reached its lowest level in recorded history. Sure, some people are stuck in homes valued at less than their mortgages (抵押贷款), but many young people—who don’t own homes and don’t yet have families—are staying put, too. This suggests, among other things, that people aren’t packing up for new economic opportunities the way they used to. Rather than dividing the country into the 1 percenters versus(与……相对) everyone else, the split in our economy is really between two other classes: the mobile and immobile.[E] Part of the problem is that the country’s largest industries are in decline. In thepast, it was perfectly clear where young people should go for work (Chicago in the 1870s, Detroit in the 1910s, Houston in the 1970s) and, more or less, whatthey’d be doing when they got there (killing cattle, building cars, selling oil). And these industries were large enough to offer jobs to each class of worker, from unskilled laborer to manager or engineer. Today, the few bright spots in our economy are relatively small (though some promise future growth) and decentralized. There are great jobs in Silicon Valley, in the biotech research capitals of Boston and Raleigh-Durham and in advanced manufacturing plants along the southern I-85 corridor. These companies recruit all over the country and the globe for workers with specific abilities. (You don’t need to be the next Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook, to get a job in one of the microhubs (微中心), by the way. But you will almost certainly need at least a B, A. in computer science or a year or two at a technical school.) This newer, select job market is national, and it offers members of the mobile class competitive salaries and higher bargaining power.[F] Many members of the immobile class, on the other hand, live in the America ofthe gloomy headlines. If you have no specialized skills, there’s little reason to uproot to another state and be the last in line for a low-paying job at a new auto plant or a green-energy startup. The surprise in the census (普查) data, however, is that the immobile workforce is not limited to unskilled workers. In fact, many have a college degree.[G] Until now, a B.A. in any subject was a near-guarantee of at least middle-classwages. But today, a quarter of college graduates make less than the typical worker without a bachelor’s degree. David Autor, a prominent labor economist at M.I.T., recently told me that a college degree alone is no longer a guarantor ofa good job. While graduates from top universities are still likely to get a good jobno matter what their major is, he said, graduates from less-famous schools are going to be judged on what they know. To compete for jobs on a national level, they should be armed with the skills that emerging industries need, whether technical or not.[H] Those without such specialized skills—like poetry, or even history, majors—arealready competing with their neighbors for the same sorts of second-rate, poorer-paying local jobs like low-level management or big-box retail sales. And with the low-skilled labor market atomized into thousands of microeconomies, immobile workers are less able to demand better wages or conditions or to acquire valuable skills.[I] So what, exactly, should the ambitious young worker of today be learning?Unfortunately, it’s hard to say, since the US doesn’t have one clear national project. There are plenty of emerging, smaller industries, but which ones are the most promising? (Nanotechnology’s(纳米技术) moment of remarkable growth seems to have been 5 years into the future for something like 20 years now.) It’s not clear exactly what skills are most needed or if they will even be valuable in a decade.[J] What is clear is that all sorts of government issues education, health-insurance portability, worker retraining—are no longer just bonuses to already prosperous lives but existential requirements. It’s in all of our interests to make sure that as many people as possible are able to move toward opportunity, and, America’s ability to invest people and money in exciting new ideas is still greater than that of most other wealthy countries. (As recently as five years ago, U.S. migration was twice the rate of European Union states.) That, at least, is some comfort at a time when our national economy seems to be searching for its next story line.46. Unlike in the past, a college degree alone does not guarantee a good job for itsholder.47. The census data is surprising in that college graduates are also among theimmobile workforce.48. New figures released by the government show that Americans today are lessmobile than ever before.49. The migration of old people from cold to warm places made many jobs availableto the young.50. America is better at innovation than most other rich nations.51. Early American history is one of moving outward.52. Young people don’t know what to learn because it is hard to predict what skillsare most needed or valued ten years from now.53. Computer or other technical skills are needed to get a well-paying job in high-tech,or advanced manufacturing.54. When the frontier vanished about a century ago, America found new economicmobility in industrialization.55. America today can be divided into two classes: those who move and those whodon’t.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on following passage.A new study shows a large gender gap on economic policy among the nation’s professional economists, a divide similar to the gender divide found in the general public.“As a group, we are pro-market,” says Ann Marl May, co-author of the study and a University of Nebraska economist. “But women are more likely to accept government regulation and involvement in economic activity than our male colleagues.”“It’s very puzzling,”says free market economist Veronique de Rugy of the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. “Not a .day goes by that I don’t ask myself why there are so few women economists on the free market side.”A native of France, de Rugy supported government intervention (干预) early in her life but changed her mind after studying economics. “We want many of the same things as liberals—less poverty, more health care—but have radically different ideas on how to achieve it.”Liberal economist Dean Baker, co-founder of the Center for Economic Policy and Research, says male economists have been on the inside of the profession, confirming each other’s antiregulation views. Women, as outsiders, “are more likely to think independently or at least see people outside of the economics profession as forming their peer group,” he says.The gender balance in economics is changing. One-third of economics doctorates (博士学位) now go to women. “More diversity is needed at the table when public policy is discussed,” May says.Economists do agree on some things. Female economists agree with men that Europe has too much regulation and that Wal-mart is good for society. Male economists agree with their, female colleagues that military spending is too high.The genders are most divorced from each other on the question of equality for women. Male economists overwhelmingly think the wage gap between men and women is largely the result of individuals’ skills, experience and voluntary choices. Female economists overwhelmingly disagree by a margin of 4-to-1.The biggest disagreement: 76% of women say faculty opportunities in economics favor men. Male economists point the opposite way: 80% say women are favored or the process is neutral.56. What is the finding of the new study?A) The gender divide is a big concern of the general public.B) Men and women understand economics quite differently.C) The gap between male and female economists needs to be closed.D) Male and female economists disagree widely on economic policy.57. What does Ann Mari May say about female economists?A) They are strongly against male domination in the economics profession.B) They tend to support government intervention in economic activity.C) They usually play an active role in public policy-making.D) They are mostly strong advocates of free market economy.58. What do we learn about economist Veronique de Rugy?A) She represents most female economists’ standpoint.B) She devotes herself to eliminating women’s poverty.C) Her study of economics changed her view on government’s role ineconomic activities.D) Her academic background helped her get into the inner circle of the economicsprofession.59. What does Ann Marl May imply about public policy, making?A) More female economists should get involved.B) It should do justice to female economists’ studies.C) More attention should be paid to women’s rights.D) It should aim at sustainable development.60. On what issue do male and female economists differ most?A) Government regulation.B) Job creation.C) Military spending.D) Gender equality.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.The number of postgraduate students travelling from non-EU countries to study at UK universities has fallen for the first time in 16 years, fuelling fears that the government’s immigration crackdown is discouraging thousands of the brightest students from continuing their studies in Britain.Jo Beall, British Council director of education and society, said the fall would cause alarm among UK vice-chancellors (大学行政主管). “The sector was expecting a decline in growth, but the actual reduction in postgraduate numbers is of real concern as international-students make up the majority of numbers in many postgraduate courses and research teams in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.”“Attracting the brightest and most ambitious postgraduate and research students is critical if the UK is to maintain its quality reputation for research,” Beall said.Universities get a third of their tuition (学费) fee revenue from non-EU students. There is growing fear among vice-chancellors that this revenue—as well as the cultural, academic and economic benefit international students bring—is being put at risk.Tim Westlake, director for the student experience at Manchester University, said students whose families relied on them working in the UK after their studies to gain experience and repay the fees were starting to look elsewhere.Last month the home secretary, Theresa May, announced that embassy staff would interview more than 100,000 applicants in an attempt to prevent bogus (假冒的) ones entering the country. She also said immigrants were responsible for pushing up UK house prices. The comments followed the introduction of new limitations on students’ right to work during and after their studies.Beall said: “Government statistics for the first time provide real evidence that the changes to UK visa regulations may have discouraged many students from applying to the UK, and in particular postgraduate students who are so important to the UK’s research output. The UK enjoys an excellent reputation around the world for the high quality of our education system, so the government needs to ensure that institutions have all the support they need to attract international students who make a tremendous academic, cultural and economic contribution to the UK.”61. What has caused the decline of the number of non-EU postgraduates in the UK?A) The increase in tuition and fees.B) The ever-rising living expenses.C) Changed immigration policies.D) Universities’ tightened budgets.62. What is UK vice-chancellors’ biggest concern?A) How to obtain financial support from the government.B) How to keep the academic reputation of their institutions.C) How to prevent bogus applicants entering their universities.D) How to stimulate the creativity of their research teams.63. Why do UK universities try to attract postgraduate students from outside the EU?A) A substantial part of their revenue comes from non-EU students’ tuition and fees.B) Non-EU postgraduate students are usually highly motivated.C) The number of UK postgraduate students has fallen sharply.D) Some of the postgraduate programmes are specially designed for non-EUstudents.64. What were the expectations of some non-EU students’ families?A) Their children could enjoy the UK’s cultural benefits.B) Their children could find well-paying jobs upon their return.C) Their children could become established academically.D) Their children could work in the UK after graduation.65. What does Beall suggest the UK government should do?A) Allow promising international students to work in research teams.B) Revise UK visa regulations to accommodate non-EU students.C) Give universities adequate support to attract non-EU students.D) Try to address the needs of international students in the UK.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.“你要茶还是要咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题。
2019年12月英语六级真题第3套
2019年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第3套)Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of community responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200words._____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) 说明：由于2019年12月六级考试全国共考了两套听力，本套真题听力与前两套内容相同，只是选项顺序不同，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
2019年12月六级真题卷(三套全)
2019年12月六级第一套Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense family responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Magazine reporter. B) Fashion designer.C) Website designer. D) Features editor.2. A) Designing sports clothing. B) Consulting fashion experts.]C) Answering daily emails. D) Interviewing job-seekers.3. A) It is challenging. B) It is fascinating.C) It is tiresome. D) It is fashionable.4. A) Her persistence. B) Her experience.C) Her competence. D) Her confidence.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversations you have just heard.5. A) It is enjoyable. B) It is educational.C) It is divorced from real life. D) It is adapted from a drama.6. A) All the roles are played by famous actors and actress.B) It is based on the real-life experiences of some celebrities.：C) Its plots and events reveal a lot about Frankie’s actual life.D) It is written, directed, edited and produced by Frankie himself.7. A) Go to the theater and enjoy it. B) Recommend it to her friends.C) Watch it with the man. D) Download and watch it.8. A) It has drawn criticisms from scientists. B) It has been showing for over a decade.C) It is a ridiculous piece of satire. D) It is against common sense.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) They are likely to get hurt when moving too fast.*B) They believe in team spirit.C) They need to keep moving to avoid getting hurt.D) They have to learn how to avoid body contact.10. A) They do not have many years to live after retirement.B) They tend to live longer with early retirement.C) They do not start enjoying life until full retirement.D) They keep themselves busy even after retirement.11. A) It prevents us from worrying. B) It slows down our aging process.C) It enables us to accomplish in life. D) It provides us with more chances to learn. Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.}12. A) It tends to dwell upon their joyous experiences.B) It wanders for almost half of their waking time.C) It has trouble concentrating alter a brain injury.D) It tends to be affected by their negative feelings.13. A) To find how happiness relates to daydreaming.B) To observe how one’s mind affects one’s behavior.C) To see why daydreaming impacts what one is doing.D) To study the relation between health and daydreaming.14. A) It helps them make good decisions. B) It helps them tap their potentials.C) It contributes to their creativity. D) It contributes to their thinking.(15. A) Subjects with clear goals in mind outperformed those without clear goals.B) The difference in performance between the two groups was insignificant.C) Non-daydreamers were more confused on their tasks than daydreamers.D) Daydreamers did better than non-daydreamers in task performance.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Similarities between human babies and baby animals.B) Cognitive features of different newly born mammals.C) Adults’ influence on children.D) Abilities of human babies.20. A) They can distinguish a happy tune from a sad one.(B) They love happy melodies more than sad ones.C) They fall asleep easily while listening to music.D) They are already sensitive to beats and rhythms.21. A) Infants’ facial expressions. B) Babies’ emotions.C) Babies’ interaction with adults. D) Infants’ behaviors.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) It may harm the culture of today’s workplace.B) It may hinder individual career advancement.C) It may result in unwillingness to take risks.D) It may put too much pressure on team members.>23. A) They can hardly give expression to their original views.B) They can become less motivated to do projects of their own.C) They may find it hard to get their contributions recognized.D) They may eventually lose their confidence and creativity.24. A) They can enlarge their professional circle. B) They can get chances to engage in research.C) They can make the best use of their expertise. D) They can complete the project more easily.25. A) It may cause lots of arguments in a team.B) It may prevent making a timely decision.C) It may give rise to a lot of unnecessary expenses.D) It may deprive a team of business opportunities.|Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases, we often think about health indicators such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. But poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk of heart disease and have a role to play in the development of some cancers. Perhaps worse, the 26 effects of an unhealthy diet and insufficient exercise are not limited to your body. Recent research has also shown that 27 in a high-fat and high-sugar diet may have negative effects on your brain, causing learning and memory 28 .Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, as 29 by a range of learning and memory tests, such as the ability to remember a list of words presented some minutes or hours earlier. There is also a growing body of evidence that diet-induced cognitive impairments can emerge 30 -within weeks or even days. For example, one study found healthy adults 31 to a high-fat diet for five days showed impaired attention, memory, and mood compared with a low-fat diet control group. Another study also found eating a high-fat and high-sugar breakfast each day for as little as four days resulted in problems with learning and memory 32 to those observed in overweight and obese individuals.Body weight was not hugely different between the groups eating a healthy diet and those on high fat and sugar diets. So this shows negative 33 of poor dietary intake can occur even when body weight has not changed 34 . Thus, body weight is not always the best indicator of health and a thin person still needs to eat well and exercise 35 .Section BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the question by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Increased Screen Time and Wellbeing Decline in Youth[A] Have young people never had it so good Or do they face more challenges than any previous generation Our current era in the West is one of high wealth. This means minors enjoy material benefits and legal protections that would have been the envy of those living in the past. But there is an increasing suspicion that all is not well for our youth. And one of the most popular explanations, among some experts and the popular media, is that excessive “screen time” is to blame (This refers to all the attention young people devote to their phones, tablets and laptops). However, this is a connection theory and such claims have been treated skeptically by some scholars based on their reading of the relevant data.[B] Now a study in the journal Emotion has provided another contribution to the debate, uncovering strong evidence that adolescent wellbeing in the United States really is experiencing a decline and arguing that the most likely cause is the electronic riches we have given them. The background to this is that from the 1960s into the early 2000s, measures of average wellbeing went up in the US. This was especially true for younger people. It reflected the fact that these decades saw a climb in general standards of living and avoidance of mass societal traumas like full-scale war or economic deprivation. However, the “screen time”hypothesis, advanced by researchers such as Jean Twenge, is that electronic devices and excessive time spent online may have reversed these trends in recent years, causing problems for young people’s psychological health.[C] To investigate, Twenge and her colleagues dived into the “Monitoring The Future” dataset based on annual surveys of American school students from grades 8, 10, and 12 that started in 1991. In total, million young people answered various questions related to their wellbeing. Twenge’s team’s analysis of the answers confirmed the earlier, well-established wellbeing climb, with scores rising across the 1990s, and into the later 2000s. This was found across measures like self-esteem, life satisfaction, happiness and satisfaction with individual domains like job, neighborhood, or friends. But around 2012 these measures started to decline. This continued through 2016, the most recent year for which data is available.…[D] Twenge and her colleagues wanted to understand why this change in average wellbeing has occurred. However, it’s very hard to demonstrate causes in non-experimental data such as this. In fact, when Twenge previously used this data to suggest a screen time effect, some commentators were quick to raise this problem. They argued that her causal-sounding claims rested on correlational data, and that she had not adequately accounted for other potential causal factors. This time around, Twenge and her team make a point of saying that that they are not trying to establish causes as such, but that they are assessing the plausibility of potential causes.[E] First, they explain that if a given variable is playing a causal role in affecting wellbeing, then we should expect any change in that variable to correlate with the observed changes in wellbeing. If not, it isn’t plausible that the variable is a causal factor. So the researchers looked at time spent in a number of activities that could plausibly be driving the wellbeing decline. Less sport, and fewer meetings with peers correlated with lower wellbeing, as did less time reading print media (newspapers) and, surprisingly, less time doing homework (This last finding would appear to contradict another popular hypothesis that it is our burdening of students with assignments that is causing all the problems). In addition, more TV watching and more electronic communication both correlated with lower wellbeing. All these effects held true for measures of happiness,life satisfaction and self-esteem, with the effects stronger in the 8th and 10th-graders.[F] Next, Twenge’s team dug a little deeper into the data on screen time. They found that adolescents who spent a very small amount of time on digital devices—a couple of hours—had the highest wellbeing. Their wellbeing was even higher than those who never used such devices. However, higher doses of screen time were clearly associated with lower happiness. Those spending 10-19 hours per week on their devices were 41 percent more likely to be unhappy than lower-frequency users. Those who used such devices 40 hours a week or more (one in ten of teenagers) were twice as likely to be unhappy. The data was slightly complicated by the fact that there was a tendency for kids who were social in the real world to also use more online communication, but by bracketing out different cases it became clear that the real-world sociality component correlated with greater wellbeing, whereas greater time on screens or online only correlated with poorer wellbeing.[G] So far, so plausible. But the next question is, are the drops in average wellbeing happening at the same time as trends toward increased electronic device usage It looks like it—after all, 2012 was the tipping point when more than half of Americans began owning smartphones. Twenge and her colleagues also found that across the key years of 2013-16, wellbeing was indeed lowest in years where adolescents spent more time online, on social media, and reading news online, and when more youth in the US had smartphones. And in a second analysis, they found that where technology went, dips in wellbeing followed. For instance, years with a larger increase in online usage were followed by years with lower wellbeing, rather than the other way around. This does not prove causality, but is consistent with it. Meanwhile, TV use didn’t show this tracking. TV might make you less happy, but this is not what seems to be driving the recent declines in young people’s average happiness.[H] A similar but reversed pattern was found for the activities associated with greater wellbeing. For example, years where people spent more time with friends were better years for wellbeing (and followed by better years). Sadly, the data also showed face-to-face socializing and sports activity had declined over the period covered by the survey.[I] There is another explanation that Twenge and her colleagues wanted to address: the impact of the great recession of 2007-2009, which hit a great number of American families and might be affecting adolescents. The dataset didn’t include economic data, so instead the researchers looked at whether the 2013-16 wellbeing decline was tracking economic indicators. They found some evidence that some crude measures, like income inequality, correlated with changes in wellbeing, but economic measures with a more direct impact, like family income and unemployment rates (which put families into difficulties), had no relationship with wellbeing. The researchers also note that the recession hit some years before we see the beginning of the wellbeing drop, and before the steepest wellbeing decline, which occurred in 2013.[J] The researchers conclude that electronic communication was the only adolescent activity that increased at the same time psychological wellbeing declined. I suspect that some experts in the field will be keen to address alternative explanations, such as unassessed variables playing a role in the wellbeing decline. But the new work does go further than before and suggests that screen time should still be considered a potential barrier to young people’s flourishing.36. The year when most Americans began using smartphones was identified as a turning point in youngAmericans’ level of happiness.37. Scores in various wellbeing measures began to go downward among young Americans in recent years.#38. Unfortunately, activities involving direct contact with people, which contributed to better wellbeing, werefound to be on the decline.39. In response to past critics, Twenge and her co-researchers stress they are not trying to prove that the useof digital devices reduces young people’s wellbeing.40. In the last few decades of the 20th century, living standards went up and economic depressions werelargely averted in the US.41. Contrary to popular belief, doing homework might add to students’ wellbeing.42. The author believes the researchers’ new study has gone a step further regarding the impact of screentime on wellbeing.43. The researchers found that extended screen time makes young people less happy.44. Data reveals that economic inequality rather than family income might affect people’s wellbeing.45. Too much screen time is widely believed to be the cause of unhappiness among today’s young people.Section C！Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,” said Dan Ariely, behavioral psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene said, for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave study subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty—and ultimately opting for the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows when we are able to rationalize it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that, when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability it will happen again,” Ariely said.In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear, anxiety and emotional responses—including that sinking, guilty feeling you get when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that, but when people faced noconsequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies and get bigger and bigger over time.46. Why do some experts consider lying a milestone in a child’s developmentA) It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.B) It indicates they have an ability more remarkable than crawling and walking.（C) It represents their ability to actively interact with people around them.D) It involves the coordination of both their mental and physical abilities.47. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes workA) It is difficult to sound natural or plausible. B) It is hard to choose from several options.C) It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity. D) It requires speedy blood flow into one’s brain.48. Under what circumstances do people tend to lieA) When they become too emotional. B) When they face too much peer pressure.C) When the temptation is too strong. D) When the consequences are not imminent.49. When are people less likely to lieA) When they are worn out and stressed. B) When they are under watchful eyes.》C) When they think in a rational way. D) When they have a clear conscience.50. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punishedA) They may feel justified. B) They will tell bigger lies.C) They will become complacent. D) They may mix lies and truths.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Here’s how the Pacific Northwest is preparing for “The Big One”. It’s the mother of all disaster drills for what could be the worst disaster in American history. California has spent years preparing for “The Big One”—the inevitable earthquake that will undoubtedly unleash all kinds of havoc along the famous San Andreas fault. But what if the fault that runs along the Pacific Northwest delivers a gigantic earthquake of its own If the people of the Cascadia region have anything to do with it, they won’t be caught unawares.The region is engaged in a multi-day earthquake and tsunami drill involving around 20,000 people. The Cascadia Rising drill gives area residents and emergency responders a chance to practice what to do in case of a magnitude earthquake and tsunami along one of the nation’s dangerous—and underestimated—faults.The Cascadia Subduction Zone is big enough to compete with San Andreas (it’s been called the most dangerous fault in America), but it’s much lesser known than its California cousin. Nearly 700 miles long, the earthquake zone is located by the North American Plate off the coast of Pacific British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and Northern California.(Cascadia is what’s known as a “megathrust”fault. Megathrusts are created in subduction zones—land plate boundaries where two plates converge. In the areas where one plate is beneath another, stress builds up over time. During a megathrust event, all of that stress releases and some of the world’s most powerful earthquakes occur. Remember the earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean off of Sumatra in 2004 It was caused by a megathrust event as the India plate moved beneath the Burma micro-plate.The last time a major earthquake occurred along the Cascadia fault was in 1700, so officials worry thatanother event could occur at any time. To prevent that event from becoming a catastrophe, first responders will join members of the public in rehearsals that involve communication, evacuation, search and rescue, and other scenarios.Thousands of deaths and other casualties are expected if a earthquake were to occur. First, the earthquake would shake metropolitan areas including Seattle and Portland. This could trigger a tsunami that would create havoc along the coast. Not all casualties can necessarily be prevented—but by coordinating across local, state, and even national borders, officials hope that the worst-case scenario can be averted. On the exercise’s website, officials explain that the report they prepare during this rehearsal will inform disaster management for years to come.For hundreds of thousands of Cascadia residents, the big one isn’t a question of if, only when. And it’s never too early to get ready for the inevitable.51. What does “The Big One” refer toA) A gigantic geological fault. B) A large-scale exercise to prepare for disasters.C) A massive natural catastrophe. D) A huge tsunami on the California coast.52. What is the purpose of the Cascadia Rising drillA) To prepare people for a major earthquake and tsunami.B) To increase residents’ awareness of imminent disasters.$C) To teach people how to adapt to post-disaster life.D) To cope with the aftermath of a possible earthquake.53. What happens in case of a megathrust earthquake according to the passageA) Two plates merge into one. B) Boundaries blur between plates.C) A variety of forces converge. D) Enormous stress is released.54. What do the officials hope to achieve through the drillsA) Coordinating various disaster-relief efforts. B) Reducing casualties in the event of a disaster.C) Minimizing property loss caused by disasters. D) Establishing disaster and emergency management.55. What does the author say about “The Big One”A) Whether it will occur remains to be seen. B) How it will arrive is too early to predict.￥C) Its occurrence is just a matter of time. D) It keeps haunting Cascadia residents.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.牡丹花色艳丽，形象高雅，象征这和平与繁荣，因而在中国被称为”花中之王”。
2019年12月大学英语六级考试真题答案完整版(第三套)
2019 年 12 月大学英语六级考试真题完整版（第三套）Part ⅠWriting(30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on theimportance of having a sense of community responsibility. You should write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 words.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)暂无Part Ⅱ I Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to selectone word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Readthe passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identifiedby a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a singleline through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then yourcar, and now you can tell your kitchen appliances what to do. But even without gadgets thatunderstand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain 26 ,people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute 28 to various gadgets. In turn,feeling close to objects can 29 loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they hadbeen 30 in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends—unl were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities.that three in four respondents yelled at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave themproblems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own“ beliefs and 32 So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, widefaces are 33 with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces asmore dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them—especially in 34 situations.An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with gills ( 护栅 ) that were upturned like smilessold best. The purchasers saw this 35 as increasing a car's friendliness.A)alleviateB)apparentlyC)arrogantD)associatedE)circumstancesF)competitiveG)concededH)consciousnessI)desiresJ)excludedK)featureL)lonelyM)separateN)spectacularlyO)warrantSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph fromwhich the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph ismarked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.[A]Though he didn ’t come from a farming family, from a young age Tim Joseph was fascinatedby the idea of living off the land. Reading magazines like The Stockman Grass Farmer and Graze,he got hooked on the idea of grass-fed agriculture. The idea that all energy and wealth comes fromthe sun really intrigued him He thought the shorter the distance between the sun and the end product,the higher the profit to the farmer.[B]Joseph wanted to put this theory to the test. In 2009, he and his wife Laura launched MapleHill Creamery, an organic, all grass-fed yogurt company in northern New York. He quickly learned whatthe market has demonstrated: Demand for grass-fed products currently exceeds supply. Grass-fed beefis enjoying a 25-30% annual growth rate. Sales of grass-fed yogurt and kefir ( 发酵乳饮品 ) on the otherhand, have in the last year increased by over 38%. This is in comparison with a drop of just under 1% inthe total yogurt and kefir market according to natural and organic market research company SPINS.Joseph ’ s top priority became getting his hands on enough grass-fed milk to keepcustomers satisfied, since his own 64-cow herd wasn’ t going to suffice[C]His first partnership was with Paul and Phyllis Amburgh, owners of the Dharma Lea farm inNew York. The Amburghs, too, were true believers in grass-fed. In addition to supplying milk fromtheir own 85-head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convent from conventional tocertified organic and grass-fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain. Since 2010, thecouple has helped 125 small dairy farms convert to grass-fed, with more than 80% of thosefarms coming on board during the last two years.[D] All this conversion has helped Maple Hill grow 40-50% every year since it began with noend in sight. Joseph has learned that a farmer has to have a certain mindset to successfully convert.But convincing open-minded dairy people is actually not that hard, when you look at the economics.Grass-fed milk can fetch up to 2.5 times the price of conventional milk. Another factor is the squeezethat conventional dairy farmers have felt as the price of grain they feed their cows has gone up,tightening their profit margins. By replacing expensive grain feed with regenerative managementpractices, grass-fed farmers are insulated from jumps in the price of feed. These practices includegrazing animals on grasses grown from the pastureland’ s natural seed bunk, and fertilized by thecows ’ own fertilizer[E] Champions of this type of regenerative grazing also point to its animal welfare, climate andhealth benefits: Grass-fed animals live longer out of confinement. Grazing herds stimulate microbial(微生物的 ) activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon. And grass-fed dairyand meat have been shown to be higher in certain nutrients and healthy fats.[F]In the grass fed system, farmers are also not subject to the wildly fluctuating milk prices ofthe international commodity market. The unpredictability of global demand and the lag-time it takesto add more cows to a herd to meet demand can result in events like the recent cheese surplus. Goinggrass-fed is a safe refuge, a way for family-scale farms to stay viable. Usually a farmer will get tothe point where financially, what they’ re doing is not working. That’ s when they call Maple H the farm is well managed and has enough land, and the desire to convert is sincere, a relationshipcan begin. Through regular regional educational meetings, a large annual meeting, individual farmvisits and thousands of phone calls, the Amburghs pass on the principles of pasture management.Maple Hill signs a contract pledging to buy the farmer’ s milk at a guaranteed base price, plus quality premiums and incentives for higher protein, butter fat and other solids.[G] While Maple Hill's conversion program is unusually hands on and comprehensive, it’s justone of a growing number of businesses committed to slowly changing the way America farms.Joseph calls sharing his knowledge network through peer-to-peer learning a core piece of thecompany ’ s culture. Last summer, Massachusetts grass-fed beef advocate John Smith launchedBig Picture Beef, a network of small grass-fed beef farms in New England and New York that isprojected to bring to market 2,500 head of cattle from 125 producers this year. Early indications arethat Smith will have no shortage of farm members. Since he began to informally announce thenetwork at farming conferences and on social media, he’ s received a steady stream of inquiries from interested farmers.[H] Smith says he’ll provide services ranging from formal seminars to on-farm workshops onholistic ( 整体的 ) management, to one-on-one hand-holding and an almost 24/7 phone hotline forfarmers who are converting. In exchange, he guarantees an above-market price for each animaland a calf-to-customer electronic ear tag ID system like that used in the European Union.[1] Though advocates portray grass fed products as a win-win situation for all, they do havedownsides. Price, for one, is an issue. Joseph says his products are priced 10-20% above organicversions, but depending on the product chosen, compared to non-organic conventional yogurt,consumers could pay a premium of 30-50% or more for grass-fed. As for the meat, Smith says hisgrass-fed hamburger will be priced 20-25% over the conventional alternative. But a look at theprices on online grocer Fresh Direct suggests a grass-fed premium of anywhere from 35-60%，[J]And not every farmer has the option of going grass-fed. For both beef and dairy production itrequires, at least in the beginning, more pastureland. Grass-fed beef production tends to be morelabor-intensive as well. But Smith counters that if you factor in the hidden cost of government cornsubsidies, environment degradation, and decreased human heath and animal welfare, grass-fed isthe more cost-effective model. “ The sun provides the lowest cost of production and the cheapest meat, ”he says.[K]Another grass-fed booster spurring farmers to convert is EPIC, which makes meat-basedprotein bars. Founders Taylor Collins and his wife, Katie Forrest, used to be endurance athletes;now they ’ re advocates of grass-fed meat. Soon after launching EPIC ’ S most successful product - the Bison Bacon Cranberry Bar - Collins and Forrest found they ’ d exhausted their sources for biso(北美野牛 ) raised exclusively on pasture. When they started researching the supply chain,theylearned that only 2-3% of all bison is actually grass-fed. The rest is feed-lot confined and fed grainand corn.[L]But after General Mills bought EPIC in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resourcesthey needed to expand their supply chain. So the company teamed up with Wisconsin-based rancherNorthstar Bison. EPIC fronted the money for the purchase of $2.5 million worth of young bison that willbe raised according to its grass-fed protocols, with a guaranteed purchase price.The message to young people who might not otherwise be able to afford to break into the businessis,“ You can purchase this $3 million piece of land here, because I’ m guaranteeing you today y have 1,000 bison on it.’ We’ re bringing new blood into the old, conventional farming ecosystem,which is really cool to see,” Collins explains.36. Farmers going grass-fed are not affected by the ever-changing milk prices of the globalmarket.37. Over the years, Tim Joseph’s partners have helped many dairy farmers to switch to grass-fed.38. One advocate believes that many other benefits should be taken into consideration whenwe assess the cost-effectiveness of grass-fed farming.39. Many dairy farmers were persuaded to switch to grass-fed when they saw its advantage interms of profits.40. Tim Joseph ’s grass-fed program is only one example of how American farming practice ischanging.41.Tim Joseph was fascinated by the notion that sunlight brings energy and wealth to mankind.42.One problem with grass-fed products is that they are usually more expensive thanconventional ones.43.Grass fed products have proved to be healthier and more nutritious.44.When Tim Joseph started his business, he found grass-fed products fell short of demand.45.A snack bar producer discovered that the supply of purely grass-fed bison met was scarce.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Youshould decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with asingle line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Schools are not just a microcosm( 缩影 ) of society: they mediate it too. The best seek toalleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand andhandle the world outside-- at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons. This isambitious in any circumstances. and in a divided and unequal society the two ideals can clashoutright( 直接地 ).Trips that many adults would consider the adventure of a lifetime-treks in Borneo, a sportstour to Barbados-appear to have become almost routine at some state schools. Parents are beingasked for thousands of pounds. Though schools cannot profit from these trips, the companies thatarrange them do. Meanwhile, pupils arrive at school hungry because their families can’ t af breakfast. The Child Poverty Action Group says nine out of 30 in every classroom fall below thepoverty line. The discrepancy is startlingly apparent. Introducing a fundraising requirement forstudents does not help, as better-off children can tap up richer aunts and neighbours.Probing the rock pools of a local beach or practising French on a language exchange can firechildren ’ s passions, boost their skills and open their eyes to life’ s possibilities. Educational outings help bright but disadvantaged students to get better scores in A-level tests. In thisglobalised age, there is a good case for international travel. and some parents say they can managethe cost of a school trip abroad more easily than a family holiday. Even in the face of immenseand mounting financial pressures. some schools have shown remarkable determination andingenuity in ensuring that all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be truly life-changing. They should be applauded. Methods such as whole-school fundraising. with theproceeds(收益 ) pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.But ￡3,000 trips cannot be justified when the average income for families with children isjust over ￡ 30,000. Such initiatives close doors for many pupils. Some parents pull their childrenout of school because of expensive field trips. Even parents who can see that a trip is little morethan a party or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.The Department for Education’s guidance says schools can charge only for boanrdlodging if the trip is part of the syllabus, and that students receiving government aid are exemptfrom these costs. However, many schools seem to ignore the advice; and it does not cover the kindof glamorous, exotic trips. which are becoming increasingly common. Schools cannot be expectedto bring together communities single-handed. But the least we should expect is that they do notfoster divisions and exclude those who are already disadvantaged.46. What does the author say best schools should do?A)Prepare students to both challenge and change the divided unequal society.B)Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.C)Motivate students to develop their physical as well as intellectual abilities.D)Encourage students to be ambitious and help them to achieve their goals.47. What does the author think about school field trips?A)They enable students from different backgrounds to mix with each other.B)They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.C)They give the disadvantaged students a chance to see the world.D)They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.48. What does the author suggest can help build community spirit?A)Events aiming to improve community services.B) Activities that help to fuel students’ ingenuity.C)Events that require mutual understanding.D)Activities involving all students on campus.49. What do we learn about low-income parents regarding school field trips?A) They want their children to participate even though they don’t see much benefit.B)They don ’t want their kids to participate but find it hard to keep them from going.C)They don ’t want their kids to miss any chance to broaden their horizons despite the cost.D)They want their children to experience adventures but they don’t want them to run risks,50. What is the author’s expectation of schools?A)Bringing a community together with ingenuity.B)Resolving the existing discrepancies in society.C)Avoiding creating new gaps among students.D)Giving poor students preferential treatment.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Rising temperatures and overfishing in the pristine( 未受污染的 ) waters around the Antarcticcould see king penguin populations pushed to the brink of extinction by the end of the century,according to a new study. The study’ s report states that as global warming transforms theenvironment in the world’ s last great wilderness, 70 percent ofnguinskingpecould eitherdisappear or be forced to find new breeding grounds.Co-author C éline Le Bohec, from the University of Strasbourg in France, warned:“If there’re no actions aimed at haling or controlling global warming, and the pace of the current human-induced changes such as climate change and overfishing stays the same, the species may sondisappear. ” The findings come amid growing concern over the future of the Antarctic. Earlier thismonth a separate study found that a combination of climate change and industrial fishing isthreatening the krill ( 磷虾 ) population in Antarctic waters, with a potentially disastrous impact onwhales, seals and penguins. But today’ s report is the starkest warning yet of the potentiallydevastating impact of climate chan ge and human exploitation on the Antarctic’ s delicate ecosystems.Le Bohec said:“Unless current greenhouse gas emissions drop, 70 percent of king penguins-1.1 million breeding pairs - will be forced to relocate their breeding grounds, or face extinction by2100. ” King penguins are the second-largest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolatedislands in the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea. As the oceanwarms, a body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front - an upward movement of nutrient-richsea that supports a huge abundance of marine life - is being pushed further south, This meansthat king penguins, which feed on fish and krill in this body of water, have to travel further to theirfeeding grounds, leaving their hungry chicks for longer. And as the distance betweentheir breeding grounds and their food grows, entire colonies could be wiped out.Le Bohec said: “The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of the entire marine environment in the Antarctic. Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems." Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems. As such, they are key species for understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic marine ecosystems. The report found that although some king penguins may be able to relocate to new breeding grounds closer to their retreating food source, suitable new habitats would be scarce. Only a handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.51. What will happen by 2100, according to a new study?A)King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.B)Sea water will rise to a much higher level around the Antarctic.C)The melting ice cover will destroy the great Antarctic wilderness.D)The pristine waters around the Antarctic will disappear forever.52. What do we learn from the findings of a separate study?A)Shrinking krill population and rising temperatures could force Antarctic whales to migrate.B)Human activities have accelerated climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.C)Industrial fishing and climate change could be fatal to certain Antarctic species.D)Krill fishing in the Antarctic has worsened the pollution of the pristine waters.53. What does the passage say about king penguins?A) They will turn out to be the second-largest species of birds to become extinct.B) Many of them will have to migrate to isolated islands in the Southern Ocean.C)They feed primarily on only a few kinds of krill in the Antarctic Polar Front.D)The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.54. What happens when sea levels rise in the Antarctic?A) Many baby king penguins can’t have food in time.B) Many king penguins could no longer live on krill.C) Whales will invade king penguins’ breeding grounds.D)Whales will have to travel long distances to find food.55. What do we learn about the Southern Ocean?A)The king penguins there are reluctant to leave for new breeding grounds.B)Its conservation is key to the sustainable propagation of Antarctic species.C)It is most likely to become the ultimate retreat for species like the king penguin.D)Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.荷花是中国的名花之一，深受人们喜爱。
2019年12月大学英语六级考试真题及答案(第三套)
2019年12月大学英语六级考试真题完整版（第三套）Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of community responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)暂无Part ⅡI Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can tell your kitchen appliances what to do. But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain 26 , people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.Sometimes we see things as human because we are 27 . In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute 28 to various gadgets. In turn, feeling close to objects can 29 loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they had been 30 in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. According to the researchers, the participants' phones 31 substituted for real friends.At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents yelled at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to re port that it had its own “beliefs and 32 .”So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are 33 with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them—especially in 34 situations. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with gills (护栅) that were upturned like smiles sold best. The purchasers saw this 35 as increasing a car's friendliness.A) alleviateB) apparentlyC) arrogantD) associatedE) circumstancesF) competitiveG) concededH) consciousnessI) desiresJ) excludedK) featureL) lonelyM) separateN) spectacularlyO) warrantSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.[A] Though he didn’t come from a farming family, from a young age Tim Joseph was fascinated by the idea of living off the land. Reading magazines like The Stockman Grass Farmer and Graze, he got hooked on the idea of grass-fed agriculture. The idea that all energy and wealth comes from the sun really intrigued him He thought the shorter the distance between the sun and the end product, the higher the profit to the farmer.[B] Joseph wanted to put this theory to the test. In 2009, he and his wife Laura launched Maple Hill Creamery, an organic, all grass-fed yogurt company in northern New York. He quickly learned what the market has demonstrated: Demand for grass-fed products currently exceeds supply. Grass-fed beef is enjoying a 25-30% annual growth rate. Sales of grass-fed yogurt and kefir (发酵乳饮品) on the other hand, have in the last year increased by over 38%. This is in comparison with a drop of just under 1% in the total yogurt and kefir market according to natural and organic market research company SPINS. Joseph’s top priority became getting his hands on enough grass-fed milk to keep customers satisfied, since his own 64-cow herd wasn’t going to suffic e[C] His first partnership was with Paul and Phyllis Amburgh, owners of the Dharma Lea farm in New York. The Amburghs, too, were true believers in grass-fed. In addition to supplying milk from their own 85-head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convent from conventional to certified organic and grass-fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain. Since 2010, the couple has helped 125 small dairy farms convert to grass-fed, with more than 80% of those farms coming on board during the last two years.[D] All this conversion has helped Maple Hill grow 40-50% every year since it began with no end in sight. Joseph has learned that a farmer has to have a certain mindset to successfully convert. But convincing open-minded dairy people is actually not that hard, when you look at the economics. Grass-fed milk can fetch up to 2.5 times the price of conventional milk. Another factor is the squeeze that conventional dairy farmers have felt as the price of grain they feed their cows has gone up, tightening their profit margins. By replacing expensive grain feed with regenerative management practices, grass-fed farmers are insulated from jumps in the price of feed. These practices include grazing animals on grasses grown from the pastureland’s natural seed bunk, and fertilized by the cows’ own fertilizer[E] Champions of this type of regenerative grazing also point to its animal welfare, climate and health benefits: Grass-fed animals live longer out of confinement. Grazing herds stimulate microbial (微生物的) activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon. And grass-fed dairy and meat have been shown to be higher in certain nutrients and healthy fats.[F] In the grass fed system, farmers are also not subject to the wildly fluctuating milk prices of the international commodity market. The unpredictability of global demand and the lag-time it takes to add more cows to a herd to meet demand can result in events like the recent cheese surplus. Going grass-fed is a safe refuge, a way for family-scale farms to stay viable. Usually a farmer will get to the point where financially, what they’re doing is not working. That’s when they call Maple Hill. If the farm is well managed and has enough land, and the desire to convert is sincere, a relationship can begin. Through regular regional educational meetings, a large annual meeting, individual farm visits and thousands of phone calls, the Amburghs pass on the principles of pasture management. Maple Hill signs a contract pledging to buy the farm er’s milk at a guaranteed base price, plus quality premiums and incentives for higher protein, butter fat and other solids.[G] While Maple Hill's conversion program is unusually hands on and comprehensive, it’s just one of a growing number of businesses committed to slowly changing the way America farms. Joseph calls sharing his knowledge network through peer-to-peer learning a core piece of the company’s culture. Last summer, Massachusetts grass-fed beef advocate John Smith launched Big Picture Beef, a network of small grass-fed beef farms in New England and New York that is projected to bring to market 2,500 head of cattle from 125 producers this year. Early indications are that Smith will have no shortage of farm members. Since he began to informally a nnounce the network at farming conferences and on social media, he’s received a steady stream of inquiries from interested farmers.[H] Smith says he’ll provide services ranging from formal seminars to on-farm workshops on holistic (整体的) management, to one-on-one hand-holding and an almost 24/7 phone hotline for farmers who are converting. In exchange, he guarantees an above-market price for each animal and a calf-to-customer electronic ear tag ID system like that used in the European Union.[1] Though advocates portray grass fed products as a win-win situation for all, they do have downsides. Price, for one, is an issue. Joseph says his products are priced 10-20% above organic versions, but depending on the product chosen, compared to non-organic conventional yogurt, consumers could pay a premium of 30-50% or more for grass-fed. As for the meat, Smith says his grass-fed hamburger will be priced 20-25% over the conventional alternative. But a look at the prices on online grocer Fresh Direct suggests a grass-fed premium of anywhere from 35-60%，[J] And not every farmer has the option of going grass-fed. For both beef and dairy production it requires, at least in the beginning, more pastureland. Grass-fed beef production tends to be more labor-intensive as well. But Smith counters that if you factor in the hidden cost of government corn subsidies, environment degradation, and decreased human heath and animal welfare, grass-fed is the more cost-effective model. “The sun provides the lowest cost of production and the cheapest meat,” he says.[K] Another grass-fed booster spurring farmers to convert is EPIC, which makes meat-based protein bars. Founders Taylor Collins and his wife, Katie Forrest, used to be endurance athletes; now they’re advocates of grass-f ed meat. Soon after launching EPIC’S most successful product - the Bison Bacon Cranberry Bar - Collins and Forrest found they’d exhausted their sources for bison (北美野牛) raised exclusively on pasture. When they started researching the supply chain, they learned that only 2-3% of all bison is actually grass-fed. The rest is feed-lot confined and fed grain and corn.[L] But after General Mills bought EPIC in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resources they needed to expand their supply chain. So the company teamed up with Wisconsin-based rancher Northstar Bison. EPIC fronted the money for the purchase of $2.5 million worth of young bison that will be raised according to its grass-fed protocols, with a guaranteed purchase price. The message to young people who might not otherwise be able to afford to break into the business is,“You can purchase this $3 million piece of land here, because I’m guaranteeing you today you'll have 1,000 bison on it.’ We’re bringing new blood into the old, conventional farmi ngecosystem, which is really cool to see,” Collins explains.36. Farmers going grass-fed are not affected by the ever-changing milk prices of the global market.37. Over the years, Tim Joseph’s partners have helped many dairy farmers to switch to gras s-fed.38. One advocate believes that many other benefits should be taken into consideration when we assess the cost-effectiveness of grass-fed farming.39. Many dairy farmers were persuaded to switch to grass-fed when they saw its advantage in terms of profits.40. Tim Joseph’s grass-fed program is only one example of how American farming practice is changing.41. Tim Joseph was fascinated by the notion that sunlight brings energy and wealth to mankind.42. One problem with grass-fed products is that they are usually more expensive than conventional ones.43. Grass fed products have proved to be healthier and more nutritious.44. When Tim Joseph started his business, he found grass-fed products fell short of demand.45. A snack bar producer discovered that the supply of purely grass-fed bison met was scarce.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Schools are not just a microcosm(缩影) of society: they mediate it too. The best seek to alleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle the world outside-- at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons. This is ambitious in any circumstances. and in a divided and unequal society the two ideals can clash outright(直接地).Trips that many adults would consider the adventure of a lifetime-treks in Borneo, a sports tour toBarbados-appear to have become almost routine at some state schools. Parents are being asked for thousands of pounds. Though schools cannot profit from these trips, the companies that arrange them do. Meanwhile, pupils arrive at school hungry because their families can’t afford breakfast. The Child Poverty Action Group says n ine out of 30 in every classroom fall below the poverty line. The discrepancy is startlingly apparent. Introducing a fundraising requirement for students does not help, as better-off children can tap up richer aunts and neighbours.Probing the rock pools of a local beach or practising French on a language exchange can fire children’s passions, boost their skills and open their eyes to life’s possibilities. Educational outings help bright but disadvantaged students to get better scores in A-level tests. In this globalised age, there is a good case for international travel. and some parents say they can manage the cost of a school trip abroad more easily than afamily holiday. Even in the face of immense and mounting financial pressures. some schools have shown remarkable determination and ingenuity in ensuring that all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be truly life-changing. They should be applauded. Methods such as whole-school fundraising. with the proceeds(收益) pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.But ￡3,000 trips cannot be justified when the average income for families with children is just over￡30,000. Such initiatives close doors for many pupils. Some parents pull their children out of school because of expensive field trips. Even parents who can see that a trip is little more than a party or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.The Department for Education’s guidance says schools can charge only for board and lodging i f the trip is part of the syllabus, and that students receiving government aid are exempt from these costs. However, many schools seem to ignore the advice; and it does not cover the kind of glamorous, exotic trips. which are becoming increasingly common. Schools cannot be expected to bring together communities single-handed. But the least we should expect is that they do not foster divisions and exclude those who are already disadvantaged.46. What does the author say best schools should do?A) Prepare students to both challenge and change the divided unequal society.B) Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.C) Motivate students to develop their physical as well as intellectual abilities.D) Encourage students to be ambitious and help them to achieve their goals.47. What does the author think about school field trips?A) They enable students from different backgrounds to mix with each other.B)They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.C) They give the disadvantaged students a chance to see the world.D) They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.48. What does the author suggest can help build community spirit?A) Events aiming to improve community services.B) Activities that help to fuel students’ ingenuity.C) Events that require mutual understanding.D) Activities involving all students on campus.49. What do we learn about low-income parents regarding school field trips?A) They want their chi ldren to participate even though they don’t see much benefit.B) They don’t want their kids to participate but find it hard to keep them from going.C) They don’t want their kids to miss any chance to broaden their horizons despite the cost.D)They w ant their children to experience adventures but they don’t want them to run risks,50. What is the author’s expectation of schools?A) Bringing a community together with ingenuity.B) Resolving the existing discrepancies in society.C) Avoiding creating new gaps among students.D) Giving poor students preferential treatment.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Rising temperatures and overfishing in the pristine(未受污染的) waters around the Antarctic could see king penguin populations pushed to the brink of extinction by the end of the century, according to a new study. The study’s report states that as global warming transforms the environment in the world’s last great wilderness, 70 percent of king penguins could either disappear or be forced to find new breeding grounds.Co-author Céline Le Bohec, from the University of Strasbourg in France, warned:“If there’re no actions aimed at haling or controlling global warming, and the pace of the current human- induced changes such as climatechange and overfishing stays the same, the species may son disappear.” The findings come amid growing concern over the future of the Antarctic. Earlier this month a separate study found that a combination of climate change and industrial fishing is threatening the krill (磷虾) population in Antarctic waters, with a potentially disastrous impact on whales, seals and penguins. But today’s report is the starkest warning yet of the potentially devastating impactof climate change and human e xploitation on the Antarctic’s delicate ecosystems.Le Bohec said: “Unless current greenhouse gas emissions drop, 70 percent of king penguins - 1.1 million breeding pairs - will be forced to relocate their breeding grounds, or face extinction by 2100.” K ing penguins are the second-largest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolated islands in the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea. As the ocean warms, a body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front - an upward movement of nutrient-rich sea that supports a huge abundance of marine life - is being pushed further south, This means that king penguins, which feed on fish and krill in this body of water, have to travel further to their feeding grounds, leaving their hungry chicks for longer. And as the distance between their breeding grounds and their food grows, entire colonies could be wiped out.Le Bohec said:“The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of the entire marine environment in the Antarctic. Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems." Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems. As such, they are key species for understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic marine ecosystems. The report found that although some king penguins may be able to relocate to new breeding grounds closer to their retreating food source, suitable new habitats would be scarce. Onlya handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.51. What will happen by 2100, according to a new study?A)King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.B)Sea water will rise to a much higher level around the Antarctic.C) The melting ice cover will destroy the great Antarctic wilderness.D) The pristine waters around the Antarctic will disappear forever.52. What do we learn from the findings of a separate study?A)Shrinking krill population and rising temperatures could force Antarctic whales to migrate.B)Human activities have accelerated climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.C)Industrial fishing and climate change could be fatal to certain Antarctic species.D)Krill fishing in the Antarctic has worsened the pollution of the pristine waters.53. What does the passage say about king penguins?A) They will turn out to be the second-largest species of birds to become extinct.B) Many of them will have to migrate to isolated islands in the Southern Ocean.C) They feed primarily on only a few kinds of krill in the Antarctic Polar Front.D) The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.54. What happens when sea levels rise in the Antarctic?A) Many baby king penguins can’t have food in time.B) Many king penguins could no longer live on krill.C) Whales will invade king penguins’ breeding grounds.D) Whales will have to travel long distances to find food.55. What do we learn about the Southern Ocean?A)The king penguins there are reluctant to leave for new breeding grounds.B)Its conservation is key to the sustainable propagation of Antarctic species.C)It is most likely to become the ultimate retreat for species like the king penguin.D)Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.荷花是中国的名花之一，深受人们喜爱。
2019年12月英语六级真题答案第三套
2019年12月英语六级真题及答案(第三套)Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of community responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)暂无Part ⅡI Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can tell your kitchen appliances what to do. But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain 26 , people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.Sometimes we see things as human because we are 27 . In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute 28 to various gadgets. In turn, feeling close to objects can 29 loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they had been 30 in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. According to the researchers, the participants' phones 31 substituted for real friends.At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents yelled at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it ha d its own “beliefs and 32 .”So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are 33 with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them—especially in 34 situations. An analysis of car sales in Germanyfound that cars with gills (护栅) that were upturned like smiles sold best. The purchasers saw this 35 as increasing a car's friendliness.A) alleviateB) apparentlyC) arrogantD) associatedE) circumstancesF) competitiveG) concededH) consciousnessI) desiresJ) excludedK) featureL) lonelyM) separateN) spectacularlyO) warrantSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.[A] Though he didn’t come from a farming family, from a young age Tim Joseph was fascinated by the idea of living off the land. Reading magazines like The Stockman Grass Farmer and Graze, he got hooked on the idea of grass-fed agriculture. The idea that all energy and wealth comes from the sun really intrigued him He thought the shorter the distance between the sun and the end product, the higher the profit to the farmer.[B] Joseph wanted to put this theory to the test. In 2009, he and his wife Laura launched Maple Hill Creamery, an organic, all grass-fed yogurt company in northern New York. He quickly learned what the market has demonstrated: Demand for grass-fed products currently exceeds supply. Grass-fed beef is enjoying a 25-30% annual growth rate. Sales of grass-fed yogurt and kefir (发酵乳饮品) on the other hand, have in the last year increased by over 38%. This is in comparison with a drop of just under 1% in the total yogurt and kefir market according to natural and organic market research company SPINS. Joseph’s top priority became getting his hands on enough grass-fed milk to keep customers satisfied, since his own 64-cow herd wasn’t going to suffice[C] His first partnership was with Paul and Phyllis Amburgh, owners of the Dharma Lea farm in New York. The Amburghs, too, were true believers in grass-fed. In addition to supplying milk from their own 85-head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convent from conventional to certified organic and grass-fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain. Since 2010, the couple has helped 125 small dairyfarms convert to grass-fed, with more than 80% of those farms coming on board during the last two years.[D] All this conversion has helped Maple Hill grow 40-50% every year since it began with no end in sight. Joseph has learned that a farmer has to have a certain mindset to successfully convert. But convincing open-minded dairy people is actually not that hard, when you look at the economics. Grass-fed milk can fetch up to 2.5 times the price of conventional milk. Another factor is the squeeze that conventional dairy farmers have felt as the price of grain they feed their cows has gone up, tightening their profit margins. By replacing expensive grain feed with regenerative management practices, grass-fed farmers are insulated from jumps in the price of feed. These practices include grazing animals on grasses grown from the pastureland’s natural seed bunk, and fertilized by the cows’ own fertilizer[E] Champions of this type of regenerative grazing also point to its animal welfare, climate and health benefits: Grass-fed animals live longer out of confinement. Grazing herds stimulate microbial (微生物的) activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon. And grass-fed dairy and meat have been shown to be higher in certain nutrients and healthy fats.[F] In the grass fed system, farmers are also not subject to the wildly fluctuating milk prices of the international commodity market. The unpredictability of global demand and the lag-time it takes to add more cows to a herd to meet demand can result in events like the recent cheese surplus. Going grass-fed is a safe refuge, a way for family-scale farms to stay viable. Usually a farmer will get to the point where financially, what they’re doing is not working. That’s when they call Maple Hill. If the farm is well managed and has enough land, and the desire to convert is sincere, a relationship can begin. Through regular regional educational meetings, a large annual meeting, individual farm visits and thousands of phone calls, the Amburghs pass on the principles of pasture management. Maple Hill signs a contract pledging to buy the farmer’s milk at a g uaranteed base price, plus quality premiums and incentives for higher protein, butter fat and other solids.[G] While Maple Hill's conversion program is unusually hands on and comprehensive, it’s just one of a growing number of businesses committed to sl owly changing the way America farms. Joseph calls sharing his knowledge network through peer-to-peer learning a core piece of the company’s culture. Last summer, Massachusetts grass-fed beef advocate John Smith launched Big Picture Beef, a network of small grass-fed beef farms in New England and New York that is projected to bring to market 2,500 head of cattle from 125 producers this year. Early indications are that Smith will have no shortage of farm members. Since he began to informally announce the netw ork at farming conferences and on social media, he’s received a steady stream of inquiries from interested farmers.[H] Smith says he’ll provide services ranging from formal seminars to on-farm workshops on holistic (整体的) management, to one-on-one hand-holding and an almost 24/7 phone hotline for farmers who are converting. In exchange, he guarantees an above-market price for each animal and a calf-to-customer electronic ear tag ID system like that used in the European Union.[1] Though advocates portray grass fed products as a win-win situation for all, they do have downsides. Price, for one, is an issue. Joseph says his products are priced 10-20% above organic versions, but depending on the product chosen, compared to non-organic conventional yogurt, consumers could pay a premium of 30-50% or more for grass-fed. As for the meat, Smith says his grass-fed hamburger will be priced 20-25% over the conventional alternative. But a look at the prices on online grocer Fresh Direct suggests a grass-fed premium of anywhere from 35-60%，[J] And not every farmer has the option of going grass-fed. For both beef and dairy production it requires, at least in the beginning, more pastureland. Grass-fed beef production tends to be more labor-intensive as well. But Smith counters that if you factor in the hidden cost of government corn subsidies, environment degradation, and decreased human heath and animal welfare, grass-fed is the more cost-effective model. “The sun provides the lowest cost of production and the cheapest meat,” he says.[K] Another grass-fed booster spurring farmers to convert is EPIC, which makes meat-based protein bars. Founders Taylor Collins and his wife, Katie Forrest, used to be endurance athletes; now they’re advocates of grass-fed meat. Soon after launching EPIC’S most successful product - the Bison Bacon Cranberry Bar - Collins and Forrest found they’d exhausted their sources for bison (北美野牛) raised exclusively on pasture. When they started researching the supply chain, they learned that only 2-3% of all bison is actually grass-fed. The rest is feed-lot confined and fed grain and corn.[L] But after General Mills bought EPIC in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resources they needed to expand their supply chain. So the company teamed up with Wisconsin-based rancher Northstar Bison. EPIC fronted the money for the purchase of $2.5 million worth of young bison that will be raised according to its grass-fed protocols, with a guaranteed purchase price. The message to young people who might not otherwise be a ble to afford to break into the business is,“You can purchase this $3 million piece of land here, because I’m guaranteeing you today you'll have 1,000 bison on it.’ We’re bringing new blood into the old, conventional farming ecosystem, which is really cool to see,” Collins explains.36. Farmers going grass-fed are not affected by the ever-changing milk prices of the global market.37. Over the years, Tim Joseph’s partners have helped many dairy farmers to switch to grass-fed.38. One advocate believes that many other benefits should be taken into consideration when we assess the cost-effectiveness of grass-fed farming.39. Many dairy farmers were persuaded to switch to grass-fed when they saw its advantage in terms of profits.40. Tim Joseph’s grass-fed program is only one example of how American farming practice is changing.41. Tim Joseph was fascinated by the notion that sunlight brings energy and wealth to mankind.42. One problem with grass-fed products is that they are usually more expensive。
2019年12月大学英语六级考试真题答案完整版(第三套)
2019 年12 月大学英语六级考试真题完整版（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on theimportance of having a sense of community responsibility. You should write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 words.Part n Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)暂无Part n I Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying —first it was your phone, then yourcar, and now you can tell your kitchen appliances what to do. But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain 26 , people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.Sometimes we see things as human because we are 27 . In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute 28 to various gadgets. In turn, feeling close to objects can 29 loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they had been 30 in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends —unl were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities.According to the researchers, the participants' phones 31 substituted for real friends.At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents yelled at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own “ beliefs and 32 So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are 33 with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them —especially in 34 situations.An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with gills ( 护栅) that were upturned like smiles sold best. The purchasers saw this 35 as increasing a car's friendliness.A) alleviateB) apparentlyC) arrogantD) associatedE) circumstancesF) competitiveG) concededH) consciousnessI) desiresJ) excludedK) featureL) lonelyM) separateN) spectacularlyO) warrantSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.[A] Though he didn ' t come from a farming family, from a young age Tim Joseph was fascinated by the idea of living off the land. Reading magazines like The Stockman Grass Farmer and Graze, he got hooked on the idea of grass-fed agriculture. The idea that all energy and wealth comes from the sun really intrigued him He thought the shorter the distance between the sun and the end product, the higher the profit to the farmer.[B] Joseph wanted to put this theory to the test. In 2009, he and his wife Laura launched Maple Hill Creamery, an organic, all grass-fed yogurt company in northern New York. He quickly learned what the market has demonstrated: Demand for grass-fed products currently exceeds supply. Grass- fed beef is enjoying a 25-30% annual growth rate. Sales of grass-fed yogurt and kefir ( 发酵乳饮品) on the other hand, have in the last year increased by over 38%. This is in comparison with a drop of just under 1% in the total yogurt and kefir market according to natural and organic market research company SPINS. Joseph ' s top priority became getting his hands on enough grass-fed milk to keep customers satisfied, since his own 64-cow herd wasn ' t going to suffice[C] His first partnership was with Paul and Phyllis Amburgh, owners of the Dharma Lea farm in New York. The Amburghs, too, were true believers in grass-fed. In addition to supplying milk from their own 85-head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convent from conventional to certified organic and grass-fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain. Since 2010, the couple has helped 125 small dairy farms convert to grass-fed, with more than 80% of those farms coming on board during the last two years.[D] All this conversion has helped Maple Hill grow 40-50% every year since it began with no end in sight. Joseph has learned that a farmer has to have a certain mindset to successfully convert. But convincing open-minded dairy people is actually not that hard, when you look at the economics. Grass-fed milk can fetch up to 2.5 times the price of conventional milk. Another factor is the squeeze that conventional dairy farmers have felt as the price of grain they feed their cows has gone up, tightening their profit margins. By replacing expensive grain feed with regenerative management practices, grass-fed farmers are insulated from jumps in the price of feed. These practices include grazing animals on grasses grown from the pastureland ' s natural seed bunk, and fertilized by the cows ' own fertilizer[E] Champions of this type of regenerative grazing also point to its animal welfare, climate and health benefits: Grass-fed animals live longer out of confinement. Grazing herds stimulate microbial （微生物的） activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon. And grass-fed dairy and meat have been shown to be higher in certain nutrients and healthy fats.[F] In the grass fed system, farmers are also not subject to the wildly fluctuating milk prices of the international commodity market. The unpredictability of global demand and the lag-time it takes to add more cows to a herd to meet demand can result in events like the recent cheese surplus. Going grass-fed is a safe refuge, a way for family-scale farms to stay viable. Usually a farmer will get to the point where financially, what they ' re doing is not working. That ' s when they call Maple H the farm is well managed and has enough land, and the desire to convert is sincere, a relationship can begin. Through regular regional educational meetings, a large annual meeting, individual farm visits and thousands of phone calls, the Amburghs pass on the principles of pasture management.Maple Hill signs a contract pledging to buy the farmer ' s milk at a guaranteed base price, plus quality premiums and incentives for higher protein, butter fat and other solids.[G] While Maple Hill's conversion program is unusually hands on and comprehensive, it ' s justone of a growing number of businesses committed to slowly changing the way America farms. Joseph calls sharing his knowledge network through peer-to-peer learning a core piece of the company ' s culture. Last summer, Massachusetts grass-fed beef advocate John Smith launched Big Picture Beef, a network of small grass-fed beef farms in New England and New York that is projected to bring to market 2,500 head of cattle from 125 producers this year. Early indications are that Smith will have no shortage of farm members. Since he began to informally announce the network at farming conferences and on social media, he ' s received a steady stream of inquiries from interested farmers.[H] Smith says he ' ll provide services ranging from formal seminars to on-farm workshops on holistic （整体的）management, to one-on-one hand-holding and an almost 24/7 phone hotline for farmers who are converting. In exchange, he guarantees an above-market price for each animal and a calf-to-customer electronic ear tag ID system like that used in the European Union.[1] Though advocates portray grass fed products as a win-win situation for all, they do have downsides. Price, for one, is an issue. Joseph says his products are priced 10-20% above organic versions, but depending on the product chosen, compared to non-organic conventional yogurt, consumers could pay a premium of 30-50% or more for grass-fed. As for the meat, Smith says his grass-fed hamburger will be priced 20-25% over the conventional alternative. But a look at the prices on online grocer Fresh Direct suggests a grass-fed premium of anywhere from 35-60% ，[J] And not every farmer has the option of going grass-fed. For both beef and dairy production it requires, at least in the beginning, more pastureland. Grass-fed beef production tends to be more labor-intensive as well. But Smith counters that if you factor in the hidden cost of government corn subsidies, environment degradation, and decreased human heath and animal welfare, grass-fed is the more cost-effective model. “ The sun provides the lowest cost of production and the cheapestmeat, ” he says.[K] Another grass-fed booster spurring farmers to convert is EPIC, which makes meat-based protein bars. Founders Taylor Collins and his wife, Katie Forrest, used to be endurance athletes; now they ' re advocates of grass-fed meat. Soon after launching EPIC ' S most successful product - the Bison Bacon Cranberry Bar - Collins and Forrest found they ' d exhausted their sources for bison ( 北美野牛) raised exclusively on pasture. When they started researching the supply chain, theylearned that only 2-3% of all bison is actually grass-fed. The rest is feed-lot confined and fed grain and corn.[L] But after General Mills bought EPIC in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resources they needed to expand their supply chain. So the company teamed up with Wisconsinbased rancher Northstar Bison. EPIC fronted the money for the purchase of $2.5 million worth of young bison that will be raised according to its grass-fed protocols, with a guaranteed purchase price. The message to young people who might not otherwise be able to afford to break into the business is, “ You can purchase this $3 million piece of land here, because I ' m guaranteeing you today yhave 1,000 bison on it. ' We' re bringing new blood into the old, conventional farming ecosystem,which is really cool to see, ” Collins explains.36. Farmers going grass-fed are not affected by the ever-changing milk prices of the global market.37. Over the years, Tim Joseph ' s partners have helped many dairy farmers to switch to grass- fed.38. One advocate believes that many other benefits should be taken into consideration when we assess the cost-effectiveness of grass-fed farming.39. Many dairy farmers were persuaded to switch to grass-fed when they saw its advantage in terms of profits.40. Tim Joseph ' s grass-fed program is only one example of how American farming practice is changing.41. Tim Joseph was fascinated by the notion that sunlight brings energy and wealth to mankind.42. One problem with grass-fed products is that they are usually more expensive than conventional ones.43. Grass fed products have proved to be healthier and more nutritious.44. When Tim Joseph started his business, he found grass-fed products fell short of demand.45. A snack bar producer discovered that the supply of purely grass-fed bison met was scarce. Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Schools are not just a microcosm( 缩影) of society: they mediate it too. The best seek to alleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle the world outside-- at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons. This isambitious in any circumstances. and in a divided and unequal society the two ideals can clash outright（直接地）.Trips that many adults would consider the adventure of a lifetime-treks in Borneo, a sports tour to Barbados-appear to have become almost routine at some state schools. Parents are being asked for thousands of pounds. Though schools cannot profit from these trips, the companies that arrange them do. Meanwhile, pupils arrive at school hungry because their families can ' t af breakfast. The Child Poverty Action Group says nine out of 30 in every classroom fall below the poverty line. The discrepancy is startlingly apparent. Introducing a fundraising requirement for students does not help, as better-off children can tap up richer aunts and neighbours.Probing the rock pools of a local beach or practising French on a language exchange can firechildren ' s passions, boost their skills and open their eyes to life ' s possibilities. Educational outings help bright but disadvantaged students to get better scores in A-level tests. In this globalised age, there is a goodcase for international travel. and some parents say they can manage the cost of a school trip abroad more easily than a family holiday. Even in the face of immense and mounting financial pressures. some schools have shown remarkable determination and ingenuity in ensuring that all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be truly lifechanging. They should be applauded. Methods such as whole-school fundraising. with theproceeds（收益）pooled, can help to exte nd opport un ities and fuel com munity spirit.But £ 3,000 trips cannot be justified whe n the average in come for families with childre n isjust over £ 30,000. Such initiatives close doors for many pupils. Some parents pull their children out of school because of expensive field trips. Even parents who can see that a trip is little more than a party or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.The Department for Education 's guidance says schools can charge only for bo a nr dlodging if the trip is part of the syllabus, and that students receiving government aid are exempt from these costs. However, many schools seem to ignore the advice; and it does not cover the kind of glamorous, exotic trips. which are becoming increasingly common. Schools cannot be expected to bring together communities single-handed. But the least we should expect is that they do not foster divisions and exclude those who are already disadvantaged.46. What does the author say best schools should do?A) Prepare students to both challenge and change the divided unequal society.B) Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.C) Motivate students to develop their physical as well as intellectual abilities.D) Encourage students to be ambitious and help them to achieve their goals.47. What does the author think about school field trips?A) They enable students from different backgrounds to mix with each other.B) They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.C) They give the disadvantaged students a chance to see the world.D) They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.48. What does the author suggest can help build community spirit?A) Events aiming to improve community services.B) Activities that help to fuel students ' ingenuity.C) Events that require mutual understanding.D) Activities involving all students on campus.49. What do we learn about low-income parents regarding school field trips?A) They want their children to participate even though they don ' t see much benefit.B) They don ' t want their kids to participate but find it hard to keep them from going.C) They don ' t want their kids to miss any chance to broaden their horizons despite the cost.D) They want their children to experience adventures but they don ' t want them to run risks,50. What is the author ' s expectation of schools?A) Bringing a community together with ingenuity.B) Resolving the existing discrepancies in society.C) Avoiding creating new gaps among students.D) Giving poor students preferential treatment.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Rising temperatures and overfishing in the pristine( 未受污染的) waters around the Antarctic could see king penguin populations pushed to the brink of extinction by the end of the century, according to a new study. The study ' s report states that as global warming transforms theenvironment in the world ' s last great wilderness, 70 percent ofnkgiunignspecould either disappear or be forced to find new breeding grounds.Co-author C e line Le Bohec, from the University of Strasbourg in France, warned: “If there ' reno actions aimed at haling or controlling global warming, and the pace of the current human- induced changes such as climate change and overfishing stays the same, the species may son disappear. ” The findings come amid growing concern over the future of the Antarctic. Earlier this month a separate study found that a combination of climate change and industrial fishing is threatening the krill ( 磷虾) population in Antarctic waters, with a potentially disastrous impact on whales, seals and penguins. But today ' s report is the starkest warning yet of the potentiallydevastating impact of climate change and human exploitation on the Antarctic ' s delicate ecosystems.Le Bohec said: “Unless current greenhouse gas emissions drop, 70 percent of king pengui-ns1.1 million breeding pairs - will be forced to relocate their breeding grounds, or face extinction by 2100. ” King penguins are the secon-ladrgest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolated islands in the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea. As the ocean warms, a body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front - an upward movement of nutrient-rich sea that supports a huge abundance of marine life - is being pushed further south, This means that king penguins, which feed on fish and krill in this body of water, have to travel further to theirfeeding grounds, leaving their hungry chicks for longer. And as the distance between their breeding grounds and theirfood grows, entire colonies could be wiped out.Le Bohec said: “ The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of the entire marine environment in the Antarctic. Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems." Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems. As such, they are key species for understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic and subAntarctic marine ecosystems. The report found that although some king penguins may be able to relocate to new breeding grounds closer to their retreating food source, suitable new habitats would be scarce. Only a handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.51. What will happen by 2100, according to a new study?A) King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.B) Sea water will rise to a much higher level around the Antarctic.C) The melting ice cover will destroy the great Antarctic wilderness.D) The pristine waters around the Antarctic will disappear forever.52. What do we learn from the findings of a separate study?A) Shrinking krill population and rising temperatures could force Antarctic whales to migrate.B) Human activities have accelerated climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.C) Industrial fishing and climate change could be fatal to certain Antarctic species.D) Krill fishing in the Antarctic has worsened the pollution of the pristine waters.53. What does the passage say about king penguins?A) They will turn out to be the second-largest species of birds to become extinct.B) Many of them will have to migrate to isolated islands in the Southern Ocean.C) They feed primarily on only a few kinds of krill in the Antarctic Polar Front.D) The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.54. What happens when sea levels rise in the Antarctic?A) Many baby king penguins can ' t have food in time.B) Many king penguins could no longer live on krill.C) Whales will invade king penguins ' breeding grounds.D) Whales will have to travel long distances to find food.55. What do we learn about the Southern Ocean?A) The king penguins there are reluctant to leave for new breeding grounds.B) Its conservation is key to the sustainable propagation of Antarctic species.C) It is most likely to become the ultimate retreat for species like the king penguin.D) Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.Part IV Tran slati on (30 minu tes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.荷花是中国的名花之一，深受人们喜爱。
2019年12月六级第三套解析
2019年12月六级第三套解析【原创版】目录1.2019 年 12 月六级第三套试题解析概述2.听力理解部分解析3.阅读理解部分解析4.完形填空部分解析5.翻译部分解析6.写作部分解析正文【2019 年 12 月六级第三套试题解析概述】2019 年 12 月六级考试已经结束，本次考试的题目难度适中，覆盖了各个方面的知识点。
本次解析将针对第三套试题进行详细解读，帮助考生了解考试的重点和难点，为今后的学习和备考提供参考。
【听力理解部分解析】听力理解部分包括了短文听力、长对话、短对话和听力填空四个部分。
短文听力主要考察考生对文章主旨和细节的理解能力，长对话和短对话则侧重于测试考生在实际交际中的听力技能。
听力填空部分要求考生在听懂语篇的基础上，准确把握关键信息，完成填空任务。
【阅读理解部分解析】阅读理解部分包括了四篇阅读文章和相应的题目。
文章题材多样，涵盖了社会、文化、科技等各个方面。
题目类型包括事实细节题、推理判断题、词汇理解题和主旨大意题。
考生在答题时需注意文章的逻辑结构和思路，把握作者的观点和态度。
【完形填空部分解析】完形填空部分要求考生在理解文章的基础上，根据上下文和语法规则，选择最佳选项填入文中空缺处。
此次考试的完形填空文章讲述了一个关于友谊的故事，考生需在答题过程中注意把握文章的情感色彩和人物关系。
【翻译部分解析】翻译部分要求考生将中文句子翻译成英文或英文句子翻译成中文。
此次考试的中译英题目涉及我国的传统文化，英译中题目则涉及到日常生活场景。
考生在答题时需注意语言的准确性和通顺性，尽量做到表达流畅、符合语法规则。
【写作部分解析】写作部分要求考生根据所给话题，完成一篇短文。
本次考试的作文题目是关于保护个人信息的，考生在写作时需注意观点的明确性和论述的逻辑性，同时注重语言的准确性和表达的流畅性。
总之，2019 年 12 月六级第三套试题解析涵盖了各个方面的知识点，对于考生来说，通过本次解析可以更好地了解考试的重点和难点，为今后的学习和备考提供参考。
2019年12月大学英语六级考试真题三(答案)
Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of community responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)暂无Part ⅡI Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can tell your kitchen appliances what to do. But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain 26 , people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.Sometimes we see things as human because we are 27 . In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute 28 to various gadgets. In turn, feeling close to objects can 29 loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they had been 30 in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. According to the researchers, the participants' phones 31 substituted for real friends.At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents yelled at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own “beliefs and 32 .”So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are 33 with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them—especially in 34 situations. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with gills (护栅) that were upturned like smiles sold best. The purchasers saw this 35 as increasing a car's friendliness.A) alleviateB) apparentlyC) arrogantD) associatedE) circumstancesF) competitiveG) concededH) consciousnessI) desiresJ) excludedK) featureL) lonelyM) separateN) spectacularlyO) warrantSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.[A] Though he didn’t come from a farming family, from a young age Tim Joseph was fascinated by the idea of living off the land. Reading magazines like The Stockman Grass Farmer and Graze, he got hooked on the idea of grass-fed agriculture. The idea that all energy and wealth comes from the sun really intrigued him He thought the shorter the distance between the sun and the end product, the higher the profit to the farmer.[B] Joseph wanted to put this theory to the test. In 2009, he and his wife Laura launched Maple Hill Creamery, an organic, all grass-fed yogurt company in northern New York. He quickly learned what the market has demonstrated: Demand for grass-fed products currently exceeds supply. Grass-fed beef is enjoying a 25-30% annual growth rate. Sales of grass-fed yogurt and kefir (发酵乳饮品) on the other hand, have in the last year increased by over 38%. This is in comparison with a drop of just under 1% in the total yogurt and kefir market according to natural and organic market research company SPINS. Joseph’s top priority became getting his hands on enough grass-fed milk to keep customers satisfied, since his own 64-cow herd wasn’t going to suffice[C] His first partnership was with Paul and Phyllis Amburgh, owners of the Dharma Lea farm in New York. The Amburghs, too, were true believers in grass-fed. In addition to supplying milk from their own 85-head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convent from conventional to certified organic and grass-fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain. Since 2010, the couple has helped 125 small dairy farms convert to grass-fed, with more than 80% of those farms coming on board during the last two years.[D] All this conversion has helped Maple Hill grow 40-50% every year since it began with no end in sight. Joseph has learned that a farmer has to have a certain mindset to successfully convert. But convincing open-minded dairy people is actually not that hard, when you look at the economics. Grass-fed milk can fetch up to 2.5 times the price of conventional milk. Another factor is the squeeze that conventional dairy farmers have felt as the price of grain they feed their cows has gone up, tightening their profit margins. By replacing expensive grain feed with regenerativemanagement practices, grass-fed farmers are insulated from jumps in the price of feed. These practices include grazing animals on grasses grown from the pastureland’s natural seed bunk, and fertilized by the cows’ own fertilizer[E] Champions of this type of regenerative grazing also point to its animal welfare, climate and health benefits: Grass-fed animals live longer out of confinement. Grazing herds stimulate microbial (微生物的) activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon. And grass-fed dairy and meat have been shown to be higher in certain nutrients and healthy fats.[F] In the grass fed system, farmers are also not subject to the wildly fluctuating milk prices of the international commodity market. The unpredictability of global demand and the lag-time it takes to add more cows to a herd to meet demand can result in events like the recent cheese surplus. Going grass-fed is a safe refuge, a way for family-scale farms to stay viable. Usually a farmer will get to the point where financially, what they’re doing is not working. That’s when they call Maple Hill. If the farm is well managed and has enough land, and the desire to convert is sincere, a relationship can begin. Through regular regional educational meetings, a large annual meeting, individual farm visits and thousands of phone calls, the Amburghs pass on the principles of pasture management. Maple Hill signs a contract pledging to buy the farmer’s milk at a guaranteed base price, plus quality premiums and incentives for higher protein, butter fat and other solids.[G] While Maple Hill's conversion program is unusually hands on and comprehensive, it’s just one of a growing number of businesses committed to slowly changing the way America farms. Joseph calls sharing his knowledge network through peer-to-peer learning a core piece of the company’s culture. Last summer, Massachusetts grass-fed beef advocate John Smith launched Big Picture Beef, a network of small grass-fed beef farms in New England and New York that is projected to bring to market 2,500 head of cattle from 125 producers this year. Early indications are that Smith will have no shortage of farm members. Since he began to informally announce the network at farming conferences and on social media, he’s received a steady stream of inquiries from interested farmers.[H] Smith says he’ll provide services ranging from formal seminars to on-farm workshops on holistic (整体的) management, to one-on-one hand-holding and an almost 24/7 phone hotline for farmers who are converting. In exchange, he guarantees an above-market price for each animal and a calf-to-customer electronic ear tag ID system like that used in the European Union.[1] Though advocates portray grass fed products as a win-win situation for all, they do have downsides. Price, for one, is an issue. Joseph says his products are priced 10-20% above organic versions, but depending on the product chosen, compared to non-organic conventional yogurt, consumers could pay a premium of 30-50% or more for grass-fed. As for the meat, Smith says his grass-fed hamburger will be priced 20-25% over the conventional alternative. But a look at the prices on online grocer Fresh Direct suggests a grass-fed premium of anywhere from 35-60%，[J] And not every farmer has the option of going grass-fed. For both beef and dairy production it requires, at least in the beginning, more pastureland. Grass-fed beef production tends to be more labor-intensive as well. But Smith counters that if you factor in the hidden cost of government corn subsidies, environment degradation, and decreased human heath and animal welfare, grass-fed is the more cost-effective model. “The sun provides the lowest cost of production and the cheapest meat,” he says.[K] Another grass-fed booster spurring farmers to convert is EPIC, which makes meat-basedprotein bars. Founders Taylor Collins and his wife, Katie Forrest, used to be endurance athletes; now they’re advocates of grass-fed meat. Soon after launching EPIC’S most successful product -the Bison Bacon Cranberry Bar -Collins and Forrest found they’d exhausted their sources for bison (北美野牛) raised exclusively on pasture. When they started researching the supply chain, they learned that only 2-3% of all bison is actually grass-fed. The rest is feed-lot confined and fed grain and corn.[L] But after General Mills bought EPIC in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resources they needed to expand their supply chain. So the company teamed up with Wisconsin-based rancher Northstar Bison. EPIC fronted the money for the purchase of $2.5 million worth of young bison that will be raised according to its grass-fed protocols, with a guaranteed purchase price. The message to young people who might not otherwise be able to afford to break into the business is,“You can purchase this $3 million piece of land here, because I’m guaranteeing you today you'll have 1,000 bison on it.’ We’re bringing new blood into the old, conventional farming ecosystem, which is really cool to see,” Collins explains.36. Farmers going grass-fed are not affected by the ever-changing milk prices of the global market.37. Over the years, Tim Joseph’s partners have helped many dairy farmers to switch to grass-fed.38. One advocate believes that many other benefits should be taken into consideration when we assess the cost-effectiveness of grass-fed farming.39. Many dairy farmers were persuaded to switch to grass-fed when they saw its advantage in terms of profits.40. Tim Joseph’s grass-fed program is only one example of how American farming practice is changing.41. Tim Joseph was fascinated by the notion that sunlight brings energy and wealth to mankind.42. One problem with grass-fed products is that they are usually more expensive than conventional ones.43. Grass fed products have proved to be healthier and more nutritious.44. When Tim Joseph started his business, he found grass-fed products fell short of demand.45. A snack bar producer discovered that the supply of purely grass-fed bison met was scarce.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Schools are not just a microcosm(缩影) of society: they mediate it too. The best seek to alleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle the world outside-- at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons. This is ambitious in any circumstances. and in a divided and unequal society the two ideals can clash outright(直接地).Trips that many adults would consider the adventure of a lifetime-treks in Borneo, a sports tour to Barbados-appear to have become almost routine at some state schools. Parents are being asked for thousands of pounds. Though schools cannot profit from these trips, the companies that arrange them do. Meanwhile, pupils arrive at school hungry because their families can’t afford breakfast. The Child Poverty Action Group says nine out of 30 in every classroom fall below the poverty line. The discrepancy is startlingly apparent. Introducing a fundraising requirement for students does not help, as better-off children can tap up richer aunts and neighbours.Probing the rock pools of a local beach or practising French on a language exchange can fire children’s passions, boost their skills and open their eyes to life’s possibilities. Educational outings help bright but disadvantaged students to get better scores in A-level tests. In this globalised age, there is a good case for international travel. and some parents say they can manage the cost of a school trip abroad more easily than a family holiday. Even in the face of immense and mounting financial pressures. some schools have shown remarkable determination and ingenuity in ensuring that all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be trulylife-changing. They should be applauded. Methods such as whole-school fundraising. with the proceeds(收益) pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.But ￡3,000 trips cannot be justified when the average income for families with children is just over ￡30,000. Such initiatives close doors for many pupils. Some parents pull their children out of school because of expensive field trips. Even parents who can see that a trip is little more than a party or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.The Department for Education’s guidance says schools can charge only for board and lodging if the trip is part of the syllabus, and that students receiving government aid are exempt from these costs. However, many schools seem to ignore the advice; and it does not cover the kind of glamorous, exotic trips. which are becoming increasingly common. Schools cannot be expectedto bring together communities single-handed. But the least we should expect is that they do not foster divisions and exclude those who are already disadvantaged.46. What does the author say best schools should do?A) Prepare students to both challenge and change the divided unequal society.B) Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.C) Motivate students to develop their physical as well as intellectual abilities.D) Encourage students to be ambitious and help them to achieve their goals.47. What does the author think about school field trips?A) They enable students from different backgrounds to mix with each other.B)They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.C) They give the disadvantaged students a chance to see the world.D) They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.48. What does the author suggest can help build community spirit?A) Events aiming to improve community services.B) Activities that help to fuel students’ ingenuity.C) Events that require mutual understanding.D) Activities involving all students on campus.49. What do we learn about low-income parents regarding school field trips?A) They want their children to participate even though they don’t see much benefit.B) They don’t want their kids to participate but find it hard to keep them from going.C) They don’t want their kids to miss any chance to broaden their horizons despite the cost.D)They want their children to experience adventures but they don’t want them to run risks,50. What is the author’s expectation of schools?A) Bringing a community together with ingenuity.B) Resolving the existing discrepancies in society.C) Avoiding creating new gaps among students.D) Giving poor students preferential treatment.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Rising temperatures and overfishing in the pristine(未受污染的) waters around the Antarctic could see king penguin populations pushed to the brink of extinction by the end of the century, according to a n ew study. The study’s report states that as global warming transforms the environment in the world’s last great wilderness, 70 percent of king penguins could either disappear or be forced to find new breeding grounds.Co-author Céline Le Bohec, from the University of Strasbourg in France, warned:“If there’re no actions aimed at haling or controlling global warming, and the pace of the current human- induced changes such as climate change and overfishing stays the same, the species may son disappear.” The findings come amid growing concern over the future of the Antarctic. Earlier this month a separate study found that a combination of climate change and industrial fishing is threatening the krill (磷虾) population in Antarctic waters, with a potentially disastrous impact on whales, seals and penguins. But today’s report is the starkest warning yet of the potentially devastating impact of climate change and human exploitation on the Antarctic’s delicate ecosystems.Le Bohec said: “Unless current greenhouse g as emissions drop, 70 percent of king penguins - 1.1 million breeding pairs - will be forced to relocate their breeding grounds, or face extinction by 2100.” King penguins are the second-largest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolated islands in the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea. As the oceanwarms, a body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front - an upward movement of nutrient-rich sea that supports a huge abundance of marine life - is being pushed further south, This means that king penguins, which feed on fish and krill in this body of water, have to travel further to their feeding grounds, leaving their hungry chicks for longer. And as the distance between their breeding grounds and their food grows, entire colonies could be wiped out.Le Bohec said:“The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of the entire marine environment in the Antarctic. Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems." Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems. As such, they are key species for understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic andsub-Antarctic marine ecosystems. The report found that although some king penguins may be able to relocate to new breeding grounds closer to their retreating food source, suitable new habitats would be scarce. Only a handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.51. What will happen by 2100, according to a new study?A)King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.B)Sea water will rise to a much higher level around the Antarctic.C) The melting ice cover will destroy the great Antarctic wilderness.D) The pristine waters around the Antarctic will disappear forever.52. What do we learn from the findings of a separate study?A)Shrinking krill population and rising temperatures could force Antarctic whales to migrate.B)Human activities have accelerated climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.C)Industrial fishing and climate change could be fatal to certain Antarctic species.D)Krill fishing in the Antarctic has worsened the pollution of the pristine waters.53. What does the passage say about king penguins?A) They will turn out to be the second-largest species of birds to become extinct.B) Many of them will have to migrate to isolated islands in the Southern Ocean.C) They feed primarily on only a few kinds of krill in the Antarctic Polar Front.D) The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.54. What happens when sea levels rise in the Antarctic?A) Many baby king penguins can’t have food in time.B) Many king penguins could no longer live on krill.C) Whales will invade king penguins’ breeding grounds.D) Whales will have to travel long distances to find food.55. What do we learn about the Southern Ocean?A)The king penguins there are reluctant to leave for new breeding grounds.B)Its conservation is key to the sustainable propagation of Antarctic species.C)It is most likely to become the ultimate retreat for species like the king penguin.D)Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.荷花是中国的名花之一，深受人们喜爱。
2019年12月六级真题卷(三套全)
2019年12月六级真题卷(三套全)-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN2019年12月六级第一套Part I Writing(30 minutes)Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense family responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension(30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C),and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Magazine reporter. B) Fashion designer.C) Website designer. D) Features editor.2. A) Designing sports clothing. B) Consulting fashion experts.C) Answering daily emails. D) Interviewing job-seekers.3. A) It is challenging. B) It is fascinating.C) It is tiresome. D) It is fashionable.4. A) Her persistence. B) Her experience.C) Her competence. D) Her confidence. Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversations you have just heard.5. A) It is enjoyable. B) It is educational.C) It is divorced from real life. D) It is adapted from a drama.6. A) All the roles are played by famous actors and actress.B) It is based on the real-life experiences of some celebrities.C) Its plots and events reveal a lot about Frankie’s actual life.D) It is written, directed, edited and produced by Frankie himself.7. A) Go to the theater and enjoy it. B) Recommend it to her friends.C) Watch it with the man. D) Download and watch it.8. A) It has drawn criticisms from scientists. B) It has been showing for over a decade.C) It is a ridiculous piece of satire. D) It is against common sense. Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After youhear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) They are likely to get hurt when moving too fast.B) They believe in team spirit.C) They need to keep moving to avoid getting hurt.D) They have to learn how to avoid body contact.10. A) They do not have many years to live after retirement.B) They tend to live longer with early retirement.C) They do not start enjoying life until full retirement.D) They keep themselves busy even after retirement.11. A) It prevents us from worrying. B) It slows down our aging process.C) It enables us to accomplish in life. D) It provides us with more chances to learn.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) It tends to dwell upon their joyous experiences.B) It wanders for almost half of their waking time.C) It has trouble concentrating alter a brain injury.D) It tends to be affected by their negative feelings.13. A) To find how happiness relates to daydreaming.B) To observe how one’s mind affects one’s behavior.C) To see why daydreaming impacts what one is doing.D) To study the relation between health and daydreaming.14. A) It helps them make good decisions. B) It helps them tap their potentials.C) It contributes to their creativity. D) It contributes to their thinking.15. A) Subjects with clear goals in mind outperformed those without clear goals.B) The difference in performance between the two groups was insignificant.C) Non-daydreamers were more confused on their tasks than daydreamers.D) Daydreamers did better than non-daydreamers in task performance.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Similarities between human babies and baby animals.B) Cognitive features of different newly born mammals.C) Adults’ influence on children.D) Abilities of human babies.20. A) They can distinguish a happy tune from a sad one.B) They love happy melodies more than sad ones.C) They fall asleep easily while listening to music.D) They are already sensitive to beats and rhythms.21. A) Infants’ facial expressions. B) Babies’ emotions.C) Babies’ interaction with adults. D) Infants’ behaviors.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) It may harm the culture of today’s workplace.B) It may hinder individual career advancement.C) It may result in unwillingness to take risks.D) It may put too much pressure on team members.23. A) They can hardly give expression to their original views.B) They can become less motivated to do projects of their own.C) They may find it hard to get their contributions recognized.D) They may eventually lose their confidence and creativity.24. A) They can enlarge their professional circle. B) They can get chances to engage in research.C) They can make the best use of their expertise. D) They can complete the project more easily.25. A) It may cause lots of arguments in a team.B) It may prevent making a timely decision.C) It may give rise to a lot of unnecessary expenses.D) It may deprive a team of business opportunities.Part III Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases, we often think about health indicators such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. But poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk of heart disease and have a role to play in the development of some cancers. Perhaps worse, the 26 effects of an unhealthy diet and insufficient exercise are not limited to your body. Recent research has also shown that 27 in a high-fat and high-sugar diet may have negative effects on your brain, causing learning and memory 28 .Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, as 29 by a range of learning and memory tests, such as the ability to remember a list of words presented some minutes or hours earlier. There is also a growing body of evidence that diet-induced cognitive impairments can emerge 30 -within weeks or even days. For example, one study found healthy adults 31 to a high-fat diet for five days showed impaired attention, memory, and mood compared with a low-fat diet control group. Another study also found eating a high-fat and high-sugar breakfast each day for as little as four days resulted in problems with learning and memory 32 to those observed in overweight and obese individuals.Body weight was not hugely different between the groups eating a healthy diet and those on high fat and sugar diets. So this shows negative 33 of poor dietary intake can occur even when body weight has not changed 34 . Thus, body weight is not always the best indicator of health and a thin person still needs to eat well and exercise 35 .Section BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the question by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Increased Screen Time and Wellbeing Decline in Youth[A] Have young people never had it so good Or do they face more challenges than any previous generationOur current era in the West is one of high wealth. This means minors enjoy material benefits and legal protections that would have been the envy of those living in the past. But there is an increasing suspicion that all is not well for our youth. And one of the most popular explanations, among some experts and the popular media, is that excessive “screen time” is to blame (This refers to all the attention young people devote to their phones, tablets and laptops). However, this is a connection theory and such claims have been treated skeptically by some scholars based on their reading of the relevant data.[B] Now a study in the journal Emotion has provided another contribution to the debate, uncovering strong evidence that adolescent wellbeing in the United States really is experiencing a decline and arguing that the most likely cause is the electronic riches we have given them. The background to this is that from the 1960s into the early 2000s, measures of average wellbeing went up in the US. This was especially true for younger people. It reflected the fact that these decades saw a climb in general standards of living and avoidance of mass societal traumas like full-scale war or economic deprivation. However, the “screen time” hypothesis, advanced by researchers such as Jean Twenge, is that electronic devices and excessive time spent online may have reversed these trends in recent years, causing problems for young people’s psychological health.[C] To investigate, Twenge and her colleagues dived into the “Monitoring The Future” dataset based on annual surveys of American school students from grades 8, 10, and 12 that started in 1991. In total, 1.1 million young people answered various questions related to their wellbeing. Twenge’s team’s analysis of the answers confirmed the earlier, well-established wellbeing climb, with scores rising across the 1990s, and into the later 2000s. This was found across measures like self-esteem, life satisfaction, happiness and satisfaction with individual domains like job, neighborhood, or friends. But around 2012 these measures started to decline. This continued through 2016, the most recent year for which data is available.[D] Twenge and her colleagues wanted to understand why this change in average wellbeing has occurred. However, it’s very hard to demonstrate causes in non-experimental data such as this. In fact, when Twenge previously used this data to suggest a screen time effect, some commentators were quick to raise this problem. They argued that her causal-sounding claimsrested on correlational data, and that she had not adequately accounted for other potential causal factors. This time around, Twenge and her team make a point of saying that that they are not trying to establish causes as such, but that they are assessing the plausibility of potential causes.[E] First, they explain that if a given variable is playing a causal role in affecting wellbeing, then we should expect any change in that variable to correlate with the observed changes in wellbeing. If not, it isn’t plausible that the variable is a causal factor. So the researchers looked at time spent in a number of activities that could plausibly be driving the wellbeing decline. Less sport, and fewer meetings with peers correlated with lower wellbeing, as did less time reading print media (newspapers) and, surprisingly, less time doing homework (This last finding would appear to contradict another popular hypothesis that it is our burdening of students with assignments that is causing all the problems). In addition, more TV watching and more electronic communication both correlated with lower wellbeing. All these effects held true for measures of happiness, life satisfaction and self-esteem, with the effects stronger in the 8th and 10th-graders.[F] Next, Twenge’s team dug a little deeper into the data on screen time. They found that adolescents who spent a very small amount of time on digital devices—a couple of hours—had the highest wellbeing. Their wellbeing was even higher than those who never used such devices. However, higher doses of screen time were clearly associated with lower happiness. Those spending 10-19 hours per week on their devices were 41 percent more likely to be unhappy than lower-frequency users. Those who used such devices 40 hours a week or more (one in ten of teenagers) were twice as likely to be unhappy. The data was slightly complicated by the fact that there was a tendency for kids who were social in the real world to also use more online communication, but by bracketing out different cases it became clear that the real-world sociality component correlated with greater wellbeing, whereas greater time on screens or online only correlated with poorer wellbeing.[G] So far, so plausible. But the next question is, are the drops in average wellbeing happening at the same time as trends toward increased electronic device usage? It looks like it—after all, 2012 was the tipping point when more than half of Americans began owning smartphones. Twenge and her colleagues also found that across the key years of 2013-16, wellbeing was indeed lowest in years where adolescents spent more time online, on social media, and reading news online, and when more youth in the US had smartphones. And in a second analysis, they found that where technology went, dips in wellbeing followed. For instance, years with a larger increase in online usage were followed by years with lower wellbeing, rather than the other way around. This does not prove causality, but is consistent with it. Meanwhile, TV use didn’t show this tracking. TV might make you less happy, but this is not what seems to be driving the recent declines in young people’s average happiness.[H] A similar but reversed pattern was found for the activities associated with greater wellbeing. For example, years where people spent more time with friends were better years for wellbeing (and followed by better years). Sadly, the data also showed face-to-face socializing and sports activity had declined over the period covered by the survey.[I] There is another explanation that Twenge and her colleagues wanted to address: the impactof the great recession of 2007-2009, which hit a great number of American families and might be affecting adolescents. The dataset didn’t include economic data, so instead the researchers looked at whether the 2013-16 wellbeing decline was tracking economic indicators. They foundsome evidence that some crude measures, like income inequality, correlated with changes in wellbeing, but economic measures with a more direct impact, like family income and unemployment rates (which put families into difficulties), had no relationship with wellbeing. The researchers also note that the recession hit some years before we see the beginning of the wellbeing drop, and before the steepest wellbeing decline, which occurred in 2013.[J] The researchers conclude that electronic communication was the only adolescent activity that increased at the same time psychological wellbeing declined. I suspect that some experts in the field will be keen to address alternative explanations, such as unassessed variables playing a role in the wellbeing decline. But the new work does go further than before and suggests that screen time should still be considered a potential barrier to young people’s flourishing.36. The year when most Americans began using smartphones was identified as a turning point inyoung Americans’ level of happiness.37. Scores in various wellbeing measures began to go downward among young Americans in recent years.38. Unfortunately, activities involving direct contact with people, which contributed to betterwellbeing, were found to be on the decline.39. In response to past critics, Twenge and her co-researchers stress they are not trying to provethat the use of digital devices reduces young people’s wellbeing.40. In the last few decades of the 20th century, living standards went up and economicdepressions were largely averted in the US.41. Contrary to popular belief, doing homework might add to students’ wellbeing.42. The author believes the researchers’ new study has gone a step further regarding the impactof screen time on wellbeing.43. The researchers found that extended screen time makes young people less happy.44. Data reveals that economic inequality rather than family income might affect people’swellbeing.45. Too much screen time is widely believed to be the cause of unhappiness among today’s young people.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,” said Dan Ariely, behavioral psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene said, for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave study subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty—and ultimately opting for the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows when we are able to rationalize it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that, when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability it will happen again,” Ariely said.In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear, anxiety and emotional responses—including that sinking, guilty feeling you get when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that, but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies and get bigger and bigger over time.46. Why do some experts consider lying a milestone in a child’s development?A) It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.B) It indicates they have an ability more remarkable than crawling and walking.C) It represents their ability to actively interact with people around them.D) It involves the coordination of both their mental and physical abilities.47. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes work?A) It is difficult to sound natural or plausible. B) It is hard to choose from several options.C) It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity. D) It requires speedy blood flow into one’s brain.48. Under what circumstances do people tend to lie?A) When they become too emotional. B) When they face too much peer pressure.C) When the temptation is too strong. D) When the consequences are not imminent.49. When are people less likely to lie?A) When they are worn out and stressed. B) When they are under watchful eyes.C) When they think in a rational way. D) When they have a clear conscience.50. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punished?A) They may feel justified. B) They will tell bigger lies.C) They will become complacent. D) They may mix lies and truths. Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Here’s how the Pacific Northwest is preparing for “The Big One”. It’s the mother of all disaster drills for what could be the worst disaster in American history. California has spent years preparing for “The Big One”—the inevitable earthquake that will undoubtedly unleash all kinds of havoc along the famous San Andreas fault. But what if the fault that runs along the Pacific Northwest delivers a gigantic earthquake of its ownIf the people of the Cascadia region have anything to do with it, they won’t be caught unawares.The region is engaged in a multi-day earthquake and tsunami drill involving around 20,000 people. The Cascadia Rising drill gives area residents and emergency responders a chance to practice what to do in case of a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and tsunami along one of the nation’s dangerous—and underestimated—faults.The Cascadia Subduction Zone is big enough to compete with San Andreas (it’s been called the most dangerous fault in America), but it’s much lesser known than its California cousin. Nearly 700 miles long, the earthquake zone is located by the North American Plate off the coast of Pacific British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and Northern California.Cascadia is what’s known as a “megathrust” fault. Megathrusts are created in subduction zones—land plate boundaries where two plates converge. In the areas where one plate is beneath another, stress builds up over time. During a megathrust event, all of that stress releases and some of the world’s most powerful earthquakes occur. Remember the 9.1 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean off of Sumatra in 2004 It was caused by a megathrust event as the India plate moved beneath the Burma micro-plate.The last time a major earthquake occurred along the Cascadia fault was in 1700, so officials worry that another event could occur at any time. To prevent that event from becoming a catastrophe, first responders will join members of the public in rehearsals that involve communication, evacuation, search and rescue, and other scenarios.Thousands of deaths and other casualties are expected if a 9.0 earthquake were to occur. First, the earthquake would shake metropolitan areas including Seattle and Portland. This could trigger a tsunami that would create havoc along the coast. Not all casualties can necessarily be prevented—but by coordinating across local, state, and even national borders, officials hope that the worst-case scenario can be averted. On the exercise’s website, officials explain that the report they prepare during this rehearsal will inform disaster management for years to come.For hundreds of thousands of Cascadia residents, the big one isn’t a question of if, only when. And it’s never too early to get ready for the inevitable.51. What does “The Big One” refer to?A) A gigantic geological fault. B) A large-scale exercise to prepare for disasters.C) A massive natural catastrophe. D) A huge tsunami on the California coast.52. What is the purpose of the Cascadia Rising drill?A) To prepare people for a major earthquake and tsunami.B) To increase residents’ awareness of imminent disasters.C) To teach people how to adapt to post-disaster life.D) To cope with the aftermath of a possible earthquake.53. What happens in case of a megathrust earthquake according to the passage?A) Two plates merge into one. B) Boundaries blur between plates.C) A variety of forces converge. D) Enormous stress is released.54. What do the officials hope to achieve through the drills?A) Coordinating various disaster-relief efforts. B) Reducing casualties in the event of a disaster.C) Minimizing property loss caused by disasters. D) Establishing disaster and emergency management.55. What does the author say about “The Big One”A) Whether it will occur remains to be seen. B) How it will arrive is too early to predict.C) Its occurrence is just a matter of time. D) It keeps haunting Cascadia residents.Part IV Translation(30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.牡丹花色艳丽，形象高雅，象征这和平与繁荣，因而在中国被称为”花中之王”。
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2019年12月大学英语六级考试试题(第3套)PartⅠWriting(30minutes) Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of social responsibility.You should write at least150words but no more than200words.PartⅡListening Comprehension(30minutes)六级考试每次仅考两套听力，第三套听力试题同第一套或第二套试题一致PartⅢReading Comprehension(40minutes) Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefullybefore making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark thecorresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You maynot use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions26to35are based on the following passage.The persistent haze over many of our cities is a reminder of the polluted air that we breathe,over80%of the world's urban population is breathing air that fails to meet World Health Organization guidelines,and an estimated 4.5million people died26from outdoor air pollution in2015.Globally,urban populations are expected to double in the next40years,and an extra2billion people will need new places to live,as well as services and ways to move around their cities.What is more important,the decisions that we make now about the design of our cities will27the everyday lives and health of the coming generations.So what would a smug-free,or at least low-pollution,city be like?Traffic has become28with air pollution,and many countries intend to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars in the next two decades.But simply29to electric can will not mean pollution-free cities.The level of emissions they cause will depend on how the electricity to run them is30,while brakes,tyres and toads all create tiny airborne31as they wear out.Across the developed world,ear use is in decline as more people move to city centers,while young people especially are32for other means of travel.Researchers are already asking if motor vehicle use has reached its33and will decline,but transport planners have yet to catch up with this34,instead of laying new roads to tackle traffic jams.As users of London's orbital M25motorway will know,new roads rapidly fill with more traffic.In the US,studies have shown that doubling the size of a road can35double the traffic,taking us back to the starting point.A)alternate I)particlesB)crown J)peakC)determine K)prematurelyD)generated L)simplyE)locating M)switchingF)merged N)synonymousG)miniatures O)trendH)optingSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked witha letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.How Much Protein Do You Really Need?A)The marketing is tempting:Get stronger muscles and healthier bodies with minimal effort by adding proteinpowder to your morning shake or juice drink.Or grab a protein bar at lunch or for a quick snack.Today,you can find protein supplements everywhere—online or at the pharmacy,grocery store or health food store.They come in powders,pills and bars.With more than$12billion in sales this year,the industry is booming and, according to the market research company,Grand View Research,is on track to sell billions more by2025.But do we really need all this supplemental protein?It depends.There are pros,cons and some other things to consider.B)For starters,protein is critical for every cell in our body.It helps build nails,hair,bones and muscles.It can alsohelp you feel fuller longer than eating foods without protein.And,unlike nutrients that are found only in few foods,protein is present in all foods."The typical American diet is a lot higher in protein than a lot of us think,"says registered dietitian Angela Pipitone."It’s in foods many of us expect,such as beef,chicken and other types of meat and dairy.But it's also in foods that may not come immediately to mind like vegetables,fruit,beans and grains."C)The ernment’s recommended daily allowance(RDA)for the average adult is50to60gram of protein aday.This may sound like a lot,but Pipitone says:"We get bits of protein here and there and that really adds up throughout the day."Take,for example,breakfast.If you eat two eggs topped with a little bit of cheese and an orange on the side,you already have22grams of protein.Each egg gives you7grams,the cheese gives you about6grams and the orange—about2grams.Add a lunch of chicken,rice and broccoli(西兰花),and you are already over the recommended50grams.“You can get enough protein and meet the RDA before you even get to dinner,says Pipitone.D)So if it's so easy to get your protein in food,why add more in the form of powders,snack bars or a boost at yourlocal juice bar?No need to,says Pipitone,because,in fact,most of us already get enough protein in our dict.“Whole foods are always the best option rather than adding supplements,”the says,noting the FDA does not regulate supplements as rigorously as foods or drugs.So there could be less protein,more sugar and some additives you wouldn't expect,such as caffeine(咖啡因).E)If you are considering a supplement,read the list of ingredients,she says,although this is not always reliable."I've seen very expensive protein supplements that claim to be high quality but they might not really be beneficial for the average healthy adult,"she says."It could just be a waste of money."F)But there are certain situations that do warrant extra protein."Anytime you're repairing or building muscle."Pipitone says,such as if you re an extreme endurance athlete,training for a marathon,or you're a body builder.If you re moderately exercising for150minutes a week,as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends,or less than that,you re probably not an extreme athlete.Extreme athletes expend lots of energy breaking down and repairing and building muscles.Protein can give them the edge they need to speed that process.G)Vegans can benefit from protein supplements since they do not eat animal-based protein sources like meat,dairyor eggs.And,for someone always on-the-go who may not have time for a meal,a protein snack bar can be a good option for occasional meal replacement.Also,individuals recovering from surgery or an injury can also benefit from extra protein.So,too,can older people.At around age60,"muscles really start to break down,"says Kathryn Starr,an aging researcher,"and because of that,the protein needs of an older adult actually increase."H)In fact,along with her colleague Connie Bales.Starr recently conducted a small study that found that addingextra protein foods to the diet of obese older individuals who were trying to lose weight strengthened their muscles.Participants in the study were separated into two groups—one group was asked to eat30grams of protein per meal in the form of whole foods.That meant they were eating90grams of protein a day.The other group—the control group—was put on a typical low-calorie diet with about50to60grams of protein a day.After six months,researchers found the high protein group had significantly improved their muscle function-almost twice as much as the control group."They were able to walk faster,had improved balance,and were also able to get up out of a chair faster than the control group."Starr says.All67participants were over60years of age,and both groups lost about the same amount of weight.I)Starr is row looking into whether high-protein diets also improve the quality of the muscle itself in seniors.She'susing CT scans to measure muscle size and fat,and comparing seniors on a high-protein diet with those on regular diets.She says her findings should be available in a couple of months.J)In the meantime,70-year-old Corliss Keith,who was in the high protein group in Starr s latest study,says the feels a big difference."I feel excellent,"she says."I feel like I have a different body.I have more energy.I’m stronger."She says she is able to take Zumba exercise classes three times a week,work out on the treadmill(跑步机),and take long,brisk walks.Keith also lost more than15pounds."I'm a fashionable person,so now I'm back in my3-inch heels,"she says.K)As people age,Starr says muscle strength is key to helping them stay strong and continue living on their own in their own home."I feel very much alive now,"says Keith."I feel like I could stay by myself until I'm100." L)But can people overdo protein?Pipitone says you do have to be careful.Other researchers say too much protein can cause cramps(痉挛),headaches,and fatigue.Dehydration(脱水)is also a risk when you eat too much protein.Pipitone says if you increase protein,you also have to increase your fluid intake."I always tell people to make sure they're drinking enough fluids,"which for the average person is60to70ounces a day,which translates into eight8-ounce glasses of water or liquid per day.M)There have been some indications that extra protein makes the kidneys work harder,which could be problematic for individuals with a history of kidney disease and for them,the supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones,the says.N)Bottom line,if you think you need more protein in your diet,consider these questions:Are you an extreme athlete;are you recovering from injury or surgery;or are you60years or older?If so,adding high protein foods like eggs and meat products to your diet can be beneficial.And,if you’re not sure,in is always a good idea to check with your primary care provider.36.It is quite easy for one to take in the recommended amount of protein.37.Pipitone claims that healthy adults need not spend money on protein supplements.38.The protein supplement business is found to be thriving.39.Protein can speed the repairing of damaged muscles.40.Protein supplements may overburden some internal organ,thus leading to its malfunctioning.41.Older adults need to take in more protein to keep their muscles strong.42.Protein is found in more foods than people might realize.43.Additional protein was found to help strengthen the muscles of overweight seniors seeking weight loss.44.Pipitone believes that whole foods provide the best source of protein.45.People are advised to drink more liquid when they take in more protein.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide onthe best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through thecentre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Last year,a child was born at a hospital in the UK with her heart outside her body.Few babies survive this rare condition,and those who do must endure numerous operations and are likely to have complex needs.When her mother was interviewed,three weeks after her daughter's birth,she was asked if she was prepared for what might be a daunting(令人生畏的)task caring for her.She answered without hesitation that,as far as she was concerned, this would be a“privilege”.Rarely has there been a better example of the power of attitude,one of our most powerful psychological tools. Our attitudes allow us to turn mistakes into opportunities,and loss into the chance for new beginnings.An attitude is a settled way of thinking,feeling and/or behaving towards particular objects,people,events or ideologies.We use our attitudes to filter,interpret and react to the world around us.You weren't born with attitudes;rather they are all learned,and this happens in a number of ways.The most powerful influences occur during early childhood and include both what happened to you directly, and what those around you did and said in your presence.As you acquire a distinctive identity,your attitudes are further refined by the behavior of those with whom you identify—your family,those of your gender and culture, and the people you admire,even though you may not know them personally.Friendships and other important relationships become increasingly important,particularly during adolescence.About that same time and throughout adulthood,the information you receive,especially when ideas are repeated in association with goals and achievements you find attractive,also refines your attitudes.Many people assume that our attitudes are internally consistent,that is,the way you think and feel about someone or something predicts your behavior towards them.However,may studies have found that feelings and thoughts don’t necessarily predict behavior.In general,your attitudes will be internally consistent only when the behavior is easy,and when those around you hold similar beliefs.That's why,for example,may say they believe in the benefits of recycling or exercise,but don't behave in line with their views,because it takes awareness,effort and courage to go beyond merely stating that you believe something is a good idea.One of the most effective ways to change an attitude is to start behaving as if you already feel and think the way you d prefer to.Take some time to reflect on your attitudes,to think about what you believe and why.Is there anything you consider a burden rather than a privilege?It so,start behaving—right now—as if the latter is the case.46.What do we learn from the passage about attitude?A)It shapes our beliefs and ideologies.B)It improves our psychological wellbeing.C)It determines how we respond to our immediate environment.D)It changes the way we think,feel and interact with one another.47.What can contribute to the refinement of one’s attitude,according to the passage?A)Their idols'behaviors.C)Their contact with the opposite gender.B)Their educational level.D)Their interaction with different cultures.48.What do many studies find about people's feelings and thoughts?A)They may not suggest how a person is going to behave.B)They are in a way consistent with a person's mentality.C)They may not find expression in interpersonal relations.D)They are in line with a person's behavior no matter what.49.How come many people don't do what they believe is good?A)They can't afford the time.C)They are hypocritical.B)They have no idea how to.D)They lack willpower.50.What is proposed as a strategy to change attitude?A)Changing things that require one’s immediate attention.B)Starting to act in a way that embodies one’s aspirations.C)Adjusting one’s behavior gradually over a period of time.D)Considering ways of reducing one’s psychological burdens.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.Industrial fishing for krill(磷虾)in the unspoilt waters around Antarctica is threatening the future of one of the world's last great wildernesses,according to a new report.The study by Greenpeace analysed the movements of krill fishing vessels in the region and found they were increasingly operating"in the immediate vicinity of penguin colonies and whale feeding grounds".It also highlights incidents of fishing boats being involved in groundings,oil spills and accidents,which posed a serious threat to the Antarctic ecosystem.The report,published on Tuesday,comes amid growing concern about the impact of fishing and climate change on the Antarctic.A global campaign has been launched to create a network of ocean sanctuaries to protect the seas in the region and Greenpeace is calling for an immediate halt to fishing in areas being considered for sanctuary status.Frida Bengtsson from Greenpeace’s Protect the Antarctic campaign said:"If the krill industry wants to show it's a responsible player,then it should be voluntarily getting out of any area which is being proposed as an ocean sanctuary,and should instead be backing the protection of these huge tracts of the Antarctic."A global campaign has been launched to turn a huge tract of Antarctic seas into ocean sanctuaries,protecting wildlife and banning not just krill fishing,but all fishing.One was created in the Ross Sea in2016,another reserve is being proposed in a vast area of the Weddell Sea,and a third sanctuary is under consideration in the area west of the Antarctic Peninsula—a key krill fishing area.The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR)manages the seas around Antarctica.It will decide on the Weddell Sea sanctuary proposal at a conference in Australia in October, although a decision on the peninsula sanctuary is not expected until later.Keith Reid,a science manager at CCAMLR,said that the organisation sought"a balance between protection, conservation and sustainable fishing in the Southern Ocean."He said although more fishing was taking place nearer penguin colonies it was often happening later in the season when these colonies were empty."The creation of a system of marine protected areas is a key part of ongoing scientific and policy discussions in CCAMIR,"he added."Our long-term operation in the region depends on a healthy and thriving Antarctic marine ecosystem,which is why we have always had an open dialogue with the environmental non-governmental organizations.We strongly intend to continue this dialogue,including talks with Greenpeace,to discuss improvements based on the latest scientific data.We are not the ones to decide on the establishment of marine protected areas,but we hope to contribute positively with our knowledge and experience."51.What does Greenpeace's study find about krill fishing?A)It caused a great many penguins and whales to migrate.B)It was depriving penguins and whales of their habitats.C)It was carried out too close to the habitats of penguins and whales.D)It posed an unprecedented threat to the wildlife around Antarctica.52.For what purpose has a global campaign been launched?A)To reduce the impact of climate change on Antarctica.B)To establish conservation areas in the Antarctic region.C)To regulate krill fishing operations in the Antarctic seas.D)To publicise the concern about the impact of krill fishing.53.What is Greenpeace s recommendation to the krill industry?A)Opting to operate away from the suggested conservation areas.B)Volunteering to protect the endangered species in the Antarctic.C)Refraining from krill fishing throughout the breeding season.D)Showing its sense of responsibility by leading the global campaign.54.What did CCAMLR aim to do according to its science manager?A)Raise public awareness of the vulnerability of Antarctic species.B)Ban all commercial fishing operations in the Southern Ocean.C)Keep the penguin colonies from all fishing interference.D)Sustain fishing without damaging the Antarctic ecosystem.55.How does CCAMLR define its role in the conservation of the Antarctic environment?A)A coordinator in policy discussions.C)A provider of the needed expertise.B)An authority on big data analysis.D)An initiator of marine sanctuaries.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes) Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.梅花(plum blossom)位居中国十大名花之首，源于中国南方，已有三千多年的栽培和种植历史。