1月23日托福写作考试真题解析
雅思考试 2021年1月23日雅思机经附范文
2021年1月23日雅思考试回忆及解析雅思听力部分Part 1 求职场景题型：填空1.act as a leader2.sport: tennisst for 8 weeks with a chance to travel4.start of June5.need training in the first week6.age: above 187.salary: 9858.need to pay his own insurance9.register with the police in the UK10.have a discountPart 2 航海 Lutta 船的历史题型：选择+匹配11-15 选择11.1901 年 Lutta 船有什么变化？A. add sail12. 最终船的航行计划B. around the world (global trip)13. 航行过程中出了什么问题？A. loss of an instrument14. 船开到一个叫做***的地方去做什么？B. let people see it15. 船最终去了哪里？C. Victoria16-20 匹配16.第一艘船：A. help steer the boat17.第二艘船：B. observe marine animals18.第三艘船：C. observe bird life19.第四艘船：E. take vehicles with them20.第五艘船：F. learn about marine historyPart 3 医药课程讨论题型：填空+选择21-24 填空21.teacher asked why they did not choose nursing/clinic. The man said the diploma course is too difficult22.choosing operation need to firstly learn biology23.if they choose health course, they will work together with young people24.one course later on work specializing indisability/disabled people25-30 选择25.What Mr. Fraser suppose them to doB. focusing on one subject26. Millie thinks the professor of the courseB. international/worldwide reputation27. the textbook of the courseA. written by this school28. the university has recently spent money onA. upgrading the buildings for medical school 29. the most important thing is toC. ask it by yourself and know about the tutor30. in the end, they decided toC. remain uncertainPart 4新题／旧题：新题场景：学术场景主题: 人类记忆演变流程题型及数量：10填空31-40) Completion31write32plants33place34sight35religion36speech37science38待回忆39待回忆40journalist考点：同义替换，结构转换，干扰项可参考真题：C10Test1Section4, C13est3Section4本场考试三篇均为新题，从2021年开年开始，新题的占比特别高，无形中增加了考试难度。
【托福写作备考】TPO23综合写作文本及解析
【托福写作备考】TPO23综合写作文本及解析TPO 23综合写作的阅读材料：Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common innorthwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a centurynow, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses to explainthis decline.译文：黄杉是北美西北部常见的树木。
但是从1880年开始的一个多世纪以来，黄杉的数量在逐渐减少。
目前，科学家提出了几个假说来解释黄杉数量的下降。
One hypothesis is that the yellow cedar decline may be caused by insectparasites, specifically the cedar bark beetle. This beetle is known to attackcedar trees; the beetle larvae eat the wood. There have been recorded instancesof sustained beetle attacks overwhelming and killing yellow cedars, so thisinsect is a good candidate for the cause of the tree’s decline.译文：其中一个假说认为黄杉数量下降是由以衫皮甲虫为代表的寄生害虫导致。
这种甲虫据了解是以杉树皮为食，而其幼虫则以木质部分为食。
史上不乏对于甲虫侵蚀和导致黄杉大量死亡的记录。
因为，这种甲虫很可能是黄杉数量减少的原因。
1月托福考试阅读理解全真试题
Question 1-9 Although social changes in the United States were being wrought throughout most of the nineteenth-century，， public awareness of the changes increased to new levels in the 1890 s. The acute， growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century， including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers. These developments， in addition to the continued growth of cities， were significant factors in the transformation of society from one characterized by relatively isolated self-contained communities into an urban， industrial nation. The decade of the 1870 s， for example，was a period in which the sheer number of newspapers doubled， and by 1880 the New York Graphic had published the first photographic reproduction in a newspaper， portending a dramatic rise in newspaper readership. Between 1882 and 1886 alone， the price of daily newspapers dropped from four cents a copy to one cent， made possible in part by a great increase in demand. Further more， the introduction in 1890 of the first successful linotype machine promised even further growth. In 1872 only two daily newspapers could claim a circulation of over 100，000，but by 1892 seven more newspapers exceeded that figure. A world beyond the immediate community was rapidly becoming visible. But it was not newspapers alone that were bringing the new awareness to people In the United States in the late nineteenth century. Magazines as they are known today began publication around 1882， and， in fact， the circulation of weekly magazines exceeded that of newspapers in the period which followed. By 1892， for example， the circulation of the Ladies Home Journal had reached an astounding 700，000. An increase in book readership also played a significant part in this general trend. For example， Edward Bellamy s utopian novel， Looking Backward， sold over a million copies in 1888， giving rise to the growth of organizations dedicated to the realization of Bellamy s vision of the future. The printed word， unquestionably. was intruding on the insulation that had characterized United Slates society in an earlier period. 1. The word "acute" in line 3 is closest in meaning to （A） useful （B） intense （C） genuine （D） controversial 2. According to the passage， the expansion of popular journalism was linked to （A） changes in the distribution system （B） a larger supply of paper （C） an increase in people s awareness of social changes （D） greater numbers of journalists 3 According to the passage ， the New York Graphic s inclusion of photographs contributed to （A） the closing of newspapers that did not use photographs （B） newspapers becoming more expensive （C） an increase in the number of people reading newspapers （D） a reduction in the cost of advertising 4.Why was there a drop in the price of daily newspapers between 1882 and 1886 ？ （A） There was a rise in demand. （B） Newspapers had fewer pages. （C） Newspapers contained photographic reproductions. （D） Magazines began to compete with newspapers. 5……The word "exceeded" in line 16 is closest in meaning to （A） controlled （B） surpassed （C） affected （D） equaled 6.What does the author mean by the statement " A world beyond the immediate community was rapidly becoming visible" in lilies 16-11 ？ （A） Photographs made newspapers more interesting. （B） The United Slates exported newspapers to other countries. （C） People were becoming increasingly aware of national and international issues. （D） Communities remained isolated despite the growth of popular journalism 7.The word " that" in line 21 refers to （A） century （B） publication （C） circulation （D） period 8.The word "astounding" in line 22 is closest in meaning to （A） surprising （B） estimated （C） encouraging （D） sudden 9.Why does the author mention Edward Bellamy s novel Looking Backward？ （A） To illustrate how advanced the technology of printing had become （B） To emphasize the influence of the printed word on a society undergoing rapid change （C） To document its prediction about the popularity of newspapers （D）To demonstrate that hooks had replaced newspapers and magazines as the leading source of information Question 10-19 Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials. It can be colored or colorless， monochrome or polychrome， transparent， translucent， or opaque. It is lightweight impermeable to liquids， readily cleaned and reused ， durable yet fragile， and often very beautiful Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional. In all its myriad forms - as table ware， containers， in architecture and design - glass represents a major achievement in the history of technological developments. Since the Bronze Age about 3，000 B.C.， glass lias been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica， line and an alkali such as soda or potash， and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century. When heated ， the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass， but in contrast to most materials formed in this way （metals， for instance）， glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids， and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect， as molten glass cools， it progressively stiffens until rigid， but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow. Why glass deteriorates over time， especially when exposed to moisture， and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses Induced by uneven cooling. Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot， ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or "freeze" at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as thetemperature rises， going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup. Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms， by different techniques， and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials. 10.Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in lines 1-5？ （A） To demonstrate how glass evolved （B） To show the versatility of glass （C） To explain glassmaking technology （D） To explain the purpose of each component of glass 11.The word "durable" in hue 3 is closest in meaning to （A） lasting （B） delicate （C） heavy （D） Plain 1 2. What does the author imply about the raw materials used to make glass？ （A） They were the same for centuries. （B） They arc liquid （C） They are transparent （D） They are very heavy. 13.According to the passage， how is glass that has cooled and become rigid different from most other rigid substances？ （A） It has an interlocking crystal network. （B） It has an unusually low melting temperature. （C） It has varying physical properties. （D） It has a random molecular structure. 14.The word "customarily" in line 13 is closest in meaning to （A） naturally （B） necessarily （C） usually （D） certainly 15.The words "exposed to" in line 19 are closest in meaning to （A） hardened by （B） chilled with （C） subjected to （D） deprived of 16.What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products during manufacture？ （A） the glass must be reheated and evenly cooled. （B） the glass must be cooled quickly. （C） The glass must be kept moist until cooled. （D） The glass must be shaped to its desired form immediately 17.The word "induced" in line 21 is closest in meaning to （A） joined （B） missed （C） caused （D） lost 18.The word "it" in line 22 refers to （A） feature （B） glass （C） manner （D） viscosity 19.According to the passage. why can glass be more easily shaped into specific forms than can metals （A）It resists breaking when heated （B）It has better optical properties. （C）It retains heat while its viscosity changes. （D） It gradually becomes softer as its temperature rises. Question 20-30 A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient human locomotion： the footprints of early hominids. The best-known specimens are the remarkable tracks discovered at Lactoli， Tanzania， by Mary Leaky. These were left by small hominids around 3.6 to 3.75 million years ago， according to potassium - argon dates of the volcanic rocks above and below this level. These hominids walked across a stretch of moist volcanic ash， which was subsequently turned to mud by rain， and which then set like concrete. Examination of he shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey that the feet had a raised arch， a rounded heel， a pronounced ball， and a big toe that pointed forward. These features， together with the weight-bearing pressure patterns，resembled the prints of upright-walking modern humans. The pressures exerted along the foot， together with the length of stride， which averaged 87 centimeters， indicated that the hominids had been walking slowly. In short， all the detectable morphological features implied that the feet that left the footprints were very little different from those of contemporary humans. A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry， a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs， which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints. The result emphasized that there were at least seven points of similarity with modern bipedal prints， such as the depth of the heel impression， and the deep imprint of the big toe. M Day and E. Wickens also took stereophotographs of the Lactoli prints and compared them with modern prints make by men and women in similar soil conditions. Once again， the results furnished possible evidence of bipedalism. Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids， but also with evidence of upright waling that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones. The study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known， for example， in French caves dating from the end of the last ices age， approximately 10，000 years ago. Research by Leon Pales， using detailed silicon resin molds of footprints mostly made by bare feet， has provided information about this period. 20.What does the passage mainly discuss？ （A）The analysis of footprint fossils （B）Accurate dating of hominid remains （C） the career of Mary Leakey （D）Behavioral patterns of early humans 21.The word "remarkable" in line 2 is closest in meaning to （A） extraordinary （B） enormous （C） various （D） orderly 22.The age of the Laetoli footprints was estimated by （A） testing the fossilized bones of the hominids （B） studying the shape of the footprints （C） analyzing nearly rock layers （D） comparison with footprints from other locations 23.It can be inferred that the footprints in volcanic ash at Laetoli were well preserved because （A） they were buried by a second volcanic eruption （B） the ash contained potassium anti argon （C） the ash was still warm from the volcanic cruptions （D） suitable conditions caused the ash 10 harden 24.Which or the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the feet in Mary Leakey s fossil find？ （A）The shape or the heel （B）The number of toes （C）A raised arch （D）A pronounced ball 25.The word "exerted" in line 11 is closest in meaning to （A） influenced （B） applied （C） returned （D） lessened 26.The figure of 87 centimeters mentioned in line 1 2 refers to the size of the （A） objects carried by the hominids （B） steps taken by the hominids （C） hominids bodies （D） hominids feet 27.Why does the author mention the "heel impression" in line 19？ （A） To emphasize the size of the hominids foot （B） To speculate on a possible injury the hominid had suffered （C） To give an example of similarity to modern human footprints （D） To indicate the weight of early hominids 28.The word "restricted" in line 26 is closest in meaning to （A） limited。
2020年1月23日雅思阅读答案解析
2020年1月23日雅思阅读答案解析or high-voltage power grids; no pasteurisation,pesticides or biotechnology; no quantum mechanics; no wheel; no "discovery” of America. In short,their message was： no risk，no gain.C Theyhave absolutely missed the point. The precautionary principle is a subtle idea.It has various forms, but all of them generally include some notion ofcost-effectiveness. Thus the point is not simply to ban things that are notknown to be absolutely safe. Rather, it says：’’Of course you can make noprogress without risk. But if there is no obvious gain from taking the risk,then don’t take it.”D Clearly, all the technologies listed by the 40well-chosen savants were innately risky at their inception, as all technologiesarc. But all of them would have received thegreen light under theprecautionary principle because they all had the potential to offer tremendousbenefits-- the solutions to very big problems-- if only the snags could beovercome.E If theprecautionary principle had been in place，the scientists tell us, we would not haveantibiotics. But of course we would - if the version of the principlethatsensible people now understand had been applied. When penicillin was discoveredin the 1920s, infective bacteriawere laying waste to the world. Children diedfrom diphtheria and whooping cough，every open drain brought the threat of typhoid,and any wound could lead to septicaemia and even gangrene.F Penicillin was turned into a practical drugduring the Second World War, when the many pestilences that result from warthreatened to kill more people than the bombs. Of course antibiotics were apriority. Of course the risks, such as they could be perceived, were worthtaking.G And so with the other items on the scientists'list：electric light bulbs, blood transfusions, CAT scans, knives, the measlesvaccine —the precautionary principle would have prevented all of them, theytell us. But this is just plain wrong. If the precautionary principle had beenapplied properly, all these creations would have passed muster, because alloffered incomparable advantages compared to the risks perceived at the time.H Another issue is at stake here. Statistics arenot the only concept people use when weighing up risk. Human beings, subtle andevolved creatures that we are, do not survive to three-score years and tensimply by thinking like pocket calculators. A crucial issue is consumer’schoice. Indeciding whether to pursue the development of a new technology, theconsumer's right to choose should beconsidered alongside considerations ofrisk and benefit. Clearly, skiing is more dangerous than genetically modifiedtomatoes. But people who ski choose to do so; they do not have skiing thrustupon them by portentous experts of the kind who now feel they have the right toreconstruct our crops. Even with skiing there is the matter of costeffectiveness to consider： skiing, I am told, is exhilarating. Where is theexhilaration in GM soya?I Indeed, incontrast to all the other items on Spiked's list, GM crops stand out as anexample of。
TPO综合写作-阅读听力文本(1--23)
TPO（1-23）综合写作阅读听力原文TPO1ReadingIn the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-dayemployees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2ReadingIn many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her c ontributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.ListeningProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" . . . they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highlycreative." And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3ReadingRembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency. Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood.For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the 1930s.ListeningProfessor:Everything you just read about "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why.First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady. Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face. That's why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grandand more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his "Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4ReadingEndotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals. ListeningProfessor:Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the polar regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structuresupports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that's true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.TPO5ReadingAs early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.ListeningProfessor:Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be manyfireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families. Yet there were enough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families, so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize ; unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at Pueblo Alto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremoniesTPO6ReadingCommunal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.ListeningProfessor:The communal online encyclopedia wil! probably never be perfect, but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer. The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First, errors. It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate, if you are looking for a realty comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades. Second, hacking. Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers. One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format, which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable. Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third, what's worth knowing about? The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space, so they have to decide what's important and what's not. And in practice, the judgments of the group of academics that make these decfsions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have. But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias. The academic articles are stiii represented in online encyclopedias, but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users' interests. The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantagesTPO7ReadingIn an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as ecocertified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to receive ecocertification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same, for several reasons.First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the ecocertification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled 'new" or improved,'' American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general. Second, ecocertified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn ecocertification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain ecocertificationThird, although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for Americancompanies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world, this argument is not convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case,American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States, catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.ListeningWell, despite what many people say, there is a good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek ecocertification for the wood products.First off, companies in the United States don't treat all advertising the same.They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies. Americans have a lot of confidence in independent agencies. Thus ecologically-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by independent organization with a intenational reputation for trustworthiness.Second point ,of course it is true that American consumers care a lot about price ,who doesn't?But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone deterimines consumers' decisions only when the price of one competing products is much higher or lower than the other.When the difference between two products is small ,say , less than 5 percent,as is the case with certified wood, American often do choose on factories other than price.And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third, US Wood companies should definitely pay attention what is going on in the wood business internationally. Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competitors. As I just told you, there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested in ecocertified products, and guess why? If American companies are slow capturing those consumers, you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American markets, offering ecocerfied wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8ReadingToward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was. For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, he was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in thememoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.ListeningProfessor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesn't mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of property you have to seil first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but that's not being poor. Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular night's conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirmed that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing the memoir.Third, the Chevalier's escape from a prison in Venice. Other prisoners in that prison had even more powerful friends than he did, and none of them were ever able to bribe their way to freedom, So bribery hardly seems likely in his case. The best evidence, though, comes from some old Venetian government documents. They indicate that soon after the Chevalier escaped from the prison, the ceiling of his old prison room had to be repaired. Why would they need to repair a ceiling unless he had escaped exactly as he said he did.TPO9ReadingCar manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum,。
1月TOEFL考试试题及答案完整版(1)
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Q.31: 男的女的遇到的麻烦是----他们的宿舍被别人占了 Q.32: 问他们校区的特点，答案选可能〔这个不确定〕hilly Q.33 Q.34: 选 have no plan for future career 2.一个教授〔psychologist〕在给女学生讲人的行为问题。说有 些行为是很明显的，比方红灯亮了，车停下来。但有些是比拟违 反常规的，比方红灯亮了车没停。这就须要找寻它的动机了。造 成这件事有两种缘由：主观的和客观的。人们时时在发生问题时 把缘由归结为外部缘由，而不考虑自己的内因。 Q..35 Q.36 Q.37 Q.38 自己犯了错往往会----找外部缘由
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个人以前在另一个社团活动时也有过类似的经验，答案选“他的 做菜技术很不怎么样” 8.男的说，寝室很乱，他没有整理，他开 party，早上没来得及 整理。 女的说，假如你看了我的，就知道没什么了〔大意〕 答案是：女的也没整理寝室。 9.男的是說外面陽光燦爛，風和日麗，爲什麽不出去阿？ 那個女的就說，我对什么东西过敏(allergic)。 选女的在屋里待着。 10.女的说她搬家到某地了。 男的说我还在想你为什么要买车呢，难怪。 答案选：男的原来并不知道女的搬家。 11.有一题女的问男的你说好修电脑 50 块的，为什么收我两百， 男的答曰我原来以为是键盘问题，但此时此刻好象是电源问题。 答案选，电脑的毛病不是原来所想象的那样。
1 月 TOEFL 考试试题及答案完整版(1)
听力 Part A 1.M: May I use your computer? ... W: OK, if you don't mind to wait a couple of hours. I have to finish my report. 答案：A。“He can not use her computer immediately.” 2.W：侄女容许给我寄些书，可始终没收到。 M：你刚搬家，她还不知道新的地址，必须是寄到以前的地址了， 寄错了。 3.女的问男的穿什么颜色的衣服参与 interview 比拟适宜，兰色 or 黑 色 ， 男 的 答 复 说 重 要 的 不 是 颜 色 ， 而 是 穿 suit 参 与 interview 比拟适宜，答案也选这个。 4.男的问女的买一辆什么样自行车好，女的很不屑地说只是交通 工具而已，答案选“她不能为确定买哪辆自行车供应协助。 5.男的很兴奋地跟女的说那幅挂在墙上的画很灵，被女的泼了一 头冷水地说：“我不认为有什么好，有什么配。”答案很明显了。 6.男的问女的转学了吗。女的所假如我转学了的话，你将是第一 个知道的，答案选“她不准备转了” 7.女的说某个人在某个社团活动烧菜，泼得一塌糊涂；男的说那
新托福综合写作真题完整解析分享
新托福综合写作真题完整解析分享托福写作考试当中分为独立写作和综合写作。
其中综合写作中包括听力内容和阅读内容，考生需要综合听力和阅读的内容。
这里小编为大家整理了托福综合写作真题的解析，希望对大家托福综合写作备考有帮助。
新托福综合写作真题完整解析分享托福综合写作原文：Throughout the Greek islands, archaeologists have found over 200 plate-sized ceramic disks dating to about 2000 to 3000 B.C.E. The disks are typically decorated on one side, while the other side is undecorated and has a raised edge that creates a shallow basin. They usually also have short handles. Archaeologists are still unclear about what the objects were used for. Three theories about their function have been proposed.Pans for Cooking FoodSome archaeologists believe that the objects were used for cooking food. These archaeologists believe that food was placed on the undecorated side and that the raised edge on that side prevented the food from falling out of the pan. The handle would have made it easier and safer to remove the pan from a cooking fire or oven.DrumsOther archaeologists believe that the objects were drums for making sounds. These archaeologists point out that animal skins could have been stretched over the side with the raised edge, creating an air chamber that would have amplified sound when the animal skin was struck. According to this theory, the person doing the drumming would hold the drum by the handle with one hand and strike the skin with the other hand.MirrorsYet other archaeologists believe that the objects were a kind of ancient mirror. Although the objects are not made of a reflective material, they could have been used to create a reflection by pouring a liquid, such as olive oil, into the shallow basin with the raised edge. Supporters of this theory point out that the decorations found on the ceramic disks are similar to decorations found on hand-held metal mirrors made in ancient Greece.Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.阅读：出土了一种用陶土做的disk，一面有花纹，一面没花纹。
TPO综合写作-阅读听力文本(1-23)
TPO（1-23）综合写作阅读听力原文TPO1ReadingIn the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-dayemployees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2ReadingIn many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issue s. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.ListeningProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" . . . they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highlycreative." And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3ReadingRembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency. Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood.For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the 1930s.ListeningProfessor:Everything you just read about "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why.First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady. Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face. That's why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grandand more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his "Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4ReadingEndotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals. ListeningProfessor:Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the polar regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structuresupports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that's true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.TPO5ReadingAs early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.ListeningProfessor:Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be manyfireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families. Yet there were enough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families, so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize ; unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at Pueblo Alto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremoniesTPO6ReadingCommunal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.ListeningProfessor:The communal online encyclopedia wil! probably never be perfect, but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer. The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First, errors. It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate, if you are looking for a realty comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades. Second, hacking. Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers. One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format, which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable. Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third, what's worth knowing about? The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space, so they have to decide what's important and what's not. And in practice, the judgments of the group of academics that make these decfsions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have. But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias. The academic articles are stiii represented in online encyclopedias, but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users' interests. The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantagesTPO7ReadingIn an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as ecocertified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to receive ecocertification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same, for several reasons.First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the ecocertification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled 'new" or improved,'' American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general. Second, ecocertified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn ecocertification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain ecocertificationThird, although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for Americancompanies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world, this argument is not convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case,American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States, catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.ListeningWell, despite what many people say, there is a good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek ecocertification for the wood products.First off, companies in the United States don't treat all advertising the same.They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies. Americans have a lot of confidence in independent agencies. Thus ecologically-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by independent organization with a intenational reputation for trustworthiness.Second point ,of course it is true that American consumers care a lot about price ,who doesn't?But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone deterimines consumers' decisions only when the price of one competing products is much higher or lower than the other.When the difference between two products is small ,say , less than 5 percent,as is the case with certified wood, American often do choose on factories other than price.And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third, US Wood companies should definitely pay attention what is going on in the wood business internationally. Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competitors. As I just told you, there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested in ecocertified products, and guess why? If American companies are slow capturing those consumers, you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American markets, offering ecocerfied wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8ReadingToward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was. For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, he was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in thememoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.ListeningProfessor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesn't mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of property you have to seil first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but that's not being poor. Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular night's conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirmed that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing the memoir.Third, the Chevalier's escape from a prison in Venice. Other prisoners in that prison had even more powerful friends than he did, and none of them were ever able to bribe their way to freedom, So bribery hardly seems likely in his case. The best evidence, though, comes from some old Venetian government documents. They indicate that soon after the Chevalier escaped from the prison, the ceiling of his old prison room had to be repaired. Why would they need to repair a ceiling unless he had escaped exactly as he said he did.TPO9ReadingCar manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum,。
托福TPO23听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO23听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO23听力Conversation1文本 Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and the director of campus activities. Student: I'm here 'cause... well, there's something I don't understand. I set an announcement for an event. And this morning I checked the events section of the university's website. And nothing, there is no mention of it. Director: And when did you submit this request? Student: Last Wednesday. I followed the instructions very carefully. I am sure it was Wednesday, because know announcements have be submitted three business days ahead of the posting day. Director: And what's it for? Student: A reading. Director: A reading? Student: Yes. A poetry reading. Director: Oh, OK. When is it? Student: In three days. It is an author from France we have been trying to get for a while. And now that he has finally agreed to come, no one will be there. Director: Wow. This person is really coming all the way from France? Student: Oh, no. He is teaching in New York City this year. We were able to sell him on the idea by promising there will be a nice size crowd. I felt confident about that because I know how enthusiastic our group is. Director: And your group? Do you have a name? Student: Um? Well, it is kind of a loose group, you know, just a bunch of students in the French department who are interested in French literature. There's no formal structure or anything. I guess you could call us the French Literature Reading Group. Director: OK. And it is a recognized group? By the university, I mean. Student: No Director: OK. Student: But the French Department is funding this, on the condition that we do all the legwork. Director: All right. Hold on a second while I check. Well, it looks like we did receive your announcement last Wednesday. Uh, looks like the editors must have decided not to include your event in this week's listings. Student: Not included? Why? Director: Well, we don't post things automatically. We get so many requests that we couldn't possibly post them all. So events that are thought to be too specialized, without the potential for really wide appeal... Student: Wow, I got to say that does surprise me. What am I going to do now? I mean, he really is quite famous. I really do think there would be a genuine interest beyond my group. It would be a shame if no one shows up because there isn't enough publicity. Is there anyone else I can talk to? Director: I don't think that would do you much good since we are already working on next week's schedule. But maybe you could ask the French department to post the announcement on its website. And maybe you could approach some other departments as well, you know, relevant ones. Student: I knew we should have done a poster. But everybody was like, oh, you can just post it online. In any event, thanks for your help. It's something to consider. 托福TPO23听力Conversation1题目 1.What is the cause of the student's problem? A. She missed the deadline for submitting her announcement to the university web site. B. She did not include enough information in her announcement. C. The editors of the university web site did not post her announcement D. The university web site will not be available to students for several days. 2.What did the student's group have to promise the author in order to get him to visit the university? A. That he would have a large audience for his reading B. That his books would be advertised on the university web site. C. That the French Department would pay his travel expenses. D. That he would also be able to speak at another nearby university. 3.What does the man imply about the editors of the university' web site A. They are sometimes careless in their handling of students. B. They sometimes revise students' announcements before posting them. C. They routinely try to predict student interest in upcoming events. D. They usually attend the events advertised on the web site. 4.What does the man suggest the student do? A. Postpone the event until next week. B. Advertise the event on a more specialized web site. C. Explain her situation to the editors of the university web site. D. Create a poster to advertise the event. 5.Why does the student say this? A. To suggest that the man contact the French Department. B. To express her frustration with the French Department's requirements for funding. C. To assure the man that the event has the support of the French Department. D. To explain why she is asking the man for additional funding. 托福TPO23听力Conversation1答案解析 Q1题目解析： 正确答案：C I set an announcement for an event. And this morning I checked the events section of the university's website. And nothing, there is no mention of it 听清开头就会发现明显的提示词： cause，还停顿了。
托福阅读TPO23答案解析
托福阅读答案1.infrequent不常见的，所以正确答案是uncommon，单词是frequent加否定前缀构成的。
原文说最初encounter怎么样，从十九世纪晚期，awareness变多了，也就是原来很少，所以正确答案是B，其他选项都与多或者少不沾边。
2.以二十世纪做关键词定位至最后一句，说二十世纪的后几十年人们更多花功夫在理解和记录rock art的abundance上，所以正确答案是D，understanding and documenting。
其他选项都没说。
3.relatively相对地，相关地，所以正确答案是comparatively。
原文说对这种art的研究是一个怎么样新的学科在澳洲。
接着说在过去的四十年中，也就是说已经研究了四十年了，也不能算很新，只是时间相对短罢了，所以正确答案B。
A全新，C明显新，和D特别新，都不对。
4.discern辨别，察觉，所以正确答案是identity。
从单词本身看，dis有分开之意，cern有确定，弄清之意，想想concern，所以两者合在一起必然有区分、辨别之意。
原文说australian rock art的stylicorganization究竟是什么，是否有可能怎么样一个sequence或者一种pattern，所以答案是C。
repeat和apply不沾边，indicate有暗示，指明之意，而原文没有，不选。
5.revise修改，所以正确答案是change。
从单词本身看，re表示再次，vise是看，想想supervise和devise，所以两者合在一起必有改的意思。
原文说rock art的年龄一直在怎么样，接着又说因为有新发现，所以更早的定年出现了，所以年龄是被改变了，D正确。
raise错，年龄不能一直被提出；challenge和discuss都没提出结果，而且也跟再次没关系，不选。
6.原句的结构是frequency导致专家采用了一个term，lead to说明存在因果关系，正确答案是 B。
2020年1月23日大陆托福口语真题回顾范文版
2020年1月23日大陆托福口语真题回顾范文版Task1There are three history subjects, choose one that you would like to Icam, history of science, art historySample answer：I would definitely go with the art history class. Cuz basically, I'm a huge fan of art. maybe that's because I got influenced by my family members, especially my grandpa, who's a traditional Chinese painting artist. Since I was a little girl. I have seen so many art works from him, I feel like all his stunning art pieces would oiler mo so much sense of beauty of traditional Chinese culture，which also inspire me to get strong interest in art history，later on. I wanted to know how those talented people started their special way of creating their art works. Besides, getting more background information about art. I mean, the history of art might allow me to get deeper understanding of different art works. That could be awfully fantastic.Task2Sonic people prefer to make a schedule previously, however some others prefer to figure out what to do when the time comes. What do you prefer and explain why?Sample answer：Getting my schedule sat in an early stage would be a much favorable choice for me since i t’s a person who always get preparation work done really well. When I set a schedulepretty early, that means I got more time for preparation.Like in my daily study life, there are actually plenty examples, such as every time when I got an assignment towrite a research paper, I would try to get a schedule immediately, like for how many days to I have to do background research, how many books do I love to read, even how many people do I have to interview, and in the later stage, I would also figure out the problems. I've encountered in my whole research process, and lion put appointments with different professor on my schedule. All those stuff. I usedto do truly helped me a lot to work out my project very efficiently.Task3学校要open a child care center，能够协助教职工照颐孩子，收费便宜，其次给在那里作的学生提供工作的机会。
月日托福写作考试真题解析
1月23日托福写作考试真题解析正在备战托福写作的考生们，不知道你们准备的怎么样了呢?为了给正在备考的同学们带来一定的帮助，在今天的文章中，天道小编为各位准备了2016年托福作文真题解析，一起来看!更多托福写作机经，还请继续关注我们的频道!备考托福的小伙伴们注意了，托福真题是你不可缺少的备考利器。
因此，本文天道小编给大家整理了刚刚过去的1月23日托福作文真题。
正在备战托福写作的考生们还等什么，赶快收藏吧!2016年1月23日托福写作机经如下：综合写作：鼠兔灭绝的原因阅读：1. 鼠兔有一种能防御寒冷的外衣，在温度升高的时候会因过热而死亡;2. 夏天温度太高，难以储存过冬的食物，导致冬天因缺乏食物而饿死;3. 冬天鼠兔要靠雪层来保温，但是因为全球变暖，雪融化得过快，导致它们暴露在寒冷的环境中。
听力反驳：1. 每个地方的温度不一样，如果鼠兔生活在阴凉的地区，它们就不会因为温度过高而死亡;2. 因为温度高，鼠兔吃得不多，可以把食物留下来为冬天做准备;3. 雪化得快，冬天结束得早;这些动物就可以很快熬过冬天，在春天的时候恢复体力。
独立写作：Some people think that some lessons for young students (age5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, other people think this way is distracting and a waste of time. What’s your opinion?是否新题：是题材：教育类观点： Lessons for young students (age5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting.写作思路：1. 含有视频游戏的课程可以活跃课堂气氛，激发学生的学习兴趣;2. 含有视频游戏的课程可以丰富教学形式，激发学生的想象力。
1月23日雅思阅读答案解析
1月23日雅思阅读答案解析or high-voltage power grids; no pasteurisation,pesticides or biotechnology; no quantum mechanics; no wheel; no “discovery” of America. In short,their message was: no risk，no gain.C Theyhave absolutely missed the point. The precautionary principle is a subtle idea.It has various forms, but all of them generally include some notion ofcost-effectiveness. Thus the point is not simply to ban things that are notknown to be absolutely safe. Rather, it says: ’’Of course you can make noprogress without risk. But if there is no obvious gain from taking the risk,then don’t take it.”D Clearly, all the technologies listed by the 40well-chosen savants were innately risky at their inception, as all technologiesarc. But all of them would have received the green light under theprecautionary principle because they all had the potential to offer tremendousbenefits-- the solutions to very big problems-- if only the snags could beovercome.E If theprecautionary principle had been in place，the scientists tell us, we would not haveantibiotics. But of course we would - if the version of the principle thatsensible people now understand had been applied. When penicillin was discoveredin the 1920s, infective bacteria were laying waste to the world. Children diedfrom diphtheria and whooping cough，every open drain brought the threat of typhoid,and any wound could lead to septicaemia and even gangrene.F Penicillin was turned into a practical drugduring the Second World War, when the many pestilences that result from warthreatened to kill more people than the bombs. Of course antibiotics were apriority. Of course the risks, such as they could be perceived, were worthtaking.G And so with the other items on the scientists’list: electric light bulbs, blood transfusions, CAT scans, knives, the measlesvaccine —the precautionary principle would have prevented all of them, theytell us. But this is just plain wrong. If the precautionary principle had beenapplied properly, all these creations would have passed muster, because alloffered incomparable advantages compared to the risks perceived at the time.H Another issue is at stake here. Statistics arenot the only concept people use when weighing up risk. Human beings, subtle andevolved creatures that we are, do not survive to three-score years and tensimply by thinking like pocket calculators. A crucial issue is consumer’schoice. In deciding whether to pursue the development of a new technology, theconsumer’s right to choose should be considered alongside considerations ofrisk and benefit. Clearly, skiing is more dangerous than genetically modifiedtomatoes. But people who ski choose to do so; they do not have skiing thrustupon them by portentous experts of the kind who now feel they have the right toreconstruct our crops. Even with skiing there is the matter of costeffectiveness to consider: skiing, I am told, is exhilarating. Where is theexhilaration in GM soya?I Indeed, incontrast to all the other items on Spiked’s list, GM crops stand out as anexample of。
1月23日托独立写作
1月23日托独立写作2016年1月23日托独立写作范文现在很多家长会禁止孩子玩电脑游戏，认为这对他们的学习不利。
你有什么看法?下面是店铺整理的'托福独立写作作文，大家可以参考参考。
1月23日托独立写作题目Some people believe that video games could inspire young students' interest and make their study more efficient rather than distracting them and a waste of time, so young students should be allowed to play video games.题目大意：有些人认为，电子游戏可以激发年轻学生的兴趣，使他们的学习效率更高，而不是分散他们和浪费时间，所以应该允许年轻学生玩电子游戏。
托福写作范文参考:Many parents with young children fret about the addictiveness of computer games these days. While the negative effects ranging from addiction, increased aggression and various health consequences such as strain injuries get far more media coverage than the positives, there is now a wealth of research which shows that video games can actually be put into educational use and affect the brain's developmentFirstly, games that are designed to help teach and "brain training" have long and enormous popular appeal. According to an experiment conducted by the University of California, game players show improved performance in perception, attention and cognition. One of the redeeming qualities of all games, even those with violent content, is enhanced information-processing, logic-thinking and problem-solving abilities in novel contexts. In fact, while playing game, your brain is in the learning modeconstantly, to move to the next level, you are vigorously improving your hand-eye coordination, enhancing split-second decision making and boosting auditory perception. Moreover, other carefully-designed studies have shown that video games improve several aspects of brain activity, including multitasking. Considering Pac-Man as an example, in that game, you must navigate your character through a spatial layout while monitoring the separate paths of four additional objects, while keeping the overall goal of clearing the small pellets in memory, as well as keep track of the remaining large pellets.Secondly, games that convey positive social messages never fail to boost the children's confidence, encourage cooperation and teamwork. Games help children feel a sense of achievement, through those puzzles, exploration and discovery, players learn to succeed in ways that our brains actually prefer. Most games are designed to introduce a new concept and then provide players with an opportunity to master it. Children are then free to explore and utilize and achieve success with this new skill, growing in confidence all the while. Besides, many games today emphasize the cooperative aspects of game play, in which two or more players need to work together to reach a common goal. Taking a game called "World of Warcraft" as an example, children as young as 10 years old are learning to delegate responsibility, promote teamwork and steer groups of people toward a common goal. As video games themselves are not created by just one person, it is essential for the game players to pool everyone's talents together in order to require the desired product.Admittedly, it is worth to consider the real concerns that today's parents have with video games, but it is also worthwhile to consider the benefits and positive aspects that contemporaryinteractive entertainment choices provide. Digital media such as computer games could inspire young children's interest, grow their intelligence and offer them a chance to escape from the mounting academic stress, as long as coupled with strong parental and teacher involvement.From all the discussions mentioned above, we may safely draw the conclusion that today's young students should be allowed to play computer games for the tremendous benefits they bring.下载全文。
1月23雅思写作
1月23雅思写作Listening, reading, speaking, and writing are the four majorskills of language learning. l believe that these skills areequally important when learning a foreign language but thatthere are certain orders to crack the language.ln the world of linguistics, all these four skills hold equalworth,but they usually work in pairs. Listening and readingare known as receptive skills or passive skills. In the processof acquiring a language, the passive skills emerge first,andother skills come along later. Being able to understand aconversation in a standard dialect is the preliminary goal oflearning a foreign language,but sometimes a speech maycontain idiomatic phrases or culturally implied ideas beyondthe surface meanings of the context. Therefore,to keepimproving listening comprehension can lay a solid foundationin learning a foreign language. Conversely,reading can beeasier than listening in a less real-time approach to processingthe language, as it has more support with the written wordson the page. However,there tend to be more complicatedlexical resource and grammatical range in reading a passage,and sometimes the text information can be conceptuallyabstract and linguistically complex. In this case,being wellexposed to authentic reading materials is the key to improvingreading comprehension.Speaking and writing, on the other hand, are known asproductive skills.Listening and reading are the processes ofconsuming the language. However，when a language learneris speaking or writing, he or she is producing the language.Todeliver a speech in a clear fashion and to address issues inwritten form are the ultimate goal of learning a foreignlanguage. In order to achieve these ends,language learnersshould incorporate output into the learning process. The aimof conducting output-focused tasks is not to produce high-quality language right away but to keep core language skillsbalanced. Experience suggests that language learners'development in the four skills is often unbalanced. Forexample, a large proportion of Chinese students who canachieve high scores in listening and reading tests in Englishcan barely start or maintain a daily conversation with a nativespeaker.Therefore, giving equal attention to the improvementof speaking and writing skills is crucial for becoming a well-rounded speaker of the language.To conclude，l believe the four basic language skillscomplement each other.In order to possess a good commandof a foreign language,language learners should develop allthese skills in an effective manner.。
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1月23日托福写作考试真题解析
正在备战托福写作的考生们，不知道你们准备的怎么样了呢?为了给正在备考的同学们带来一定的帮助，在今天的文章中，天道小编为各位准备了2016年托福作文真题解析，一起来看!更多托福写作机经，还请继续关注我们的频道!
备考托福的小伙伴们注意了，托福真题是你不可缺少的备考利器。
因此，本文天道小编给大家整理了刚刚过去的1月23日托福作文真题。
正在备战托福写作的考生们还等什么，赶快收藏
吧!2016年1月23日托福写作机经如下：
综合写作：鼠兔灭绝的原因
阅读：
1. 鼠兔有一种能防御寒冷的外衣，在温度升高的时候会因过热而死亡;
2. 夏天温度太高，难以储存过冬的食物，导致冬天因缺乏食物而饿死;
3. 冬天鼠兔要靠雪层来保温，但是因为全球变暖，雪融化得过快，导致它们暴露在寒冷的环境中。
听力反驳：
1. 每个地方的温度不一样，如果鼠兔生活在阴凉的地区，它们就不会因为温度过高而死亡;
2. 因为温度高，鼠兔吃得不多，可以把食物留下来为冬天做准备;
3. 雪化得快，冬天结束得早;这些动物就可以很快熬过冬天，在春天的时候恢复体力。
独立写作：
Some people think that some lessons for young students (age5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, other people think this way is distracting and a waste of time. What’s your opinion?
是否新题：是
题材：教育类
观点： Lessons for young students (age5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting.
写作思路：
1. 含有视频游戏的课程可以活跃课堂气氛，激发学生的学习兴趣;
2. 含有视频游戏的课程可以丰富教学形式，激发学生的想象力。
2016年1月23日托福写作考试考了啥?在上面的文章中，小编特意准备了关于托福作文真题及
其解析，希望可以帮到你!如需了解其他关于,托福写作机经的信息，欢迎访问天道教育的托福机经
频道!相信在那里你会收获到更多有价值的信息!
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