研究生毕业考试试题
2021年6月研究生学位英语真题(附完整参考答案)
2021年6月研究生学位英语真题(附完整参考答案)2021-6PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points ) Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous 22.The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence. A. support B. restrict C. raise D. modify 23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions forquick recovery. A. improve on B. abide by C. draw upon D. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove ourfear of GM foods. A. abundant B. controversial C. conducive D. convincing 25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for thetest will be better off. A. more wealthy B. less successful C.dismissed earlier D. favorably positioned 26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum. A. influence B. strength C. outlook D. consequence 27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches. A. believed B. discarded C. advocated D. confirmed 28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices. A. assessing B. cutting C. elevating D.altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices ofhousing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the citiesto live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled upwith32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guestin his _____ home. A. humble B. obscure C. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from________ as possible. A. humidity B. humanity C. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play ahuge role in our life. A. vessel B. vest C. venture D. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high schooldiploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaningdigitalization could drive an even deeper ______between the rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation137. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to 38. Thesun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths. A. elegant B. immense C. hollow D. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. Thatwould _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution,around the sun. A. tour B. travel C. visit D.tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization.\research, and science in general are ever more important,\Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university.\should be spending a semester at a university in China.\It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required \curriculum\The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized \Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49\College Courses\for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting 42. A. in accordance with 43. A. update 44. A. trust-worthy 45. A. turn out 46. A. In spite of 47. A. perish 48. A. appropriate 49. A. optical 50. A. sparingB. reviewing B. in line with B. uphold B. note-worthy B. turn in B. As if B. destroy B. imaginative B. optional B. spiralingC. searching C. in charge of C. upset C. praise-worthy C. turn to C. Let alone C. abolish C. special C. opposite C. spanningD. underlying D. in response to D. upward D. reward-worthy D. turn over D. Rather than D. denounce D. specific D. optimistic D. sparkling2PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants. 51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________. A.can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disaster B. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side___________. A. where the wind is coming B. where the wind is going C. where the wind is weaker D. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus355. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny ironparticles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus 56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________. A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduce B. stay away from the traffic as far aspossibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably easethe climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. \piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action,\Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said. Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider. \along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet,\57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________. A. can be eased B. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________. A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patterns B. subtle changes in atmospheric patterns C. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word \4A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible 60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming? A. Tofind other energy sources besides fossil fuels. B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate. C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the \you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actuallybehave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University inthe US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas ofthe brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain whenthe eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to_____________.5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
学历类《研究生考试》工程硕士《语言表达能力测试》考试试题及答案解析
学历类《研究生考试》工程硕士《语言表达能力测试》考试试题及答案解析姓名:_____________ 年级:____________ 学号:______________1、2014年7月在非洲大路上爆发了一场严重的病毒感染事件，该疫情是由_______病毒引起，临床表现为高热、头痛、肌痛、恶心、结膜充血相对x脉，病后四五天患者可出现_____________的命运。
A、薛宝钗B、贾探春C、王熙凤D、林黛玉正确答案：C答案解析：暂无解析2、职权统一是管理的一大原则，而现实中“越权”现象确实屡屡出现，越权是指去做超越职责范围的事物，这会降低管理效率、影响组织发展。
______所描述的现象不属于越权行为。
A、狗拿耗子B、搀行夺市C、夺州兼郡D、越X代疱正确答案：C答案解析：暂无解析3、中国原子弹之父、核物理学家________，早年从事原子核物理研究，在“核裂变”方面成绩突出。
他是中国发展核武器的组织协调者和总设计师。
A、钱三强B、钱学森C、钱振英D、钱伟长正确答案：A答案解析：暂无解析4、成语______体现了启发式教育思想。
A、数学相长B、温故知新C、举一反三D、因材施教正确答案：C答案解析：暂无解析5、2014年8月3日16时30分云南省昭通市鲁甸县发生6.5级地震，造成了房屋倒塌，人员伤亡，桥梁、公路、水利水电工程等设施的破坏，此统称为地震________。
之后，又引发了山地滑坡、泥石流等，次统称为地震________。
A、原生灾害间接灾害B、直接灾害次生灾害C、直接灾害间接灾害D、原生灾害次生灾害正确答案：B答案解析：暂无解析6、中国新诗作品改编城歌曲的情况非常普遍，给下面歌词选段填入相应的作者和作品名称。
①我从山中来，带着兰花草：种在小园中，希望花开好。
(胡适《_________》)②天上飘着些微云，地上吹着些微分，啊!微风吹动了我的头发，教我如何不想她。
(_________《教我如何不想她》)A、①希望②刘半农B、①希望②徐志摩C、①兰花草②刘半农D、①兰花草②徐志摩正确答案：C答案解析：暂无解析7、唐代诗人________创作了名句“黑云压城城欲摧，甲光向日金鳞开。
在职研究生考试试题
在职研究生考试试题职研究生考试试题一、多选题（每题2分，共10分）1. 以下哪种技能是现代职场所需要的？A. 人际沟通能力B. 书写能力C. 专业知识D. 员工管理能力2. 职场中如何提高自己的人际关系？A. 多和同事交流B. 主动帮助他人C. 参加部门活动D. 避免与同事竞争3. 管理者在组织中的角色包括：A. 领导者B. 创新者C. 沟通者D. 决策者4. 在进行决策时，应该考虑以下哪些因素？A. 时间B. 资金C. 矛盾D. 政策5. 以下哪项是项目管理中的关键要素？A. 项目时间B. 项目成本C. 项目质量D. 项目人力资源二、判断题（每题2分，共10分）1. 领导者需要具备人际沟通能力。
2. 公司内部的资源是有限的。
3. 目标的设定对于组织的发展非常重要。
4. 决策过程只需要考虑经济因素。
5. 项目管理中的时间、成本和质量是相互独立的。
三、问题解答（每题10分，共30分）1. 简要介绍人际沟通的重要性，并给出一个你在职场中进行人际沟通的例子。
2. 举例说明在组织中的领导者和管理者有哪些不同的角色。
3. 请列举出影响决策过程的几个主要因素，并解释它们之间的关系。
四、论述题（共40分）请以你所在的工作岗位为例，论述在工作中如何充分发挥自己的优势并提高自身的职业能力。
五、综合题（共30分）随着信息技术的迅猛发展，越来越多的工作可以通过互联网远程完成。
请你从不同角度分析远程工作对个人和组织的影响。
2023-2024硕士研究生考试《311教育学专业基础综合》近年真题汇编(含答案)
2023-2024硕士研究生考试《311教育学专业基础综合》近年真题汇编（含答案）学校:________ 班级:________ 姓名:________ 考号:________一、单选题(35题)1.为了研究教师的强化方式与学生学业成绩之间的关系，某研究者把被试学生分成受表扬组、受训斥组、静听组、无强化组等四种强化方式组开展为期一年的实验研究。
这种研究设汁违背了教育研究的（）A.客观性跺则B.创新性原则C.理论联系实际原则D.伦理原则2.使其皆出于吾之口，使其皆出于吾之心”，这一要求体现朱熹读书原则是（）A.循序渐进B.熟读静思C.虚心涵泳D.切己体察3.在报纸上被评价为“夫试行……制度最大目标，厥为使政治学术化一语。
而一年来，现象之呈露，无一非为学术之官僚化”。
这个制度是（）A.大学区制B.戊辰学制C.教育独立化D.训育制度4.对于“要求以班为单位进行教学实验研究，而不能打乱原有的教学单位的情况。
” 在教育科学研究中一般常用的取样法是（）A.简单随机取样法B.系统随机取样法C.整群随机取样法D.分层随机取样法5.在智力技能形成的过程中，依据智力活动的实践模式，以展开的、外显的方式付诸实施的阶段是（）。
A.操作定向B.原型操作C.原型内化D.原型定向6.认知教学理论的主要代表人物是布鲁纳，以下不属于布鲁纳理论基本主张的是（）A.理智发展的教育目标B.动机-结构-序列-强化原则C.学科知识结构D.程序教学方法7.某4位学生的智力测验成绩分为王明100分、李佳110分、刘一澜115分和陈楠105，并对这4位同学成绩进行排序比较，这种测量属于（）A.定名测量B.定序测量C.定距测量D.比率测量8.称老百姓和儿童为“最伟大的老师”是（）A.晏阳初B.梁淑溟C.陶行知D.陈鹤琴9.19世纪后半期德国中等教育发展的主题是大力发展A.皇家中学B.文实中学C.实科中学D.综合中学10.学龄初期儿童的总特征是身心发展较缓慢，思维以形象思维为主；而学龄中期儿童的特征身心急剧变化，自我意识增强，独立性增强，特别是情感较为丰富，又不容易控制自己，有人称之为“危险期”；学龄晚期学生的身心发展明显成熟，接近成人的水平。
各个大学硕士研究报告生考试题
大学硕士研究生考试试题（现当代）2000年现当代考题科目：现当代文学一，解释（20）1，“三大主义”2，“语丝”文体3，太阳社4，《重放的鲜花》5，寻根文学二，简答（30）1，20世纪30年代的中国诗歌，在思想倾向上大致可以分为拿几种情况？2，禺的《日出》在思想艺术上比起《雷雨》有什么变化？3，你如何看待60年代朔的散文？三，论述题（50）1，分析下面一段散文（《这样的战士》），谈谈鲁迅写作《野草》时的精神状态。
（20）2，谈谈鲁迅开创的“改造国民性”的文学主题在20世纪中国文学史上的延续和发展。
科目：文艺理论一，解释题（30）1，艺术真实2，现实主义文学3，现代主义文学4，“有我之境、无我之境”5，接受美学二，评述题（30）1，“蜘蛛的活动同织工的活动相似，蜜蜂建筑蜂房的本领使人间的许多建筑师感到惭愧。
但是，最蹩脚的建筑师从一开始就比最灵巧的蜜蜂高明的地方，是他在用蜂蜡建筑蜂房以前，已经在自己的头脑中把它建成了。
劳动过程结束时得到的结果，在这个过程开始时就已经在劳动者的表象中存在着，即已经观念地存在着。
”2，“……人们只看到，艺术和科学不是同一件东西，都不知道它们之间的差别根本不在容，而在处理一定容时所用的方法。
哲学家用三段论法，诗人用形象和图画说话，然而他们所说的都是同一件事。
……一个是证明，一个是显示，可是他们都是说服，所不同的只是一个用逻辑结论，另一个用图画而已。
”三，论述题。
（40）1，为什么说美学的观点和历史的观点是马克思主义批评的总原则和方法论？2，结合文学史上的现象谈谈继承和创新的关系。
考试科目：中外文学（中国文学部分50%）一，请指出以下作品的作者、写作年代，并简要概述其容。
（30）1，《九辩》2，《七发》3，《归去来辞》4，《长安古意》5，《茅屋为秋风所破歌》6，《师说》7，《莺莺传》8，《永遇乐》（千古江山）9，《琵琶记》10，《镜花缘》二，试述晚明社会思想背景对文学创作的影响。
研究生语文考试试卷
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列词语中，字形、字音完全正确的是（）A. 潜移默化恍若未然B. 鞠躬尽瘁呕心沥血C. 豁然开朗蹉跎岁月D. 惟妙惟肖振聋发聩2. 下列句子中，没有语病的是（）A. 近年来，我国高校招生人数逐年增加，大学生就业形势严峻，这引起了社会的广泛关注。
B. 为了提高学生的综合素质，学校决定从下学期开始，将每周一节体育课增加到两节。
C. 在这次比赛中，他发挥出色，获得了第一名的好成绩，这是他平时刻苦训练的结果。
D. 这篇论文对当前经济形势进行了深入分析，提出了许多有针对性的建议，受到了专家们的高度评价。
3. 下列句子中，标点符号使用错误的是（）A. “我们学校位于市中心，交通便利，环境优美。
”B. “我国首颗量子卫星‘墨子号’成功发射，标志着我国在量子通信领域取得了重大突破。
”C. “他来到教室，放下书包，拿起笔，开始认真地做作业。
”D. “这次活动由校学生会主办，目的是为了丰富同学们的课余生活。
”4. 下列词语中，不属于成语的是（）A. 指点江山B. 风和日丽C. 胸有成竹D. 风起云涌5. 下列句子中，运用了比喻修辞手法的是（）A. “他像一座灯塔，照亮了我们的前进道路。
”B. “这篇文章写得非常生动，仿佛让我们身临其境。
”C. “他工作认真负责，是同事们学习的榜样。
”D. “这座城市的夜景非常美丽，犹如一幅画。
”6. 下列词语中，不属于描写自然景观的词语是（）A. 落霞与孤鹜齐飞B. 桃花潭水深千尺C. 疏影横斜水清浅D. 青青园中葵，朝露待日晞7. 下列句子中，没有错别字的是（）A. “他勤奋好学，成绩优异，深得老师喜爱。
”B. “我们应当珍惜时光，努力学习，为祖国的繁荣富强贡献自己的力量。
”C. “这篇文章论述了当前经济形势的发展趋势，具有很高的参考价值。
”D. “他热爱生活，乐于助人，深受同学们的喜爱。
”8. 下列句子中，语序不当的是（）A. “他努力学习，终于取得了优异的成绩。
文科硕士考试题目及答案
文科硕士考试题目及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪部作品不是莎士比亚的四大悲剧之一？A. 《哈姆雷特》B. 《麦克白》C. 《奥赛罗》D. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》答案：D2. 古希腊哲学家柏拉图的代表作是：A. 《理想国》B. 《形而上学》C. 《尼各马科伦理学》D. 《政治学》答案：A3. 以下哪位学者提出了“性善论”？A. 荀子B. 孟子C. 韩非子D. 老子答案：B4. 以下哪部作品是法国作家雨果的代表作？A. 《悲惨世界》B. 《巴黎圣母院》C. 《百年孤独》D. 《安娜·卡列尼娜》答案：B5. “文艺复兴”一词最早出现在哪个国家？A. 意大利B. 法国C. 英国D. 德国答案：A6. 以下哪位诗人被誉为“诗圣”？A. 李白B. 杜甫C. 白居易D. 王维答案：B7. 以下哪部作品是鲁迅的短篇小说集？A. 《呐喊》B. 《彷徨》C. 《故事新编》D. 《朝花夕拾》答案：A8. 以下哪位哲学家提出了“存在即合理”的观点？A. 尼采B. 黑格尔C. 康德D. 马克思答案：B9. “五四运动”发生在哪一年？A. 1915年B. 1919年C. 1921年D. 1925年答案：B10. 以下哪位作家获得了诺贝尔文学奖？A. 莫言B. 余华C. 王小波D. 阿来答案：A二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述孔子的“仁”学思想。
答案：孔子的“仁”学思想是儒家思想的核心，它强调人与人之间的和谐关系，主张以仁爱之心待人，通过修身、齐家、治国、平天下来实现社会的和谐与秩序。
2. 描述文艺复兴时期的主要特点。
答案：文艺复兴时期主要特点包括对古典文化的复兴、人文主义的兴起、科学和艺术的革新，以及对个人主义和现实主义的强调。
3. 简述启蒙运动对现代西方社会的影响。
答案：启蒙运动对现代西方社会产生了深远影响，它推动了科学、哲学和政治思想的发展，促进了民主和法治的建立，为现代西方社会的形成奠定了基础。
研究生学位英语考试试题
2005年1月份研究生学位课英语统考试题Paper OnePart I ：Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 20 points )Section A (1 point each)1.A: He refuses to help the woman. B: He can‘t handle the equipment by himself.C: He thinks some other people can do it better.D; He thinks the equipment is too heavy for the woman.2.A: His colleagues have contributed a lot. B: All of his colleagues congratulated him.C. The award has been given to his colleagues. D He doesn‘t deserve the honor.3. A: He dislike Jack‘s name. B He doesn‘t care who Jack is.C He doesn‘t know Jack well.D He dislikes Jack.4. A: The man is cracking a joke on her.B It is impossible to buy a genuine antique for so little money.C The man is out of his mind about the old vase.D The man has run into a great fortune.5. A: He can‘t find a good idea about the problem. B He feels hopeless about the project.C He has encountered another problem.D He is going to give up the project.6. A: It is worthwhile. B It has a very tight schedule.C It was a waste of time.D It took him too much time on the road.7. A: It‘s useless to talk to the professor. B The professor is often unfair.C The man has done well enough.D The man can‘t be be tter next time.8. A The man should not say things like that. B The man should fight back.C The man should show his anger openly.D The man should not complain openly.9. A: She was injured in the shoulder. B She disliked the people who attended the party.C She was laughed at for her behaviour.D She was unpopular at the party.Section B (1 point each)Mini-talk One10. A: Improving the conditions of farm animals. B: Increasing the production of farm animals.C: Regulating the food marketing system.D: Regulating the food stores and restaurant chains.11. A: Because they want to save more money. B: Because they want the hens to lay more eggs.C Because they want the hens to grow more lean meat.D Because they want to sell the hens at a better price.12. A: Chickens should be kept in clean places. B: Pigs should be housed in large metal boxes.C: Farm animals should be slaughtered in factories.D Farm animals should be killed without feeling pain.Mini-talk Two13. A: Under the mountains is the state of Nevada.B: At the power centers in almost forty states.C: Under the deep ocean . D Near the inactive volcanoes.14. A: People object to burying it at the power centers.B: The power centers have no more space to store it.C: It is very dangerous to bury it in populous areas.D: The new site is the estate of the federal government.15. A; There are active volcanoes nearby. B: Some people still live in the area.C: The area is close to Las Vegas. D The area is geographically unsafe.Section C (1 point each)You will hear the recording twice. At the end of the talk there will be a 3-minute pause, during which time you are asked to write down your answers briefly on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions (请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上.) 16．What percentage of plant and animal species on Earth do rain forests contain?17. What critical role do rain forests play besides being home to animals and plants?18. How much has global output of carbon dioxide increased in the past century?19. To be classified as a rain forest, how should the trees look?20. How large is the size of the rain forest in South America?Part I Vocabulary Section A1.This student was expelled from school because he had forged some documents for overseasstudy.A frustratedB formulatedC fabricatedD facilitated2.Opinion polls suggest that the approval rate of the president is on the increase.A agreementB consensus Cpermission D support3. A man of resolve will not retreat easily from setbacks or significant challenges.A pull outB pull upC pull inD pull over4. As few household appliances are now perfect, this minor defect is negligible.A detectableB triflingC inexcusableD magnificent5. The U.S. athletes topped the gold medal tally for the 3rd straight time this summer.A directB proceedingC verticalD successive6. Despite tremendous achievement, formidable obstacles to development will persist.A difficultB sustainableC externalD unpredictable7. Moderate and regular exercise can boost the rate of blood circulation and metabolism.A restrictB reduceC increaseD stabilize8. The manager is seeking some cost-effective methods that can call forth their initiative .A efficientB conventionalC economicalD unique.9. The report proposes that students be allowed to work off their debt through community service.A pay offB get offC dispose ofD run off10. It was a tragic love affair that only gave rise to pain.A brought forwardB brought aboutC brought downD brought inSection B :11. As females in their 40s tend to ____ weight, they are to go in for outdoor activities.A take onB hold onC carry onD put on12. The shop-owner took a load of ____-crusted bread and handed it to the child.A fragileB crispC vagueD harsh13. The excessive hospitality ____ the local officials failed to leave us assured.A on the point ofB on the grounds ofC on the advice ofD on the part of14.These intelligence officers tried a ___ of persuasion and force to get the information they wanted.A combinationB collaborationC convictionD confrontation15. The terminally ill patient lying in the ___ care unit was kept alive on life support.A apprehensiveB intensiveC extensiveD comprehensive16. The very sound of our national anthem being played at the awarding ceremony is ____.A ice-breakingB eye-catchingC painstakingD soul-touching17. Leading universities in China prefer to enroll ___ brilliant high school students.A intellectuallyB intelligiblyC intelligentlyD intimately18. When a heavy vehicle is ___ in the mud, the driver has to ask for help.A involvedB stuckC interferedD specialized19. A risk or effect may diminish ___, but it may also increase for some reason.A at willB over timeC under wayD so far20. It‘s in your best ____ to quit smoking, for you have some breathing problems.A sakeB benefitC advantageD interestPart II. Cloze―Techno-stress‖----frustration arising from pressure to use new technology----is said to be 21 , reports Maclean‘s magazine of Canada. Studies point to causes that 22 ―the never-ending process of learning how to use new technologies to the 23 of work and home life as a result of 24 like e-mail, call-forwarding and wireless phones.‖ How can you cope? Experts recommend setting 25 . Determine whether using a particular device will really simplify life or merely add new 26 . Count on having to invest time to learn a new technology well enough to realize its full benefits. ― 27 time each day to turn the technology off,‖ and devote time to other things afforded or deserving 28 attention. ―People start the day by making the 29 mistake of opening their e-mail, instead of wo rking to a plan,‖ notes Vancouver productivity expert Dan Stamp. ―The best hour and a half of the day is spent on complete30 .‖21. A descending B narrowing C mounting D widening22. A pass on B range from C deal with D give up23. A confusion B construction C contribution D conduction24. A creations B promotions C productions D innovations25. A laws B boundaries C deadlines D barriers26. A convenience B advantages C flexibility D complexity27. A Put forward B Put across C Put aside D Put up28. A prior B major C senior D superior29. A fragmental B fictional C fractional D fundamental30. A relaxation B entertainment C rubbish D hobbyPart III. Reading ComprehensivePassage OneThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new Industry called biotechnology. As the name suggests, it blends biology and modern technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, specialize in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent seeds that give a high yield, that resist disease, drought, and frost, and that reduce the need for hazardous chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised concern about genetically engineered crops.―In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain limits,”says the book Genetic Engineering, Food, and Our Environment.―A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato…‖ Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to transfer adesired property or character. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes taken from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans.In essence, then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that separate species.Like the green revolution, what some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity---some say even more so because geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and tissue culture, processes that produce perfectly identical copies, or clones. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new issues, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new era of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential outcomes,‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. According to the author, biotech companies are ______A mostly specialized in agriculture.B those producing seeds of better propertiesC mainly concerned about the genetically engineered crops.D likely to have big returns in their business.32. Now biotech products are made ____.A within the limits of natural genetics .B by violating laws of natural genetics.C without the interference of humans.D safer than those without the use of biotechnology33. In nature, genetic diversity is created ____A by mixing different speciesB within the species itselfC through natural selectionD through selection or contest34.Biotechnoly has made it possible ____A for us to solve the food shortage problem in the world.B for plants to be produced with genes of humans.C for humans to assume the cold-resistant property.D to grow crops with the taste of farm animals.35. According to the author, with the development of biotechnology ____A the species of creatures will be reduced. D we will suffer from fewer and fewer diseases.B our living environment will be better than it is now.C humans will pay for its side effect.36. T he author‘s attitude towards genetic engineering can best be described ____A optimisticB pessimisticC concernedD suspiciousPassage TwoThe practice of capital punishment is as old as government itself. For most of history, it has not been considered controversial. Since ancient times most governments have punished a wide variety of crimes by death and have conducted executions as a routine part of the administration of criminal law. However, in the mid-18th century, social critics in Europe began to emphasize the worth of the individual and to criticize government practices they considered unjust, including capital punishment. The controversy and debate whether government should utilize the death penalty continue today.The first significant movement to abolish the death penalty began during the era known as the Age of Enlightenment. In 1764 Italian jurist and philosopher Cesare Beccaria published An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Many consider this influential work the leading document in the early campaign capital punishment. Other individuals who campaigned against executions duringthis period include French authors V oltaire and Denis Diderot, British philosophers David Hume and Adam Smith, and political theorist Thomas Paine in the United States.Critics of capital punishment argue that it is cruel and inhumane, while supporters consider it a necessary form of revenge for terrible crimes. Those who advocates the death penalty declare that it is a uniquely effective punishment that prevents crime. However, advocates and opponents of the death penalty dispute the proper interpretation of statistical analyses of its preventing effect. Opponents of capital punishment see the death penalty as a human right issue involving the proper limits of governmental power. In contrast, those who want governments to continue to execute tend to regard capital punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. Because of these alternative viewpoint, there is a profound difference of opinion not only about what is the right answer on capital punishment, but also about what type of question is being asked when the death penalty becomes a public issue.37. We can learn from the first paragraph that in ancient times _________A death penalty had been carried out before government came into being.B people thought it was right for the government to conduct executions.C death penalty was practiced scarcely in European countries.D many people considered capital punishment unjust and cruel.38. Why was capital punishment questioned in the mid-18th century in Europe?A People began to criticize their government.B The government was unjust in this period.C People began to realize the value of life.D Social critics were very active at that time.39. Italian jurist and philosopher Cesare Beccaria ____A was the first person to question the rightness of death penalty.B was regarded as an important author criticizing capital punishment.C was the first person who emphasized the worth of the individuals.D first raised the theory against capital punishment.40. Critics of capital punishment insist that it ___.A violates human rights regulations.B is an ineffective punishment of the criminalsC is just the revenge for terrible crimes.D involves killing without mercy.41. The advocates and opponents of the death penalty _____A agree that it is a human rights issueB agree that it can prevent crimes.C explain its statistical analyses differentlyD think that they are asked different types of questions.42. The author‘s attitude towards capital punishment can be summarized as _____A supportiveB criticalC neutralD contradictoryPassage ThreeBears mostly live alone, except for mothers and their babies, and males and females during mating season. Bears form temporary groups only in exceptional circumstances, when food is plentiful in a small area. Recent evidence also suggests that giant pandas may form small social groups, perhaps because bamboo is more concentrated than the patchy food resources of other bear species. Other bears may live alone but exist in a social network. A male and female may live in an area partly shared in common----although they tolerate each other, each defends its range from other bears of the same sex. Male young usually leave their mothers to live in other areas, but female young often live in a range that is commonly shared with that of their mother.The key to a bear‘s survival is finding enough food to satisfy the en ergy demands of its largesize. Bears travel over huge territories in search of food, and they remember the details of the landscape they cover. They use their excellent memories to return to locations where they have had success finding food in past years or seasons. Most bears are able to climb trees to chase small animals or gain access to additional plant vegetation. The exceptions are polar bears and large adult brown bears----their heavy weight makes it difficult for them to climb trees.Bears that live in regions with cold winters spend the coldest part of the year asleep in sheltered dens, including brown bears, American and Asiatic black bears, and female polar bears. Pregnant females give birth in the winter in the protected surroundings of these dens. After fattening up during the summer and fall when food is abundant, the bears go into this winter home to conserve energy during the part of the year when food is scarce. Winter sleep differs from hibernation in that a bear is easily aroused from sleep. In addition, a bear‘s body temperature drops only a few degrees in its winter sleep. In contrast, a true hibernator undergoes more extensive changes in bodily functions. For instance, the body temperature of the Arctic ground squirrel drops from 380C to as low as -30C.43. Most bears live alone because _________A they don‘t want to keep a social network.B each bear feeds on different kinds of food.C male and female bears can‘t tolerate each other.D they don‘t want other bears to share th eir food.44.According to the passage, bears of the same sex ____A can get along with each other peacefully.B share their range with each other.C live in an area partly shared in common.D can‘t live peacefully in the same area.45.As is told about bears in the passage, we know that _____A it is easy for bears to find enough food if they can climb trees.B a bear can long remember where it has found food.C all except polar bears are able to climb trees to catch their prey.D all except polar bears and adult brown bears feed on small animals.46. Bears sleep in their sheltered dens in cold winter because ____A their babies need to be born in a cold and protected surrounding.B they need to fatten themselves up in the cold season.C they need to convert their fat into energy in winter.D they can‘t find enough food in the cold season.47. Winter sleep differs from hibernation in that _______A animals in hibernation don‘t wake up easily.B animals in hibernation are aroused regularly for energy supply.C the body temperature of animals in winter sleep doesn‘t change.D animals in winter sleep experience drastic changes in bodily functions.48. The passage is mainly about ___.A the species of bearsB the food category of bearsC the winter sleep of bearsD the behavior of bearsPassage FourThe young man who came to the door--- he was about thirty, perhaps, with a handsome, smiling face---- didn‘t seem to find my lateness offensive, and led me into a larg e room. On one side of the room sat half a dozen women, all in white; they were much occupied with a beautiful baby, who seemed to belong to the youngest of the women. On the other side of the room sat seven or eightmen, young, dressed in dark suits, very much at ease, and very imposing. The sunlight came into the room with the peacefulness that one remembers from rooms in one‘s early childhood--- a sunlight encountered later only in one‘s dreams. I remember being astounded by the quietness, the ease, the peace , and the taste. I was introduced, they greeted me with a genuine cordiality and respect ---and the respect increased my fright, for it meant that they expected something of me that I knew in my heart, for their sakes, I could not give ---and we sat down. Elijah Muhammad was not in the room. Conversation was slow , but not as stiff as I had feared it would be. They kept it going, for I simply did not know which subjects I could acceptably bring up. They knew more about me and read more of what I had written, than I had expected , and I wondered what they made of it all, what they took my usefulness to be. The women were carrying on their own conversations, in low tones; I gathered that they were not expected to take part in male conversations. A few women kept coming in and out of the room, apparently making preparations for dinner. We, the men, did not plunge deeply into any subject, for, clearly, we were all waiting for the appearance of Elijah. Presently, the men, one by one, left the room and returned. Then I was asked if I would like to wash, and I, too, walked down the hall to the bathroom. Shortly after I came back, we stood up, and Elijah entered. I don‘t know what I had expected to see. I had read some of his speeches, and had heard fragments of others on the radio and on television, so I associated him with strength. But, no ----the man who came into the room was small and slender, really very delicately put together, with a thin face, large warm eyes, and a most winning smile. Something came into the room with him ---- his worshipers‘ joy at seeing him, his joy at seeing them. It was the kind of encounter one watches with a smile simply because it is so rare that people enjoy one another.49.Which of the following is the best alternative word f or ―imposing‖?A EnthusiasticB HostileC ImpressiveD Anxious50. Which word best describes the atmosphere in the room?A TranquilB SolemnC ChaoticD Stressful51.How did the author feel when he was greeted with respect?A DelightedB AstonishedC EmbarrassedD Scared52. Which of the following statements is true about the author?A He talked little.B He was puzzledC He enjoyed the conversationD He got more respect than he deserved.53. The man didn‘t get deeply involved in any subject because they ____A had little knowledgeB didn‘t know one another well.C wanted to relax themselvesD awaited the arrival of someone important54. What can we learn about Elijah?A He was admired by others.B He was very handsome.C He was a man with determinationD He was happy to give speeches.Passage FiveSingapore‘s Mixed Reality Lab is working on new ways of interacting with computers, including wearable devices and virtual war room that will allow officials to work together online as if they were all in one place. Its director is a spiky-haired Australian, a postmodern match for the fictional British agent James Bond‘s tool man, Q.It is funded by the Defense Science & Technology Agency, which controls half the $ 5 billion defense budget, and sponsors hundreds of research projects every year. The agency came to worldwide attention last year when it took justone day to customize a thermal scanner in order to detect travelers with high fever, helping to stem the spread of SARS.DSTA is now working on a range of projects that are attracting attention in both the commercial and military worlds. It devised an air-conditioning system that harnesses melting ice and cool seawater to conserve electricity at the new Changi Naval Base, and could have broad civilian applications.Singapore can easily afford Western hardware, but off-the-shelf products are often unsuitable for the tropical conditions in Southeast Asia. For example, the DSTA is funding development of an anti-chemical-weapons suit that works not as a shield, but as a sort of weapon. The Singapore garments, made of a revolutionary plastic-like material that is much lighter and cooler than traditional fabrics, actually degrade suspect substance on contact.Much of the agency‘s work is geared toward helping this resource-poor city-state overcome its natural limitations, says its director R&D, William Lau Yue Khei. Conserving manpower is one of the agency‘s most critical assignmen ts, because Singapore is a nation of 5 million people dwarfed by larger neighbors, including Indonesia and Malaysia. Right now, the biggest DSTA project is computerizing a stealth warship so that it can run on half the usual crew. Making equipment lighter is a particular agency specialty, because the universal military rule of thumb is that a soldier should carry no more than one third his body weight, and that seems that smaller Singaporean soldiers should carry no more than 24 kilos, or 20 percent less than Europeans, says DSTA project manager Choo Hui Weing. One such program: the Advanced Combat Man System, has produced a lightweight handguard that controls an integrated laser range finder, digital compass and a targeting camera. Top that, Q.55. It can be inferred from the passage that Q is probably________A a mechanic in James Bond‘s garage.B a fictional Australian with spiky hair.C a director of the Advanced Combat Man SystemD An imaginary engineer who invents advanced equipment.56. Which of the following statements concerning DSTA true?A It became world-known for its high efficiency in preventing the SARS spread.B It funds numerous research programs, including Mixed Reality lab.C It devised an air-conditioning system now widely used in households.D It takes credit for conserving electricity at the new Changi Naval Base.57. The suit described in the third paragraph can be used as a sort of weapon mainly because ___A it is made of a new material resembling plastics.B it can reduce harmful effects of chemicals on it.C it has been adapted to the tropical weather there.D its light weight allows soldiers to carry more equipment.58. Which of the following is Not mentioned as a disadvantage of Singapore?A Smaller soldiersB Smaller populationC Limited defense budgetD Limited natural resources59. The Advance Combat Man System is mentioned in the last paragraph mainly to show ____A what DSTA has done to meet the country‘s special needs.B how sophisticated the equipments designed by DSTA can be.C why it is difficult for Q to compete with CHoo Hui Weing .D how Singapore‘s technology is superior to that of the British.60. The main purpose of the passage is to ____A analyze Singapore‘s defense system.B summarize the contributions of DSTA.C introduce the technical advantages of a small country.D describe the roles and achievements of a government agency.Paper Two Part IV TranslationSection AQuitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases. Section B人们越来越意识到开发环保型产品的重要性. 为实现长期可持续发展, 发达国家应不惜代价减少温室气体的排放. 如果目前全球变暖的速度保持不变, 东京和伦敦等大城市从地球上消失的可能性将是20年前的10倍.Part V Writingwrite a compositions of no less than 150 words under the title of “Knowledge from books and knowledge from experience” . Your composit ion should be based on the following outline:1Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. 2．Explain which source is more important?Answer1-10 CDABD, ACCAB, 11-20 DBDAB, DABBD 21-30 CBADB, DCADC31-40 DBBBA, CBCBD, 41-50 CCDDB, DADCA 51-60 DADAD, CBCABTranslation : Section BThere is a growing realization/awareness that developing environment-protecting products really counts. To fulfil the long-term and substantial development, developed countries should at all costs decrese the emission of greenhouse gases. If the speed of global warming nowadays continues, the probability of disappearance from the earth to such big cities as Tokyo and London will be 10 times as fast as that of 20 years ago.2005年6月研究生学位英统考试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension（25 minutes, 20 points ）Section A (1 point each)1.A: To ask his boss for leave. B: To work in his place.C To meet his friend at the airport.D To cover his absence from his boss.2. A; He doesn’t want to go to the show, as he is not interested in it.B: He is not free to go to the fashion show with the woman.C He can’t go with the woman, as he has to finish his paper.D he can’t go with the woman, as he has a pile of paperwork to do.3. A: He has been pretty busy. B: He has been mad.。
河北省研究生考试试卷真题
河北省研究生考试试卷真题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 根据题目所给的四个选项，选出最符合题意的一项。
A. 选项一B. 选项二C. 选项三D. 选项四2. 阅读以下段落，选择正确的答案。
[段落内容]A. 选项一B. 选项二C. 选项三D. 选项四...（此处省略18道选择题）二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 请根据题目所给的语境，在空白处填入合适的词语。
[语境描述]_________，_________，_________。
2. 根据题目所给的数学公式，填入正确的数值或变量。
[数学公式]_________ = _________。
...（此处省略8个填空题）三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 请简述题目所给概念的定义及其重要性。
[概念描述]2. 请列举题目所给现象的三个主要原因，并简要说明。
...（此处省略2个简答题）四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 请论述题目所给理论的主要内容及其在当前社会的应用。
[理论名称]2. 结合题目所给案例，分析其成功或失败的原因，并提出改进建议。
五、案例分析题（每题25分，共25分）1. 根据题目所给的案例背景，分析案例中的主要问题，并提出解决方案。
六、作文题（15分）1. 根据题目所给的主题，写一篇不少于800字的议论文。
[主题描述]七、附加题（5分）1. 根据题目所给的复杂问题，给出你的见解和解决方案。
注：本试卷仅为示例，具体题目内容需根据实际考试要求和学科领域进行设置。
[试卷结束]。
学历类《研究生考试》考研《专业综合》考试试题及答案解析
学历类《研究生考试》考研《专业综合》考试试题及答案解析姓名:_____________ 年级:____________ 学号:______________1、男性， 32 岁，间断发作下腹痛，腹胀伴腹泻或便秘 3 年，下腹痛不重，排便常有脓液，无脓血，三周来再次发作，伴腹泻。
大便 2-4 次/ 天，粪性同前。
体格检查，下腹部有轻度压痛，其余未发现异常。
粪便常规隐血阴性，其余未见异常。
为明确诊断最有意义的检查是A、PPd实验B、腹部b超C、钡剂灌肠D、结肠镜正确答案：D答案解析：暂无解析2、男32 岁间断性发作下腹痛。
腹胀半腹泻或便秘三年余，下腹痛不重便后缓解，粪便粘液无血便，近三周再发作下腹痛伴腹泻，粪便形状与之前相同，体格检查除下腹痛轻度压痛外，无任何异常，粪便常规、隐血，培养也无任何异常。
最可能诊断？A、肠结核B、克罗恩病C、肠应激综合症D、溃疡性结肠炎正确答案：C答案解析：暂无解析3、男性， 55，外院诊断心力衰竭 3 年来院就诊，有吸烟史，查体： BP110/70, 口唇稍绀，颈静脉充盈，双肺底湿啰音，心界向两侧扩大，心率 96 次/ 分，心律齐，心前区 3/6 级收缩期吹风样杂音，双下肢水肿（ ++），心电图显示窦性心律，完全左束支传导阻滞，超声心动图显示左房左室右室大，左室壁薄伴弥漫运动减弱及运动不协调， LVEF32%，BNP7019，下列那项药不能选？A、比索洛尔B、托拉塞米C、螺内酯D、单硝酸异山梨酯正确答案：A答案解析：暂无解析4、男,55 岁, 心衰 3 年入院长既往吸烟 BP110 / 70mmhg, 口唇稍绀 , 颈静脉充盈 , 双肺均可问及湿罗音 , 心界 , 两侧扩大 , 心率 l5、男， 55 岁，心衰 3 年入院长既往吸烟 BP110/70，口唇稍绀，颈静脉充盈，双肺均可问及湿罗音，心界，两侧扩大，心率 96 比每分，心律整，心前区可问及 3/6 收缩期吹风样杂音，双下肺水肿 ++，心电图示窦性心律完全性左束支传导阻滞，超声，左方左室右室扩大，心室壁变薄伴弥漫性运动减弱运动不协调， LVEF32%，NT-PROBNF7019pg/ml（正常值〈190pg/ml ）.最可能的诊断是？A、扩张性心脏病B、冠状动脉性心脏病C、肺源性心脏病D、风湿性心瓣膜病正确答案：A答案解析：暂无解析6、男， 36 岁，间断性咳嗽、咳黄脓痰 20 余年，三天前出现发热，痰中少量带血。
研究生考试专业试题及答案
研究生考试专业试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在统计学中，描述数据集中趋势的度量是：A. 方差B. 标准差C. 平均数D. 众数答案：C2. 以下哪个是计算机科学中的编程语言？A. HTMLB. CSSC. JavaScriptD. SQL答案：C3. 经济学中，边际效用递减原理指的是：A. 随着商品数量的增加，消费者愿意为额外商品支付的价格增加B. 随着商品数量的增加，消费者愿意为额外商品支付的价格减少C. 消费者总是愿意为更多的商品支付更高的价格D. 消费者对商品的需求是无限的答案：B4. 在化学中，pH值是用来衡量溶液的：A. 温度B. 密度C. 酸碱性D. 离子浓度答案：C5. 以下哪个是心理学中的认知理论？A. 行为主义B. 精神分析C. 认知失调D. 经典条件作用答案：C6. 在物理学中，牛顿的第二定律描述的是：A. 物体的加速度与作用力成正比，与质量成反比B. 物体的速度与作用力成正比C. 物体的动量与作用力成正比D. 物体的动能与作用力成正比答案：A7. 以下哪个是生物进化论的基本原理？A. 物种是不变的B. 物种是逐渐进化的C. 物种是由神创造的D. 物种是随机产生的答案：B8. 在文学中，象征主义是一种：A. 现实主义的文学流派B. 浪漫主义的文学流派C. 现代主义的文学流派D. 后现代主义的文学流派答案：C9. 在数学中，欧拉公式是：A. e^(iπ) + 1 = 0B. e^(iπ) - 1 = 0C. e^(iπ) * 1 = 0D. e^(iπ) / 1 = 0答案：A10. 在社会学中，社会结构是指：A. 社会成员的个人特征B. 社会成员的个人行为C. 社会成员之间的关系和互动D. 社会成员的个人信仰答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述什么是量子力学，并举例说明其在现代科技中的应用。
答案：量子力学是研究微观粒子运动规律的物理学分支。
研究生毕业考试试题及答案模板
辽宁医学院20××届××专业硕士研究生毕业考试试题一、填空题（每空1分，共10分；请将答案填写在相应空白处）1、法洛四联症是由肺动脉狭窄、主动脉骑跨、、及继发的右心室肥厚组成，在先天性心脏病中占50%。
2、“两快一长增强CT扫描”是一种特殊的扫描方式，“两快”是指，“一长”是指。
3、肝脏CT增强扫描分三期，包括动脉期、和。
4、胃肠道轮廓的改变有、、。
5、MRI最常用的成像序列是经典的序列和序列二、名词解释：（每题3分，共18分）1、人工对比2、肺充血3、窗位4、支气管气像5、充盈缺损6、骨膜三角(Codman三角)三、简答题（每题6分，共计42分）1、脑膜瘤MRI表现有哪些？2、椎体压缩性骨折、结核及转移瘤的鉴别诊断？3、食管癌的X线表现？4、单纯肾囊肿的CT表现有哪些?5、肺结核的CT表现有哪些?6、使用MRI对比剂的目的？7、CT及MRI诊断脑出血，应考虑哪些常见疾病，分别叙述它们有那些特点。
四、论述题/病例分析题(每题15分，共计30分)1、60岁女性患者，肝区疼痛月余，AFP阳性，超声检查提示肝右叶后段实性占位；CT平扫肝右叶后段块状低密度灶，边界清楚，密度不均匀，脾有增大。
既往史：乙型肝炎30余年。
问：（1）拟诊断为何病？（3分）你诊断的依据是什么？（4分）（2）本病需与哪些疾病相鉴别？（3分）（3）该患者CT、MRI的表现特点？（5分）2、患者女，45岁，儿童时期呈患过风湿热，现劳累后心悸气短，有时有咯血，下肢浮肿一年余；听诊：心尖区闻及舒张期隆隆样杂音；X线平片见：双肺血管纹理增强，边缘模糊，右肋膈角区见Kerley B线，左心耳突出，心尖圆窿上翘，右前斜位上，心前间隙变窄，肺动脉段膨隆，心后缘食管压迹加深，左前斜位，左主支气管受压抬高。
问：⑴该患最大可能的诊断是什么？（3分）你的诊断依据是什么？（4分）⑵“双肺血管纹理增强，边缘模糊，右肋膈角区见Kerley B线”称为什么？（2分）它说明什么？（3分）⑶需要与那些常见病鉴别？（3分）辽宁医学院20××届××专业硕士研究生毕业考试试题答案一．填空题（每空1分，共10分；请将答案填写在相应空白处）1. 先天性的室间隔缺损2. 注射对比剂速度快和起始扫描时间快；检查时间持续得要足够长3. 门脉期；平衡期4. 充盈缺损；龛影；憩室5. SE；FSE二、名词解释：（每题3分，共18分）1．人工对比：对缺乏自然对比的组织或器官；人为引入在密度上高于或低于它的物质；使之产生对比，称为人工对比2．肺充血：指肺动脉内的血流量增多。
研究生考试 试题
研究生考试试题因学科和考试类型而异，但一般都会包括
以下内容：
1. 基础知识的掌握程度：研究生考试通常会考察学生对
基础知识的掌握程度，包括学科的基本概念、原理、方法等。
2. 分析和解决问题的能力：研究生考试通常会要求学生
分析问题、解决问题，考察学生的逻辑思维能力、分析能力等。
3. 实验设计和操作能力：对于一些实验性学科，研究生
考试通常会考察学生的实验设计和操作能力，包括实验方案
的设计、实验操作和实验数据的处理等。
4. 综合素质：研究生考试通常还会考察学生的综合素质，包括语言表达能力、心理素质、团队合作精神等。
自考研究生试题及答案
自考研究生试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 自考研究生的课程设置通常由哪个部门负责？A. 教育部门B. 招生办公室C. 教务处D. 学生事务处答案：C2. 自考研究生的学制通常为几年？A. 1年B. 2年C. 3年D. 4年答案：C3. 自考研究生的毕业论文需要达到多少字数？A. 5000字B. 10000字C. 15000字D. 20000字答案：B4. 自考研究生的课程考试通常在每年的哪个月份举行？A. 1月B. 4月C. 7月D. 10月5. 自考研究生的学位授予条件是什么？A. 完成所有课程B. 完成课程和论文C. 通过论文答辩D. 所有以上条件答案：D6. 自考研究生的学费通常由谁承担？A. 学生自己B. 政府C. 学校D. 企业赞助答案：A7. 自考研究生的课程学习通常采用哪种方式？A. 面授B. 在线学习C. 自学D. 混合式学习答案：D8. 自考研究生的课程设置是否需要定期更新？A. 是B. 否C. 视情况而定D. 不需要答案：A9. 自考研究生的学位证书是否具有与全日制研究生相同的法律效力？B. 否C. 视情况而定D. 不一定答案：A10. 自考研究生的课程学习是否需要定期参加考试？A. 是B. 否C. 视情况而定D. 不需要答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 自考研究生的课程学习可能包括哪些形式？A. 面授课程B. 在线课程C. 实验操作D. 研讨会答案：A, B, C, D2. 自考研究生的学位申请需要提交哪些材料？A. 毕业论文B. 成绩单C. 学位申请表D. 身份证复印件答案：A, B, C3. 自考研究生的课程考试可能包括哪些类型？A. 闭卷考试B. 开卷考试D. 实验报告答案：A, B, C, D三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述自考研究生与全日制研究生的主要区别。
答案：自考研究生与全日制研究生的主要区别在于学习方式、学习时间、课程设置和学费承担等方面。
大学历年学士学位研究生考试试题
学士学位研究生考试试题招生专业：文艺学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、世界文学与比较文学考试科目：文学概论一、填空题（每题1分，共30分）1、象征性文学是一种侧重以-----的方式寄予---------的文学形态2、文学风格就是作家--------与具体----------构成相对稳定的整体话语特色3、在具体的文学阅读活动中，，期待视野主要呈现为-------、形象期待与意蕴期待等三个层次4、文学的-------就是指读者在阅读文学作品时，继--------而不由自主地达到调节精神、派遣郁结、去除杂念和提升性格的状态5、文学理论的任务一般规定为四个方面：即-------、文学创作论、作品构成论和---------6、有关文学作品文本层次的三分法，将文本分----------、--------和文学意蕴层面等三个层次7、20世纪西方文论得到惊人发展。
20世纪被称为“批评的世纪”。
这种发展大致取--------和----------两条发展路线8、俄国形式主义者认为，文学研究的真正对象应是作品的形式价值，是-----和“特异性”，并由此提出了著名的----------概念9、英国人类学家弗雷泽在其代表作《----》中较早提出了巫术仪式与文学的关系问题。
英国另一学者哈里逊在其著作《》中试图从巫术入手来重新探测艺术发生问题10、纵观游戏说各家主张，除古鲁斯外，都认为文学是------的游戏活动，这种主张成为艺术上----------思想来源的重要成分11、“蕴藉”一词在古代又常常写作“----”或“-----”，采自中国古典诗学12、从中国古代文学中的三种文学类型的形势与发展来看，现实型文学方面，《诗经》可以说是其源头；理想型文学方面，《----》最早体现了其基本倾向；象征性文学方面，《----------》寓言与神话带有突出的象征意味13、剧本是一种侧重以-----为手段、集中反映---------的文学体裁14、孔子讲“诗可以---------，可以观，可以群，可以----”15、在叙事学中，视角也称为---------，即作品中对----------进行观察和叙述的角度二、概念解释题（每小题5分，共40分）1、广义文学2、精神生产3、艺术概括4、文学话语的特征5、典型6、隐含的读者7、文学消费8、审美批评三、论述题（共80分）1、联系实际论述文学创作客体的特殊性（30分）2、联系实际论述文学风格的时代性和民族性（20分）3、运用马克思主义文学批评的美学观点和历史观点论述一部文学作品（作品自选）（30分）。
研究生考试试题及答案
研究生考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列关于市场经济的描述，哪一项是不正确的？A. 市场经济是一种资源配置方式B. 市场经济可以完全依赖市场调节C. 市场经济需要政府的适度干预D. 市场经济能够自动达到资源的最优分配2. 在现代企业管理中，以下哪项不是企业社会责任（CSR）的范畴？A. 提供高质量的产品和服务B. 确保员工的合法权益C. 追求最大化利润D. 保护环境和可持续发展3. 下列关于可持续发展的观点，哪一项是错误的？A. 可持续发展需要考虑经济、环境和社会三个方面B. 可持续发展只关注环境保护C. 可持续发展强调在满足当前需求的同时，不损害后代满足需求的能力D. 可持续发展要求经济增长与环境保护相协调4. 在国际贸易中，以下哪项不是世界贸易组织（WTO）的主要职能？A. 制定国际贸易规则B. 解决成员间的贸易争端C. 促进成员间的贸易自由化D. 对成员国实施贸易制裁5. 下列关于人工智能的描述，哪一项是不准确的？A. 人工智能可以模拟人类智能行为B. 人工智能的发展不会对就业产生影响C. 人工智能在医疗、教育等领域有广泛应用D. 人工智能的发展需要大量的数据支持二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述科技创新对经济发展的推动作用。
7. 阐述全球化背景下，文化多样性的重要性。
8. 描述数字经济对传统产业的影响及其转型的必要性。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 论述在当前国际形势下，多边主义的重要性及其面临的挑战。
10. 分析绿色金融在推动环境可持续发展中的作用及其实施的难点。
研究生考试答案一、选择题1. B2. C3. B4. D5. B二、简答题6. 科技创新对经济发展的推动作用主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，科技创新能够提高生产效率，降低生产成本；其次，科技创新可以促进新产品的开发，满足市场需求；再次，科技创新有助于产业结构的优化升级，推动经济向更高端发展；最后，科技创新还能促进就业，提高社会整体的福祉水平。
【哈尔滨医科大学期末考试试题】哈尔滨医科大学期末试试哈尔滨医科大学期末试试《专业》毕业试2
哈尔滨医科大学大庆校区《专业综合》毕业试题年级：2012级 专业：护理学 层次：硕士研究生哈尔滨医科大学大庆校区教务处监制第1 页 共5页一、单项选择题（30×1分=30分）1.对诊断肠梗阻有重要意义的体征是A.肠鸣音亢进，有气过水声及金属音B.腹部膨隆C.腹部压痛、反跳痛D.腹肌紧张2.患者,女,45岁,以胆结石收住入院,此患者手术时用的是椎管内麻醉，术后去枕平卧位的目的是 A.预防低血压 B.预防出血 C.预防头痛 D.预防窒息3.高钾血症是指血清钾浓度高于A.5.5mol/LB.6.5mol/LC.3.5mol/LD.5mol/L 4.心力衰竭最常见的诱发因素是哪项A.过劳B.心律失常C.摄入盐过多D.感染 5.溃疡病人出现哪项症状怀疑有穿孔A.突发性剧烈疼痛伴腹膜炎体征B.柏油样便C. 呕吐D.电解质紊乱6.引起肾盂肾炎最常见的致病菌为A.粪链球菌B.大肠杆菌C.葡萄球菌D.真菌 7.癫痫大发作的最重要护理措施是A.避免外伤B.禁用口表测试体温C.不可用力按压肢体D.保持呼吸道通畅 8.类风湿关节炎最常累及关节为A.肘关节B.四肢小关节C.膝关节D.脊柱小关节9.哪种口腔炎因具有较强的传染性需隔离 A.疱疹性口炎 B.单纯性口炎 C.鹅口疮 D.溃疡性口炎10.患有多发性神经严的糖尿病病人进行足部护理不当的是A.鞋袜不宜过紧B.每晚用温水洗足C.检查足部有无外伤D.趾间保持湿润 11.乳癌的首发症状是A.乳头凹陷B.橘皮样改变C.无痛性肿块D.两侧乳房位置不对称12.造成产后出血的主要原因为A.宫缩乏力B.凝血机制障碍C.胎盘早剥D.前置胎盘 13.腹腔内实质脏器损伤最可靠依据是 A.肝浊音界缩小 B.腹肌紧张 C.移动性浊音阳性 D.腹腔抽出不凝固血液 14.某人，突然出现上腹部持续性剧痛，全腹压痛、反跳痛、肌紧张，腹透膈下有游离气体，最可能的诊断是A.消化道穿孔B.肠梗阻C.腹膜炎D.幽门梗阻15.急性阑尾炎的主要症状是A.转移性右下腹疼痛B.畏寒、发热C.恶心、呕吐D.食欲下降 16.脑血栓病人发病时间常在A.睡眠或安静时B.剧烈运动时C.情绪激动时D.血压剧烈上升时17.某病人受伤昏迷20min 后清醒,6h 后又发生昏迷,左侧瞳孔散大,右侧肢体活动障碍可诊断为A.脑挫裂伤B.左侧硬膜外血肿C.脑内血肿D.右侧硬膜下血肿18.最易骨折的肋骨是A.第1-2肋B.第2-3肋C.第4-7肋D.第8-10肋19.上尿路结石的主要症状是A.活动后镜下血尿B.排尿困难C.尿频、尿急D.尿失禁20.前臂骨折导致尺中神经损伤可发生下列哪种畸形A.猿手畸形B.爪状手畸形C.垂腕畸形D.锅铲样畸形21.急性再障最突发的表现是A.出血与感染B.感染C.贫血D.脾大22.急性血源性骨髓炎的好发部位是A.骨髓腔B.骨皮质C.骨膜下D.干骺端23.女，40岁，胆道手术后，T管引流2周，拔管前先试行夹管1-2天，夹管期间应注意观察的内容是A.饮食、睡眠 B.腹痛、发热、黄疸C.大便的颜色D.引流口有无渗液24.成年颅内压增高病人每日液体的入量不宜超过A.1000mlB.1500mlC.2000mlD.2500ml25.口服铁剂治疗缺铁性贫血有效者，Hb恢复正常后仍需治疗A.半个月以上B.1个月以上C.2个月以上D.3个月以上26.肠套叠的好发年龄为A.2岁以内B.2~3岁C.3~4岁D.5~7岁27. 下列药品中需要观察尿量的是A.甘露醇B.西地兰C.阿托品D.硫酸镁28. 对高热患者的观察下列错误的一项是A.每天测体温4次B.物理降温后的效果C.面色有无改变D.脉搏、呼吸、血压的变化29.大量不保留灌肠时液面距肛门为A.40~60CMB.60~70CMC.20~40CMD.>70CM30.对于一位常规外科术后麻醉未醒的病人应当采用哪种护理系统A.全补偿系统B.部分补偿系统C.辅助教育系统D.自护系统二、简答题（8×5分=40分）1.如何正确采集亚急性感染性心内膜炎病人的血培养标本？（5分）1.①未经治疗的亚急性病人，应在第一天隔一小时采血1次，共3次；②如次日未见细菌生长，重复采血3次后，开始抗生素治疗；③用过抗生素者，停药2-7天后采血；④本病的菌血症为持续性，无需在体温升高时采血；哈尔滨医科大学大庆校区教务处监制第2页共5页⑤每次采血量10-20ml作需氧和耐氧菌培养，至少应培养3周。
自考研究生试题及答案
自考研究生试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项不是自考研究生的报考条件？A. 具有国家承认的本科学历B. 已获得学士学位C. 年龄在18岁以上D. 具有高中学历答案：D2. 自考研究生的考试科目通常包括哪几类？A. 公共课和专业课B. 仅专业课C. 仅公共课D. 公共课、专业课和实践课答案：A3. 自考研究生的考试时间一般安排在每年的什么时候？A. 春季B. 夏季C. 秋季D. 冬季答案：C4. 自考研究生的毕业论文要求达到多少字？A. 5000字以上B. 10000字以上C. 15000字以上D. 20000字以上答案：B5. 自考研究生的学位授予单位是？A. 教育部B. 所在院校C. 省级教育行政部门D. 国家学位委员会答案：B6. 自考研究生的课程设置通常由谁负责？A. 教育部B. 所在院校C. 省级教育行政部门D. 国家学位委员会答案：B7. 自考研究生的考试形式通常包括哪些？A. 笔试和口试B. 仅笔试C. 仅口试D. 笔试、口试和实践操作答案：D8. 自考研究生的学位证书与全日制研究生的学位证书有何区别？A. 无区别B. 有明显区别C. 仅颜色不同D. 仅字体不同答案：B9. 自考研究生的学制通常为几年？A. 2年B. 3年C. 4年D. 5年答案：B10. 自考研究生的学位论文答辩通常由哪些人员组成？A. 校内导师B. 校外专家C. 校内导师和校外专家D. 学生代表答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 自考研究生的报考流程包括以下哪些步骤？A. 在线报名B. 现场确认C. 缴纳报名费D. 参加考试答案：ABCD2. 自考研究生的课程学习方式通常包括哪些？A. 面授B. 函授C. 自学D. 在线学习答案：ABCD3. 自考研究生的学位论文答辩需要准备哪些材料？A. 学位论文B. 论文摘要C. 答辩PPTD. 答辩申请表答案：ABCD4. 自考研究生的学位论文评审标准通常包括哪些方面？A. 论文质量B. 论文结构C. 论文创新性D. 论文的实践意义答案：ABCD5. 自考研究生的学位论文答辩结果通常有哪几种？A. 通过B. 未通过C. 需要修改D. 需要重写答案：ABC三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 请简述自考研究生与全日制研究生的主要区别。
大学毕业考研英语试卷真题
大学毕业考研英语试卷真题一、听力部分（共30分）Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. After each conversation and the question there will be a short pause. The conversations and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Conversation 1:M: Excuse me, could you tell me where the nearest subway station is?W: Sure, it's just around the corner.Question: What does the man want to know?A) The location of a subway station.B) The time of the next subway.C) The way to a nearby restaurant.D) The cost of a subway ticket.[Similar to the above, 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations with questions are provided.]Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Passage 1:[A short passage about a cultural event will be played.]Questions:1. What is the main purpose of the passage?2. When will the event take place?[Similar to the above, 2 more passages with questions are provided.]二、阅读理解部分（共40分）Passage 1[A passage discussing the impact of technology on education.]Questions:1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. How does the author view the role of technology in classrooms?3. What are the potential drawbacks mentioned by the author?[Similar to the above, 3 more passages with questions are provided.]三、完形填空部分（共15分）[A short passage with blanks, where the candidates are required to choose the best word to complete the sentence.]四、翻译部分（共15分）Section ADirections: Translate the following sentences from Chinese to English.1. 随着科技的发展，我们的生活变得越来越便利。
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研究生毕业考试试题一名词解释：1.根尖切除术（apicectomy）：2.有效牙本质厚度：3.显微根管治疗：4.试验性备洞：5.窝洞：6.双生牙：7.smear layer：8.sendwich technique：9.root cannal theory：10.Wedge-shaped defect ：二选择：1 静止龋主要是在下列何种情况下产生的（）A．机体抵抗力增加B．牙齿再矿化能力增加C．牙面产生龋的环境消失D．口内致龋病菌减少E．牙齿的抗酸力增加2 能产生正常的修复性牙本质的窝洞，剩余牙本质的有效厚度为（）A．0.3mm B．0.3—0.8mm C．0.8—1.5mm D．1.5—2mm E．2mm以上3早期釉质龋与釉质钙化不全的鉴别诊断要点是（）A．是否在龋易感部位B．白垩斑的大小不同C．白垩斑的光滑度不同D．白垩斑的硬度不同E．发生在牙的任何部位4 前牙切角缺损时，在以下哪一种缺损边缘范围内增加酸蚀面积（）A．牙体缺损区外1—3mm深0.5mm的正常釉质处B．牙体缺损区外1—3mm深1mm的正常釉质处C．牙体缺损区外3—5mm深0.5mm的正常釉质处D．牙体缺损区外3—5mm深01 mm的正常釉质处E．牙体缺损区外5mm以上深0.5mm的正常釉质处‘5 外伤根尖1/3处折断的患牙处理为（）A 固定并定期观察B 调牙合C 不治疗D 牙髓治疗E 定期观察6 切割牙体组织引起牙髓组织改变如下（）A．造成牙本质细胞核移位，造牙本质细胞紊乱B．造牙本质细胞层的空泡C．造牙本质细胞坏死D．牙髓组织水肿E．包括以上各项7 先天缺牙可分为（）A．个别缺牙、全口缺牙、部分缺牙B．缺牙症、少牙症、无牙症C．上颌缺牙、下颌缺牙、全口缺牙D．A和B都对E．A和C都对8疼痛是牙髓炎的突出症状，急性牙髓炎问诊内容不包括（）A 疼痛时间B疼痛性质C疼痛频率D疼痛诱因E疼痛部位9关于神经冲动能能传入中枢神经系统引起牙痛有多种学说，较能解释一些临床急性牙髓炎症状的学说是（）A 造牙本质细胞学说B 牙本质神经学说C 闸门控制学说D 化学细菌学说E 液体动力学说10在X线片上表现为髓腔呈不规则扩大的疾病是（）A 牙震荡B 牙内吸收C慢性增生性牙髓炎 D 重度磨耗 E 畸形中央尖11 残髓炎表现为（）A 患牙曾作过充填治疗B 对冷刺激非常敏感C 根尖区牙龈轻度扪诊不适D 根管内空虚E 遗漏根管内探痛12临床嘴常见的牙髓变性是（）A．网状萎缩B．牙髓钙变C．纤维性变D．肉芽性变E．牙髓充血13用于盖髓剂的氢氧化钙制剂的PH值为（）A．6.5—6.9B．7—8C．9—12D．12.3—14E．14.1—1514非牙髓性根尖周炎的来源是（）A．深龋B．牙周病C．深楔状缺损D．咬合创伤E．重度磨耗15根尖脓肿形成后，口腔医生治疗建立的引流途径首选（）A．根尖孔—根管内--龋洞B．根尖周—骨膜下—粘膜下C．根尖周—牙周袋—口内D．根尖周—骨膜下—皮肤E．切开引流16根尖周囊肿最重要的诊断依据是（）A．牙髓无活力B．根尖周X线透射区边有白线围绕C．根管内有浅黄透明囊液D．囊液中见到胆固醇结晶E．根管不易拭干17使用拔髓针和根管钻是在根管内旋转的角度不应超过（）A．90°B．95°--120°C．130°--160°D．180°E．360°18根管治疗过程发生的并发症中哪一项可能引起严重后果（）A．急性根尖炎B．髓室侧壁穿刺C．器械折断D．器械误吞、误吸E．皮下气肿19影响根管治疗长期疗效的因素如下，除外（）A．牙髓组织状态B．根尖周组织状态C．根尖区充填质量D．根中1/3充填质量E．牙冠修复质量20根管治疗术失败，大多发生在（）A．半年以内B．1年以内C．2年以内D．3至5年E．5年以上三简答：1 牙脱位的病因及并发症?2 影响根管冲洗效果的因素有哪些?3 逆行性牙髓炎的诊断要点?4 直接盖髓术的适应症有哪些?5 根管治疗术后根尖周病变的组织愈合形式?四论述：1 根管侧穿修补的方法。
2论述牙髓增龄性变化。
3急性根尖周脓肿与急性牙周脓肿的鉴别。
研究生毕业考试试题答案一名词解释：1.根尖切除术（apicectomy）：是通过刮除根尖周病组织并切出感染根尖，处理根尖残端，利用血块计划而使物质沉积，以促进根尖周病愈合的外科方法。
2.有效牙本质厚度：从洞底到髓腔的正常牙本质厚度，是牙髓免于刺激的最重要因素。
3.显微根管治疗：是借助手术显微镜和显微器械进行根管治疗的方法，此种治疗方法能提供充足的光源进入根管，并可以将根管系统放大，使术者能看清根管内部结构，确认治疗部位，直视下进行治疗，即刻检查治疗质量。
4.试验性备洞：是指用牙钻磨除牙本质来判断牙髓活力的方法。
5.窝洞：是指采用牙体外科手术的方法去除龋坏组织，并按照要求备成的洞形。
6.双生牙：系有一个内向的凹陷将一个牙胚不完全分开而形成不完全的双生牙7.smear layer：牙本质污染层是指在切削牙体组织时所产生的热使有机质变性，变性的有机质和切削下来的牙本质粉末与牙本质小管溢出液，唾液和细菌等掺和，在钻磨压力作用下使之贴附于洞壁形成的。
8.sendwich technique：三明治技术，采用玻璃离子水门汀和复合树脂联合进行牙体组织缺损修复的技术称为夹层技术，又叫三明治技术。
9.root cannal theory：根管治疗术，是治疗牙髓病及根尖周病的首选方法，它是彻底清理根管内炎症牙髓和坏死物质、扩大成形根管、并对根管进行适当消毒、最后严密充填根管，以去除根管内感染性内容物对根尖周组织的不良刺激，防止发生根尖周病或促进根尖周病变愈合。
10.Wedge-shaped defect ：楔状缺损，是牙唇、颊侧颈部硬组织发生缓慢消耗所致的缺损，由于这种缺损常呈楔形而得名二选择：1.C2. E3. A4. C5. A6. E7. D8. C9. C 10. B11. E 12. B 13. C 14. D 15. A16. B 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. C三简答：1 牙脱位的病因及并发症答：碰撞是牙脱位最常见的原因。
在个别情况下，由于器械使用不当，拔牙时亦可发生邻牙脱位。
并发症：1牙髓坏死2牙髓腔变窄或消失3牙根外吸收4边缘性牙槽突吸收2 影响根管冲洗效果的因素有哪些答：1药物种类2根管的直径3冲洗的液体量4病变情况5根管内玷污层3 逆行性牙髓炎的诊断要点答：1患者有长期的牙周炎病史2近期出现牙髓炎症状3患牙未查及引发牙髓病变的牙体硬组织疾病4患牙有严重的牙周炎表现4 直接盖髓术的适应症有哪些?答：1 根尖孔尚未形成，因机械性、外伤性因素露髓的年轻恒牙。
2 意外穿髓，穿髓直径不超过0.5mm的恒牙。
3 根尖已完全形成，机械性露髓范围较小的恒牙。
5 根管治疗术后根尖周病变的组织愈合形式答：1由新生牙骨质或骨样组织使根尖孔封闭2根尖孔处有瘢痕组织形成3健康的纤维结缔组织或骨髓状的疏松结缔组织充满根尖区4根管超充填者，由纤维组织囊包围5 牙槽骨增生与根尖部相连而成骨性愈合四论述：1 根管侧穿修补的方法。
答：根管刮治修补术加根周及根尖周都有病变，则常规行根尖刮治，根尖切除，根尖倒充填，然后再牙根旁侧穿处刮治，备洞，银汞充填；用牙再植技术修补根管侧穿，主要适用于上颌前牙腭侧牙根侧穿病变同时合并根尖周病变牙，以及难治愈的多根牙病变，拔牙后侧穿处要去净炎性肉芽组织后，再从破损处用球钻备洞2mm呈底大口小制备窝洞时可以用灭菌生理盐水降温，反复用盐水冲洗，吸干，直接用银汞合金充填，若桩钉侧穿外露又不能用挫挫平时，必须备洞后用银汞合金充填。
2论述牙髓增龄性变化。
答：牙髓增龄性变化是指随着年龄的增加，牙髓在体积、结构和功能上所发生的一些生理性变化。
1.体积变化：成牙本质细胞具有不断形成继发性牙本质的功能，所以随着年龄的增长，髓腔周围的牙本质会不断增多，牙髓体积就会不断缩小。
髓室由大变小，髓角变低或消失，根管由粗变细，根管走向复杂化，根尖孔变窄。
2结构变化：随着年龄的增加牙髓内成纤维细胞的大小和数目逐渐减少；成牙本质细胞由高柱状变为立方状或扁平状，在磨牙髓室底处甚至消失；牙髓基质因逐渐失去水分而变得更粘稠。
虽然胶原纤维的形成随细胞成分的减少儿逐渐减少，但由于成熟的胶原纤维不能从牙髓中消除。
因此，胶原纤维在牙髓内的堆积可使牙髓出现纤维变性。
在衰老的牙髓中，神经、血管的数目亦明显减少，这还导致了牙髓营养不良性钙化发生。
3功能变化：随着牙髓中细胞成分的减少，牙髓的各种功能会逐渐降低。
根尖孔的变窄和血管数目的减少可造成牙髓血流随之减少，是牙髓中的细胞因缺乏足够的营养物质和氧而逐渐丧失它们在防御和修复方面的功能。
神经纤维数目的减少，也导致了增龄性变化的牙髓对外界刺激的敏感性降低。
3急性根尖周脓肿与急性牙周脓肿的鉴别答。