建筑安全管理外文翻译文献
建筑安全设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Terrorist Attack Prevention through Environmental Design: Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design for the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesAbstract: From the end of the 20th century, terrorism has become the most general threat which almost every country’s overseas diplomatic premises have encountered. The attacks aimed at Chinese embassies and consulates have been more frequently in the past few years. Most of them are featured by negative social influence, low for see ability, low cost and high elusiveness, etc. The essential tasks of the diplomatic architecture, including safeguarding assets and shaping positive national images, constitute a series of contradictions in the design process; and the building forms need to be simultaneously looking friendly and safe enough. Based on the conclusion of forms and characters of the terrorist attacks, this paper attempts to approach the adaptive security solutions for theoverseas diplomatic premises in four levels: the psychology level, the vision level, the behavior level, and the post attack level.Key Words: Environmental Design, Overseas Diplomatic Premises, Security, Adaptive, Terrorist Attack1From Simple to Comprehensive: The Transition of the Security DesignIn past 10 years, the traditional security threat derived from the cold war gradually gives way to high-frequency terrorist attacks. Compared with the professional safeguard methods in the cold war, such as infiltration and intelligence work, the features of the terrorist attack, such as high elusiveness, change full targets, low-cost training, low for see ability, blurred clues, big civilian casualties and negative social influence, make the relevant security design be much more difficult. (Table 1) The range of the security design thus has been extended from the principal area to the whole site and even the neighborhoods. The definition of the security design in diplomatic premises projects has been changed from the additional task to a more integrated part of the whole design process. (Figure 1)Figure1: The Principal Ranges of the Security Design under Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Table1: The Comparison between Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Traditional Threats Terrorist Attacks Years from WWⅡ to the end of the 20th century from the end of the 20th century to nowThe Origin of the threat the cold war and different political camps extreme organizationsThe Purples of the threat intelligence stealing extremely religious, political, ideological purplesThe Targets of the Attack important sections, core properties, important all properties, staffs, neighborhoods staffs and visitorsThe Means of the Attack surveillance, wiretap, infiltrate, shooting, etc. car bomb, suicide bomb, homemade weapons,throwing stones, shooting, trespassing, etc.The Principal Areas of theaccess control system of the boundary and the the entire site including adjacent streets andprincipal areas neighborhoodsSecurity DesignThe Influence on the limited influence on the architecture form profound influence on the architecture formArchitecture FormNote: The violence caused by demonstrations, which is not listed in the table, is a traditional threat for overseas diplomatic premises; and it is much more foreseeable compared with the other attacks. With the protection of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna Conventionson Consular Relations, and the precautionary measures from the local government, the potential threat of the demonstration activities can be under control.2 Security and Image: The Complexity and Contradictions of the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesThe special identity defines the evident difference between the overseas diplomatic premises and the other building types. The security design of those overseas properties thus is featured by complexity and contradiction, which are more strengthened under the background of the growth of world-wide spread terrorism. Overseas diplomatic facilities are supposed to have friendly images and higher security standard. Those two tasks ask the architect to combine two series of incompatible architectural languages. (Figure 2)Figure2: The Different Images Derived from Image Oriented and Security Oriented Approaches(Source: Author)On the one hand, oversea s diplomatic premises are the most efficient equipment of promoting a country’s national image. Compared with the normal mass Medias, architecture is an intuitive, face to face, tangible interface to deliver the local people an open, friendly, and gentle image of the country, which is quite important for the diplomatic work. During the past several decades, many architects have attempted to deliver the positive national image by different architectural languages. For example, in some cases, modernism means openness; formalism means commemorative; and post-modernism means the historical and cultural friendly design.On the other hand, located in the host country, the site of the diplomatic architecture has special political meanings. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations declares to protect all properties of the guest country (buildings, facilities, and staffs, etc) from being visited without authorization. The boundary of the site thus becomes a special icon. Under the shadow of the terrorism, security design is playing a significant role in new projects; and in some controversial projects, the importance of the friendly image completely gives way to the strict security measures.Giving up the effort of delivering positive images, and transforming the site to be a modern castle are known as old-fashion solutions; and it will finally lost the meaning of diplomatic in the most fundamental level. Today, all the properties need to be dignified, elegant, decent, and safe. In the new era, an important question for the overseas diplomatic premises is how to an effective technology to approach the balance between good image and strict security standard.3The Adaptive Strategies: Four Levels of the Security DesignBased on the characters of terrorist attacks and the complexity and contradiction of the overseas diplomatic premises, this paper develops a series of adaptive design strategies, which attempt to satisfy the requirements of both image and security through effective environmental and architectural design approaches. All the cases and architectural languages introduced in this paper do not only lead to the security purples, and they also manifest the evident aesthetic quality. These strategies aim at helping the architect to find the adaptive building forms, which have the capacity to be interpreted in multiple ways, to hide the security measures behind a friendly image in four levels: psychological control, visual control, behavior control, and loss control. The four levels, which reflect the architectural interventions on boundary, building envelope, outdoor space, and connections, constitute an integrated and flexible security system. (Figure 3)Figure 3: The Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design of the Overseas Diplomatic Premises(Source: Author)3.1 Psychological Control: DeterrenceIn speaking of the design of psychological control in overseas diplomatic premises, the principal task is to deter the terrorist from planning and implementing the attack. The solutions mainly focus on different forms of the boundary, such as wall and fencing system with functions of visual limitation, boundary landscape, well-marked access control system, high intensity illumination system, and entrance guard rooms, etc., to exert sufficientpsychological pressure on the terrorists to lower the effectiveness of their actions. Meanwhile, suitable measures can also enhance the sense of safety in the neighborhoods. An evident case is the German Embassy in Austria (Vienna). Theboundary is constituted by a metal fencing system with the curved form onthe top to prevent climbing. With shrubs and trees in the inner-side of thefence, the fencing system not only maintains a transparent and greeninterface, but also keeps a good view for the staffs in the site to monitorthe adjacent streets. (Figure 4)(Figure 5)Another case is the British Embassy, which is the neighbor of theGerman Embassy. As a historical building, the façade is the first physicalboundary of the project, which is directly facing the streets without anybuffer space. As a secondary boundary system, a series of reinforceconcrete blocks and flowerpots is introduced in the middle of the streets.The mechanical car stop system is also placed for traffic control. Theguard room is located just beside the concrete blocks, and its form isobvious enough to be easily noticed from the street; and thanks to theunidirectional glass, people outside cannot observe the activities inside theguard rooms. All these elements constitute a flexible buffer area for theembassy building; and this solution is going to exert big pressure on thepotential criminals. By extending the range of the embassy to the publicurban space, the original façade of the building is well preserved to show acomplete historical context, and the positive cultural attitude. (Figure 6)(Figure 7)Hence, psychological control manifests the following characters: 1) Introduce reinforced transparent fencing system to keep the good horizon from the inside to the outside 2) Introduce the independent and moveable car stop system to keep thedecent building façade3) Access control system integrated with the landscape elements 4) High identity and well defined boundary forms 5) High intensity illumination system at the entrance areaFigure 4: the fencing system of theGerman Embassy in AustriaFigure 5: the entrance and guard room of the German Embassy in Figure 6: the vehicles and visitors control system outside the BritishFigure 7: the concrete flower bed in frontof the British Embassy3.2Visual Control: ObscuringVisual control aims at obscuring and disturbing the visual judgment of the criminals via effective architectural operations. Through the special language of the building envelope, the building acquires the quality that prevents people outside from grasping the information inside, such as function distribution, structure form, and the location of the important sections, through reading the facade. Solutions based on this strategy not only provide the staffs the good view to monitor the site and the neighbors, but also reduce the accuracy of the terrorists’ observation.The architecture of the Chinese Embassy in the United States (Washington DC) is characterized by three octagonal forms, the main public space which is not the essential property of the embassy. In fact, the essential functions are integrated into an extremely low-profile form, which constitutes the background of the three halls. The unified and arrayed windows reflect no relation with the division of the office section; and there is even no window on the façade directly facing the street in a very short distance. Through this solution, the essential function has much lower identity than the subordination part, which normally gathers less staffs and properties; and it would make the unprofessional criminals waste more time for choosing the target. (Figure 8) (Figure 9)The Dutch Embassy in Germany (Berlin) represents another approach. The essential functions of the embassy are entirely integrated into a huge cube, which acquires strong identity in the circumstance. A transparent and continuous gallery, which cut into the building envelope from the ground to the top, plays the role of both vertical connection and ventilation tunnel. Without any exceptions, the entire façade of the office rooms is constituted by the translucent curtain wall to keep privacy. Meanwhile, the transparent curve spiral element on the façade changes the traditional idea of floors, and prevents the criminals from conjecturing the inner functions. It also delivers the specific ideology of the Dutch culture, such as transparent, openness, humorous, and friendly to the modern art, etc. (Figure 10) (Figure 11)Visual control has the following characters:1)Independent building envelope which has little relations with the inner functions2)Reduce the identity of the important part of the structure3)Simplify the function of the higher identity part, while reduce the identity of the essential functions4)Introduce the sunshade components, icons, and decorations toconstitute multiple defenses.Figure 8: The entrance of the Chinese Embassy in the US (Source: Author)Figure 9: The walls of the Chinese Embassy, which is directly facing the street (Source: Author)Figure 10:The Dutch Embassy in Berlin (Source: Chang Qi)Figure 11: The spatial concept ofthe Dutch Embassy3.3 Behavior Control: RestrictingThe main task of behavior control is to arrange the authority, path, and behavioral pattern of visitors. The solution is mainly focused on the outdoor space between the building envelope and the boundary of the site, and aims at controlling the speed and route of visitors, and strictly defining the accessibility of different zones. The road system and landscape elements are not only the positive elements for diplomatic events, but also the equipment of reducing attack effect, confusing criminals, and increas ing the cost of the terrorists’ action.The British Embassy in Germany (Berlin) is an intervention in the historical quarter, and the volume directly touches the adjacent buildings and street without any space in between. A series of well organized courtyards constitutes the basic spatial structure, which implies a hierarchical access control system. In this system, there are three principal courtyards with different forms, functions and authorities. The first courtyard which connects the street in front of the main entrance with an entrance check system is designed for cars and visitors to have a short stay. The second court yard, a cuneiform auditorium space, connects the first courtyard with a guard room as the second check point, and leads the visitors to the third courtyard with broad steps. The third courtyard, a winter garden with a beautiful glass roof, connects the reception and meeting rooms, and also plays the role of the entrance hall to the office zone. This courtyard system shapes a linear exhibition space with different themes and art atmosphere in each part, and provides the platform for foreign affairs activities. This project as a typical example realizes an extremely long visiting path in the very limited site, and acquires sufficient defense in depth to observe and control the visitors. (Figure 12) (Figure 13)The winning solution of the new American Embassy project in UK (London) abandons the traditional boundary system, and creates a balance between landscape and security. The building aims atimplyinga special friendliness between American and British cultures with an open landscape system. Compared with traditional solutions, the project witnesses a higher security standard. The landscape elements are endowed with cultural functions, while they are also the designed to control the activities of staffs and visitors. For example, the water pool in front of the building creates an elegant environment, and also prevents visitors and vehicles from getting close to the façade. The similar design is also introduced in the American Embassy in Beijing. On the other side of the building is a huge grass slope, which Figure 12: The three courtyards of the British Embassy extends from the top of the podium to the ground floor of the main building with a continuous angular surface. This design integrates the cubic form of the main building into an artificial terrain, and creates the gentler atmosphere, which is always needed in the diplomatic activities. The structure of the grassy slope, which not only defines the boundary of the site, but also offers the ideal height for observing the neighborhoods, can be transformed into a defensive position, if necessary. It is important to understand that the security measurements in newly constructed projects gradually give up the idea of fortress, and a series of sophisticateddesign techniques, which integrates the security consideration into the landscape, opens up a new horizon for the overseas diplomatic premises. (Figure 14) (Figure 15)Behavior control has the following characters:1) Introduce the curved roads paralleled with the façade of the building to reduce the vehicle speed and avoid the path directly to the building2) Use strict zoning to control the authority of different sections, and public space sequence to prolong the route of visitors3) Integrated landscape system which has the function of controlling the behavior pattern of vehicles and visitors4) Eliminate the unnecessary obstructions to keep good horizon from the building to the circumstance3.4 Loss Control: Chain-effect Damage PreventionThe essential purpose of damage control is to eliminate the possibility of the second damage and chain-effect collapse after the attack. Through the targeted design of the building forms, the loss in the terrorist attacks thus can be partly reduced, and the staffs may have more time to wait for the rescue. The relevant solutions mainly focus on the connections between single buildings. For the layout of he embassy/consulate projects, it is better to decentralize important properties into detached parts, which can work as a whole when they are linked with connective volumes. If the attacks happen in one part, the decentralized layout of important functions can keep the other parts still working. Sometimes, the cluster of small and decentralized volumes can also have a friendlier image.The context of the Chinese Embassy in Netherlands (Haag) is shaped by a series of small detached houses. The main building of the embassy is split into two volumes, which are connected by an entrance hall, a sunken garden, and a fly corridor on the fourth floor. All the connective volumes are covered by transparent glass, which is always a right and popular material to show openness. In fact, it is wise to choose the connective part to be the open space, because these parts normally have less staffs and properties concentrated.Compared with the glass volumes, the two principal volumes covered by red bricks keep the morphological continuity with the context. The connective volumes in between can be seen as expendable structures to reduce the possibility of chain-effect collapse when a huge damage happens in one side of the building. (Figure 16) (Figure 17)The American Embassy in China (Beijing) applies the similar solution. The consulate section, office section, and apartments are all designed to be detached volumes with connections between each other. Compared with the other parts, the consulate section and the apartment building with completely curtain walls create stronger identity, and become the dominant volumes that shape the image of openness. Meanwhile, those two parts also protect the essential functions hiding in a series ofhorizontal extending volumes with hard and strong envelopes. Thanks to the decentralized layout, it is quite difficult to make a catastrophic damage to the embassy through a normal terrorist attack. (Figure 18) (Figure 19)Loss control is characterized by the following factors:1) Decentralized volumes2) Connect independent volumes with secondary structures3) Take the lower-risk functions as the expendable structure to avoid the chain-effect collapse.4) Separate and hide the essential functions into multiple parts4 Conclusions: The Integration of Security and CultureThrough the discussion, it is important to understand the world-wide new challenges that the overseas diplomatic premises encounter calls for a series of new design approaches. Traditionally, diplomatic buildings are inclined to show friendly and open postures in close-relationship countries, and choose conservative forms in bad-relationship countries. However, with the development of globalization, the relationship between each two countries is simultaneously shaped by cooperation and challenges. The evident hostile camps have already been disappeared, and terrorism becomes the most intractable threat of the overseas diplomatic premises for almost all countries. The solutions which completely show openness or closeness are old-fashion stories, and it cannot satisfy the identity of today’s diplomatic buildings. In new projects, architects are asked to find more sophisticated and effective solutions to balance the contradiction between positive image and strict security standard. Based on this background, this paper attempts to develop a discussion for this topic in for respects. (Table 2)The effort of discovering the unique forms to approach safe and beautiful would become a significant source, in which the creative idea of the diplomatic architecture springs.References[1] Alessi, Alberto. Building Identity?. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 17-20[2] Tong, Cui, Balance Reconstruction: Embassy as an Architectural Type. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 100-103[3] Tian, Zhimin. Zhang, Xiangbai. Du, Xiuli. Conceptual Design of Important Buildings to Mitigate Terrorist Explosion Attacks，China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40（1）, 34-41[4] Zhang, Lan. The Embassy and Diplomatic Officers, World Knowledge Press, 1998通过环境设计预防恐怖袭击:四层外交建筑自适应安全设计的海外外交的前提文摘:从20世纪的结束,恐怖主义已成为最通用的威胁,几乎每个国家的海外外交场所遇到。
建筑行业全面质量管理外文文献翻译2019-2020
外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：建筑行业全面质量管理外文翻译2019-2020文献出处：Idris Othman, Siti Norfarahhanim Mohd Ghani, Shim Woon Choon[J] Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6 December , 2019,1-8译文字数：4000 多字英文The Total Quality Management (TQM) journey of Malaysian buildingcontractorsIdris Othman, Siti Ghani, Shim Woon ChoonAbstractMalaysian Government has announced that for construction industry to transform by 2020, quality in construction is needed to be improved. Total Quality Management (TQM) could facilitate this motive. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify, rank and analyze the factors affecting TQM implementation in a construction company so that industrial practitioners avoid poor quality products. A case study concept was used and a questionnaire survey was collected from 32 respondents. The reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. Employee related factor was identified to be the most crucial factors affecting TQM implementation. Contractor group of respondents showed excellent level of internal consistency (overall reliability) with the validation value of 0.956 using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. In conclusion this research able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented.Keywords: Total Quality Management, Construction, Contractor,MalaysiaIntroductionConstruction sector plays a critical part in the economy of Malaysia seeing its contribution in capital formation, employment creation and revenue generation which bolster the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the financial advancement of Malaysia. Economic Performance Fourth Quarter 2018, Malaysia’s economy growth accelerates to 4.7% with construction being sector being one of the main contributors. Construction is as fourth key contributors to the economic growth with 2.6% contributions to the GDP after Services, Manufacturing and Agriculture as shown in Table.Despite the growth and construction industry contribution to national GDP, the performance of the projects are not fully satisfied by many clients. Sustainable quality improvement is hardly achieved because of the construction quality management setting is loosely structured. However, Harrington, Voehl and Wiggin suggested otherwise. They narrated Teixeira in their studies that by referring to main guidelines, anybody has a great freedom to develop solution for TQM. Therefore, organization should develop framework with consideration of their managers’ view of Quality Management (QM). However, many contractors are not motivated to improve quality in their projects and organization. In order to improve quality issues faced by the contractors,TQM is suggested to be implemented in construction s etting.In January 1st, 2009, all Grade G7 contractors has been made compulsory to be certified with the ISO 9000 Quality Management System by Construction Industrial Development Board (CIDB). Failure to do so, the companies will be downgraded, which effect their business activities. In order to overcome problems such as inferior quality of construction materials, building defects, construction delays, high accident rates and environmental impact issues, many contractors have started ISO certification. In the last four decades, TQM has achieved improvement in term of continuous improvement in the system of holistic management. TQM has been proved very successful in many industries especially manufacturing sector. Therefore, by integrating TQM into contractor’s system of management will improve the problems of quality. Likita et al found that when TQM is fully implemented, processes in construction sector will be controlled in much better. In Malaysia’s construction industry context, few studies have been undertaken related to TQM in term of theories, techniques, concepts, model, framework, implementation, impact, efficiency and performance. However, no evidence is found that there has been statistical research on the actual extent of TQM practiced by building contractors in Malaysia.Literature reviewThis section presents TQM overview by explaining its brief history,definition and principles. Benefits of TQM also will be elaborated to get a feel of what impact it could give to the organizations that decided to adopt it. Author also presents related work on TQM in Malaysian construction environment by recording the strengths and weaknesses of each work and provide the way forward to expand TQM’s body of knowledge in this sector.Total Quality Management (TQM)?OverviewTQM is the result of evolution in quality. It was started by Walter Shewhart in early 1920s when product quality control was applied with statistical theory. After that in the 1940s led by Americans such as Deming, Juran, Feigenbaum and Crosby, the concept was further developed in Japan. The focus widened to quality of all issues within the organization. The four evolutionary phases of quality are inspection, quality control, quality assurances then TQM. TQM is a philosophy to meet quality output satisfying the expectation of customer. Quality level in TQM is determined by customers. Quality standards inclusive of the Deming Prize and the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Awards (MBNQA) ISO 9000 series, specify principles and processes that comprise TQM. Fig sums up eight principles of TQM.TQM benefitsTQM benefits should be understand in order to appreciate itsimportance. For improving competitiveness around the world, TQM has been utilized as an applied process. TQM could boost performance in two ways according to Ghobadian and Ghallear. In short term, TQM via premium pricing could increase profitability. However, TQM could increase market share in the long term. The financial performance and market share can be increased by utilizing the strategic pursuit of quality. TQM also could give positive impact on speed of response, productivity, customer services and quality of product. On top of that, Heltondescribed the impressive financial gains made by most Baldridge Award winners apart from improvement in business performance.Those firms in construction sector specifically that successfully implemented TQ can reduced workforce rework, workforce, nonconformities, improved overall project schedule and increase of market share. Besides that, TQM in construction industry also proven that company reputation can be increased, considerable market share can be won, and customer delight can be achieved. TQM is a philosophy that delivers long-term benefits. There are many cases showing the successfully implementation of TQM. However, there are also failure cases. Therefore, TQM must be implemented completely.TQM journey of Malaysia construction industryHighly interested in Quality Management (QM) activities can be seen since 1990s in Malaysia. Lasserre and Probert, recorded thatMalaysia has a better quality sophistication and expectations than other growing countries in Asia. Malaysia also embarked by 2020 to attain the status of industrialized nation. Therefore, Malaysia becoming a practical area for the studies of THQM in a developing economy arena. Since then, research on TQM in manufacturing industry also been conducted on in Malaysia service industries and a few other sectors. However, research in construction industry is still very limited. While abundant of TQM research was found in other countries’ construction industry, author had found only five previous studies directly related to Malaysian construction industry from database; which reviewed in the following Table.From Table , the strengths and weaknesses of the related works are identified. Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale work has strength in premiering guidelines to implement TQM in Malaysian construction industry but lacks in assessment of TQM implementation. It is understandable since there were limited studies of TQM implementation in construction industry during the time that assessment of TQM implementation is yet to be done. Janipha and Ismail proposed work has strength in identifying issues of quality in construction. They were right when they reported that the initial steps in implementing successful quality in construction environment are to recognize issues in the construction environment itself and the issues in construction quality. However, they were not able tosupport their hypothesis on the companies which implement quality practice will have direct, positive impact to their business. There was also no TQM assessment practice done in the study.The strength of Seng and Loon work lies in issues and barriers exploration, which can help those construction companies that intended to implement TQM be aware of the barriers and overcome them first before implementing. However, their target sample was from engineers which cannot represent the whole suggestion of TQM implementation, resulting less reliability of the results. Further studies can be done by distributing the survey to all level of organizations from top to bottom and focused on the companies that adopted ISO series in their organizations only since this ensure that the companies applied TQM in their operations and managements. There was also no TQM practice assessment conducted in the study. Likita et al are researchers from Malaysian local universities with the article title of “An Overview of TQM in Construction”, however none of the selected studies to be reviewed were on TQM in Malaysian construction industry, which clearly there were available studies on that since 2000 by Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale. Furthermore, the number of selected studies reviewed were only five, which cannot be considered as overview of TQM implementation in construction because there are a lot of studies about TQM in construction sector worldwide. There was also no assessment of TQM practice study reviewed or mentioned in work.Finally, Jong, Sim and Liew work has strength in providing further insights of TQM roles for improvement the performance of the project. However, several weaknesses are identified such as the data analysis and discussion were only based on questionnaire response and literature review. They did not conduct interview on experts to further find the how and why of each outcome of their study which could give better knowledge of the relationship between performance of project and the TQM. Besides, the questionnaire distributed were designed to find relationship between the performance of project and TQM.From the comparisons, it can be summarized that there is gap in current TQM studies of Malaysian construction industry which is no assessment conducted. An assessment to explore the extent of actual TQM practice in current Malaysian construction environment. The significance of having this assessment is that it could give a picture and definition of actual TQM practice in Malaysian construction sector. TQM has been widely accepted and discussed since the last four decades, but where is Malaysia in the TQM journey? How far has our construction industry come? Available studies on other sectors other than construction in Malaysia is a lot especially in manufacturing, service, food processing, automotive and SMEs, but there are still very limited studies in construction sector. More research significance or contributions are further described in section 5 of this paper. But, the way forward in TQMstudy of Malaysian construction industry is to assess the extent of the TQM practiced by the Malaysia’s large-sized (G7) contractors with ISO 9001:2008 certification by self-assessment questionnaire survey. Based on the findings, research objectives are formulated in subsequent section.ConclusionThis research has achieved its objectives which are to identify and rank factors affecting TQM implementation based on Relative Importance Index (RII), find correlations between Clients, Consultants and Contractors and validate the factors identified using case study of this research utilizing information obtained from the respondents.The rank of factors affecting TQM implementation based on overall perspectives was identified as follows: (1) Employee Related, (2) Strategic Planning, (3) Teamwork, (4) Communication Related, (5) Organizational Culture, (6) Top Management Commitment, (7) Continuous Improvement and (8) Customer Related. Slight changes occur when analyzed based on companies’ group. Clients and Contra ctors agreed on the similar rank for the top three TQM implementation factors which are (1) Employee Related, (2) Organizational Culture and (3) Communication Related. However, Consultants ranked the factors as (1) Teamwork, (2) Employee Related and (3) Organizational Culture.The correlation between three group of companies were identified; Client/Consultant showed highest Spearman correlation coefficient(β = 0.909) which classified as very strong correlation. Contractor/Consultant showed st rong correlation (β = 0.675) while Contractor/Client showed moderate correlation (β = 0.573) on quality management factors. These indicated that Client/Consultant have more similar views on quality management than Client/Contractor or Consultant/Contractor.Finally, this research also was able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management framework which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented and total quality products can be achieved.Recommendation for the future workTo further improve this research and make it more significant in the future, several future works can be considered. Those future works are explained below:(i) High rise or large scale project as case studyThe study should be focusing on high rise and large scale project because those type of projects implement TQM in more specific method compared to low rise projects. The projects too have more challenging scenario in term of quality needed to be taken care or compared to low rise.(ii) Focus research populationFor best results on the subject studied, the questionnaire should only be distributed to the quality department of particular organizations such as Quality Assurance and Quality Control division since quality is their expertise. Their opinion and views could be more valid and reliable.(iii) Increase the number of respondentsIncreasing the number of respondents will boost up reliability and validity obtained from the questionnaire survey. Larger sample will give more discrete and focused results.(iv) Incorporate TQM with Quality Assessment and ISOFor bigger scope in quality management, research on quality assessment such as QLASSIC and CONQUAS and ISO 9001 can be done and the researcher could try to find the point of correlation between them and develop framework out of it.中文马来西亚建筑承包商的全面质量管理摘要马来西亚政府宣布，要使建筑业在2020 年之前完成转型，要实现这一目标，就必须提高建筑质量。
建筑外文文献及翻译(参考模板)
外文原文Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .1.INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposeda mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Basedon work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Basedon GPSS language, simulation model of resources allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model.2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATIONAND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the project’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Where w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of th e project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT3.1Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration time .3.2 Model HypothesesThe following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved in resourceallocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated withQ i,while i=1,2, … N.(2)The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which arerespectively w1,w 2…w n .(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with r k standingfor each person ,while k=1,2, …,R(4) Δk i = ⎩⎨⎧others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01(5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. t E i is theexpected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources tofinish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resourcesdemand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I thatneeds the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the dailycost loss due to the delay is △c i for pro ject I .According to the project’simportance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,butwill also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while thelatent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this articletemporarily.)(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,the time-gapbetween the real and expected duration time of project I that needs thecritical resources to finish some task is △t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i ). For thereexists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positivenumber.(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss of project I is C i(C i = △t i * △C i ).(9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload ofactivities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicatedwith following expression of t A i =ηi / R i * ,.In the expression , ηi refersto the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed tobe fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planningphase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resources beingallocated to projects I actually, with the equation Ri * =∑=Rk ki 1δ existing. Due to the resource competition the resourcedemands of projects with higherPriorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower prioritiesmay not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of theresource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activitiesand the project, while the workload is fixed.3.3 Optimization ModelBased on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model inmulti-project environment can be established .Here, the optimizationmodel is :F i =min Z i = min∑∑==Ni i N i Ci 11ω =min i i Ni i N i c t ∆∆∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )E i R i ki i t - ⎝⎛∑=1δη i c ∆ 2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ∆=min )E i R i ki i t -⎝⎛∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=∀) (4)Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions arerespectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to theeconomic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highestpriority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparenteconomic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to makeup this limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule .4.SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL USING GENETICALGORITHM4.1The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,eachobjective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference [8] proposed an improved ant colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are αand β ,where α+β=1 .Then the comprehensive goal is F* ,where F*=αF1+βF2.4.2The Principle of Genetic AlgorithmGenetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .It’s a random search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so it’s an effective method to solve the resource balancing problem ,as in [9].The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:(1)EncodingAn integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to thecharacteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be acode object .The string length equals to the total number of humanresources allocated.(2)Choosing the fitness functionThis paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitnessfunction .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of then-th individual is 1/n。
建筑工程施工安全管理英文文献
建筑工程施工安全管理英文文献Construction Project Safety ManagementAbstractConstruction projects are inherently risky due to various factors such as the involvement of heavy machinery, extensive use of materials, and complex working environments. Therefore, effective safety management is essential to ensure the well-being of workers and minimize accidents. This article examines the importance of construction project safety management and discusses key strategies and practices for achieving a safe work environment.1. IntroductionConstruction projects involve a multitude of activities, including excavation, foundation work, structural erection, and finishing. These activities require extensive coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders, including architects, engineers, contractors, and workers. However, the execution of construction projects is not without risks, and accidents can lead to severe injuries, fatalities, and significant financial losses. Thus, an effective safety management system is crucial to mitigate these risks and enhance project outcomes.2. Understanding Risk Factors2.1 Human FactorsHuman factors play a significant role in construction accidents. Factors such as inadequate training, fatigue, lack of proper communication, and non-compliance with safety guidelines contribute to accidents. Therefore, it is essential to focus on training and educating workers about safety procedures, ensuring regular breaks to prevent fatigue, and promoting effective communication channels.2.2 Environmental FactorsConstruction sites are dynamic environments that constantly change. Factors such as uneven terrain, adverse weather conditions, and limited visibility can increase the likelihood of accidents. Implementing proper signage, maintaining good housekeeping practices, and providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) can mitigate risks associated with environmental factors.3. Key Strategies for Construction Project Safety Management3.1 Risk Assessment and PlanningPrior to commencing any construction project, a comprehensive risk assessment must be conducted. This assessment involves identifying potential hazards, evaluating their likelihood and potential consequences, and developing strategies to eliminate or minimize them. A well-defined safety plan should be developed based on this assessment, outlining roles, responsibilities, and required safety measures throughout the project lifecycle.3.2 Training and EducationProper training and education are vital for enhancing safety performance in construction projects. All workers should receive initial induction training that covers basic safety procedures, equipment operation, and emergencyprotocols. Regular safety training sessions should also be conducted to ensure that workers are updated on the latest safety practices and regulations.3.3 Effective CommunicationClear and effective communication is crucial to ensure that all project stakeholders are aware of safety requirements and guidelines. Regular safety meetings should be held to discuss potential risks, identify areas for improvement, and address any concerns. Additionally, the implementation of a reporting system that allows workers to communicate hazards and near misses anonymously can enhance safety culture and encourage proactive hazard identification.4. Best Practices in Construction Project Safety Management4.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Providing appropriate PPE to workers is essential for safeguarding their health and well-being. Safety helmets, goggles, gloves, and high-visibility vests are examples of commonly used PPE in construction projects. Regular inspection and maintenance of PPE should be conducted to ensure their effectiveness.4.2 Regular Inspection and MaintenanceRegular inspections of construction sites and equipment help identify potential safety hazards and ensure compliance with safety regulations. Equipment should undergo routine maintenance to prevent malfunctions that could lead to accidents. Adequate documentation of inspections and maintenance activities should be maintained for record-keeping purposes.4.3 Emergency Response PlanningDespite preventive measures, emergencies can still occur. Therefore, it is crucial to have a well-developed emergency response plan in place. This plan should include evacuation procedures, communication protocols, and designated assembly points. Regular drills and exercises should be conducted to ensure that all workers are familiar with the emergency response plan.5. ConclusionConstruction project safety management is of utmost importance to protect workers and minimize accidents. By understanding the risk factors, implementing key strategies, and adopting best practices, construction projects can create a safe and secure working environment. This, in turn, enhances project outcomes, improves productivity, and fosters a positive safety culture within the construction industry.。
关于建筑行业安全施工的分析毕业设计外文文献翻译 中英文翻译
附录AAnalysis of Safety Performance in the Construction IndustryData source:The HKU Scholars HubOver the years,many researchers have investigated into the safety performance of the construction industry.Some of them identified factors leading to the occurrence of accidents on construction sites.The high frequency of construction accident has casted the industry a considerable amount.The government and many concerned parties have taken measures against the potential causes of accidents,aiming at reducing accidents and promoting safety in the industry.1.Definition of AccidentLaney(1982)states that the simplest definition of an accident is“an uncontrollable occurrence which results in injury or damage”.The events leading up to an accident are controllable in most cases.International Labor Office Geneva(1983)and Kennedy(1997) also agree that accidents don’t just happen,they are preventable.All industrial accidents are, either directly or indirectly,attributable to human failings.Rowlandson(1997)points out that a number of elements which need to be incorporated into the definition if this is to be useful in terms of accident prevention.These elements are:ck of management control;b.basic personal and task factors;c.sub-standard acts and conditions–the symptoms of the accident;d.an unplanned and undesired event or incident–the accident;e.an undesired outcome–death,injury or property damage;f.a cost.He thus defines accident as:“...an unplanned incident leading to death,injury or property damage which stems from inadequate management control of work processes manifesting itself in personal or job factors which lead to substandard actions or conditions which are seen as the immediate causes of the accident.”mon Accidents in Construction IndustryAccording to Lingard and Rowlinson(1994)accident proneness can be measured by thefrequency of accident occurrence.According to some researches,construction industry has the highest accident rate over the years,thus it is said to be more accident-prone than other industries.It is essential to understand why construction industry is more vulnerable to accident than the others.The Labour Department classified construction accidents by types. Table1shows the number of injuries in2004and figures in blankets are the number of fatality fixed or stationary object11.9%Fall of person from height11.7%Injured whilst lifting or carrying16.0%Slip,trip or fall on same level17.3%Striking against or stuck by moving object19.7%Contact with moving machinery or object being machined7.0%Others16.4%The above chart shows the major accidents which contributed more than5%of the construction accidents in2004:3.Facors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction IndustryMany researchers have studied the factors affecting safety performance on construction sites.Stranks(1994)points out that the reasons of the poor safety recordmay correlate with many factors such as complexity of the work or system,risk nature of works,management style,safety knowledge and commitment,and personal behavior.Here are several factors that affect safety performance of contraction industry.pany SizeTam and Fung(1998)study the effectiveness of safety management strategies on safety performance.In this study,the safety performance of companies is gauged by their accident rates in1994as accident rates are steadier throughout the year and they can be easily obtained.In the study,it is found that company size,in term of number of management staff, affects safety performance.Tam and Fung(1998)observe that the accident rate of small companies is highest,the rate for medium sized lies almost at the industrial average and that for the large firms is the lowest.This demonstrates that larger firms generally have better safety records.This could be resulted from the more structured and formalized safetyprogrammers,and stronger management commitment to safety.It is found that the higher number of employees in the organization,the lower figure of the accident rate.b.Level of SubcontractingMulti-layer subcontracting is unique to China construction industry and has been the most common practice being used with long history.Subcontractors would normally further subcontract their work without the consent of their principal contractor to several smaller firms in order to minimize their overheads.Multi-layers of subcontractors is one of the major difficulties in implementing safety management.Recent study carried out by Wong and So (2004)shows the current status of the subcontracting practice and how multi-layer subcontracting system affects construction safety performance.Their questionnaire survey reveals that the majority of respondents(45.5%)would sublet80-90%of their works to subcontractors.None of the respondents would carry out construction work that fully relies on their own effort;at least30%of works would be subcontracted out.Lai(1987)attributes the high site accident rates to the use of labour-only subcontractors. As subcontracted workers are highly mobile,lack loyalty to contractors and are rewarded according to work done,they are difficult to control.Implementing safety practices on site becomes more difficult.Recent researchers,like Wong(1999)and Lee(1996),believe multi-layer subcontracting system is one of the major causes to poor safety performance in China’s construction industry.The most extreme case of subcontracting quoted by Lee(1999) was subcontracting up to15layers.He describes such multi-layer subcontracting as common and excessive.Small business,like subcontractors,face with specific health and safety challenges. Many firms lacked adequate resources and were often struggling to survive.Moreover,they lack an understanding of their obligations and the health and safety issues of their processes. These can be supported by Rawlinson’s(1999)study for Housing Authority.He finds that average84%of workers injured from1995to1998were subcontractors’workers.Such situation may be due to subcontractors’workers’inadequate training and awareness of safe working practice.Tam and Fung(1998)find there is a significant difference between trained and un-trained employees in relation to accident rate.municationAccording to Wong(2002),communication is a major factor affecting the safety on sites. However,it has seldom been discussed before.Wong(2002)conducts a research to find out the causes of communication problems between main contractors and subcontractors.He identifies12factors leading to poor communication in construction industry.Among them,10 are discussed here as they are more relevant to the territory and have been discussed by other researchers.These factors are listed below:i.Industry NatureIn order to complete the project on time,construction projects are carried out under almost all sorts of weather conditions.Besides,construction workers are usually not well-educated.These cause communication difficulties.ii.Industry CultureWong(2000)identifies sub-contracting system is a hurdle to construction safety as they are engaged on day-work basis,thus they are not aware to site safety.iii.Client TypeThere are2types of clients,public and private ernment bodies are public clients.Private clients can be further divided into experienced and inexperienced.Their concern and expectation on site safety performance appear to be different.anization StructureFryer(1997)suggests that organization structure,including hierarchy,downsizing and decentralization vs.decentralization,rigidity vs.flexibility,rules and procedure,would affect the result of communications.According to Wong(2002),downsizing became popular since 1990s because this can allow flexibility for people for respond more quickly to change.v.Relationship of Main and Sub-ContractorsThe poor relationship between contractors is an obstacle to construction safety.However, such situation could be resolved by partnering.Wong(2002)says that partnering is considered by most of the project participants as a worthwhile initiative.munication BarriersHicks and Gullett(1983)points out that communication overload and inattention to message can cause ineffective communication.People may receive more information than they can process or they spend time evaluating the sender and the message before the entiremessage is being passed or read.vii.Content of InformationWong(2002)attributes poor safety performance to the content of information.If content of information,such as method statements,working,drawings or safety procedures,are inaccurate or unclear,safety could not be effectively achieved.viii.Value of CommunicatorsTam et al(2001)point out that many production personnel rank safety in a lower priorities when compare with meeting the production schedule,quota and cost targets. Besides,Nichols and Stevens(1999)mention the failure of many superiors to listen.As a result,safety issue does not receive enough attention.ix.Provision of Continuous TrainingEnrichment of safety knowledge is essential.Teo et al(2005)carry out a study to find out the methods in fostering workers’safe work behaviours.They find that training is an important way to enable workers to work safely,because they are equipped with the knowledge of how to work safely.x.Workers’AttitudeWorkers’incorrect attitude towards site safety is a big difficulty in making safety sites. In Chan et al’s(1999)research,it is found that workers do not think they have the duty to comply with safety regulations for the main contractors.They will be more aware to safety issues after serious accident but they will resume their own way of practice shortly after that. Hinze(2002)and Vredenburgh(2002)state that site safety could only be improved if workers change their behaviours towards site safety.Teo et al(2005)also agree that negligence in safety and lack of awarenessto ensure lingering dangers on site would increase the chances of workers getting injured.5.Accident Costs and Safety CostsThe construction industry in China,especially for building projects,has a very poor safety record.According to Hinze and Raboud(1988),it is a common perception that “safety”is unproductive and not vital to the success of a project as contractors may not be appreciated by just keeping good safety on sites.However,it should be noted that accidents do not just lead to injury and loss of lives,a huge amount of accident costs is induced as well.Accordingly,safety investment in construction projects could better the safety performance and avoid the huge amount of accident costs.Ridiculously,most contractors are not willing to invest their money,time and effort to operate and to maintain effective safety programmers. They are not fully aware of the costs of an accident.Over the years,there have been many studies of the cost of accidents and it is found that, accident costs could be huge.Rowlinson(1997)identifies that cost of an accident is not only constituted of hospitalization and compensation costs of the individual involved in the accident.De Saram and Tang(2005)admit that construction accidents may result in numerous damages and losses.By understanding all the costs incurred by construction accidents,contractors might be surprised,and thus realize the importance of site safety investment.6.Safety Management SystemSafety management systems are not new to us.Many have been written on it.Site safet is regarded as an integral part of the project objective and safety attitudes a part of the project culture in order to pursue site safety effectively.Management at head office and on-site must be seen to care.Only then,an effective and committed safety officer will be appointed and given sufficient call on time and resources to achieve site safety.According to the Labour Department,below are the objectives of setting up a safety management system:a.to prevent improper behaviour that may lead to accidents;b.to ensure that problems are detected and reported;andc.to ensure that accidents are reported and handled properly.Besides,a safety management system enables flexibility of developing safety policies and measures most suitable to the particular circumstances of individual companies.The inputs from employer and employees make the safety management processes more readily be modified to keep pace with changing circumstances.An effective safety management system can be used to manage and control both existing and potential hazards and its effectiveness can be maximized when an organization is able to combine occupational safety and health issues into its business strategy.In this paper,statistics of construction safety,common accident types,factors affectingsafety performance and legislations related to construction safety have been reviewed. Statistics shows the unacceptable construction safety performance in the past.Therefore,the government introduced safety management system to the industry,hoping to establish a self-regulating atmosphere.Besides,government keeps introducing new legislation,for example the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance,and amending existing legislations to cope with the industry. Though the accident rate becomes stagnant in recent years,the fact shows the government’s determination in improving the industry to an accident-free one.附录B关于建筑行业安全施工的分析资料来源：香港大学学者中心多年来，许多研究人员都对建筑业的安全施工做出过深入研究。
建筑工地安全管理外文文献翻译
文献信息：文献标题：Factors influencing the implementation of a safety management system for construction sites（影响建筑工地安全管理制度实施的因素）国外作者：Zubaidah Ismail,Samad Doostdar,Zakaria Harun文献出处：《Safety Science》, 2012, 50(3):418-423字数统计：英文3730单词，21558字符；中文6480汉字外文文献：Factors influencing the implementation of a safetymanagement system for construction sites Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the influential safety factors that governed the success of a safety management system for construction sites. The number of incidences among construction workers and the level of awareness on matters concerning safety were also determined. The study involved a selfadministered three-part questionnaire among the workers and interviews with industry experts involved in brick-laying, concreting and in related assorted trades. Part A of the questionnaire concerned personal particulars, Part B involved training and experience and Part C was based on 28 industry-accepted safety factor elements. The construction sites ranged from high rise buildings, landed houses and infrastructure renovation. The sample size was 275. From the survey it was found that the most influential safety factor was personal awareness followed closely by communication. Suggestions and recommendations on equipment design and improved work practices and procedures to improve the efficiency and productivity of construction workers were proposed. Management was urged to get their workers better informed about safety matters.Key words Construction site;Influencing safety factor;Safety awareness;Safety management system;Self-administered survey1.Introduction and scopeConstruction is a complex activity where various stake-holders are present working under constant challenge by demands of the job. Each job will have several of its safety and risk factors, requiring quality and safety management systems to be established as indicated by Mehta and Agnew (2010). Several risk factors including organizational structure, communication, clear instructions, safety culture, codes and standards, training, leadership and responsibility have been suggested to have influence on the general safety at the workplace. The objective of this study is to determine the most influential factor contributing to the success of a safety management system as perceived by the workers. This may assist management in optimizing the utilization of available resources.A well-designed safety management system (SMS) can contribute to the successful implementation of a safety management system in the workplace. National SMS for construction sites have been designed and implemented in several countries based on the standard practices for that country. The actual numbers of factors used in the development of the SMS differ from one country to another depending on the special requirements of the domestic construction industry. There are several levels of classification of factors depending on the degree of detail desired. Table 1 gives the summary of first level safety levels adopted by various countries around the world (Tam and Fung, 1998; Kartam et al., 2000; Koskela, 2000; Wokutch and VanSandt, 2000; Fang et al., 2004; Ali et al., 2005; Teo and Ling, 2006; Aksorn and Hadikusumo, 2008). At the first level of factors most countries on average choose eight factors while Singapore uses four and Malaysia uses 12. The second level or the sub-factors are elements of the first level factors and again depending on the degree of detail, there could be 20 or 30 of these elements. More or less the elements especially at the second level cover the common areas of safety concerns. The sub-factors could further be divided into sub-sub-factors that cover the entire spectrum of safety factorsin the construction industry. The current study adopted a simplified version of the Malaysian standard practice which included the Resources Factor, the Management Factor, the Personal Factor, the HRM/Incentive Factor, and the Relationship Factor at the first level and a total of 28 sub-factors under these categories as the basis of the questionnaire to be developed for the study survey. The final form is guided by experts from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Construction Industries Development Board (CIDB).Table 1 Safety factors adopted by various countries1.1.Resources FactorResources Factor includes hardware and software. Safety equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE) and any special requirements of the industry have to be adequately developed and provided. First Aid equipment and training are also necessary. Hazardous processes and equipment must be provided with the necessary emergency shut-down (ESD) and fail-safe systems. Regulatory requirements of the industry have to be met. Emergency response planning and recovery, internal control, program evaluation, safety audits and safety process must be in place. Sørensen et al. (2007) pointed out that the size of the enterprise will influence the complicity of the system. It was found that small enterprises are more hazardous, and Kongtip et al. (2008) and Cheng et al. (2010) found that important factors influencing occupational accident in such enterprises included management skills, employers’values, and compliance with laws and regulations.1.2.Management FactorThe Management Factor includes leadership, vision, direction, statement of objectives, commitment, supervision, safety analysis, and prevention planning. Mearns and Reader (2008) studied the relationship between perceived organizational support and health support from supervisors and workmates, and ‘safety citizenship behavior’(SCB). The results indicated that high levels of support at both organizational and supervisor levels reflecting care and concern for the well-being of workers led to a reciprocal relationship in terms of increased SCB. Lu and Yang (2010)showed that safety leadership and safety behavior in container terminal operations were important factors for effective safety management. The results suggested that safety motivation and safety concern positively affected self-reported safety behavior. This should encompass procedure and policy, safety codes and standards, clear goals and resources, rules and regulations, and safety benchmarking including responsibility and supervision.1.3.Personal FactorThe Personal Factors include awareness, good communication, personal attitude, safety culture, positive groups, and personal competency. Work culture results from personal traditions, language, work attitudes and habits and company practices. Safety culture was used to describe the inadequacies of safety management but is now being applied to explain accidents (Mearns et al., 2003, 2006). Hopkins (2006) explained that to understand the influence of organizational cultures requires a strategy referred to as the perception survey and Guldenmund (2007) pointed out that questionnaires have not been particularly successful in exposing the core of an organizational safety culture. The questionnaires seem to expose only those attitudes that are shared throughout the whole of the organization. There are individual differences on attitudes on organizational safety as pointed out by Henning et al. (2009). Sónia et al. (2008) showed that the experience of work accidents is an important variable to be considered as a predictor of workers’perceptions and behavior.1.4.HRM/Incentive FactorHRM/Incentive Factor includes remuneration, promotion, campaigns, motivation, merit rating, PPE, welfare, work conditions, and safety rules (Flin et al., 2000). It also includes safety practice, training expert staff, teamwork and group meetings. General welfare of workers has been discussed (Murrell, 1965; Oborne et al., 1993; Bridger, 1995). Conducive working conditions contribute to safety (Raja Prasad and Reghunath, 2010). Programs had been developed to reduce physical work demands (Scott and Renz, 2006) and reduce worker injuries through improved use of equipment (Kirkeskov and Friche, 2006) with tailored education and training (Dempsey and Mathiassen, 2006). More studies need to be conducted for constructionsites (Hunter, 1992; European Construction Institute, 1995; Trethewy et al., 2000a,b; Goetsch, 2005; van der Molen et al., 2005). Effectiveness of management suport has been demonstrated by Mearns and Flin (2001), Gordon et al. (2001), and Hale et al. (2010). Reports of near misses are useful information to prevent accident. Near misses are more frequent than accidents. Cambraia et al. (2010) conducted a study on near misses and found that the main results were dramatic increases in both the number and quality of reports. Wu et al. (2010) developed a system to interrupt near misses which improves safety at construction sites. The effectiveness of introducing instructions on systems and procedures at the workplace needs to be gauged (Cooper et al., 1993). Effectiveness of an occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) have not been conclusive Robson et al., 2007).1.5.Relationship FactorRelationship Factor includes globalization and interfaces with the stake-holders as well as internal personal relationships. Globalization has an impact on growth of mental work, expansion of the services sector, working hour changes, unemployment and industrial relations. Flexibility in coping with diversity, managing changes in competency demands, definition and meaning of work all have significant effects on the workers (Wilpert, 2008). Baram (2009) observed that the introduction of hazardous technological activities into less-developed nations poses risks to health, safety and natural resources, and most immediately endangers the workers involved. Koukoulaki (2010) pointed out that countries have been subject to tremendous changes in terms of flexibility of work and labor in response to macro trends like globalization and the resulting fierce market competition. Such changes in the world of work can give rise to new safety risks from work environment including new work organizational forms, new contractual relationships, new technologies and changes in the workforce. Manzey and Marold (2008) reported that in 1998 the average estimated number of fatal occupational accidents was 350,000 and there were 264 million non-fatal accidents. Within the organization it is important to have considerate and responsible employees who care about the safety of their co-workers (Burt et al., 1998, 2008). Related variables examined were co-worker knowledge, opener ability,team tenure, co-worker and supervisor support, group orientation and group cohesion. Explicit and implicit trust is an important influence on relationships (Burns et al., 2006).2.Materials and methodsThe projects involved a construction of a 39-storey apartment building in Section 8, Petaling Jaya, Selangor; a 12-storey office building, several dining outlets; a 13-storey and a 17-storey office towers also in Petaling Jaya. The group of workers comprised of brick-layers, concreting workers and assorted workers. The questionnaires were designed based on the elements of the safety factors. They were designed to be simple and brief. They were checked by experts from NIOSH for suitability and completeness. Suggestions of industry experts from CIDB on the language level, relevance and comprehensiveness of questions and the general approach of the survey were also incorporated. The materials for the study were records and reports and results of the questionnaires. Gillham (2005) suggested that a properly conducted interview was required in order to make meaningful suggestions for improvements on equipment or working methods. The questionnaire was constructed in three parts; Part A on personal particulars, Part B on training and work experience and Part C on issues consisting of the five clusters of factors and the 30 elements of the clusters as shown in Table 2. Further refinements to reduce errors and ambiguity were made after the questionnaires were tried on a sample of ten undergraduate volunteers. It was accepted that the main constraint to the conduct of the study was the time availability of the workers. Questionnaire forms were sent by post and potential respondents were initially given 2 weeks to respond. Verification interviews were then arranged and conducted during breaks and after shift periods. Part A and Part B are straightforward. For Part C respondents were requested to rate each of the 28 questions on the safety elements on the five-point Likert scale, varying from ‘‘not important’’(1) to ‘‘extremely important’’(5). The distribution of the Likert-point score from the respondents for each safety element was computed to determine the mode for each factor. The mode for each element was furtherstrengthened by examining the maximum, the minimum, the mean and standard deviation as the value for the strongest probable Lickert score value for the element. The most influential factor could then be determined by examining and comparing the overall scores for each factor. A similar analysis was conducted for the sub-factors of the most influential factor to determine the most influential sub-factor among them.Table 2 Elements of SMS3.Results and discussionThe total number of respondents was 275. Based on this sample size together with a confidence level of 95% the margin of error is 5.89%. Table 3 shows that the construction industry engages 92% male workers. Employers have the perception that male workers had better abilities and endurance than their female counter-parts (Mitra and Mukhopadhyay, 1989; Dale, 2006). The female workers were rare in the construction industry and whenever they were involved it was because they wanted to work with their spouses or relatives. Size and proportions of the body were measured since they vary greatly between population and racial groups and relate to the ability of the respondents to do the job. In this study, only height and weight were measured since they were considered sufficient to represent anthropometry data. The ethnic origin of the respondents was to confirm or otherwise similarities in physical aspects and to investigate other factors that might influence their work such as culture and lifestyle. The table also shows that 44% or the majority of the workers were around 31–40 years old. This result had relevance with how they acquire their knowledge and skills. The longer they work the more skillful they should become. The results showed that the majority of the workers were immigrants from Indonesia, Vietnam and Pakistan. According to the Safety Officer at one of the sites, construction employers prefer to hire immigrants because they were less picky, more hardworking and possessed higher endurance. They also accepted lower daily wages which did not attract too many local workers. Table 3 further shows that 64.5% of respondents was about 160–169 cm high and weighed about 60–69 kg representing 36%. Results for weight gave a normal distribution. This could be because all respondents originated from Asia and had similar lifestyle and culture. This could assist in designing proper equipment suitable for all users. Age represents the ability and efficiency of the workers to do their work. This applies to all industries but to construction, the ability of a worker was important. Registration with the CIDB would mean that the workers had undergone the CIDB Green Card program and that they had been trained about safety and health at construction sites. CIDB Green Card also classified the workers into a certain trade and the level of skills of the workers as general workers, semi-skilled and skilled workers. A Green Card Program also registered the workers in CIDB record which would include them in the statistics. Table 3 shows 69% of respondents were semi-skilled construction workers, 20% general workers and the remaining 11% were skilled workers.Table 3 Workers particularsWorking background determines the level of knowledge and skills and general experience of the respondents. Length of experience relates to skills and knowledge gained. The importance of experience was accepted as indicated by Chen et al. (2010). Some companies provided training while some do the minimum required. Medical leave was to indicate seriousness of injuries and the working hours was to determine the length of exposure to hazards. Parts of the body where the respondents had injuries or pain were determined. The factors of injuries were asked guided by thecommon top five causes of injuries. Respondents could give their own causes.The trade experience determined the level of skills and workmanship of the workers. Most of the respondents had experience in construction as was also reflected by their average age. However, the majority had only 1–10 years of the relevant trade experience as shown in Table 3. This might be due to a high job turnover rate. The majority of workers acquired their knowledge and skills through on-the-job training with 84%. Eleven percent of respondents had a formal education in construction work while 5% had their experience from sectors other than construction. About 95% of respondents agreed that the company had taken some efforts to take care of and train their workers. These include on-job training, toolbox meeting and also briefing on how to use the equipment or PPE. Companies certified with ISO 18001 took this matter seriously in ensuring their workers and workplace is safe. However, some companies did not provide their workers with the basic PPE such as hard hats, safety boots, and gloves as reflected by the 5% response as shown in Table 3.Medical leave or sick leave is an indicator to show the general health of employees. The results showed that 93% took around 0–5 day’s medical leave in a month while the remaining 7% took 5–10 times per month. This might not give the true picture meaning that workers were coming to work when they were not fully fit for work. Safety and productivity were therefore compromised. One of the unconfirmed causes for this was that workers, especially immigrant workers were not reporting sicknesses for fear of dismissal. When asked for details, it was understood that many of the workers did not take medical leave at all. Taking medical leave might give them a bad image and the employers might not hire or pay them. As for foreign workers; fear of failure, and dismissal, and the dread of having to go back to much worse conditions of living were the driving factors which force them even to suffer working while not fully physically fit. Figures from Table 3 could already be on the high side which would mean that the injury figures presently could be more serious than they were indicated. Ninety-three percent of workers spent about 5–10 h a day at work. The other 7% worked more than 10 h a day. The latter group was thesupervisors who were needed to monitor the work longer for shift change.Personal competency which is obtained from training constitutes an important aspect of Personal Factor. Personal attitude and work culture are also important sub-factors of the Personal cluster. Training factors have been studied by Saurin et al. (2008) by analyzing construction safety best practices from a cognitive systems engineering perspective. Saurin et al. (2005) also proposed a safety planning and control model from the human error perspective engineering. Safety management and work culture interventions improve safety as demonstrated by Johnson (2003), Teo et al. (2005) and Guidenmund (2007). Teo and Ling (2006) examined the case for Singapore, and Ali et al. (2005) conducted a study for the Malaysian case.Fig. 1. Determination of modes for factors and sub-factorsFig. 1a shows the modes for all the main factors indicating that Personal Factor had a mode of 5. Fig. 1b shows the modes of the sub-factors making up the Personal Factor and it was indicated that awareness has the overall highest scores. Table 4shows the statistics of the total Likert-point scores indicating the maximum, the minimum, the mean, the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation, the mode and the percentage of the mode score for the main factors as well as the sub-factors of the determined most influential factor. Examining the results as a whole it was observed that the most probable top priority factor was the Personal Factor with awareness as the most probable priority sub-factor. Other top influential sub-factors as perceived by the workers were good communication and positive groups. These findings were consistent with studies conducted by Aksorn and Hadikusumo (2008) who identified management support as the most influential factor from among sixteen critical success factors considered. Safety awareness and good communication were the results of strong management support. Globalization, safety rules and safety promotion factors were perceived to have the least impact on the success of a SMS system.Table 4 Statistics of Results4.Conclusions and recommendationsSuccess factors influencing safety program performance had been identified by some researchers to be management support. In this current study it was found that among the influencing cluster of factors determining the success of a safety management system the most influential was the Personal Factor; and among the sub-factors making up this cluster the prominent factor was safety awareness. Theyare all concerned with the need of management to get their employees more knowledgeable and informed about safety issues. Better design and application of equipment and personal protective equipment (PPE) could contribute to higher quality of work. Employers could also consider reducing manual work for future improvements in the safety and health of their employees. Awareness on the right use of equipment or tools and wearing the PPE correctly could reduce risks.中文译文：影响建筑工地安全管理制度实施的因素摘要这项研究的目的是确定对建筑工地安全管理制度的成功具有影响力的安全因素，以及建筑工人的发病率和安全意识的高低。
建筑工程安全管理英文文献
建筑工程安全管理英文文献Title: Construction Project Safety Management - An OverviewIntroduction:Construction project safety management plays a crucial role in ensuring the well-being and protection of workers, as well as the successful completion of projects. This article aims to provide an overview of construction project safety management, its key components, and the importance of implementing effective safety measures.1. Importance of Safety Management in Construction Projects:Safety management is vital in construction projects to mitigate risks, prevent accidents, and ensure the well-being of workers. It involves identifying potential hazards, assessing risks, implementing safety measures, and monitoring their effectiveness. Effective safety management not only reduces injuries and fatalities but also improves productivity and project efficiency.2. Key Elements of Construction Project Safety Management:2.1 Risk Assessment:Before commencing any construction project, a comprehensive risk assessment is crucial. This involves identifying potential hazards such as falls, electrical hazards, and physical injuries, and developing strategies to minimize their impact. Risk assessment should be an ongoing process throughout the project lifecycle.2.2 Safety Planning:Safety planning entails creating a detailed plan to address potential hazards and ensure all workers are aware of safety protocols. This includes the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE), establishment of emergency response procedures, and regular safety training programs.2.3 Communication and Collaboration:Effective communication between project stakeholders is essential for efficient safety management. Regular meetings, toolbox talks, and safety briefings should occur to discuss any safety concerns, updates, or changes in protocols. Collaborative efforts between contractors, workers, and management enhance safety awareness and adherence to safety practices.2.4 Monitoring and Evaluation:Regular monitoring and evaluation of safety measures allow for the identification of shortcomings and the implementation of corrective actions. Safety inspections, audits, and incident reporting systems help maintain a safe working environment and ensure continuous improvement in safety management.3. Best Practices in Construction Project Safety Management:3.1 Leadership Commitment:Leadership commitment to safety management sets the tone for the entire project. When leaders prioritize safety, workers are more likely to follow suit. Regular safety meetings with leadership involvement and visible safety initiatives help foster a culture of safety.3.2 Worker Training and Education:Providing workers with proper training and education is essential. Workers should be knowledgeable about potential hazards, safety protocols, and emergency response procedures. Ongoing training ensures workers stay updated with industry best practices and promotes a safety-conscious work environment.3.3 Regular Equipment Maintenance and Inspections:Construction equipment must undergo regular maintenance and inspections to ensure safe operation. Faulty or malfunctioning equipment can pose significant risks to workers on the construction site. Strict adherence to maintenance schedules and comprehensive equipment inspections are vital.3.4 Subcontractor Safety Management:In cases where subcontractors are involved, effective coordination and communication regarding safety management are crucial. It is essential to ensure that subcontractors adhere to safety protocols and are appropriately trained to minimize potential risks to themselves and others on the worksite.Conclusion:Construction project safety management is of utmost importance to protect workers, enhance project efficiency, and mitigate risks. By implementing risk assessments, safety planning, effective communication, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation, construction projects can maintain a safe working environment. Strong leadership commitment, worker training, equipment maintenance, and subcontractor safety management are essentialcomponents in achieving successful safety management in construction projects.。
建筑施工过程中的安全管理与控制(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑施工过程中的安全管理与控制（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the acceleration of urbanization, the scale and number of construction projects are increasing. However, in the process of building construction, safety accidents occur frequently, which poses a serious threat to people's life and property safety. Therefore, strengthening the safety management and control in the construction process has become an important measure to ensure construction safety and project quality.1. Safety management in the process of building construction1. Establish a safety responsibility systemDuring the building construction process, each participant should clarify their respective safety responsibilities and establish a safety responsibility system. All participants must implement the safety management system and safety specification requirements, and earnestly perform their safety responsibilities.2. Strengthen safety publicity and educationCarry out safety publicity and education for different construction links to improve workers' safety awareness and knowledge. Modern information technology means, such as APP, WeChat, etc., can be used to transmit safety information and technical guidance conveniently and quickly.3. Establish a security inspection mechanismestablish a safety inspection mechanism, formulate detailed safety inspection standards and procedures, conduct regular inspections on site safety, and discover and deal with hidden dangers in a timely manner. At the same time, it is necessary to establish an accident reporting and statistics system, record and analyze the causes of accidents in a timely manner, and provide a basis for improving safety management.4. Strengthen on-site managementThe construction site must establish a management system, standardize the construction process, clarify the responsibility and authority of the operation, strictly implement various safety regulations and standards, and ensure that workers can carry out construction operations in a safe environment.5. Establish an emergency planestablish an emergency plan, specify the emergency treatment process and responsible persons, handle accidents in a timely manner, and ensure construction safety.2. Safety control during construction1. Safety control technologySafety control technology refers to the use of various technical means and measures in the construction process to ensure the safety of workers and the quality of construction. For example, use safety protection facilities, fix and protect high-altitude operations, maintain and overhaul large machinery and equipment, and strictly control on-site fire sources.2. Security control managementSafety control management refers to the use of various management means and measures during the construction process to strengthen the safety supervision and management of the construction site. For example, formulate safety production plans and safety control plans, formulate standardized operating procedures, establish a safety inspection system, implement safety training and education, formulate a list of safety responsibilities, and strictly implement safety assessment and reward and punishment systems.3. Safety control standardsSafety control standards refer to the formulation of various safety norms and standards during the construction process, standardizing the construction process and safe operation methods. For example, formulate high-altitude operation standards, electrical operation standards, lifting operation standards, etc., and strictly implement various safety regulations and standards to ensure that workers can carry out construction operations in a safe environment.4. Safety control monitoringSafety control and monitoring refers to the use of various monitoring methods and measures during the construction process to monitor the safety situation of the construction site in a timely manner, and to discover and deal with potential safety hazards. For example, use video surveillance equipment to monitor the construction site in real time, conduct safety inspections on the construction site, and discover and deal with hidden dangers in a timely manner.5. Security Control AssessmentSafety control evaluation refers to the evaluation of the safety management and safety control of the construction site, to discover and solve the existing safety problems. For example, use professional institutions to conduct safety assessments on construction sites, discover and deal with existing safety hazards in a timely manner, and improve the safety level of construction sites.In short, the safety management and control in the construction process requires the joint efforts of all participants to establish a complete safety responsibility system, strengthen safety publicity and education, establish a safety inspection mechanism, strengthen on-site management, establish emergency plans, and adopt various safety controls. Technical and management means, formulate safety norms and standards, adopt various monitoring means and measures, conduct safety assessments, and ensure the safety of the construction process and project quality. Only by doing a good job in safety management and control can we guarantee the safety of people's lives and properties and promote the healthy development of urbanization.随着城市化进程的加速，建筑施工工程的规模和数量不断增加。
建筑施工过程中的安全管理与控制(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑施工过程中的安全管理与控制（英文中文双语版优质文档）Building construction is a complex process involving many factors, among which safety management and control are particularly important. In the process of building construction, safety issues may have significant consequences, so construction managers must take effective safety measures to ensure the safety and smooth progress of the construction process.1. Safety problems in constructionIn the process of building construction, there are many safety problems. Some of the most common security issues include:1. Safety issues of working at heights: Working at heights is a common operation method in construction, but it is also very dangerous. If people working at heights do not use safety belts or guardrails correctly, or do not use equipment for working at heights correctly, a fall accident may occur and cause serious consequences.2. Safety issues of construction machinery and equipment: Various machinery and equipment, such as cranes and cranes, are required in construction. Accidents can happen if these machinery are not properly maintained and serviced, or are not operated properly.3. Safety of construction materials: Various materials, such as steel bars and concrete, need to be used in building construction. If these materials are not stored and used correctly, safety accidents may occur.4. Electrical safety issues: various electrical equipment, such as electric drills, electric hammers, etc., need to be used in building construction. If these electrical equipment are not properly maintained and maintained, or not operated correctly, it may cause a fire or electric shock accident.2. Safety management and control measures in constructionIn order to ensure the safety and smooth progress of the building construction process, a series of effective safety management and control measures must be taken. The following are common safety management and control measures in building construction:1. Establish a sound safety management system: In the early stage of building construction, a sound safety management system should be established, various safety regulations and safety systems should be clarified, and a professional safety management team should be formed. The safety management team should regularly organize safety training and drills to improve the safety awareness and emergency response capabilities of construction workers.2. Strengthen the safety management of high-altitude operations: High-altitude operations are a common operation method in construction, and effective safety measures must be taken. For example, safety facilities such as seat belts and guardrails are set up in high-altitude operation areas, and a high-altitude operation risk assessment system is established to ensure the safety of high-altitude operators.3. Strengthen the safety management of construction machinery and equipment: various machinery and equipment are used in building construction, and effective safety measures must be taken. For example, set up a safety zone around the machinery to ensure that no other people enter the working area of the machinery. In addition, it is also necessary to ensure that the mechanical equipment is properly maintained and maintained to ensure the safe and stable operation of the mechanical equipment.4. Strengthen the safety management of construction materials: Various materials need to be used in building construction, and effective safety measures must be taken. For example, set up a dedicated material storage area on the construction site and ensure that materials are properly identified and stored. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the use of materials is properly handled and managed to ensure the safety of material use.5. Strengthen electrical safety management: Various electrical equipment are required to be used in building construction, and effective safety measures must be taken. For example, regular maintenance and maintenance of electrical equipment to ensure the normal operation of electrical equipment. In addition, it is necessary to check and evaluate the environment around the electrical equipment to ensure the safe use of electrical equipment.3. Safety training and awareness education in building constructionOnly when safety management and control measures in construction are widely publicized and promoted can they be truly implemented on the construction site. Therefore, safety training and awareness education are very important. The following are common safety training and awareness education measures in building construction:1. Regularly organize safety training: In the early stage of building construction, safety training should be organized to popularize various safety knowledge and safety skills to construction workers, so as to improve the safety awareness and emergency response capabilities of construction workers.2. Strengthen on-site safety education: On the construction site, on-site safety education should be strengthened to remind construction workers to pay attention to various safety issues, and set up safety reminder signs to attract the attention of construction workers.3. Carry out safety drills: conduct regular safety drills, simulate various safety accident scenarios, and let construction workers learn emergency response skills and self-rescue skills.4. Safety risk assessment and improvement in building construction Safety risk assessment and improvement in building construction are important links in safety management and control. The following are the main contents of safety risk assessment and improvement in building construction:1. Safety risk assessment: In the early stage of building construction, various safety risks that may arise during the construction process should be assessed, such as working at heights, operating mechanical equipment, and using electrical equipment. The evaluation results should be fed back to relevant management personnel, and corresponding safety measures and management measures should be taken.2. Safety risk monitoring: During the construction process, all links should be monitored and inspected to discover safety risks in time and take corresponding control measures. At the same time, the implementation of safety management and control measures should be monitored and inspected to ensure the effectiveness and implementation of the measures.3. Safety improvement measures: Take safety improvement measures in a timely manner based on safety risk assessment and monitoring results, such as correcting unsafe operating methods, replacing damaged equipment, and adjusting construction plans, etc. At the same time, the safety management and control measures on the construction site should be continuously improved and optimized to improve the construction safety level.In short, safety management and control in building construction requires the participation of all employees, adopting various safety measures and training and education measures, and timely conducting safety risk assessment and improvement. Only by doing a good job in safety management and control during construction can we ensure the safety and stability of the construction process and the improvement of project quality.建筑施工是一个复杂的过程，涉及到众多的因素，其中安全管理和控制尤为重要。
建筑 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 中英对照 国际建设工程风险分析
Risk Analysis of the International Construction ProjectBy: Paul Stanford KupakuwanaCost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009ABSTRACTThis analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ‟s traditional construction project was gener ally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof trusses. The building construction proceeded to completion and was handed over to the ownerson Sept. 12, 1991. The SAZ took effective occupation of the headquarters building without a certificate of occupation. Also, the defects liability period was only three months .The roof structure was in place 10 years before partial failure in December 1999. The building insurance coverage did not cover enough, the City of Harare, a government municipality, issued the certificate of occupation 10 years after occupation, and after partial collapse of the roof .At first the SAZ decided to go to arbitration, but this failed to yield an immediate solution. The SAZ then decided to proceed to litigate in court and to bring a negligence claim against CABCO. The preparation for arbitration was reused for litigation. The SAZ‟s quantified losses stood at approximately $ 6 million in Zimbabwe dollars (US $1.2m) .After all parties had examined the facts and evidence before them, it became clear that there was a great probability that the courts might rule that both the architects and the contractor were liable. It was at this stage that the defendants‟ lawyers req uested that the matter be settled out of court. The plaintiff agreed to this suggestion, with the terms of the settlement kept confidential .The aim of this critical analysis was to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of the building housing the HQ of Standard Association of Zimbabwe. It examined the prior roles played by the project management function and construction professionals in preventing/mitigating potential construction problems. It further assessed the extent to which the employer/client and parties to a construction contract are able to recover damages under that contract. The main objective of this critical analysis was to identify an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. The importance of this study is its multidimensional examination approach.Experience suggests that participants in a project are well able to identify risks based on their own experience. The adoption of a risk management approach, based solely in pastexperience and dependant on judgement, may work reasonably well in a stable low risk environment. It is unlikely to be effective where there is a change. This is because change requires the extrapolation of past experience, which could be misleading. All construction projects are prototypes to some extent and imply change. Change in the construction industry itself suggests that past experience is unlikely to be sufficient on its own. A structured approach is required. Such a structure can not and must not replace the experience and expertise of the participant. Rather, it brings additional benefits that assist to clarify objectives, identify the nature of the uncertainties, introduces effective communication systems, improves decision-making, introduces effective risk control measures, protects the project objectives and provides knowledge of the risk history .Construction professionals need to know how to balance the contingencies of risk with their specific contractual, financial, operational and organizational requirements. Many construction professionals look at risks in dividually with a myopic lens and do not realize the potential impact that other associated risks may have on their business operations. Using a holistic risk management approach will enable a firm to identify all of the organization‟s business risks. This will increase the probability of risk mitigation, with the ultimate goal of total risk elimination .Recommended key construction and risk management strategies for future construction projects have been considered and their explanation follows. J.W. Hinchey stated that there is and can be no …best practice‟ standard for risk allocation on a high-profile project or for that matter, any project. He said, instead, successful risk management is a mind-set and a process. According to Hinchey, the ideal mind-set is for the parties and their representatives to, first, be intentional about identifying project risks and then to proceed to develop a systematic and comprehensive process for avoiding, mitigating, managing and finally allocating, by contract, those risks inoptimum ways for the particular project. This process is said to necessarily begin as a science and ends as an art .According to D. Atkinson, whether contractor, consultant or promoter, the right team needs to be assembled with the relevant multi-disciplinary experience of that particular type of project and its location. This is said to be necessary not only to allow alternative responses to be explored. But also to ensure that the right questions are asked and the major risks identified. Heads of sources of risk are said to be a convenient way of providing a structure for identifying risks to completion of a participant‟s part of the project. Effective risk management is said to require a multi-disciplinary approach. Inevitably risk management requires examination of engineering, legal and insurance related solutions .It is stated that the use of analytical techniques based on a statistical approach could be of enormous use in decision making . Many of these techniques are said to be relevant to estimation of the consequences of risk events, and not how allocation of risk is to be achieved. In addition, at the present stage of the development of risk management, Atkinson states that it must be recognized that major decisions will be made that can not be based solely on mathematical analysis. The complexity of construction projects means that the project definition in terms of both physical form and organizational structure will be based on consideration of only a relatively small number of risks . This is said to then allow a general structured approach that can be applied to any construction project to increase the awareness of participants .The new, simplified Construction Design and Management Regulations(CDM Regulations) which came in to force in the UK in April 2007, revised and brought together the existing CDM 1994 and the Construction Health Safety and Welfare(CHSW) Regulations 1996, into a single regulatory package.The new CDM regulations offer an opportunity for a step change in health and safety performance and are used to reemphasize the health, safety and broader business benefits of a well-managed and co-ordinated approach to the management of health and safety in construction.I believe that the development of these skills is imperative to provide the client with the most effective services available, delivering the best value project possible.Construction Management at Risk (CM at Risk), similar to established private sector methods of construction contracting, is gaining popularity in the public sector. It is a process that allows a client to select a construction manager (CM) based on qualifications; make the CM a member of a collaborative project team; centralize responsibility for construction under a single contract; obtain a bonded guaranteed maximum price; produce a more manageable, predictable project; save time and money; and reduce risk for the client, the architect and the CM.CM at Risk, a more professional approach to construction, is taking its place along with design-build, bridging and the more traditional process of design-bid-build as an established method of project delivery.The AE can review the CM‟s approach to the work, making helpful recommendations. The CM is allowed to take bids or proposals from subcontractors during completion of contract documents, prior to the guaranteed maximum price (GMP), which reduces the CM‟s risk and provides useful input to design. The procedure is more methodical, manageable, predictable and less risky for all.The procurement of construction is also more business-like. Each trade contractor has a fair shot at being the low bidder without fear of bid shopping. Each must deliver the best to get the projec. Competition in the community is more equitable: all subcontractors have a fair shot at the work .A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.It was reasonable to assume that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It did appear justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects.In many projects clients do not understand the importance of their role in facilitating cooperation and coordination; the design is prepared without discussion between designers, manufacturers, suppliers and contractors. This means that the designer can not take advantage of suppliers‟ or contractors‟ knowledge of build ability or maintenance requirements and the impact these have on sustainability, the total cost of ownership or health and safety .This risk analysis was able to facilitate, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. This work also served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. They do not want surprises, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.中文译文：国际建设工程风险分析保罗斯坦福库帕库娃娜工程造价卷第五十一期2009年9月9日摘要此次分析用实例研究方法分析津巴布韦标准协会总部（SAZ）的屋顶部分坍塌的问题。
施工安全外文文献
施工安全外文文献施工安全是建筑工程中一个非常重要的方面。
为确保施工安全，需要采取一系列的措施，包括对施工人员的培训、工作场所的安全设施、安全操作规程等。
本文将介绍一些与施工安全相关的外文文献。
1. 'Construction Safety Management: A Comprehensive Guide to OSHA Compliance' (施工安全管理：全面指南，符合OSHA标准) 这本书是一本非常详细的指南，介绍了如何实施OSHA标准以确保施工安全。
它包括了对OSHA标准的解释，以及如何建立安全管理计划，检查安全问题，培训施工人员等。
这本书对于建筑承包商和建筑业主来说都是非常有价值的。
2. 'Construction Safety and Health Management' (施工安全与健康管理)这本书提供了一个全面的框架，帮助建筑业主和承包商制定和实施安全计划。
它介绍了如何评估施工安全风险，如何建立安全规程和操作规程，以及如何进行施工人员的培训。
这本书还包括了有关法律法规和安全标准的信息。
3. 'Construction Safety Handbook' (施工安全手册)这本书是一本实用的手册，介绍了如何在施工现场确保施工安全。
它包括了有关施工安全的基本原则和操作规程，以及如何处理不安全的情况。
这本书还介绍了如何进行现场安全检查和如何培训施工人员。
4. 'Construction Site Safety: A Guide for Managing Contractors' (施工现场安全：管理承包商指南)这本书提供了一些实用的建议，帮助业主和承包商管理施工现场的安全。
它介绍了如何评估施工安全风险，如何建立安全规程和操作规程，以及如何进行施工人员的培训。
这本书还包括了有关法律法规和安全标准的信息。
总之，施工安全是建筑工程中不可忽视的一个方面。
建筑工程安全管理外文文献
建筑工程安全管理外文文献Building Engineering Safety ManagementConstruction projects involve various hazards and risks, which necessitate the implementation of effective safety management strategies. This article explores foreign literature on building engineering safety management, providing insights into different approaches and best practices.1. IntroductionBuilding engineering safety management is a critical aspect of construction projects. It involves the identification, assessment, and mitigation of potential hazards and risks to ensure the safety of workers, the public, and the environment. By implementing effective safety management practices, construction companies can minimize accidents, injuries, and financial losses, while also improving project efficiency and quality.2. International Standards and GuidelinesMany countries have established specific standards and guidelines for building engineering safety management. The International Labour Organization (ILO), for instance, has developed a series of conventions and recommendations aimed at promoting a safe and healthy working environment in construction. These international standards serve as important references for developing safety management systems.3. Risk Assessment in Building EngineeringTo manage safety effectively, construction projects should conduct thorough risk assessments. Foreign studies have highlighted differentmethods and tools for risk assessment in building engineering. The use of advanced technologies such as Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping and Building Information Modeling (BIM) can provide valuable insights into potential hazards and their consequences.4. Safety Culture and LeadershipCreating a strong safety culture within construction companies is crucial for ensuring continuous improvement in safety management. Foreign research emphasizes the importance of leadership commitment and employee involvement in fostering a positive safety culture. Effective safety management requires clear communication channels, regular training programs, and a proactive approach to safety.5. Safety Education and TrainingForeign literature stresses the significance of safety education and training in the construction industry. Training programs should cover a wide range of safety-related topics, including hazard identification, proper use of personal protective equipment, and emergency response procedures. Additionally, foreign studies highlight the benefits of incorporating virtual reality and simulation techniques into safety training programs.6. Legal and Regulatory FrameworksBuilding engineering safety management is heavily influenced by legal and regulatory frameworks. Foreign articles provide insights into different legal requirements and regulations related to safety in construction projects. Understanding these legal obligations is crucial for project managers and contractors to ensure compliance and mitigate potential legal risks.7. Safety Performance IndicatorsMonitoring safety performance is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of safety management systems. Foreign literature emphasizes the use of safety performance indicators to measure and track safety-related activities and outcomes. Key performance indicators may include the number of accidents, near misses, safety training hours, and compliance with safety regulations.8. Incident Investigation and Lessons LearnedWhen accidents or incidents occur, it is important to conduct thorough investigations to determine the root causes and prevent future occurrences. Foreign studies emphasize the significance of incident investigation and the importance of capturing and sharing lessons learned. Implementing corrective actions based on investigation findings can significantly enhance safety management practices.9. Technological Advances in Safety ManagementAdvancements in technology offer numerous opportunities for enhancing safety management in building engineering. Foreign literature explores the use of wearable devices, real-time monitoring systems, and artificial intelligence for improving hazard detection, risk assessment, and emergency response. Embracing these technological innovations can contribute to safer construction practices.10. ConclusionEffective building engineering safety management plays a crucial role in ensuring the well-being of construction workers and preventing accidentsand injuries. By examining foreign literature, this article has provided valuable insights into different aspects of safety management, including risk assessment, safety culture, legal frameworks, and technological advancements. Implementing best practices from around the world can contribute to safer and more efficient construction projects.。
建筑施工管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Construction stage safety civilization management1 Research content and purposeAt present China's production safety situation is still grim, especially the building area of the multiple casualties situation has not fundamentally reversed, construction safety is extremely stern; production safety foundation is weak, guarantee system and mechanism is not perfect; safety production supervision and management mechanism, team construction and supervision work also needs to be strengthened.With China's implementation of the "going out" strategy, the overseas engineering construction requirements of construction enterprises toward the safety and high quality fast and efficient direction, but the due to the overseas projects in surveying, design, competitive bidding system and construction exists some defects or mistakes, especially the construction environment and conditions for overseas and domestic different is formed many unsafe factors. Some governments of developed countries on safe and civilized construction management and supervision ineffective, at the same time, the security incident victimscompensation is relatively low, so as to project management are real will "safety first" self psychological suggestion and safe and civilized management psychological orientation proposed higher requirements. And in the preparation of the overseas project safety assurance program, sometimes due to lack of understanding in the engineering field, easy to cause the of dangerous source judgement is not accurate or not in place, and psychologically cannot accurately to ensure the safety of the positioning of the feasibility of the program.By exploring the harmful factors in the construction process and construction process was studied in unsafe, uncivilized between factors and employee of contradiction and the law of the unity of opposites, making better use of these rules to formulate a scientific, reasonable, effective all safe and civilized production tube system, to improve and perfect the measures of safety and technological civilization, to prevent and eliminate various harmful factors in the process of construction to the conversion of the casualty of a series of management work, to protect workers' safety and health, ensure safety in production. Due to the construction of the unsafe factor is relatively more, a little careless, it may occur accident. In recent years, occurred throughout the country in the construction work accidents and serious casualty statistics tells us that construction of the security situation is still very grim. However, construction safety problems with everything else, has its own objective law. It objectively resides in the entire construction activity. Since so, naturally, be it analysis to understand, master rules of it, take the organizational and technical measures to pre control, in order to achieve the purpose of construction safety. However, there are still many problems in the management of the security civilization.Therefore, we focus on the construction stage of the construction safety civilization management, the construction of the various aspects of the construction plan, the status quo of the safety and civilization management. Through the safety awareness of the management, the system of planning, to the project safety detailed analysis of the content. There are some unpredictable problems during the process of preparation, which is the main problem in the management of safety civilization.. Lay a good foundation for further implementation.. According to the occurrence of the settlement of the accident, there is no accident occurred, record the safety civilization management improvement measures, improve the safety and civilization management. As generally work arrangements properly was period of management is relatively lax, cross process serious and complicated, and safety problems inthis period is often risks and security alert frigidity, may not out of the big problem, but small problems and small risks constantly. So strengthen safety education and training, the unknown engineering safety civilization management summary, learning.Through the research on the safety civilization management of the construction stage, the danger identification, the risk assessment and the risk control of the modern safety civilization management are discussed in three aspects.. The aim is to better and more secure the work done. Do early work after the reduction of risk, and further strengthen the construction project risk management, and thus promote the faster development of China's construction projects.2 Status quo of safety civilization managementIn recent years, with the continuous improvement of the market economy and the common improvement of people's life, construction industry has become one of the fastest developing industries. The competition of the market is increasingly fierce, so that the benefit of the enterprise to compete in the target, so to the management to benefit has become the consensus of entrepreneurs. And safety is the premise of the benefit, because the safety results determine the size of the benefit. End over the years the party and the government attaches great importance to production safety work, determine the safety production policy of "safety first, prevention first", promulgated a series of production safety laws and regulations and standards, the purpose is to protect the safety and health of laborers, control and reduce all kinds of accidents, improve the level of safety management, promote the establishment of harmonious society.The construction industry is the risk of production activities, unsafe factors, is the accident prone industry. In recent years, the death rate of China's construction industry is the highest in all industries, after the mining industry, the loss is huge, distressing. Although the mandatory implementation of the construction enterprise safety production license system, strengthen the construction market access control, and to further strengthen the construction enterprise construction site safety inspections, but accidents still occur from time to time. I believe that the number of casualties mainly determined by the characteristics of the construction industry. The safety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work. The safety civilization management of the enterprise is mainly embodied in the following aspects:(1) Safety awareness. Due to the leading enterprises for a long time the importance ofconstruction safety understanding does not reach the designated position, grasping safety formalism serious, disregard for workers in the production of the legitimate interests of labor and social security, is not equipped with the necessary labor protection supplies, arbitrary extension of working time, workers in the long run, the working state of the overload, high strength, will lead to accidents. In addition, the leadership of the security work seriously enough, the staff of the corresponding security awareness, it is easy to cause illegal command, illegal operations, violation of labor discipline and safety accidents caused by.(2) The weak base of security civilization management. The weak security and civilization management is mainly due to the weak safety consciousness of some people, the relationship between the safety and the speed, safety and the relationship between safety and benefit, security and stability.. The weak safety management is mainly reflected in the weak: first, the research work of building safety technology is weak, and the key technology of building safety production is relatively lagging behind. The wide application of safety scientific and technological achievements is lack of market-oriented policy guidance and economic incentive measures. Study on the construction of new technology, new products, new technology application and safety protection measures of synchronization; second, compared with the developed countries, our country security protection technology, protective equipment and machinery and equipment is still relatively backward. Standardization, stereotypes and industrialization degree is very low; three is the construction enterprise safety civilization management and construction team quality is generally low. The safety of the low quality of the cultural quality, safety and civilization management knowledge, safety and technical specifications, safety procedures, safety precautions and so on do not understand. Can't manage the construction team.(3) The construction safety laws and regulations system is not perfect. There are some limitations to implement its security responsibilities; terms of punishment for violations of the law is not specific enough, operability is not strong; laws and regulations are not perfect, there is a problem of duplication and overlapping management; safety rules and regulations of the responsibility is not clear, management objectives is not clear, resulting in production safety responsibility of implementation is not in place etc..(4) The mechanism of the construction safety supervision and production is not perfect. At present, the mechanism of the effective construction safety supervision and management inChina has not been formed, and there is a big gap compared with the international advanced security management mode.. The safety supervision mode and management means can't adapt to the growing scale of construction, and it is difficult to carry out the construction safety supervision work further.. Mainly in the following three aspects:Construction unit safety civilization management problemThe exploration, design, construction and supervision of the construction engineering to the entity or individual contractor who is not qualified or qualified or even illegal. Due to the layers of subcontracting, resulting in the construction management is not strict, security training is not in place and security investment or basic no. And it will also make lower profits, and contractors in order to pursue the maximal profit will reduce his all unnecessary amount of spending, leading to safety hazards and accidents continue to occur.Investigation, design, engineering supervision and other units of the major security issuesSurvey, design units not in accordance with the requirements were survey or design, or change the survey and design documents, laws, regulations and mandatory standards, to survey the design defects, can not guarantee the building and construction personnel safety engineering supervision units not to the construction unit safety technical measures or special construction safety program for careful review, in the engineering construction nor of construction units to implement security measures of supervision seriously, find the hidden accident, nor does it take decisive measures to be rectification and elimination; detection unit to produce a false report.Safety problem of construction unitWith the increasing investment in infrastructure, the construction enterprise access policy adjustment, making the number of construction enterprises continues to increase, the construction team continues to expand. Especially in recent years, the rapid development of individual construction industry, the construction enterprise has changed fundamentally. But because the construction unit is the main body and the core position in the construction safety activity, the construction safety problem is mainly in the construction unit body.2.1 Government laws and regulations(1) The lack of building safety and civilization management system for the market economyConstruction of China's investment system changes the original building a safe and civilized production management has not adapt to the current construction methods, so has been dominated by the government of safe and civilized management appeared many loopholes in management, coupled with the construction safety laws and regulations is not perfect, the low efficiency of government supervision, social supervision system is not perfect, resulting in a safe and civilized management is not in place, suited to the laws of market economy, legal and economic means parallel building a safe and civilized management system has not been formed. Therefore, the initiative construction safety civilization management initiative construction safety civilization management work first, early planning, early arrangement, do the whole process supervision and inspection. Before the construction we put the project in the province Shuangyou site as the target management, improving the safety management measures and system in the project, accomplish beforehand to prevent. Employees entering the construction site, the first production safety education and follow the operating rules of education; followed by a safety technical disclosure and each segment and sub engineering safety technical disclosure, so that all staff familiar with the rules and regulations, consciously abide by the safety regulations and operating rules, improve the sense of self-protection. Strengthen the intensity and extent of the supervision of the safety and civilization management objectives for effective control.(2) The law and regulations are more and more incomplete and the execution is not enoughOur country law "environment and health" is too weak. The emphasis on "environment and health" in the activity of architecture has become a common topic of international concern. The target system of engineering construction has been shifted from the traditional "cost - cost - quality - time - to - Project" system to "cost - quality - time - environment and health" system.. The international standard organization has also developed the environmental management system.(3) The functional changes of the management department are lagging behind and the management of the vacuum isWith the deepening of the reform of our political system, the reform of the national institution, the enterprise reform, the enterprise has gradually separated from the industry administrative management, and has become the independent action subject in the market.With this adaptation, Ministry of construction and local construction administrative departments to become the national construction safety special supervision of the performer, state production safety supervision and administration and the local production safety supervision and management institutions become discharger of the state production safety supervision functions.The unsafe state of the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the material are the direct cause of the accident, which are directly related to the management. So the management is the indirect cause of the accident.. The unsafe behavior of human can be reduced or even eliminated through safety education, safety production responsibility system and security mechanism. The unsafe state of the material can be controlled by improving the scientific and technological content of the safety, establishing the perfect equipment maintenance system, promoting the construction and safety of the civilization. To strengthen the safety inspection on the job site, we can find and stop the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the thing, so as to avoid the accident. One of the most common defect management system is not perfect, the responsibility is not clear, abiding by the law, the illegal command, safety education is not enough, punishment is not strict, safety technical measures are not comprehensive, security check enough.(4) The construction safety production management and professional construction safety production management separateAt present, China's construction safety civilization management is actually decentralized management, did not really do the industry management. This has formed the construction safety civilization management standard, the management pattern is different, the casualty statistics data distortion, the management work responsibility is not clear.Pay attention to safety behavior norms according to the laws of science organization construction, comply with construction safety rules and standards, as a code of conduct to organize the construction of construction site to be constrained, regulate their behavior from two aspects: one is to require managers to strictly implement the construction administrative departments of the state and local issued by the construction safety and civilized management regulations and standards the implementation of the management system of the enterprise, before the construction of the relevant technical requirements for the construction safety to the crew and workers in detail, and signed by both parties confirmed that security staff dailyinspections of implementation; two is to require the operation layer; safety protection for the outstanding construction site could cause accident.2.2 The characteristics of the construction safety civilization managementThe characteristics of construction are mainly determined by the characteristics of architectural products. Compared with other industrial products, building products is huge in size, complexity and diversity, overall hard, not easy to mobile, so that construction in addition to the basic characteristics of industrial production, but also has the following main features:(1) The fluidity of productionOne is the body construction with the buildings or structures located position change and the transfer of production sites; the second is in the process of the construction of a project construction personnel and all kinds of machinery, electrical equipment with the construction site and along the construction of the object up, down, left and right flow, continue to turn shift operation places.(2) The product form is diverseDue to the natural conditions and uses of the building, the structure, modeling and material of the building are also different, and the construction method will be changed, it is difficult to realize the standardization.(3) Construction technology complexConstruction often need according to the structure of the building for many types of work with the operation, multi unit (earthwork, civil engineering, hoisting, installation, transportation, etc.) cross tie construction, the supplies and equipment are different, thus the construction organization and construction technology management has a higher request. Most of the construction industry is still manual operation, easy to make people fatigue, attention dispersion, so improper operation or mistakes more prone to occur, Rong Yi lead to accidents security. This is manual labor and heavy manual labor and more.(4) Open and aloft operationsThe building product is huge, the production cycle is long, the construction is carried on frequently in the open air and the high place, is often influenced by the natural climate condition. According to the national standard "high job classification" provides that there are more than 90% of the construction of higher operations. The open operation of buildingsaccounts for about 70% of the total workload, and the impacts and hazards of natural conditions such as spring, summer, autumn and winter, and sunshine, wind, rain, snow and snow etc.(5) Low mechanizationAt present, the construction mechanization degree of our country is still very low, still depend on a lot of manual operation.. Construction machinery and machinery in the factory compared to the mechanical equipment is very different, its safety is much higher than the factory equipment, the probability of injury is naturally much higher. There are several aspects of the following features:A. Use of different environmental conditions;B. Operating object is different;C. Operating location and operator;Take the crane as an example to discuss the mechanization of safety civilization management.In our country, with the increase of the number of the heavy machinery, the proportion of the injury accidents in the total industrial accidents is also increasing year by year. The common accidents of hoisting machinery are: the hanging falls, the impact of extrusion, the accident, the electric shock accident, the body dump accident.. The total number of crane crashes accounted for about 33%, the impact of extrusion accounted for about 30%, electric shock accounted for about 10%, the accident accounted for about 8%, the body dumping accounts for about 5%. The total number of the total number of injuries from the accident of the highest percentage of falling accident analysis:A. Off the rope accidents: due to the load from a bundle of the hoisting rope shedding collapsibility casualties damage.B.Weight loss accident from heavy lifting rope or special sling from hook caused by prolapse.C. Broken rope accident: hoisting rope and hoisting rope broken down due to the weight loss accident.D. Hook broken accident: weight loss accident fracture caused by hook.E. Hoisting wire rope problem.2.3 The work content of the construction safety civilization managementConstruction enterprises to do a good job security construction should pay attention to do the following several work:(1)Thinking;(2) Establishment of a safety production management system;(3) Establishing the safety and professional bodies and with full-time safety technicians;(4) Ensure that the workers are safe and secure;(5) Take the targeted safety measures;Safety technical measures should be aimed at the engineering features, in depth investigation and study. Also do a good job of work safety technical disclosure.3 Security checkThe security check is found in time, eliminate hidden dangers of accidents, an effective way to nip in the bud. The construction product volume is huge, the height operation is high, and then combined with the construction period, the technology complex and other factors, to the construction production brings a lot of unsafe factors. Through the combination of leadership and mass security checks, can effectively find the problem, take measures to eliminate the accident before the occurrence of the accident. Safety inspection can also summarize the good experience of the exchange of safety production, establish a typical, to promote the level of safety and civilization management. Mobilize the masses for security checks, both to encourage the masses to participate in the enthusiasm of safety and civilization management, and can educate the masses to enhance awareness of the safety awareness of production, and consciously improve the safety of production. In addition, the safety inspection can often give the neglect of the safety of the idea of knocking the alarm, and promptly correct illegal command, illegal operations behavior.4 SummarySafety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work. With the continuous development of the economy, the continuous improvement of people's living standards, employees in the construction industry and the whole society are on the construction process of safe and civilized management level proposed requirements more and more high, the traditional management mode has not adapted to the requirements of the times. It is now in need of scientific and modern enterprise security and civilization management mode, and continuously improve the level of safety civilization management, thereal safety civilization management work well. The scientific use of PDCA circulation method, the pair of leaders of all levels of safety education and construction plan possible accident, the implementation of safe and civilized management plan, make safe and civilized management is better in the construction of perfect embodiment. To inspect the construction process of the construction management plan, and find the problem that hidden and haven't met to solve, analyze and record, and put the security plan into the program. To reach a circular process. Therefore, as the construction enterprise, we should study the status quo of the construction industry safety civilization, establish the new idea of safety civilization management, and establish new accord with the.Construction safety management civilization is the first human management, to strengthen the safety education and training, continuously improve the quality of security business, enhance security awareness, and to take effective measures to regulate people's behavior, to implement standardized operation, in construction process due to the complexity of the construction site personnel, dynamic and frequent, in project management, to take admission to tertiary education and the change of production and construction, timely safety education; combination of production safety skills training, in order to enhance staff safety consciousness of responsibility and security capabilities.Through the safety civilization management education and training, strengthen the construction safety and the implementation of the guarantee. Safety education is the most effective method in the safety civilization management. Both time and greatly reduce the cost. On the construction enterprise personnel, from the leadership to the construction workers are admitted to the education and training, the whole aspect to strengthen safety awareness. A clear division of labor and management, the construction project without mistake, reduce the mistake. Building a safe and civilized management is a very complex system engineering, we must use of scientific management methods, management methods, the establishment of new safe and civilized management mode to improve worker safety execution. Only in this way, we can really make a safe and civilized management level to a new level.施工阶段的安全文明管理1.研究内容与目的目前我国的安全生产形势依然严峻，特别是建筑领域伤亡事故多发的状况尚未根本扭转，建筑施工安全极其严竣；安全生产基础比较薄弱，保障体系和机制不健全；安全生产监督管理机构、队伍建设以及监管工作还待加强。
建筑施工安全管理外文翻译参考文献
建筑施工安全管理外文翻译参考文献1. Chen, J., & Skibniewski, M. J. (2017). Construction project safety management in China: A 2004–2014 research review. Safety Science, 93, 96-105.2. Yang, Y., Leung, Y. T., Chan, A. P., & Lu, W. (2018). Research trends and topics in construction safety management literature: A bibliometric analysis. Safety Science, 103, 255-264.3. Abdou, D. E. S., & Hassanein, M. K. (2019). Assessment of construction safety management factors affecting safety performance in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(2), 767-777.4. Ling, F. Y., Chong, H. Y., Lan, Y., & Lu, W. (2020). A reviewof safety climate research from 2012 to 2018: Bibliometric analysis considering the construction industry's perspective. Safety Science, 125, .5. Zhang, Q., Jia, R., Zuo, J., & Hu, Y. (2019). Exploring the effects of construction workers’ safety behavior and safety climate onsafety performance: A multilevel analysis approach. Safety Science, 118, 502-512.6. Alazemi, K., & Kartam, N. (2014). Assessing safety performance index for construction projects in Kuwait. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(1), .7. Ardeshir, A., & Mohammadfam, I. (2015). Safety climate improvement framework for construction industry. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 22(1), 47-58.9. Lingard, H., & Rowlinson, S. (2015). Occupational health and safety in construction project management. Routledge.10. Sumner, N. (2019). Construction project management: An integrated approach. Routledge.11. Chikumba, T. (2017). Construction health and safety management systems in developing countries: The case of Zimbabwe. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 23(2), 163-175.12. Hadipriono, F. C., & Stamatis, D. H. (2016). Construction safety management. John Wiley & Sons.以上是一些关于建筑施工安全管理的外文翻译参考文献，涵盖了安全管理研究、安全氛围、安全绩效等方面的内容，有助于进一步了解该领域的研究动态和相关理论。
建筑工程安全管理英文摘要
建筑工程安全管理英文摘要Construction project safety management aims to ensure the safety of workers and the public during the construction process. In recent years, with the rapid development of the construction industry, the importance of safety management has become increasingly apparent. This paper provides an overview of the current state of construction project safety management, highlighting key issues and challenges, as well as discussing strategies for improving safety performance.1. IntroductionConstruction project safety management refers to the systematic identification, assessment, and control of potential hazards to ensure the safety and health of workers and the public. It involves the implementation of safety policies, procedures, and practices throughout the construction process. Effective safety management not only protects lives and prevents injuries but also enhances project productivity and reduces costs associated with accidents.2. Current State of Construction Project Safety Management2.1 Safety Regulations and StandardsVarious countries have established safety regulations and standards to govern construction activities. These regulations typically cover areas such as hazard assessment, personal protective equipment, emergency response plans, and worker training. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for ensuring the safety of construction projects.2.2 Safety CultureSafety culture refers to the shared values, attitudes, and behaviors related to safety within an organization. A positive safety culture promotes the active participation and cooperation of all stakeholders, including workers, supervisors, and management. However, many construction projects still lack a strong safety culture, leading to increased accident rates and injuries.2.3 Risk Assessment and ManagementRisk assessment is a critical component of construction project safety management. It involves identifying hazards, evaluating their potential risks, and implementing control measures to mitigate these risks. While risk assessment methods exist, their effectiveness is often hindered by inadequate data collection and analysis, limited resources, and a lack of communication among stakeholders.3. Key Issues and Challenges3.1 Lack of Training and AwarenessOne of the major challenges in construction project safety management is the lack of adequate training and awareness among workers and supervisors. Many accidents occur due to a lack of knowledge or understanding of safety procedures and practices. Therefore, investing in comprehensive training programs and promoting safety awareness campaigns is essential for improving safety performance.3.2 Communication and CoordinationEffective communication and coordination among different stakeholders are crucial for successful safety management. However, in complex construction projects, the involvement of multiple contractors and subcontractors can make communication challenging. Clear channels of communication should be established, and regular meetings should be held to ensure that all parties are on the same page regarding safety protocols.3.3 Technology IntegrationLeveraging technology can greatly enhance construction project safety management. For example, digital platforms and mobile applications can be used for real-time reporting of hazards, monitoring the implementation of safety measures, and conducting safety inspections. However, the adoption of technology in the construction industry is relatively slow, and there is a need for greater awareness and investment in safety-related technologies.4. Strategies for Improving Safety Performance4.1 Leadership and CommitmentEffective safety management requires strong leadership and commitment from top management. Leaders should set a clear safety vision, establish safety objectives, and allocate resources accordingly. By leading by example and emphasizing the importance of safety, management can create a culture of safety throughout the organization.4.2 Training and EducationProviding comprehensive training and education programs for workers and supervisors is crucial for improving safety performance. Training should cover topics such as hazard recognition, safe work practices, emergencyresponse procedures, and the proper use of personal protective equipment. Continuous training and refresher courses should be provided to ensure that safety knowledge is up to date.4.3 Continuous Improvement and EvaluationRegular evaluation and continuous improvement are essential elements of an effective safety management system. Safety performance should be monitored, and lessons learned from incidents and near-misses should be analyzed to identify areas for improvement. Safety goals and objectives should be regularly reviewed and adjusted based on the organization's performance.5. ConclusionConstruction project safety management plays a vital role in ensuring the safety and well-being of workers and the public. While progress has been made in this area, challenges remain, including the need for improved training and awareness, better communication and coordination, and increased technology integration. By implementing strategies such as strong leadership, comprehensive training, and continuous improvement, construction projects can achieve higher safety standards and reduce the risk of accidents.。
施工安全外文文献
施工安全外文文献Construction Safety: Literature ReviewIntroductionConstruction sites are hazardous environments with a high potential for accidents and injuries. Research has shown that construction workers are more likely to suffer severe injuries or fatal accidents than workers in other industries (Baker et al., 2019). The purpose of this article is to review the literature on construction safety, with a focus on measures to reduce workplace injuries and fatalities.Key Themes in Construction Safety LiteratureRisk ManagementRisk management is a key concept in construction safety. The effective management of risks is essential to prevent accidents and ensure worker safety. Huang and Lee (2019) found that effective risk management requires a cooperative effort among all stakeholders, including project managers, workers, and regulatory agencies. They also noted the importance of communication and information sharing in identifying and mitigating risks.Safety CultureSafety culture is another crucial concept in construction safety. A strong safety culture is essential to promote safe practices and reduce accidents. In a study by Zohar and Luria (2005), they found that companies that prioritize safety and promote a positive safety culture have lower injury rates than those that do not. Additionally, a strong safety culture improves workers' attitudes towardssafety and their willingness to report unsafe conditions.Training and EducationTraining and education are essential components of construction safety. Workers need to be trained on proper safety procedures, the correct use of equipment, and the identification of hazards. In a study by Kim et al. (2019), they found that workers who received regular safety training had fewer injuries than those who did not. Furthermore, education and training should be ongoing, as constructionsites can have changing hazards and risks over time.Technological AdvancementsTechnological advancements have made significant contributions to construction safety. For instance, wearable technology and sensors can detect hazardous conditions andalert workers to potential risks (Gao et al., 2019). Additionally, virtual reality simulation tools can be used to train workers on hazardous scenarios, improving their ability to recognize and respond to hazards (Voroshilov et al., 2019).ConclusionIn conclusion, construction safety is a complex issuethat requires a comprehensive approach. Risk management,safety culture, training and education, and technological advancements are all essential components to ensure worker safety. By implementing effective safety measures,construction companies can reduce the risk of accidents and injuries and create a safer working environment for all workers.。
浅谈建筑工程安全管理英语
浅谈建筑工程安全管理英语Construction Engineering Safety ManagementIntroduction:Construction engineering safety management plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of construction sites and workers. With the rapid development of the construction industry, effective safety management is essential to prevent accidents, protect workers' lives, and maintain the industry's sustainable growth. In this article, we will discuss the importance of construction engineering safety management and explore key practices in ensuring a safe working environment.I. Understanding the Importance of Construction Engineering Safety Management:A. Protecting Worker's Lives: Construction sites are prone to high-risk activities and hazards. Implementing safety management measures helps prevent accidents, reducing the likelihood of injuries or fatalities.B. Legal Compliance: Construction projects must adhere to safety regulations and standards set by local authorities. Safety management ensures compliance, reducing the risk of legal issues and penalties.C. Enhancing Project Efficiency: Effective safety management minimizes work-related accidents and interruptions, enhancing project efficiency, and reducing delays.D. Maintaining Reputation: By prioritizing safety, construction companies build a reputation for being responsible and reliable. Clients aremore likely to engage with contractors who have a strong safety management system in place.II. Key Practices in Construction Engineering Safety Management:A. Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification:1. Conducting regular risk assessments is fundamental in identifying potential hazards and risks associated with construction activities.2. Identifying hazards allows for the implementation of precautionary measures to eliminate or minimize risks.3. Engaging workers in the identification process promotes a safety-conscious culture on construction sites.B. Training and Education:1. Providing comprehensive safety training to all personnel working on construction sites.2. Training programs should cover essential topics such as hazard recognition, emergency response, and proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).3. Regular refresher courses to ensure workers stay updated on safety protocols and practices.C. Safety Inspections and Audits:1. Regular inspections to assess if safety protocols are followed correctly.2. Audits should be conducted by experienced professionals who can identify potential gaps and recommend necessary actions.3. Creating a checklist based on safety standards to ensure thorough inspections.D. Incident Reporting and Investigation:1. Establishing a system for reporting incidents and near misses to gather information for analysis.2. Investigating incidents helps identify root causes and develop preventive measures.3. Encouraging workers to report incidents without fear of reprisal.E. Safety Communication and Awareness:1. Establishing effective channels of communication to disseminate safety-related information promptly.2. Regular safety meetings to address concerns, share best practices, and inform workers about any changes in safety protocols.3. Utilizing visual aids, such as posters and signboards, to reinforce safety messages.F. Continuous Improvement:1. Regularly reviewing and updating safety protocols based on industry best practices and local regulations.2. Encouraging feedback from workers to identify areas for improvement.3. Promoting a culture of continuous learning and improvement in safety management practices.Conclusion:Construction engineering safety management is crucial in creating a safe and secure working environment on construction sites. By prioritizing safety, construction companies can protect workers, comply with regulations, enhance project efficiency, and maintain a positive reputation. Implementing key practices such as risk assessment, training, inspections, incident reporting, and continuous improvement is essential in ensuring the successof safety management efforts. Let us all strive for a future where construction sites are safe for everyone involved.。
有关建筑安全的英文文章
有关建筑安全的英文文章English:In the construction industry, safety is paramount. Workers in this industry often work at high elevations, use heavy machinery, and are exposed to a number of other hazards. This is why it is important for construction firms to have comprehensive safety programs designed to prevent accidents and injuries on the job site.There are a number of different strategies that construction firms can use to improve safety. One of the most important is the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This includes things like hard hats, safety glasses, earplugs, and respirators, which can help protect workers from falling objects, noise pollution, and hazardous dust and chemicals.Another key strategy is proper training for all workers. This includes not only initial training for new hires but also ongoing safety education and refresher courses for more seasoned team members.It is important to ensure that all workers understand the risks associated with their jobs and how to mitigate them.In addition to PPE and training, construction firms can also take steps to reduce hazards on the job site. This includes things like ensuring that ladders and scaffolding are properly secured, that heavy machinery is inspected and maintained regularly, and that there are clear communication and emergency response plans in place should an accident occur.Ultimately, safety on the job site is everyone's responsibility. Construction firms must create a culture of safety where workers are encouraged to report hazards and speak up about unsafe conditions. Only when everyone is fully committed to safety can accidents be prevented and lives saved.中文翻译:在建筑行业中，安全至关重要。
建筑工程安全管理英文论文
建筑工程安全管理英文论文Title: Construction Engineering Safety Management: A Comprehensive ReviewIntroduction:Construction engineering safety management plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and well-being of workers involved in construction projects. It involves implementing policies, procedures, and standards to minimize job-related accidents, injuries, and fatalities. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of construction engineering safety management, analyzing its importance, key principles, challenges, and best practices.1. Importance of Construction Engineering Safety Management:Construction sites are inherently hazardous environments, with numerous potential risks and dangers. Implementing effective safety management practices is of utmost importance to prevent accidents, injuries, and fatalities. This section will discuss the significance of construction engineering safety management and its impact on various stakeholders, including workers, contractors, and project owners. It will highlight the benefits of promoting a culture of safety and the associated economic advantages for organizations.2. Key Principles of Construction Engineering Safety Management:To ensure the highest levels of safety, construction engineering safety management is based on several key principles. This section will outlinethese principles, including risk assessment and identification, hazard control, safety training and education, proper use of personal protective equipment, and emergency preparedness. Emphasis will be placed on the need for proactive measures, such as regular inspections and audits, to continuously improve safety performance.3. Legal and Regulatory Framework:Effective construction engineering safety management is supported by a robust legal and regulatory framework. This section will explore the relevant legislation and regulations, highlighting the responsibilities of employers, contractors, and other stakeholders. It will discuss the role of government agencies, industry associations, and professional bodies in enforcing safety standards and promoting compliance.4. Challenges and Issues in Construction Engineering Safety Management:Despite the importance of safety management, the construction industry faces numerous challenges in ensuring a safe working environment. This section will discuss common challenges, such as inadequate safety culture, lack of training and awareness, poor communication, and the pressure to meet project deadlines. It will also address emerging issues, such as the integration of technology and the impact of climate change on construction safety.5. Best Practices in Construction Engineering Safety Management:This section will outline best practices for effective construction engineering safety management. It will include case studies and examples ofsuccessful safety initiatives and programs implemented by leading organizations in the construction industry. Topics covered may include safety leadership, employee engagement, continuous improvement, data analysis, and the use of innovative technologies to enhance safety performance.Conclusion:Construction engineering safety management is a critical aspect of construction projects. By prioritizing safety, organizations can protect the well-being of their workers, reduce accidents, and enhance productivity and efficiency. This comprehensive review has highlighted the significance of safety management, key principles, legal framework, challenges, and best practices. Implementing effective safety management measures is essential to ensure the successful completion of construction projects while safeguarding the lives of those involved.。
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建筑安全管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：开发一个评估施工现场安全管理系统有效性的模型摘要:在新加坡,实施了建筑行业安全管理系统(SMS)和SMS审计大约有十年之久的现在,安全标准的提高并不显著。
为了回应需要改进的有效性(SMS)和安全管理体系审计的目的,本文提出了一种方法, 人员可以利用测试工具来评估审计建筑公司安全管理体系的有效性。
研究方法采用了15个步进行调查，安全专家被邀请通过面试或工作表达自己的意见。
层次分析法(AHP)及因子分析是用来协助识别影响最为关键的因素和属性的安全。
该模型开发利用多属性值模型(MAVT)的方法。
该方法可以通过网站得到验证审核,利用模型中施工安全指数(CSI)可以计算出来。
结果表明,该模型可以作为一个客观CSI衡量不同管理和评估。
关键词: 安全管理体系;安全审核;施工安全指数1 简介: 支撑这一工作的论据安全管理体系(SMS)作为建筑业一个正式制度的管理现场安全的体系。
承包商预期管理现场安全通过正常的安全管理体系。
如何有效地评价这些系统是很重要的,这样可以使不足之处得以更正。
该研究工作是在协作与职业安全部门监督下进行的,人力资源部门可根据当局评价审计协议来衡量一个建筑工地的有效性的安全管理体系。
新加坡建筑行业服务实施了安全管理体系审计大约有十年之久了,但是提高的安全效果并不显著。
这与影响船舶的修建行业一样,经历了一个稳定提高安全性能的阶段。
实施后的指标(SMS)和安全管理体系审计缺乏安全的改进可能是由于缺少安全管理结构和标准。
在新加坡,没有规定管理SMS的方式和政策，缺少的部分由建筑公司起草。
事情往往不是这样,承包商的人认为,他们有足够的时间来审计安全管理体系的安全。
以往的研究发现成功的安全关系体系在建筑工地有助于防止事故的发生。
因此,必须提供一个全面的属性清单以及可能影响其安全工作的性能，同时也没有标准协议上的安全进行审计方法。
各项安全审计事务有它自己的一套审计方法, 施工安全管理系统守则基于在新加坡的广泛使用的规程实施。
第二十七节：《 (工厂大楼运营工程建设作品)(修订)条例草案》规则1994，除了声明必须包括14个主要元素的安全检查,没有其他指南标准清单和审计安全水平来评价安全管理的有效性。
在实践中, 各个公司使用不同的清单。
许多安全审计公司要降低安全审计的费用，低费用可能使一些公司对抄近路,少花时间,因此降低的安全检查的质量和力度。
想知道网站是否有一个有效的安全管理体系，政府被要求每六个月进行一次安全管理体系的检查。
问题是,迄今为止没有标准化的工具能客观的审计和有效性的去评估公司的安全管理体系。
还有一个大型的审计之间的差异，摘要的不同，以及安全标准的疑问。
针对需要提高其疗效和安全管理体系的审核,这篇文章的目的是提出一种开发和测试的工具方法,可以用审计师评估一家建筑公司的有效性及安全管理体系。
这个目标是非常重要的,因为行业通过一个标准方法,可以开发一个审计的目的和基准。
这个调查的目的是制定一项审计协议来有效的评价解释网站的安全管理体系。
这是取得的发展和测试评估使用的工具, 这些网站用来计算施工安全指数(CSI)。
这是用一个定量的成绩表示一个建筑工地效能水平的安全管理体系。
安全审计是一种收集结构化过程独立信息的效率、效果和可靠性的总和，通过安全审计来对安全管理体系制订纠正措施。
有效性在确定安全管理体系中是很重要的。
昆剧和Gibb发现有监测事故发生前的审计系统成功实现了加强的效果，安全管理的安全性能也是至关重要的。
考克斯和考克斯团队发现安全审计是安全管理体系最重要的因素之一，它为管理者提供进一步符合的安全管理体系的标准。
安全工作源于实践, 通过观察可靠和延续的反馈安全生产水平。
因此, 及时的安全检查将帮助确定强项和弱项电流安全程序,使任何可能造成不利影响的问题区域得以成功的预防，这使公司能获得更大的利益且符合程序资源部署。
2 安全管理体系服务于建筑行业在新加坡,MOM是政府调控机制研究进展的立法机构,负责执行安全问题的地方。
主要制定安全立法网站必须遵守的工厂法案章节(104)和《工厂大楼运营和工作建设工程)(BOWEC)规例》,1994。
BOWEC法规要求所有的施工工作城市及合同价值$ 1000万基础上的制定了一个安全管理体系守则,即建筑安全管理系统(CP)79。
工作城市间合同价值少于1000万美元的,不需要执行安全管理体系,但是他们也鼓励要去执行。
CP79的14个主要安全管理元素如下:·安全政策；·安全工作实践；·安全培训；·工作组会议；·事故调查和分析；·内部安全规则和条例；·安全推广,评价、选择和管理承包商；·安全检查；·维护政权所有的机器和设备；·危害分析；·运动控制和有害物质；·化学材料；·紧急事件处置；·职业健康计划。
每个单元提供详细的施工指导意见来组织和管理他们公司的应用网站,以确保公司人员和公众的安全。
然而,CP 79注定不会被封闭在一个严格的组，因为每个法规的建设项目是不同的。
项目经理必须小心解释条款在《实务守则》中适应这个项目的环境指南。
除了新加坡、安全管理体系也需要在其他国家发展。
回顾安全管理体系在香港,澳大利亚，美国和英国的使用发现79年新加坡的CP综合非常激动人心,并涵盖所有级别的建设项目和组织。
然而,关注更高水平的问题,如管理承诺不足相比澳大利亚和英国。
这方法采用的体系不同于英国具体丰富的细节,但他们凸显需要进行管理,在那里他们的参与给出的意见和评论非常重要。
很多研究表明,参与管理安全管理体系的核心元素，若没有联合管理的支持是难以执行安全生产措施和建立安全文化组织的。
3 研究方法第一步是复习各种安全管理体系标准和选定发达国家已知有且相对较高的安全标准作为指导方针。
这些国家包括香港、澳大利亚、英国和美国。
第二步,相关属性的选择要进行基于文献分析及研究各国安全管理体系。
然后以问卷的方式调查从业者的感知重要性的顺序排列。
发放问卷调查,随机选取新加坡的420名有注册建筑施工机构的建筑承包商(步骤三)。
第四步,审核并奖励安全性能奖(ASPA)来鼓励选择使用安全管理体系的这些组织。
第五步,进行访谈的三个安全审计人员找出其审计的实践，开发了一个以文献分析及邮政调查结果为基础的初步的框架(步骤六、步骤七)。
通过一个模型来衡量发明安全管理体系的有效性(第八步)，该模型基于多属性技术(MAVT)。
在步骤八,所有可能的属性纳入该模型并通过CP79鉴定,这些因素、工具和实践来自其他国家。
通过步骤九和步骤十的重要性权重因素和属性框架《CSI犯罪现场》确定第一级和二级因素属性, 30位专家们接受了采访，分析确定了指标的权重层次分析法(AHP)(步骤9)。
由于需要大量的时间进行层次分析法(AHP)和低等级属性的数量的比较,在较低的水平属性权重点的基础上,确定李克量表,十二个行业的重量级专家接受了采访体现了它的重要性。
研究评级方法(步骤十一)和验证由业内专家完成。
此后,模型的性能通过三个现场审核进行了测试 (第十二步)。
基于反馈的信息,步骤十四改进算法便成为步骤十五，此次调查的结果(步骤七) 曾被张栋梁丁晓萍报道。
本文将集中在第八步开始验证其发展简史及提出模型。
4 模型构造(第八步)MAVT模型从文献研究和调查结果发现许多影响安全的属性，MAVT方法在解决这个问题的多重属性上开发了一个得分模型,即每个属性指定一个重量来反映其重要性,每个施工现场的标度上用0 – 1表示其所有属性，此后,重量乘以评级,产品包含每个选择。
该模型需要确定如下内容:·属性列表需要评价;·属性重要性的权重;·施工现场各个属性的评分;·对确定每一个聚集规律的选择。
4.1 属性列表承包商和他们的那些属性建设网站需要为了确保高水平的相关测试行业范围的调查来实现安全鉴定。
这显著性重要变量被输入到SPSS软件进行因素和结构分析,以确定是否可以提出与许多方面有联系的安全策略。
因子分析是受这一事实变数影响的有关重要构造的一种可能的参数,可以代表其在简洁和识别形式的基本结构。
因子分析产生了四个主要部件,政策因素、工艺因素,激励因素和人员因素(3 P + I)。
每一个因素由多个属性。
见图1的3P+I模型。
这四个因素和相关属性安排成五个层次树来体现价值,那里的目标在顶部可能是抽象的,在低层级是连贯和富有逻辑性的。
更高层次目标的决策者通常将目标全球化，这些目标需要最高的秩序而且必须合计代表决策者的总目标。
每一个高层次的目标是先会分枝,分为中级水平目标,最后再分为低水平的目标。
这价值属性树必须要有一个井然有序结构来帮助评估问题和启发权值树枝作用的重要性。
在这项研究中,最高水平的目的层次被称为“因素”。
这四个因素是:政策、过程、人事和激励。
第二层次的特征具有很重要的意义，其属性来源于问卷调查。
每一个二级属性进一步下分直到下级属性适度降低得到属性，该列表包含590种属性和《CSI犯罪现场》清单。
4.2 属性重要性权重有必要对这两方面加以区分,哪些属性在3 P+I层次框架是理想的,如前面提到的590例属性细节，这是因为不同属性的重要性支持不同网站的安全。
因此,有必要设立评价属性的程度,对各属性重要性加以分析，其主要是用来决定制造商的重要性,因此它表达彼此属性相对于其他属性的评估,体重指示是决定这个制造商最关键的一个定量分析方法。
有几个公约来自分配属性的权重体系，利用一个惯例对每枝体重层次树状分析得到的增殖透过树,即重量之和为1的每个层次树。
本研究采用Saaty(19)的层次分析法(AHP)得到的重要性权重可以分析更高层次的属性(等级1和2)。
4.2.1 属性重要性的应用层次分析法(AHP)步骤九利用问卷调查来获得第一和第二水平运用层次分析法的权重。
这四个因素的权重(政策、过程、人员和激励)组成第一层次权重。
第二个层次权重的3 P +I 模型问卷内容包括五个部分: (1)通过相关因素的现场安全政策、过程和人员激励 (一级重量);(2)相关因素现场安全通过政策方面(水平两个重量);(3)相关因素现场安全通过工艺方面(要求等级2重量);(4)相关因素人事方面(二级重量);(5) 通过的因素与现场安全激励方面(二级重量)。
利用层次分析法(AHP)的Saaty(19)技术,受访者比较每个元素或顺次列举反对的理由或对比另一个9点规模来说明它们的相对重要性。
强度的重要性措施的由打分得来,分值范围为1 –9来表示其“绝对的重要性”。
每一个元素或顺次排列并与另一个是互相抵触来建立其重要性。