美国超验主义英语介绍

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英语故事-Henry David Thoreau

英语故事Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗，美国作家、哲学家，超验主义代表人物，也是一位废奴主义及自然主义者，有无政府主义倾向，曾任职土地勘测员。

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. he is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, civil disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.Thoreau’s books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry total over 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions were his writings on natural history and philosophy, where he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern day environmentalism. His literary style interweaves close natural observation, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore; while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and “Yankee”loves of practical detail. He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time imploring one to abandon waste and illusion in order to discover life’s true essential needs. He was a lifelong abolitionist, delivering lectures that attacked the fugitive slave law while praising the writings of Wendell Phillips and defending abolitionist John brown. Thoreau’s philosophy of civil disobedience influenced the political thoughts and actions of such later figures as Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther king, Jr. Thoreau is sometimes cited as anindividualist anarchist. though civil disobedience calls for improving rather than abolishing government –“I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government”–the direction of this improvement aims at anarchism: “‘that government is best which governs not at all;’ and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have.”Early life and educationHe was born David Henry Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts, to John Thoreau (a pencil maker) and Cynthia Dunbar. His paternal grandfather was of French origin and was born in jersey. His maternal grandfather, Asa Dunbar, led Harvard’s 1766 student “Butter rebellion”, the first recorded student protest in the colonies. David Henry was named after a recently deceased paternal uncle, David Thoreau. He did not become “Henry David” until after college, althoughhe never petitioned to make a legal name change. He had two older siblings, Helen and John Jr., and a younger sister, Sophia. Thoreau’s birthplace still exists on Virginia road in concord and is currently the focus of preservation efforts. The house is original, but it now stands about 100 yards away from its first site.Portrait of Thoreau from 1854amos Bronson Alcott and Thoreau’s aunt each wrote that “Thoreau”is pronounced like the word “thorough”, whose standard American pronunciation rhymes with “furrow”. Edward Emerson wrote that the name should be pronounced “Thó-row, the h sounded, and accent on the first syllable.”in appearance he was homely, with a nose that he called “my most prominent feature.” of his face, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: “Thoreau is as ugly as sin, long-nosed, queer-mouthed, and with uncouth and rustic, though courteous manners, corresponding very well with such an exterior. But his ugliness is of an honest and agreeable fashion, and becomes him much better than beauty.” Thoreau also wore a neck-beard for many years, which he insisted manywomen found attractive. However, Louisa may Alcott mentioned to Ralph Waldo Emerson that Thoreau’s facial hair “will most assuredly deflect amorous advances and preserve the man’s virtue in perpetuity.” Thoreau studied at Harvard University between 1833 and 1837. He lived in Hollis Hall and took courses in rhetoric, classics, philosophy, mathematics, and science.A legend proposes that Thoreau refused to pay the five-dollar fee for a Harvard diploma. in fact, the master’s degree he declined to purchase had no academic merit: Harvard College offered it to graduates “who proved their physical worth by being alive three years after graduating, and their saving, earning, or inheriting quality or condition by having five dollars to give the college.” his comment was: “let every sheep keep its own skin”, a reference to the tradition of diplomas being written on sheepskin vellum.Civil disobedience and the Walden years: 1845–1849Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in simple living on July 4, 1845, when he moved to a small, self-built house on land owned by Emerson in a second-growth forest around the shores of Walden Pond. The house was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from his family home. On July 24 or July 25, 1846, Thoreau ran into the local tax collector, Sam Staples, who asked him to pay six years of delinquent poll taxes. Thoreau refused because of his opposition to the Mexican-American war and slavery, and he spent a night in jail because of this refusal. (The next day Thoreau was freed, against his wishes, when his aunt paid his taxes.) The experience had a strong impact on Thoreau. In January and February 1848, he delivered lectures on “the rights and duties of the individual in relation to Government”explaining his tax resistance at the concord lyceum. Bronson Alcott attended the lecture, writing in his journal on January 26: heard Thoreau’s lecture before the lyceum on the relation of the individual to the state– an admirable statement of the rights of the individual to self-government, and an attentive audience. His allusions to the Mexican War, to Mr. Hoar’s expulsion from Carolina, his own imprisonment in concord jail for refusal to pay his tax, Mr. Hoar’s payment of mine whentaken to prison for a similar refusal, were all pertinent, well considered, and reasoned. I took great pleasure in this deed of Thoreau’s. —Bronson Alcott, Journals (1938)Thoreau revised the lecture into an essay entitled resistance to civil government (also known as civil disobedience). In May 1849 it was published by Elizabeth Peabody in the aesthetic papers. Thoreau had taken up a version of Percy Shelley’s principle in the political poem The Mask of Anarchy (1819) that Shelley begins with the powerful images of the unjust forms of authority of his time –and then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action. At Walden Pond, he completed a first draft of a week on the concord and Merrimack Rivers, an elegy to his brother, John, that described their 1839 trip to the White Mountains. Thoreau did not find a publisher for this book and instead printed 1,000 copies at his own expense, though fewer than 300 were sold. Thoreau self-published on the advice of Emerson, using Emerson’s own publisher, Munroe, who did little to publicize the book. Its failure put Thoreau into debt that took yearsto pay off, and Emerson’s flawed advice caused a schism between the friends that never entirely healed. In august 1846, Thoreau briefly left Walden to make a trip to Mount Katahdin in Maine, a journey later recorded in “Ktaadn,” the first part of The Maine Woods.Thoreau left Walden Pond on September 6, 1847. Over several years, he worked to pay off his debts and also continuously revised his manuscript for what, in 1854, he would publish as Walden, or life in the woods, recounting the two years, two months, and two days he had spent at Walden Pond. The book compresses that time into a single calendar year, using the passage of four seasons to symbolize human development. Part memoir and part spiritual quest, Walden at first won few admirers, but today critics regard it as a classic American work that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.。

09-Emerson-Thoreau

Transcendentalism（超验主义）Transcendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson. Other important transcendentalists were Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Amos Bronson Alcott, Frederic Henry Hedge, and Theodore Parker. Stimulated by American Unitarianism and Puritanism, and foreign factors such as German philosophy，especially Kant’s thoughts, ancient Indian and Chinese thoughts, such as those of Confucius and Mencius,the transcendentalists operated with the sense that a new era was at hand. They were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking conformity, and urged that each individual find, in Emerson's words, “an original relation to the universe”. Emerson and Thoreau sought this relation in solitude amidst nature, and in their writing. By the 1840s they, along with other transcendentalists, were engaged in the social experiments of Brook Farm, Fruitlands, and Walden; and, by the 1850's in an increasingly urgent critique of American slavery.General Introduction(a special kind of philosophy appeared in the 1830s in US) (quite influential)(1) Resources1. Unitarianism(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5) Continued progress of mankind(6) Divinity of mankind(7) Depravity of mankind2. Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3. Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”4. PuritanismAt the end of the 18th century people gradually felt boring about the strict Calvinism. At the same time with the development of science and technology, Americans suspected the old religion. Thus, Unitarianism（唯一理教）appeared. It was a developed school from the Transcendentalism. It stressed "continual progress of mankind" rather than old religion\'s "man\'s total depravity”. It influenced Emerson. Emerson once was a preacher of Unitarianism, but he thought there were too many rituals in this religious school. Then he resigned from the position and sought a way for people to worship more freely.Emerson also believed in individuality and the dream of making a Garden of Eden on earth held by old generation Puritans.From Jonathan Edwards Emerson inherited the ideas of inward communication with God and the divine symbolism of nature.B. Foreign influenceGerman Philosophy, especially Kant（康德）Ancient Indian and Chinese works, such as Confucius and Mencius(2) Features (P57)A. Emphasis on Spirit (Oversoul) (超灵)（爱默生在超验主义里强调的超灵相当于过去宗教里上帝的这个角色，在超验主义里超灵是无形的，人生活的世界里所有的一切都来自超灵，超灵在人生活的世界里也无所不在。

美国文学史名词解释

American Puritanism 美国清教主义Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.美国清教主义指的是清教徒的精神和理想的定居在北美大陆十七世纪初期由于内容的宗教迫害。

It migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. 它为新英格兰奠定了宗教，知识和社会秩序的基础。

Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort: unconditional election, limited atonement, total depravity, irresistible grace and the perseverance of the saints. 清教徒遵循加尔文派于多特宗教会议上制定的五点信条：无条件拣选，有限救赎，完全堕落，不可抗拒的恩典，以及圣徒的坚守。

It is basis of American literature. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.It contributing to the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used.它是美国文学的基础。

美国超验主义英语的介绍

Mottos
• ''The world shrank itself into a drop of dew.'' 世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水
"Believe yourself"
"A person must be able to become what he wants to be "
The major features of Transcendentalists
4.东方神秘主义【Oriental mysticism】
Weaknesses
The transcendentalist movement had a smafor a few years.
The transcendentalism was never a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources.
“American Scholar”: American’s declaration of intellectual independence.( to develop American’s own culture)
Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862
He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.

9 美国超验主义

Transcendentalism ( New being with God and nature)
Man and God and Nature
We cannot understand the America of the nineteenth century without coming to terms with Ralph Waldo Emerson
What do they believe?
I become a transparent eyeball;I am nothing;I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me. I am part or parcel of God. ---Emerson
•
---Henry D. Thoreau
American Transcendentalism
• 1. The first American intellectual movement to inspire a number of literary classics ( in Europe, it was a philosophy) • 2. It stresses the unity of being---viewing God, man and nature as sharers in a universal soul----Oversoul • 3. It is a kind of idealism and romanticism
Emerson
Thoreau
Fuller
B. Alcott
E. Peabody
Whoபைடு நூலகம்are they?

超验主义

TranscendentalismAbstractA literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserts the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the New England region of the United States with Ralph Waldo Emerson as its leader. With the continuous development, Transcendentalism becomes an important ideological liberation movement in the history of American. It stressed the direct communication between God and human and the divinity in human heart. It is also critical. It aims to build a moral and free world, showing the ideal Utopia life. Its spirit is one of important heritages in America history. Transcendentalism is not about doing what is good or bad for the society, but to break away from what society expects and doing what one believes is right for them.Key Words: transcendentalism; individualism; influence; development超验主义摘要超验主义（英文：Transcendentalism，也叫“新英格兰超验主义”或者说“美国文艺复兴”）是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。

美国浪漫主义文学——梭罗

不是梦里连缀起这诗行；连缀起这诗行；就是瓦尔登湖才使我更接近上帝和天堂。才使我更接近上帝和天堂。我是它岸上的圆石让微风清掠身上；让微风清掠身上；它的水，它的水，它的沙是我掌心的珍藏；是我掌心的珍藏；它那最隐密的泉眼休憩在我最高的思想。休憩在我最高的思想。
超验主义追求人的自由的精神，成为美国文化中一个重要遗产。这种思潮发源于单一神教，同时又接受了浪漫主义的影响，强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性，其结果是解放了人性，提高了人的地位，使人的自由成为可能。超验主义具有强烈的批判精神，其社会目标是建立一个道德完满、真正民主自由的社会，尽管带有乌托邦的理想色彩。
朗诵片段我见过许多个性独特的事物，要数瓦尔登湖最为神奇了。我见过许多个性独特的事物，要数瓦尔登湖最为神奇了。许多人被形容成瓦尔登湖，但真正承受得起的没几个。容成瓦尔登湖，但真正承受得起的没几个。尽管湖畔的树木一片片的被砍伐，火车也侵入这块领土，尽管爱尔兰人再湖附近盖起了猪棚，砍伐，火车也侵入这块领土，尽管爱尔兰人再湖附近盖起了猪棚，冰块商也在湖上采割过冰块，但瓦尔登湖仍然保持着它纯洁的天性。商也在湖上采割过冰块，但瓦尔登湖仍然保持着它纯洁的天性。它还是我年青时所见到的那个湖，变化的只是我自己。波痕不断却都转瞬消失，我年青时所见到的那个湖，变化的只是我自己。波痕不断却都转瞬消失，湖依然青春亮丽，永远没有一丝皱纹。我矗立在湖边，湖依然青春亮丽，永远没有一丝皱纹。我矗立在湖边，一只燕子飞快地掠过湖面，叼起一条小虫，跟以前一样。今夜，它却深深触动了我，掠过湖面，叼起一条小虫，跟以前一样。今夜，它却深深触动了我，仿佛以前我并没有与它朝夕相处，为什么呢？因为它是瓦尔登湖！佛以前我并没有与它朝夕相处，为什么呢？因为它是瓦尔登湖！

美国文学第5周超验主义

New England Transcendentalism
The Summit of American Romanticism
Transcendentalism
• (1) • (2) • (3) • (4)
Definition Features Influences Representatives
Emerson’s Point of View
“the infinitude of man” firmly believes in the transcendence of the “ oversoul ” regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882)
~~went to Europe, and met Coleridge, Carlyle and Wordsworth and made friends with them, and brought back the influence of European Romanticism.
2.regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man ~~Nature as symbolic of God. ~~In the eyes of Emerson, “nature is the vehicle of thought,” and “particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts”. Thus everything bears a secondary and an ulterior隐秘的 sense. A flowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant is the image of man himself, small in body but mighty in heart.

美国超验主义

Themes of Walden
• It emphasizes the importance of selfreliance, solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature in transcenidng the “desperate” existence.
Transcendentalism
Introduction
• Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the New England region of the United stated as a protest to the general state of culture and society. Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both man and nature. Transcendentalists believed that society and its institutions - particularly organized religion and political parties - ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. They had faith that man is at his best when truly "self -reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.

美国超验主义分析

了在森林里的日常生活，歌颂了自然，强调了个人独立于社会之外的能力。《瓦尔登湖》既不是小说也不能算是自传，而是一部西方社会批评史，书中的每个章节都对人类社会的某个方面进行批判或是颂扬。
Thoreau's masterpiece,Walden, is great Transcendentalist work that came out of the period under discussion. As a young man Thoreau took a more than usual interest in the natural world.Like Emerson, but more than him, he saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man's spiritual wellbeing, and regarded it as a symbol of the spirt. He tried to seek a way to unlock the secrets of the spirit.梭罗的
The Transcendentalism placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.超验主义认为精神或“超灵”是宇宙中最重要之物。
The Transcendentalism stress the importance of the individual.超验主义者注重个人。 The Transcendentalism offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.超验主义认为自然是超灵或者上帝的象PSUM

美国文学超验主义

Important terms (1)
Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature(每人都有内在的神性) and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority.
Important features of New England Transcendentalism (2)
It was also a reaction against the process of dehumanization (磨灭人性)that came in the wake of developing capitalism. The industrialization of New England was turning men into nonhumans. People were losing their individuality and were becoming uniform. The Transcendentalists saw the process in progress and, by trying to reassert the importance of the individual, emphasized the significance of men regaining their lost personality.

Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生超验主义

《论自然》
•
1840年爱默生任超验主义刊物《日晷》的主编，进一步宣扬超验主义思想。后来他把自己的演讲汇编成书，这就是著名的《论文集》。《论文集》第一集于1841年发表，包括《论自助》、《论超灵》、《论补偿》、《论爱》、《论友谊》等12篇论文。三年后，《论文集》第二集也出版了。这部著作为爱默生赢得了巨大的声誉，他的思想被称为超验主义的核心，他本人则被冠以“美国的文艺复兴领袖”之美誉。
•
在一般美国人的心目中，爱默生是位哲学家。在他的时代的一次”公众投票“中，他被认为是当时美国最著名的两三位作家之一，他的主要成就在他的哲理味浓郁的散文方面。我们不能说他有自己完整的独立的哲学思想体系，他的超验主义思想并非他所独创；但是他的思想具有一定连贯性，具有哲学家的风度。这主要表现在他一生滔滔不绝的宣传的超验主义的思想上。他的哲学思想的一个主要的组成部分是他的”超灵“说。他相信”超灵 “的超脱性，他对”超灵“和”精神“的重视贯穿在他大部分著作中。
Theme of Self-Reliance
Be yourself.
Trust your own inner voice.
Notable Quotations From “Self-Reliance”
•
Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.（相信你自己：每棵心灵都会随着那强劲的丝弦而搏动） What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. (我必须做的是一切与我有关的事，而不是别人想要我做的事。） Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. （任何名副其实真正的人，都必须是不落俗套的人。） Insist on yourself; never imitate. （坚持自己，决不要模仿）

美国超验主义transendentalism解析

At school, Emerson read broadly;
After traveling in Europe and England, he came back and settled in Concord, Massachusetts where he took up the life of an essayist, poet and public speaker; Emerson’s great influence began when he delivered a course of lectures in Boston.
B. Main Woks Nature, the Bible of Transcendentalism; “The American Scholar”, regarded as “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”; “The Poet”; “Self-Reliance”; “Each and All”; “Rhodora”

Image: Grasmere Village, Hill Country, Great Britain
Brief Introduction Introduction Chapter 1 Nature Chapter 2 Commodity Chapter 3 Beauty Chapter 4 Language Chapter 5 Discipline
--- from the first paragraph of Chapter 1 “Nature”
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.

关于美国迷信英文作文

关于美国迷信英文作文英文：Superstition is a common phenomenon in many cultures around the world, and the United States is no exception. Growing up in the US, I have witnessed many instances of superstition in the form of beliefs and practices that are not based on reason or scientific evidence.One common superstition in the US is the belief in the power of lucky charms or talismans. For example, some people believe that carrying a rabbit's foot or a horseshoe can bring good luck. Another common superstition is the belief in the power of certain numbers, such as the number 13 being considered unlucky.Another example of American superstition is the belief in ghosts and the paranormal. Many Americans believe in the existence of ghosts and haunted houses, and there are even TV shows and movies dedicated to exploring these beliefs.In addition, some Americans also believe in the powerof astrology and horoscopes. They believe that thealignment of the stars and planets can influence theirlives and personalities.Overall, superstition is a part of American culture,and while some may dismiss it as irrational, it isimportant to respect the beliefs of others and understand the cultural significance behind these beliefs.中文：迷信是世界上许多文化中普遍存在的现象，美国也不例外。

American transcendentalism poe

American transcendentalism poe 美国超验主义也叫“新英格兰超验主义”或者说“美国文艺复兴”是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。

与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，它宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。

领导人是美国思想家、诗人拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生。

美国超验主义（American Transcendentalism）是美国的一个重要思潮，它兴起于十九世纪三十年代的新英格兰地区，但波及其他地方，成为美国思想史上一次重要的思想解放运动。

它是与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生以及梭罗相关的一种文学和哲学运动，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。

一般认为，爱默生是超验主义的倡导者，他的散文，特别是他的演讲，令人感到亲切，声音奇异，带有强烈的个人感情色彩；他的散文在端庄凝重的说教之中每每流溢出特有的富有魅力的睿智、幽默感和文学、哲思的深度来。

他的言词文本雄辩有力而辉煌，语调变幻莫测，显示出他的深奥的文学技巧来。