英国文学论文_苔丝

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苔丝论文

苔丝摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》被称为英国文学和世界文学的瑰宝，出版于十九世纪末，作者是英国伟大的批判现实主义作家，被予以“一个耸立在维多利亚时代和新时代交界线上的忧郁形象”----托马斯．哈代。

该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女苔丝失身后悲惨的命运。

文章通过对社会环境的描写，再从人物性格和当时的宗教原因着手，由此揭露出苔丝悲惨的命运是那个社会的思想，传统，秩序的局限所造成的。

除此之外,这与她自身性格的弱点也是分不开的，她对命运有着反抗的一面也有妥协的一面。

所以，作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的，最终会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样，沦为社会的牺牲品。

关键词：悲剧伦理道德人性宿命论牺牲品一、作者简介与其小说思想背景：托马斯・哈代，1840年6月2日生于英格兰的多塞特郡，1928年1月11日去世。

他年轻时博览群书，母亲爱好文学，深受其影响，哈代二十二岁开始写诗，一心想成为一个诗人。

他用了五年的时间，勤奋地写作诗歌，但在二十七岁时，毅然转向小说。

两年后，他的第一篇短篇小说虽被采纳，但在乔治・梅雷迪斯的劝导下，他决定不发表。

他的第一部小说《计出无奈》于1871年问世。

在此后的二十五年里，他发表了十四部小说和两本短篇小说集，其中最著名，最深刻的两部小说：《德伯家的苔丝》（T ess of the D’Urbervilles）和《无名裘德》（Jude the Obscure）。

哈代生活的时代, 正是英国由自由资本主义向帝国主义过度的时期, 资本主义在给英国社会创造了繁荣的经济的同时也加深了下层贫苦人民的困境, 特别是十九世纪七十年代以后,资本主义侵入农村, 使农村的宗法社会基础彻底崩溃。

哈代亲眼目睹了资本主义入侵农村致使农民破产的情况, 他在作品中描写了资本主义给农村带来的灾难，并且对农民的悲惨境遇寄予同情, 但是哈代由于自己所处的社会时代的局限, 尽管他想找出解决这些问题的出路, 但是最终也没有成功。

论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲惨命运的根源

论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲惨命运的根源一、本文概述《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代笔下的一部深刻描绘社会悲剧与个体命运纠缠的杰作。

作品以女主角苔丝为中心，细腻展现了她在维多利亚时代英国社会大背景下所经历的种种磨难与不幸。

本文旨在探讨苔丝悲惨命运的根源，通过对小说文本的细致解读，结合社会历史背景，深入剖析导致苔丝悲剧命运的多重因素。

文章将从家庭背景、社会环境、个人性格以及道德观念等多个维度展开论述，以期对苔丝的命运有更全面、深入的理解。

通过对苔丝悲剧命运的探讨，本文旨在引发对个体命运与社会环境之间复杂关系的思考，以及对维多利亚时代社会道德观念的反思。

二、苔丝的家庭背景与成长环境在《德伯家的苔丝》这部小说中，苔丝的命运之源可以追溯至她的家庭背景与成长环境。

苔丝出生于一个贫穷的小贩家庭，这样的家庭环境使她在物质和精神层面都面临着巨大的压力。

她的父母，尽管深爱着女儿，但却无力为她提供一个更为优越的生活环境。

在生活的压力下，他们只能寄希望于苔丝能够借助婚姻改变家庭的困境，这无形中为苔丝的未来铺设了一条布满荆棘的道路。

在这样的家庭背景下，苔丝的成长环境也充满了挑战。

她不仅要面对生活的艰辛，还要应对社会对贫困家庭的偏见和歧视。

她的纯真和善良在这样的环境中显得格格不入，这也为她日后遭遇的种种不幸埋下了伏笔。

在苔丝的成长过程中，她缺乏足够的关爱和引导，这使得她在面对人生的重大抉择时，常常显得无所适从。

在这样的家庭与成长环境下，苔丝的命运似乎早已注定。

她的纯真和善良成为了她最大的软肋，使她在面对世俗的丑恶时，无力抵抗。

而她的家庭背景则成为了她无法摆脱的枷锁，使她在追求幸福的道路上步履维艰。

因此，可以说苔丝的家庭背景与成长环境是她悲惨命运的根源之一。

然而，尽管苔丝的命运充满了悲剧色彩，但她的坚韧和勇敢却让人深感敬佩。

她在面对生活的种种不幸时，从未放弃过对美好未来的向往和追求。

她的故事让我们深刻认识到，家庭背景与成长环境虽然对个体的命运有着深远的影响，但个体的坚韧和勇气同样能够创造出属于自己的未来。

英语论文《德伯家的苔丝》苔丝的悲剧成因分析

contentsAbstract (I)内容摘要 (II)1. Introduction (1)1.1 About tragedy and Tess of D’urbervilles (1)1.2 About Thomas Hardy (2)1.3 Background of the Novel (3)2. Two Deep Stratification of the Tess’ tragedy in the ovel (4)2.1 Family and Society Caused Tess’s Tragedy (4)2.2 Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System (5)2.3 Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers (6)3. Characters Analysis in the Novel (6)3.1 Tess’s Character (7)3.2 Alec’s Characters (9)3.3 Clare’s Characters (10)Conclusion (13)Bibliography (14)AbstractLiterature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars have begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. The British famous writer Thomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. His novel reflected the real society. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Hardy succeeded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic. This paper will discuss the causes of Tess tragedy in terms of environment and characters that Tess involved.Key Words：Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character内容摘要文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。

试论苔丝悲剧的成因 2

苔丝悲剧的成因：在19世纪末20世纪初的英国作家中。

托马斯·哈代是一位“在历史与未来交叉点上的文学家”。

而《苔丝》是托马斯·哈代最著名的小说之一。

故事讲述的是农家姑娘苔丝为帮助家庭摆脱经济困难而外出做工的不幸遭遇和悲剧。

我们通常可以从三个角度品味悲剧：社会的悲剧、性格的悲剧和宿命的悲剧。

而苔丝的悲剧就包含这三种形式的悲剧。

一、时代社会的悲剧1．苔丝的悲剧是一个社会悲剧。

社会悲剧是人同环境的冲突造成的。

苔丝生活在19世纪80年代。

资本主义开始侵人家长统治下的英国农村，小农经济开始一步步走向崩溃，造成个体农民的破产。

农民为了生存，不得不向工人转化。

苔丝作为一个贫苦农民的女儿，而后又作为一个雇佣劳动者，其命运必然是悲惨的。

苔丝的祖上原本是贵族，后来衰败了。

苔丝家里的老马被撞死后，他们一家就破产了，失去了赖以生存的经济基础，苔丝不得不去投靠假冒的本家，在杜伯维尔家养鸡，这个重要的转折不仅使她失去了童贞，更使她成了一个靠出卖自己劳力赚钱生活的农业工人。

离开杜伯维尔家后，为了生活，苔丝又去了奶牛场做了一名挤奶女工。

包括后来种萝卜时被残忍地剥削和压迫都足以看出农民阶级已经向无产阶级转变了。

面对整个家庭的饥饿和死亡．苔丝在生存的压力、家人的哀求与阿历克的利诱下，最终被逼无奈，重投阿历克的怀抱。

正是这一行为，使苔丝失去了可能获得幸福的最后机会。

2.以阿历克和克莱尔为代表的不同性质的社会势力导致了苔丝的悲剧。

阿历克作为作品中的反面人物是邪恶的代表。

为了得到苔丝，他以他母亲的名义写信欺骗苔丝为他工作并利用一切机会接近并占有苔丝。

就是这样一个荒淫好色的恶魔后来居然变成了一个劝人行善的牧师，这更加体现了阿历克所代表的宗教势力的伪善。

而克莱尔在作品中是资产阶级虚伪道德的体现者，在他身上既有一定的开明思想也保留着传统的道德偏见。

他虽出身牧师家庭却不愿当牧师为上帝服务而愿意务农为人类服务。

他鄙视阶级偏见、等级观念，厌弃都市繁华的生活而到农村和农工一样从事繁重的体力劳动!在恋爱问题上他温文尔雅、严肃认真，这说明他是当时具有自由思想的资产阶级知识分子。

关于苔丝的英文作文

关于苔丝的英文作文英文回答：Tess of the d'Urbervilles is one of the most memorable and complex female characters in English literature. She is a young woman who is repeatedly victimized by men, but she never loses her spirit or her compassion. Tess is a tragic figure, but she is also a symbol of resilience and hope.I find Tess to be a relatable character because she is so human. She makes mistakes, but she always tries to do the right thing. She is flawed, but she is also kind and loving. I admire Tess's strength and determination, and I am always inspired by her story.One of the most memorable scenes in the novel is when Tess is raped by Alec d'Urberville. This is a traumatic event, but Tess does not let it define her. She goes on to live a full and meaningful life, and she eventually finds happiness with Angel Clare.Tess of the d'Urbervilles is a powerful and moving novel that explores the themes of love, loss, and redemption. I highly recommend it to anyone who enjoys classic literature or who is interested in strong female characters.中文回答：苔丝·德伯菲尔德是英国文学中最令人难忘、最复杂的人物形象之一。

苔丝英语论文（最终版）

苔丝英语论文（最终版）第一篇：苔丝英语论文（最终版）The Analysis of the Tragic Life of TessThe story happened in the late 19th century, the cruel capitalist exploitation has ruined the English countryside severely and Wessex is not immune from the destruction;the capitalism brings great harm to the agriculture life;all the self-supporting peasants are all live in a rather miserable life.Tess of the D‟Urbervilles is one of the Hardy‟s Wessex novels.The agricultural region of the southern countries England is the novel’s setting.The social conventions and the moral level Angel Clare, a man of liberal mind, is the son of a clergyman.In this novel, he is the direct opposite of Alec.He has broken with the traditions of his family to seek the ideal in a quiet rural life.He looks down upon the material distinction of rank and wealth.He wants to have own farm with Tess.In his eyes, Tess is lovely and pure.He treats Tess“equally”.all the above mentioned make T ess fall in love with him and is engaged to him.T o some extent he is different form other man, for his mind is opening.To our surprised after Tess tells him her past story, although he is a sinner for he had some affair with a bad woman, he refuses to forgive Tess just like Tess forgives him.We can find the weakness and flaws of his personality.In his eyes, the judge of purity still depends on the social conventions and the moral level.We can find that he is the slave of the custom and conventionality.He tells Tess that his lover is not Tess but another woman in her shape.He brings great harm to Tess and play an important role in the tragic life.Tess is seduced by Alec, so Tess is scandalized by the narrow-minded people.When her son who is regarded as a bastard is todie, his father refuses to asked preacher to give the baptism of the child, for her father feels ashamed with Tess and he is afraid of people‟s laughing and discussion.No one care about Tess and every one think she is guilty.Tess suffers a lot while the arch-criminal Alec has become the preacher.No one think he is guilty.The unequal treatment makes her life tragic.Self –sacrifice and responsibilityWithout doubt, Tess is rather obedient girl.when the death of the old horse destroy her family‟s business, Tess thinks it is her fault.Then Durbeyfield began to shovel in the earth and the children cried anew.Tess does not cry.Her face is dry and pale, as though she regarded herself in the light of a murderess.Tess thinks that she has dragged her parents into this quagmire, so she wonders what she could do help her family get out of trouble.She accepts her mother‟s advice and goes to work on Alec‟s farm, and later she is seduced by Alec.The second time, Tess…s father dies and her family have no food and have no p lace to live in.Tess is driven to accept Alec‟s advice and live with Alec to support her family.Tess, a member of the family, thinks that she has responsibility for her family, so she must try her best to change her family‟s situation.Every time it is at the cost of her happiness that her family can continue to live.When Tess tells Angel her past story, Angel refuses to forgive her and leave Tess alone.Tess does not show her anger to him, although she has enough reasons to do that.Angel is also a sinner, because he has affair with a bad woman.Tess can forgive her fault while he can not forgive Tess, which is unfair for Tess.Tess does not hate Angel and she just hope for his forgive.We can find that Tess just think of others.She never just thinks of herself.Her Self –sacrifice and responsibility impress the reader strongly.Braveness andInnocence It is hard for people to think that a young girl seduced by others does not marry the man, but Tess does;under the suffering of losing her baby, without hesitation, Tess goes to a farm as a milkmaid at Talbot hays;all show that she is brave.Because of her braveness she refuses to marry Alec and becomes a baby‟s mother who doesn‟t marry;because of braveness, when Angel came back, in order to shows her love andlive with Angel, T ess kills Alec and hides with Angel in a forest;even when she wakes up only to find the arrest, Tess deals with it calmly and she is not sad.What we can not deny is that braveness and innocence is the good quality that everyone shall have, however, the function of this good quality is the guide to the pure girl‟s tragedy.Because of her innocence, she does not accept her mother‟s advice, she tells her past story to Clare, and Angel does not understand her and refused to forgive her.Tess is abandoned by Angel.Then she begins anther tragedy.In fact, if she does not tell Angel her seduction by Alec, Angel has no choice to know about her past, if Angel does not learn about her past story, Angel does not think her is not pure and abandon her.Innocence and braveness is good personality, while Tess she pays her young and gold life for the cost.Braveness makes people think her is not pure;innocence makes her lose her husband.In this sentence, Tess asked Angel to marry her sister who is a simple and pure woman.From this we can find that the traditional morality and Fatalism is in the blood of Tess and T ess is affected by it deeply.It becomes one part of her body.so although Tess fights with all the unfair treatment, she comes to terms with the society and evil at last.ConclusionIn the novel Tess of the D‟Urbervilles, Tess is a poor countrygirl.In the beginning of the novel, the poor girl goes to work on Alec‟s farm, and then she is seduced by Alec.She is the victim in this case, but People all think she is guilt, even her husband, for people judge “purity” depend on the social conventions and the moral level.So at last, Tess is arrested and hangs, which means that Tess fails to fight with the sociality.The cruel capitalist exploitation is the reason why Tess is in poverty.Because of the struggle to live, Tess force to work under the capitalist exploitation.So in a word ,the bourgeois society is responsible for Tess‟s miseries and sufferings ,and Tess‟s personalities become her own weakness.第二篇：英语论文《苔丝悲剧成因》开题报告1.Research IntentionTess of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy(1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess.In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed.We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear.At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable.The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.2.Literary ReviewFrom the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time.After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from variousperspectives.For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess.According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity.Arnold Kettle takes a different point of view.For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry.Mr.Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel.In China, Prof.Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works.There are3.Research ProcessThis paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personalities.Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors.The following is the outline of the paper.Part 1.Introduction This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.1.1Thomas Hardy and his works1.2Tess of the D’urbervillesPart 2.Causes for the tragedy of TessThe cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmersThis novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hiredfield hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job.These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.2.2Alec and Clare In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly.There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate.She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec---the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare---the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy.It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.2.3 The weakness of her characterApart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate.Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society.She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles.She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factorsThe last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysteriousand incidental factors.Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel.Part 3.ConclusionIt is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of hercharacter became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.4.ConclusionThrough studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life;maybe she would finish her life peacefully.It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy.But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.Bibliography［1］Chen Jia.Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 2004 ［2］Chenxia.Analysi s of the Tragic Mood in “T ess of the D’Urbervilles”［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China(social societies), 1998(2):100-102［3］Huangjing.On the causes of the tragedy of Tess ［J］.Journal of NorthwestMinorities University(social science), 2002,(3):95-98［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing.The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess ［J］.Journal of DaqingTeachers’ College, 2005,(2):65-66［5］Liu Yafei.Doomed from the start ［6］ThomasHardy.Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation& Translation Press, 2004［7］Wang ments on the Tragedy of T essa ［J］.Journal of ChengdeVocational College, 2005(4)：26-27［8］Zhang Xiaodong.Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.Journal of Chaohu College, 2004,(6):74-77第三篇：苔丝Comments on Tess of the D'UrbervillesTess of the D'Urbervilles is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy.Focusing on the tragic experience of its heroine Tess, the plot of story begins.Tess comes from a farmer’s family, the Durbeyfields.She has lived a poor but peaceful life.However, God, “The President of the Immoral” begins to play a cruel joke on this innocent girl.One day her father, John Durbeyfied learns that they are descended from the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England.Tess’s parents are in an ecstasy of delight over the news.Her mother urges Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D’Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman.Unwillingly, the girl comes in contact with the Stoke, D’Urbervilles.There she meets Alec D’Urbervilles, who shows off the estate and always seduces her.Having received a job of tending to chickens, Tess stays in the D’Urbervilles.Her tragic life has just begun.Before long the rich and guileful Alec manages to seduce the girl and make her pregnant.Being humiliated and resolute, Tess returns home.Despite the rumors all around, she gives birth to a child, who is called Sorrow but dies soon because of grave illness.For several weeks, Tess is overwhelmed by grief and sorrow.Nevertheless, without financial support, Tess has toleave home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Angel Claire.They have met each other before, and Tess has made a favorable impression on Angel.After Angel persistent pursuit of Tess, the two fall in love and become engaged.Then comes the wedding night, too honest to keep any secret, Tess admits about Alec D’Urbervilles and the child.She begs for forgiveness, but Angel leaves her in disgust.T ess again returns home alone, only find that her family remains impoverished and she even has no place to stay.In the meantime, Alec D’Urbervilles, the evil person appears again.He takes advantage of the Durbeyfields’ poverty and continues to tempt Tess.He promises to support her family, only as a means to make Tess dependent.At the end of hope, the girl jumps into the trap of the shameless man.However, the tragedy has not finished yet.Angel Claire, who is remorseful for his mercilessness, comes back, but to find the cruel reality.And his arrival makes Tess even more desperate.After Angel leaves, she stabs Alec in the heart and kills him.Then she follows Angel and escape with him.They manage to hide for a while in a wood before they come to Stonehenge, where she is arrested.She is hanged later.This wasn’t my first time to read “T ess of the D'Urbervilles” Actually, the first time I read the novel was in high school.At that moment, I thought that Tess was really a tragic figure in the book “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”.She was seduced by a so-called gentleman—Alec, and from then on her life totally changed from the loss of innocence.People looked down on her and respected her no more.Virtually, she did nothing wrong because before she was seduced she knew nothing of men.She was just a girl when she first met that terrible man.Nonetheless, she was forced by the gossips and the church to blame herself for this accident, soshe thought she deserved nothing good.In order to get rid of the past, she decided to go to a distant dairy farm but was still saying to herself that she was wrong.Maybe God didn’t agree with that, because the Lord gave her someone she loved with her whole heart and life—Angel Chari.Unfortunately, it was still a sad ending.When I read the story again, I had different affections to the figures of this novel.Why, I meant why Tess fell so much in love with Angel and ended herself up in such misery? I could not tell any merits from Angel from the very beginning, even back to that May Dance on the lawn.Honestly, at the first glance, I concluded that he was an emotional unstable youngster who can barely bear any responsibility.He adopted dual moral standards, I bet Tess's life would be getting better, or even a happy ending with Alec or other normal but kind man without ever Getting the chance to meet Angel.And I was more than willing to adapt this sentence “I f we had danced that day, how happy we might have be” to “ If we have hadn't met on that day, how happy I might have be”.Poor Tess, you got the wrong way!Obviously, Angel was a devil, but this can still make no difference to Tess if she chose to keep that secret what she had already sworn to her mum, an incapable but intelligent mother who always cared for Tess.That's to say, Tess's purity should be blamed, at least partly, for her own tragedy, devil needs counterparts not a real angel to match with each other.In the meantime, Tess is a perfectionist, she can't stand any flaws lying between Angel and herself, yes, and her pursuit of perfect love without any reserve from that man she deeply loves predicts her destiny.Poor Tess, there is never ever perfect love like you imagined in the real world, why not let go of the past and move on? I can't help feeling badly sad for her, she shall know theprinciple of equity can't be translated into reality, particularly a world ruled by men back then, which is almost the case nowadays.Overall, I emphasize that T ess’s purity, perfectionism, principle of equity, and poignancy ended herself up in hanging.Anyway, it's just a fictive novel, but there must be something in common which is applicable even today.第四篇：苔丝遗忘，是来自自由的回忆——论苔丝总会有些过去会让人落一生泪水，总会有些故事暗示七千哀伤。

The tragedy of Tess(苔丝的悲剧)

The tragedy of Tess（苔丝的悲剧）“Tess of the d'Urbervilles ” is generally regarded as Hardy's finest novel. A brilliant tale of seduction, love, betrayal, and murder, Tess of the d'Ubervilles yields to narrative convention by punishing Tess's sin, but boldly exposes this standard denouement of unforgiving morality as cruelly unjust. Throughout, Hardy characterizes Tess as a daughter of nature who endures the brutality of industrialism through the people and circumstances in her life. Using specific language, character depiction, and story development, Hardy provides a strong argument against the urban movement by showing the reader its harsh effects on the agrarian lifestyle. The novel centers around a young woman who struggles to find her place in society.Tess is a beautiful,intelligent and distinguished woman.But those advantages do not take her happiness or good lucky. It didn't like Jane Eyrea good ending the satisfaction of all with the help of oversea colony's money. In her life is full of Suffering and Unfortunate.Who and what couse the tragedy of Tess? I think there are four factors.At first of all, Tess is the tragedy of the times. Tess was living in the late nineteenth century .At that time, British capitalism begin invading rural. This Phenomenon sets conflicting betweeting country and city. In part, Tess represents the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late nineteenth century. Hardy shows that life as a maiden begins in the natural country and ends in the brutal city. Tess's life begins in the rural secluded town of Marlott where the country atmosphere allows her to grow into a virtuous caring young girl. In contrast, Tess's downfall occurs in the city. Towards the end of the tale, when Tess is once again in Alec's possession, negative consequences ensue. She murders Alec in the city of Sandbourne that was like a "fairy place suddenly created by the stroke of a wand." (Pg. 296) The suddenness with which the city is created parallels the quick actions of Tess in murdering Alec d'Urberville. In both scenarios it seems like there was no thought before the action was orchestrated. Once Tess is put to death in the city, the harsh realities of justice and punishment remind the reader of Hardy's pessimistic view of industrialism. Hardy purposely begins and ends Tess's life in such a manner to show her as a sacrifice of rural landscape to the urban movement. Through his portrayal of Tess, Hardy is able to use her entire being to make his negative attitude towards urbanity known.Many people in England were forced to make sacrifices during the industrial revolution. Through language, character depiction, and specific scenes in the novel, Hardy illustrates the harsh effects of industrialism on certain agrarian lifestyles. He shows the reader that the commercialism and emphasis on modernistic ways of life did not fall well with all the people in the land. The substitute of machinery to manual labor came at a heavy price for the beautiful English land and the families who inhabited it. Hardy allows his readers to see that progress may not always be a positive occurrence and good intentions may cause dire consequences.At the beginning of stoy,Tess is a naive country girl. She is primarily a daughter of nature upon whom urbanity will leave its lasting marks. but one day , When her fathe discovere that the low-class Durbeyfield family is in reality the d'Urbervilles,he want Tess to recognizes the relative. Because the family circumstances are poor.tess complies by unvoluntary,even if she feels very ashamed.In there she meets master’s son Alec d’Urberville,who plays a character as chief criminal in her tragic life.An insouciant twenty-four-year-old man, heir to a fortune, and bearer of a name that his fatherpurchased, Alec is the nemesis and downfall of Tess’s life. His first name, Alexander, suggests the conqueror—as in Alexander the GreatZ，who seizes what he wants regardless of moral propriety. His full last name, Stoke-d’Urberville, symbolizes the split character of his family, whose origins are simpler than their pretensions to grandeur. After all, Stokes is a blunt and inelegant name.At the very end of the novel,he becomes a reverent Christian On surface.But when he remeeting Tess, he quickly abandons his newfound Christian faith. It is hard to believe Alec holds his religion, or anything else, sincerely. His supposed conversion may only be a new role he is playing. Indeed Alec is diabolical. Alec creeps up on Tess in the darkness of the Chase and lies with her without her knowing it.He deco nstructed the tess’s chastity and pure.At last,he forces tess to be his lover.Not aslo he really love tess,but only regards tess as his toy. It can be said,he is the immediate cause of tess’s tragedy.Angel Clare is also one of the important factors, caused more serious and terrible harm on tess psychological. Angel Clare is a complex art image. On the one hand,he is Bourgeois intellectuals , having Open minds and independent thinking.He hope depend on his own labor to survive and do not want to inherit his father's mantle..He is a secularist who yearns to work for the “honor and glory of man,” as he tells his father in Chapter XVIII, rather than for the honor and glory of God in a more distant world. A typical young nineteenth-century progressive, Angel sees human society as a thing to be remolded and improved, and he fervently believes in the nobility of man. He rejects the values handed to him, and sets off in search of his own. Indeed Angel Clare is a fascinating and good-hearted man. When he was working on the Pasture,a lot of girls admired him. But his love for Tess, a mere milkmaid and his social inferior, is one expression of his disdain for tradition. This independent spirit contributes to his aura of charisma and general attractiveness that makes him the love object of all the milkmaids with whom he works at Talbothays.But on the other hand, Angel Clare aslo is one of the male chauvinist supporters. In his heart, he is still difficult to get rid of controling by feudal morals.His love for Tess may be abstract, as we guess when he calls her “Daughter of Nature” or “Demeter.”. Tess may be more an archetype or ideal to him than a flesh and blood woman with a complicated life. So Angel deserts Tess when he finds the innocent country girl he fell in love with is not so pure.On their wedding night, tess confesses that she is not a virgin and explains what happened with Alec d'Urberville. Even though he himself has also had an affair out of wedlock, he becomes upset and is unable to reconcile his real affection for Tess, his wounded pride, and his image of Tess as a pure and virginal figure. He can’t forgive her for having another man’s child even though she forgives him everything. Angel abandons Tess and tells her she cannot contact him; he will contact her. But he has not divorced with tess, because of Men's dignity.At last, after his failure in Brazil, and only then Angel realizes he has been unfair to Tess. His moral system is readjusted as he is brought down to Earth. But to his sorrow, when returning to England to find Tess, he discovers tess living in a hotel with Alec d'Urberville.Everthing is too late.In addition, Tess’s character is also an important reason for the tragedy.Although Tess has great courage to against social injustice,she can’t get rid of astrology from her own moral traditions. She understood herself is a victim of the social violence and ethics morals victim. But in while receives which the native place person’s censures, she also consider herselves guilty. To forget the past ,she is Far away her family and home to Tabou Lei. Falls in love with Angel Clare makes her happiness,howere,her heart still fell suffered.Facing Angel Clare’s abandon,she think that is her own crime. Thus she silently endures the unjust fate.In herthingking, strong moral consciousness and religious sense is very obvious. The intense moral sensitivity and psychological atonement causes her to fall into the mire of suffering and tragedy. Tess has a lot of advantages, for instance saidindustriously, selfless, simple. Among them, her most Prominent advantages is pure, as the author described in subheading-“A pure woman”.But the such commendable moral excellence makes her go to the Abyss of tragedy. She is unable to live with Alec for the matter to enjoy ,while she can’t deceive Angel for Own happiness. If Tess is willing, she can request Alec to marry with her,when she was pregnant with his child, and does not have to endure other people's criticism.On wedding night, Listening to the advice of her mother,she can chooses to Hide her busband the matter happened with Alec d'Urberville,like any other women who have suffered simila matter as her.but her pure don’t allow her to do such “simple” matter.Tess thus represents what is known in Christian theology as original sin, the degraded state in which all humans live, even when—like Tess herself after killing Prince or succumbing to Alec—they are not wholly or directly responsible for the sins for which they are punished. This torment represents the most universal side of Tess: she is the myth of the human who suffers for crimes that are not her own and lives a life more degraded than she deserves.In a word, Tess is a really pure woman. She has many valuable advantages.But because of Personal reasons, soc ial reasons and time reasons,she didn’t have a good end. Her tragedy is inevitable.摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学的瑰宝。

赏析《德伯家的苔丝》中文论文

赏析《德伯家的苔丝》中文论文《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学巨匠托马斯.哈代的代表作，小说具有一种独特的质朴之美和天然魅力。

下面是店铺带来的关于赏析《德伯家的苔丝》论文的内容，欢迎阅读参考!赏析《德伯家的苔丝》论文篇1：《德伯家的苔丝》乡间道路的叙事视角【摘要】《德伯家的苔丝》通常被认为是哈代最具代表意义的威塞克斯小说。

本文从叙事学的视角对该小说进行了进一步的分析研究，选取了乡间道路这一独特的叙事视角对小说的人物和结构进行了解读，发现这一独特的叙事视角更增添了故事的内涵和艺术特色。

【关键词】叙事学;视角;乡间道路0.引言《德伯家的苔丝》小说的背景是被哈代先生称为威塞克斯的地区，属于“威塞克斯小说”。

小说中的人物，绝大多数都是生活在威塞克斯地区，古老而偏僻的乡村，人与人之间的联系和交往，对乡村生活的参与都通过乡间道路来连接。

通过乡间道路来衔接故事情节，使众多人物、事件、场景得以和谐统一，从而使作品结构严谨，是《德伯家的苔丝》的一大特点。

1.乡间道路的叙事结构1.1 从乡间道路切入叙事乡间道路在《德伯家的苔丝》里不仅具有实用性和连接功用，更主要是担负了叙事的视角功能。

整部小说叙事都从乡间道路开始，通过乡间道路切入叙事，由乡间道路引入场景，连接场景和转换场景。

乡间道路是连接各个场景和整个情节线索的分节点和叙事视角。

乡间道路对章节首尾的连接小说多个章节的开端结尾都用乡间道路或与之相应的活动粘连。

如第一节的开端，苔丝的父亲提着鸡蛋篮子，在乡间道路上遇到了牧师，得到了一个没用的消息，说他是武士的后代，引出悲剧。

第二十九回，苔丝坐上那“带弹簧轮子的大车”，和克莱一起送奶到车站。

第三十回开头，“他们两个坐着车，在渐渐微弱的阳光里，顺着平坦的道路，过一片一片的草场，往前走去了;”小说结尾，安玑和苔丝的妹妹“刚一有了气力，就站了起来，手拉着手往前走去。

”文中还可找到很多类似的例子。

1.2 串联情节的媒介：乡间道路作为串联情节媒介的乡间道路成功地串起来苔丝的故事情节线。

（全英文论文）苔丝悲剧的成因研究（精选五篇）

（全英文论文）苔丝悲剧的成因研究（精选五篇）第一篇：(全英文论文)苔丝悲剧的成因研究原创毕业论文公布的题目可以用于免费参考(全英文论文)小公主中有关社会形态的暗示（全英文论文）英语习语的起源及其特点(全英文论文)试论苔丝的悲剧(全英文论文)英语词汇学习策略研究（全英文论文）中西方“面子观”在跨文化交际上的差异(全英文论文)分析飘与斯佳丽的差异对比(全英文论文)浅析对信用证软条款的防范(全英文论文)目的论视角下汽车商标的翻译（全英文论文）麦田里的守望者的异化主题分析(全英文论文)中美家庭价值观的差异（全英文论文）探讨小妇人超验主义（全英文论文）贝基•夏普的反抗形象分析（全英文论文）从卡特尔的人格特质理论解读苔丝的悲剧（全英文论文）低调陈述的交际功能(全英文论文)肢体语言在大学英语教学课堂中的应用(全英文论文)美国交际文化的特征以及表现形式(全英文论文)论汉语成语的翻译本题目是全英文原创论文，需要完整可以联系QQ：805 99 0749(全英文论文)论营销道德与社会责任的履行(全英文论文)英汉新闻语篇中意识形态差异探析(全英文论文)从逍遥骑士看美国反正统文化-嬉皮士(全英文论文)女大学生在人际冲突情境中的面子行为及应对模式(全英文论文)商务英语中口译学习的文化介入(全英文论文)浅析献给艾米丽的玫瑰艾米丽的悲惨人生(全英文论文)从超民族主义角度分析英国病人的人物特征(全英文论文)分析英国侦探小说对现代英国社会发展(全英文论文)中英文化差异对广告翻译的影响(全英文论文)影响小学初中英语教学衔接的因素及对策（全英文论文）从最蓝的眼睛看黑人女性对白人文化的两种态度（全英文论文）英语专业大三学生在英语专业四级新闻听力中所运用的方法调查(全英文论文)非英语专业大学生英语作文中的时态错误分析（全英文论文）从跨文化交际角度探析旅游景点中公示语的翻译(全英文论文)中英颜色词的文化内涵差异（全英文论文）英语广告中的西方礼貌文化(全英文论文)小学英语课堂中文化教学的研究(全英文论文)圣经中成功的信仰(全英文论文)论英语谚语翻译(全英文论文)对歌词英译汉的研究(全英文论文)中文旅游景点解说词的特点及翻译策略(全英文论文)谈扩大非英语专业学生英语词汇的学习策略--猜词法(全英文论文)借鉴美国的慈善文化探讨我国慈善事业的发展(全英文论文)浅析哈尼族学生英语学习中的语言迁移及其影响(全英文论文)汉英旅游资料误译初探（全英文论文）典型修辞手法在英语演说中的运用(全英文论文)中西方文化差异对商务谈判的影响(全英文论文)目的论和商业效应契合下的英语电影名翻译(全英文论文)农村初中英语学习中动机因素研究—XX中学为例(全英文论文)商务谈判口译的语用失误的成因及负面影响对学习的启示(全英文论文)简笔画在初中英语词汇及语法中的应用(全英文论文)浅析习语翻译中的中西文化差异及其应对策略（全英文论文）高中生内外向性格特征对英语学习策略的影响(全英文论文)白兰的反叛精神--红字中清教文化背景下的人物塑造(全英文论文)探索大学生英语口语合作学习(全英文论文)从喜福会中母女的冲突看东西方教育的差异(全英文论文)李尔王中女性形象的分析(全英文论文)试析英汉颜色词文化内涵的差异(全英文论文)简爱中“愤怒”情感隐喻研究(全英文论文)影响农村中学生英语听力理解的因素及对策--XX中学为例(全英文论文)中国加入世贸后对本国电子商务的影响(全英文论文)任务型教学法在高中英语写作中的运用(全英文论文)中英婚礼仪式用语反映的婚姻观念及习俗差异及其根源(全英文论文)浅谈如何提高大学生英语口语流利性（全英文论文）从语言经济原则视角看报刊标题中的歧义现象(全英文论文)论双语教学在我国初中推广的不可行性试析了不起的盖茨比的象征主义手法运用(全英文论文)国内近十年来关于苔丝悲剧形成原因的研究综述(全英文论文)可以吃的女人的女性主义解读(全英文论文)商务英语四字词翻译(全英文论文)合作学习对非英语专业学生英语口语能力的影响(全英文论文)论小说喜福会中的中、美教育观及其表现(全英文论文)广告英语中合成词的语义理据分析(全英文论文)霍尔顿形象解读(全英文论文)傲慢与偏见鉴赏（全英文论文）阿Q正传英译本的译者主体性研究--以Lyell的译作为例(全英文论文)浅析跟单信用证软条款及其防范措施(全英文论文)浅谈礼貌策略在商务谈判中的应用(全英文论文)学困生英语学习的现状及对策分析—XX中学为例（全英文论文）贵妇画像中女主人公悲剧命运解析（全英文论文）探讨汉英动物习语的翻译(全英文论文)汉英数字禁忌的对比研究（全英文论文）高中英语教学中学生自主学习能力的培养（全英文论文）关于吃字的英译研究(全英文论文)从合作原则的角度分析成长的烦恼中的言语幽默(全英文论文)从归化异化的角度分析七大新浪微博热词的英译(全英文论文)浅析莱辛老妇与猫中的生态女性主义(全英文论文)英语教育产业化对英语教育的影响(全英文论文)中国英语的影响—以功夫熊猫的字幕翻译为例(全英文论文)功能对等理论在中文菜单翻译中的应用(全英文论文)影响英语阅读理解的因素及解决对策(全英文论文)英汉互译中多义词的确定及其翻译(全英文论文)游戏在小学英语教学法中的运用（全英文论文）初中英语课堂问题行为及对策(全英文论文)英语语言中的性别差异(全英文论文)情景教学法在小学英语词汇教学的应用(全英文论文)文化差异与中学英语词汇教学(全英文论文)影响英语谚语翻译的因素及其技巧(全英文论文)英语新闻标题的汉译(全英文论文)从春节和圣诞节看中西节日文化对比（全英文论文）简析简爱的爱情观第二篇：英语论文《苔丝悲剧成因》开题报告1.Research IntentionTess of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy(1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess.In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed.We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear.At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable.The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make adetailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.2.Literary ReviewFrom the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time.After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from various perspectives.For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess.According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity.Arnold Kettle takes a different point o f view.For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry.Mr.Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel.In China, Prof.Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works.There are3.Research ProcessThis paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closel y related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personalities.Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors.The following is the outline of the paper.Part 1.Introduction This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.1.1Thomas Hardy and his works1.2Tess of the D’urbervillesPart 2.Causes for the tragedy of TessThe cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess shouldsuffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmersThis novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job.These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.2.2Alec and Clare In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly.There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate.She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec---the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare---the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy.It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.2.3 The weakness of her characterApart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate.Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society.She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles.She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factorsThe last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the resultof some mysteriousand incidental factors.Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel.Part 3.ConclusionIt is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.4.ConclusionThrough studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life;maybe she would finish her life peacefully.It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy.But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.Bibliography［1］Chen Jia.Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 2004 ［2］Chenxia.Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “T ess of th e D’Urbervilles”［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China(social societies), 1998(2):100-102［3］Huangjing.On the causes of the tragedy of Tess ［J］.Journal of NorthwestMinorities University(social science), 2002,(3):95-98［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing.The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess ［J］.Journal of DaqingTeachers’ College, 2005,(2):65-66［5］Liu Yafei.Doomed from the start ［6］Thomas Hardy.Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation& Translation Press, 2004［7］Wang ments on the Tragedy of T essa ［J］.Journal of ChengdeVocational College, 2005(4)：26-27［8］Zhang Xiaodong.Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.Journal of Chaohu College, 2004,(6):74-77第三篇：苔丝的悲剧《苔丝》读后感读着哈代的作品，看着苔丝的生命一步步走向悲剧，思索着造成悲剧的原因。

《德伯家的苔丝》人物形象新论,英美文学论文_634

《德伯家的苔丝》人物形象新论,英美文学论文《德伯家的苔丝》人物形象新论内容提要:苔丝标志着新的农业工人新形象的诞生。

尽管思想上具有软弱性,但在灾难面前表现出来的刚毅和自我牺牲的献身精神,使她成为一个富有悲剧力量的人物。

安玑•克莱是资产阶级虚伪道德的形象,在哲学意义上是一个理想主义者。

他思想上具有矛盾性,那脱离客观现实的理想主义的爱情,是现实同理想发生矛盾的结果。

亚雷•德伯是依靠商业致富的资产者和暴发户形象,他是同安玑•克莱这个“精神的人”相对照的“肉欲的人”,他对苔丝的玩弄,展示了资产阶级宗教的伪善。

安玑崇拜,倾慕和追求她,在精神上摧残她,亚雷•德伯用卑鄙可耻的手段把她占为己有。

在他们身上,展现了人性的多重性,他们从精神和肉体上绞杀了苔丝。

苔丝视安玑为天神,视亚雷为恶魔,但她始终无法挣脱资本主义文明社会的天罗地网。

如果说亚雷残暴地毁灭了苔丝的清白之身,那么安玑则是无情地伤害了苔丝的纯真之心。

亚雷和安玑从两端拉起资本主义社会的网,捕杀了苔丝,他们是扼杀苔丝的双刃剑。

关键词:《德伯家的苔丝》人物形象Title: A New Interp retation of the Characters in Tess of the D’U rbervillesAbstract: With many distinctive features, the characters in the novel Tess of the D ’U rbervilles are very imp ressive. Tess, the heroine, is a symbolic image of a comp letely new agriculturalworker. She is the embodiment of beauty and love, daughter of the nature, with both the traditional and modern characteristics in her. She is noble2minded, but is considered a woman offending public decency. Although sometimesweak and feeble in her personality when confronted with the calamities, she disp lays both fortitude, with a steadfast sp irit of the self2sacrifice. All these make her a moving and tragic figure. That isn’t only the personal resistance, but also the demonstration of her demanding for the human rights of all the working class and the exposure of the evils of the whole society. Angel is a rep resentative of a cap italist hypocriticalmorality and an idealist in the sense of philosophy. The contradiction of the ideology and the lofty ideal of love divorced from reality are the contradictory results of the ideal and the reality. His philandering with Tess reveals the hypocrisy of the religion. Adored and wooed byAngel, Tess is destroyed sp iritually.Tess has been forcibly occup ied byAlec, who was a figure of an up start, bymeans of the business, in the early cap italist period.Contrasted with Angel, the idealist, Alec was the devil of the carnal desire. All the characters show the varieties of humanity nature and it is the two male characterswho had actually strangled Tess. Although being looked upon by Tess either as god or devil,they make Tess unable to escape from the drag net of the cap italism. IfAlec could be said to have ruthlessly occup ied the purity of her body, we may also say that itwasAngelwho hasmercilessly damaged the innocence of her mind. In a word, Angel and Alec has cap tured, killed and destroyed Tess spiritually and bodily.Key words: Tess of the DU rbervilles characters imagesAuthor: Yao Zhenp ing is associate p rofessor at the Basic CoursesDepartment of the PLA Academy of Communications(Wuhan 430010, China),engagedinEnglishteaching.Email:****************一苔丝是一个遭受旧道德迫害的现代女性。

英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文

从生态女性主义的角度来分析苔丝专业：英语学号：学生姓名：指导老师：摘要托马斯.哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》是英国以及世界文学史上的经典之作。

本文主要通过女性生态主义的角度来理解和分析这篇小说。

生态女性主义者认为，自然与女性是人类生存和发展的本源，二者均与男性相对立，而且都是资本主义工业化经济扩张过程中的受害者。

在小说中，苔丝作为哈代塑造的一位女性，身处在英国工业大肆向农村扩张的时期，同时被男性所欺凌和压迫。

同时，她身边的自然环境和生产方式的改变也体现着以男性为中心的社会对于自然界的扩张和侵犯。

因此，本文将通过生态女性主义的角度来分析《德伯家的苔丝》。

通过生态女性主义的视角分析哈代的自然观、妇女观在作品中的体现和其作品中反映的苔丝与自然的亲密关系以及在男权社会中女权主义的崛起，能给读者以一个新的角度来重新理解这部作品，与此同时，能够对生态女性主义及其发展有很好的了解。

关键词：生态女性主义；自然；工业化；男权社会Analysis of Tess of the D’urbervilles in the Light of EcofeminismAbstractThomas Hardy’s novel Tess of the D’urbervilles is a great classic work in England as well as in the world. This thesis will analysis Tess of the D’urbervilles in the light of ecofeminism. Ecofeminists argues that nature and feminist are the origin of human being’s existence and development ,the two are incompatible to men .Moreover, are the victims in the process of capitalistic industrialization and expansive male intrusion. In the novel ,Tess is a heroine created by Hardy, who was set to live in the times of industrialization approach to rural area., and bullied and oppressed by masculine. Besides ,the nature surrounding her and the modify of production style also can reflect the expansion as well as the invasion endowed by male centered world .Therefore ,this thesis will read Tess of the D’urbervilles by angel of ecofeminism. Through Analysis of Hardy’s view of nature and women in the light of ecofeminism as well as Tess’s close relationship with nature and the emergency of feminism among male chauvinism, which will give reader a new angel to understand the novel. Meanwhile ,we can have a good understanding of ecofeminism .Key Words: Tess of the D’urbervilles; Ecofeminism; Women; Nature; IndusrtilizationCONTENTS摘要 (I)Abstract (I)Chapter 1 Introduction (2)1．1 The writing background (2)1．2 The main content of Tess of the D’ubervilles (3)1．3 Literature review (4)1. 4What is new in my studyChapter 2 Ecofeminism and Its Development (5)2. 1 Definiation of specialized terms (5)2. 2 The Development of Ecofeminism (6)2. 3 Differences of social psychology ...................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

分析苔丝悲惨命运的根源

一
。
哈代以小说女主人公苔的悲惨命运替西方悲剧作了一个形象的原则完全分不开的。内心纯洁、天资颖慧的苔丝，为哈代体现出劳
阐释：苔丝本是一位纯洁美丽又非常勤劳的农村姑娘，她向往人生动人民的优美特征，他们在道德的伟大方面无可比拟地超越了那些的真和善，但又时时遭到伪和恶的打击。苔丝的悲剧始于为了全家贵族和有钱的寄生虫。作者在讲述苔丝杀死折磨她的亚雷克的 “ 堕落 ”历史时，并不害怕别人非难他显然的偏见，他保护她，而攻击人生计去远亲家打工，却因年幼无知而被亚雷骗去了处女的贞操，成了一个 “ 落 ”的女人，受到社会舆论的非议，把她看成不贞洁虚伪的资产阶级道德，攻击为有产阶级服务的不正当的刑律。苔丝堕的罪人，苔丝后来与青年克莱相爱，又因为新婚之夜坦诚有污点的整个一生都是强迫和暴力的牺牲品，社会的法律都认为那些侮辱和过去而被丈夫遗弃，而与近在眼前的幸福失之交臂。这时家庭又遭迫害她的人是正当的，因为她不能自卫。而现在，当她有生以来的
［关键词］苔丝悲剧原因
苔丝的悲剧既有社会的因素，也与她的性格有关，但这些因素都与当时的资本主义社会有着直接的联系，是资本主义的种种反公认的，他既是英国十九世纪后期批判现实主义小说家的代表，又是英国二十世纪的大胆探索和开拓的 “ 现实诗歌之父 ” ，在小说和映。因而，从根本上说苔丝的毁灭是一个社会的悲剧。诗歌这两个领域都为人类的艺术做出了杰出的贡献。秦水译的《英国文学史》这样评论过《苔丝》，托马斯・哈代百年多年过去了，女主人公苔丝早已树立在世界文学画廊选了一个朴素的乡下姑娘一女雇农苔丝作小说的女主人公。作家很

浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源英语论文

浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源英语论文《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学巨匠托马斯?哈代的代表作。

女主人公苔丝的悲剧和不幸是由多种原因造成的。

本文以女性主义的角度为出发点，从两个方面分析导致苔丝悲剧命运的根源，即：教育和苔丝自身因素。

哈代；苔丝；悲剧命运；女性主义19世纪末出现妇女解放运动第一次 ___。

而“哈代的作品中反映了与时代相吻合的女性解放的思想,而且在作品中,女性对传统道德观念和社会的反抗是非常激烈的”。

托马斯?哈代大胆地将创作的目光投向农村，深入的 ___普通农家的悲剧命运。

他十分擅长刻画女性人物悲剧命运,旨在揭露男权社会给女性造成的伤害,批判男性中心主义。

托马斯?哈代是横跨19世纪和20世纪的著名小说家和诗人，英国批判现实主义文学的代表人物，被沃尔夫誉为“英国小说家中最伟大的悲剧 ___”。

其作品即承接英国维多利亚时代的文学精髓又体现 ___世纪的文学创新,气势磅礴。

以辽阔深远的背景与渺小的人物形象之间的巨大反差和动人的对比描写，给读者以深刻的印象和心灵的震撼。

《德伯家的苔丝》刻画了一个善良、坚强、自尊、宽容而美丽的女性形象——苔丝。

由于天真无知而受到富家浪子的侮辱，身心饱受摧残。

但“她并没有自暴自弃，怨天尤人，而是勇敢地面对挫折；为减轻家里的负担，应付虚荣的父母，她勇于承受重担，奔走于不同农场，养家糊口；对待爱情，她自尊又执着”。

她被“认为是唯一的一位逃脱了决定主义的人”， ___了传统的伦理道德。

哈代极力要摧毁的正是这种道德观念，让女性摆脱僵化的传统习俗的控制。

他对“堕落女性”的处境给予了极大的 ___，对苔丝给予了深切的同情和宽容，带给读者对妇女生存状态的反思。

苔丝从一位天使般的少女到绞刑架上的杀人犯,是何种邪恶力量在逼迫、摧残、毁灭着这“有自我意志，完整个性的女性？”，把这一优雅迷人的高尚女性一步步推向死亡深渊?苔丝悲剧的根源何在?以下从女性主义的角度审视《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝被 ___的血泪史,剥下男权中心主义这张 ___外皮。

英美文学论文----德伯家的苔丝

英美文学论文----德伯家的苔丝T ess: A pure woman---An Analysis of T ess’s Tragic Fate 苔丝:一个纯洁的女人---对苔丝悲剧的分析AbstractWith the development of society, people pay more and more attention to women.However, especially in the pastdays, women were treated unfairly.Key wordsTess of the D’Urbervilles, tragedy，capitalism摘要随着社会的不断发展与进步，妇女的地位愈受关注。

然而，在过去的时代，封建观念根深蒂固，妇女仍受到不公平的待遇。

《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代的伟大著作，小说描述了一位纯洁姑娘的不幸命运。

这篇论文就是通过对女主人公苔丝的悲剧命运的详细分析。

IntroductionTess of D’Urbervilles,the book about ordinary people and common things, is one of Thomas Hardy’s famous works. The novel takes young lady’s fate as the thread. This paper makes an analysis of the causes of the lady’s fate in Tess of D’Urbervilles.I.The background of Hardy and his T ess of D’UrbervillesA.The background of HardyThomas Hardy (1840-1928) was born in Upper Bockhampton; Dorset.He is an outstanding realist in English literature and has many bitter known novels, such as The return of the Native, The Mayor of Caster Bridge, Jude the Obscure.Hardy studied about Greek tragedy and Shakespearean tragedy all this life, which resulted in his pessimistic attitudes towards fatalism.B.The background of Tess of D’UrbervillesIn his great work, the author demonstrates his point about the capitalist society as well as its system. In the wake of the industrial revolution in the UK, the exploiting class exploited the working class. Tess is one of the poor employees. She is the representative victim at that time.II.The causes of Tess’s tragedyA.It is no doubt that Tess’s tragedy is the socialtragedy. After the industrial revolution in the UK,the capitalism spreads to countryside, giving a hitto its economy. Tess’s families are an epitome ofthe whole countryside. Though beautiful, smart andhardworking, Tess is at lower position in thesociety. As a labror, she has no power or money, bearing a heavy burden, so she faces different kinds of oppression and humiliation.B.It is the direct cause of the tragedy that she isthe victim of the violence, vicious power as well as the laws that maintains rich people.Alec is the representative among them. Forced by the poor life, Tess has to find her distant relatives, though she is unwilling. There she is seduced by the young master as well as a hypocritical rogue, Alec, and returns home pregnant and disgraced. After the death of her baby, the priest refuses to give the baby a baptism because he thinks that Tess is nota purer. Why Alec can be so aggressive consists inhis wealth and the connive of the cabalism system.The society and law all hold the views that Alec is innocent, Tess guilty. The injustice proves the ruthless and hypocrisy of the capitalism laws.C.The spiritual ravagement to Tess fromtraditional ethics becomes another main cause of the tragedy. After being humiliated by Alec,Tess has to bear the worldly- opinion and traditionalmorality .She is so brave that she chooses toendure.However,her husband ,Angel Clare, knowsthis ,and discards her because he thought she is notvirgin. Clare pushes Tess to the edge of the danger,taking the only hope from the poor woman. Thisforced her back to Alec .Finally she kills Alec.Heronly revolt is the powerful illustration of all thetorment and mortification she has suffered. Herdeath is the focus and epitome of the dark society. ConclusionTess is a tragic character, and a victim of the society with darkness. Her tragedy results from not only the society, but her own flaccid character. Her death is inevitable.Notes(1)英美文学选读教材(2)《德伯家的苔丝》青岛出版社，王静（译者）(3)《T ess of the D’Urbervilles》Tomas Hardy中国对外翻译出版公司2009(4)http:///doc/9816118125.html,/ymwx/lw_11 3911_6.html。

德伯家的苔丝

编号本科生毕业设计（论文）题目：A Study of Cause of Tess‟s Tragedy太湖学院英语专业学号0831058学生姓名何佳指导教师王艳华二〇一一年八月摘要托马斯·哈代（1840-1928），是19世纪英国重要的现实主义代表之一，在英国文学史上，他是一个杰出的现实主义作家，同时也是一位非凡的小说家和诗人。

他把自己的小说分成三类：罗曼史与幻想，阴谋爱情故事和性格与环境小说，其中最后一类是最出名的，许多为大众所知的小说都属于这一类，例如《德伯家的苔丝》。

《德伯家的苔丝》阐述了一个漂亮的乡村女孩苔丝·德波菲尔的悲惨故事，她的一生主要受到三个人的影响。

第一个是亚雷克·德伯维尔，一个富商的儿子，戴着贵族的头衔，却强暴了苔丝。

他的出现影响了苔丝的一切。

第二个是安吉尔·克莱尔，一个牧师的儿子。

他敢于打破家族的传统理念，去寻找自己的理想，过着平静的生活。

他与苔丝相爱并结婚，但是两人的婚姻接着破裂，而且他们的结果是凄惨的。

第三个就是苔丝自己。

除此以外，资产阶级社会和她的家庭在很大程度上也毁了她。

所以，这篇论文旨在研究苔丝巨大悲剧的原因，同时，也会对各个有因素作更详细的分析。

关键字：托马斯·哈代；《德伯家的苔丝》；三个人；因素AbstractThomas Hardy (1840-1928), novelist and poet, is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of the 19th century. Hardy is an outstanding realist in English literature. H e himself classified his novel into three groups: Romances and Fantasies, Novels of Ingenuity, and Novels of Character and Environment. Of the three the last group is the most outstanding, and most of his better known novels belong to it, including Tess of D’Urbervilles. It tells the tragic story of a beautiful country girl, Tess Durbeyfield. She is a pure woman. In her life, there are three persons who mainly affect her. The first one is Alec D‟Urbervilles, the son of a rich merchant who has bought his title into the class of gentry. He rapes Tess and his appearance changes Tess‟s all. The second person is Angel Clare, a clergyman‟s son, who has broken with the traditions of his family to seek the ideal in a quiet life. He falls in love with Tess and they are engaged to each other. But their marriage breaks up then, and their result is miserable. The third one is Tess herself. Besides, the bourgeois society and the family ruin her life largely. This essay aims to study how Tess is suffered with such a great tragedy, and at the same time, it is going to make more analysis of these causes and factors.Keywords: Thomas Hardy;Tess of D’Urbervilles; three persons; factorsContentChapter 1 Description of the figure (1)Chapter 2 Analysis of the Main Causes (2)2.1 The Social Tragedy (2)2.2 The Direct Reason (3)2.3 The Spiritual Destruction of Traditional Ethics (4)Chapter 3 Other Reasons (7)3.1 The Characteristic Elements (7)3.2 The Fate Tragedy (8)Chapter 4 Conclusion (10)Reference (11)Acknowledgement (12)A Study of Cause of Tess‟s TragedyChapter 1 Description of the figureTess is the heroine of this book, who is a modern woman idealized by Hardy. In Hardy‟s ideal world, Tess is the symbol of beauty and the incarnation of love. She represents virtues of Wessex people: beautiful, pure, kind-hearted, plain, charitable and tolerant. She dares to sacrifice herself and has good wishes to the future. Her special virtue is that she loves people and trusts them. Women‟s gentleness and valiance melt together in her heart. She has beautiful temperament, strong willing and intense emotions. Besides, as the same as Wessex people, she is quite sincere, faithful, natural and pure. She tries her best to seek for her aspiration without the help of marriage, and pursue freedom herself. When she works at D‟Urbervilles, she wants to solve her family problem with her work and efforts. However, when she finds that she‟s cheated and seduced by Alec, she leaves there firmly and decisively. Tess‟s soul is pure and her morality is noble. But facing the bourgeoisie morality, she is regarded as the model of immorality, the example of lewdness and she is the evil incarnation that encroach the pure territory.Hardy‟s opinion and the social prejudice are diametrically opposed to each other. He criticizes the hypocritical moral standards through the image of Tess. Hardy firmly believes that moral purity lies in a person‟s heart, not a temporary mist ake, so in Hardy‟s opinion, Tess is an exactly pure woman. On the contrary, the society sticks to the traditional customs and believes that the temporary mistake is a irreparable depravation, so Tess is a sinner who is guilty of adultery. Hardy thinks that there none perfect person in the world and a person‟s perfection reflects is the understanding of life, love for life, rich emotions and faithful love. Only from such perfection can produce the real pure. Hardy strictly criticizes Clare who represents the bourgeois people‟s spiritual shackles. However, it is just such a kind of ethics that crystallizes the social conventions, which has a divine nature, is the unwritten law and regarded as legitimate things forever. Tess is just a victim of this kind of world delusions. Through Tess‟s tragedy, Hardy reveals the hypocrisy and evil of the ethics, and exposes the brutal content.太湖学院学士学位论文Chapter 2 Analysis of the Main Causes2.1 The Social TragedyThere is no doubt that the first cause of Tess‟s tragedy is society. Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of Hardy‟s Wessex Novels, which gives the background of his hometown Wessex. In the mid 19th century, the rural areas are invaded by the British capitalist industrial civilization, so is Hardy‟s hometown. It is so badly affect ed that the patriarchal society disintegrates quickly and those individual peasants suffer from unemployment and poverty. Confronting with consequences brought by the industrial civilization, Hardy, as a humanist, is strongly hurt in his heart. He emotionally loves the ancient patriarchal civilization, and deeply detests that demolishment which the industrial civilization has made to human‟s harmonious life. The awareness of social tragedy in Hardy‟s novel exists for the social background at that time. It s tarts from the conflicts between individual civilization and patriarchal civilization, and from the panorama to the local, from the surface to the point, it gives an objective description. Besides, it comprehensively expresses people‟s living troubles. In Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Hardy gives a panoramic picture of the impact of industrial civilization on the country, and regards Tess‟s family as a microcosm of individual peasants, and deeply shows the throes in their physical plight. The social tragedy is caused by the conflicts between people and social environment. Tess lives in the Victorian age which British capitalism invades the countryside even poisons the social atmosphere. Although she is beautiful, hard-working and kind-hearted, she still stands in the low status of a weak woman, and lives in extreme poverty and heavy burdens. As a labor and a farm worker with no rights and money, Tess suffers from different kinds of oppressions and humiliations, not economic, powerful and physical ones, but also spiritual, religious and moral ones. Her tragedy contributes to the era. At the same time, Alec and Clare, on behalf of two different social forces, directly create Tess‟s social tragedy.The era that Tess lives in is 1880s. At that time, not only does British capitalism develop in the city, but also it sprouts in the countryside. With the invasion of capitalism, the British countryside which is under the control of patriarchal tends to collapse, and the individual farmers suffer from bankruptcy and poverty. As a daughter of a poor farmer and a wage-earner, Tess‟s fate is inevitably tragic. Therefore,A Study of Cause of Tess‟s TragedyTess‟s tragedy is brought about by the era and society.2.2 The Direct ReasonThe second reason for Tess‟s tragedy, which is the direct reason, is the persecution of violence, forces, laws and the whole state. The main representative of such a violence and forces is Alec D‟Urbervilles.Tess grows up in a picturesque countryside. Though her family is in great poverty, she still lives brightly and cheerfully. She loves life and has courage to face different difficulties. Besides, she dares to sacrifice herself for the whole family. She is not willing when asked to “claim kin”, but finally she decides to go with no choice.Alec‟s father is a rich merchant, and he bu ys his title to the class of gentry. At the first sight of Tess, Alec exposes his lust for Tess. Because of innocence and lack of experience, Tess is seduced by Alec, and returns home pregnant and disgraced. Then a girl‟s chastity and happiness are destroy ed. After that, with the help of a clergyman, Alec tries to repent and be a good man. Later, he becomes a clergyman, but decades of bad habits haven‟t been totally eradicated. When he happens to meet Tess again, his evil regenerates, which turns all his previous labor to nothing. However, Tess understands clearly when she sees the man dressing as clergyman, “I can‟t believe in such sudden things!I feel indignant with you for talking to me like this, when you know - when you know what harm you've done me! You, and those like you, take your fill of pleasure on earth by making the life of such as me bitter and black with sorrow; and then it is a fine thing, when you have had enough of that, to think of securing your pleasure in heaven by becoming converted! Out upon such - I don't believe in you. I hate it!” Tess exposes Alec‟s pretense of converting to the religion, and Alec‟s behavior also shows the writer‟s doubt about the religious power.After then, Alec continues pestering Tess. He calls Tess stupid wife, and cheats her that her husband will never come back again. What‟s more, he even threatens that, “Remember, my lady, I was your master once! I will be your master again, If you are any man‟s wife, you are mine! ” However, Tess would rather stay in the far m, enduring cruel exploitation and withstanding heavy work than surrender herself to Alec and accept his help. Nevertheless, her father dies and the whole family are evicted and thrown out on the street. To support her mother and her younger sisters and brothers, Tess is therefore forced to go back to Alec to be his mistress. Since then, her happiness is ruined completely.Tess is the victim of the power and violence. The reason for Alec‟s daring to do all太湖学院学士学位论文all kinds of evil and whatever he wants is not only the money and power. What‟s more important is that he is protected by the law and the whole bourgeois state. The society and law think that people who insult and persecute Tess are justified, but the persecuted Tess is guilty. During Tess‟s lifetime, she h as to resign herself to adversity, and endure humiliation. She also can‟t defend herself. When she is to be in defense of herself, she is on the verge of death. At last, Tess becomes the sacrifice of the bourgeois state. Her tragic experience represents the social injustice, the inhumanity and hypocrisy of the bourgeois law.2.3 The Spiritual Destruction of Traditional EthicsThe spiritual destruction of traditional ethics to Tess is another main reason for Tess‟s tragedy. If we regard what those forces and laws have done to Tess as a persecution, the traditional ethics is even an invisible and horrible spiritual devastation.After seduced by Alec, Tess wouldn‟t like to surrender to him, being his mistress and instrument for enjoyment. Her self-esteem decides strongly to leave Alec and go back to her parents. However, the secular opinion and traditional morality shoot her down offensively and intensely. In order to avoid human and public voice, she doesn‟t like to go out unless it is dark that she just goes inside the forest. When she feels most lonely, she seems to be the least lonely, because she can experience a spiritual freedom at such a moment. Tess is a brave woman. She accepts the status of an unchaste woman and swallows the insult. After her child‟s d eath, to avoid the public and unhappiness, she leaves the hometown again with good vision for the future. Then she gets a job as a milkmaid in Crick‟s milk factory, where she meets Clare and enjoys a short but beautiful time.Clare is a man who is quite different from Alec. He is an enlightened intellectual, not as vulgar as his two brothers. Although he is born in a clergyman family, he would rather be a farmer than a clergyman. Clare despises class prejudice and hierarchy, and he is tired of flourishing city life. Nevertheless, he is willing to do farm work in the countryside. He tries his best to grasp different kinds of agricultural techniques, and does heavy work as other farmer workers to realize his dream of being a great farmer. In the embrace of nature, Clare stays together with the innocent farm girl everyday, which makes him feel the simplicity of rural life. He becomes longing for a more natural, simple and clean living, for which he doesn‟t want to marry a wealthy lady but a farm girl. All these show the advanced and open side of Clare‟s thoughts. Indealing with the issues of women and love, he and Alec are widely divergent. He is gentle and graceful to women. He is also serious and earnest to love. He thinks that if one loves another, he should be honest and responsible, which shows his noble side. Just because of Clare‟s shining side and persistent pursuit of Tess, Tess defeats herself and changes her mind. She agrees to his proposal and falls in love with him fanatically.However, their love starts with tragic elements. Clare loves Tess, but his love is not as selfless and sincere as Tess‟s. His love is mostly close to the reason. Thus, in his eyes, Tess is “Daughter of Nature”, a symbol of purity and a perfect masterpiece. In his heart, there‟s no one else who is as pure and sweet as Tess. Even so, once Tess honestly confesses her past humiliation, the image in Clare‟s heart collapses. He feels deceived and his life and world change wholly. He can‟t accept the fact and repeats, “The woman I have been loving is not you, but another woman in your shape.” Such a kind of rational love not only strangles his truthful love, but also ruins Tess‟s happiness.This is one reason for Clare and Tess‟s tragedy. Another important reason is the deep-rooted trad itional morality in Clare‟s heart. Clare himself has once been dissolute, while he gets Tess‟s forgiveness. But he can‟t forgive Tess who ought to be an innocent person. He has fight with traditional opinions and class prejudice, but incompletely, his soul is still affected by the class and society. He says, “I thought any man would thought that by giving up all ambition to win a wife with social standing, with fortune, with knowledge of the world, I should secure rustic innocence as surely as I should secure pink cheeks; but, however, I am no man to reproach you, and I will not.”, which expresses that he looks at a woman‟s “purity” from a traditional concept of charity. Clare is not only pity-sympathy for Tess, but also ignorant to Tess‟s deep love. He abandons Tess ruthlessly and puts Tess in sadness and disappointment. He extinguishes Tess‟s hope that love has renewed in her heart. If Alec D‟Urbervilles ruins Tess‟s body, then Angel Clare destructs Tess‟s spirit. The lost of charity makes Tess heart beat, but it can not extinguish her lust for living and hope for future, while the desertion by lover demolishes her spiritual support and courage. At the first time, Tess is seduced and humiliated by Alec because of her innocence and poverty. But she is forced to go back to Alec for the second time because of Clare‟s cruelty and grimness, which deepens Tess‟s misfortune.After Clare abandons Tess, he leaves for Brazil. Since he meets kinds of difficulties, he realizes what the real life is and how stupid he is to stick to such atraditional morality. He knows that he has not only destroyed Tess but also himself. Because of his inner remorse and thought for Tess, he decides to go back to look for Tess. However, Tess‟s happiness and life have been destroyed earlier. His coming back just deepens Tess‟s misfortune, and make Tess feel more painful and disappointed. Tess feels that she is deceived again when her husband comes back. With fury, she kills Alec and revenges for her long-time pain, and humiliation. She protests boldly for the injustice and torment, which not only prove her love to Clare, but also her innocence. In this book, the villains are punished, but the heroine‟s tragedy doesn‟t transform to comedy. Her revenge on Alec doesn‟t have an effect on the soci ety, and the social tragedies are still rampant. What‟s more, Tess herself is hanged at last. Tess‟s death is the focus and concentration of social tragedies.Chapter 3 Other Reasons3.1 The Characteristic ElementsIn the premise of the social tragedy, Tess‟s tragedy is also a characteristic tragedy. The cause is not only objective but also subjective. That is to say. It‟s not just external but internal. We all know that there are many conflicts in the world. The conflicts between human and nature is shallowest, but those conflicts among humans are deeper, which includes conflicts between people and society, people and people. What‟s more, the conflicts between human and themselves are deepest, which are self-contradictions and self-confli cts of people‟s internal character, and such conflicts can lead to characteristic tragedy and psychological tragedy.When talking about those different kinds of social causes, we should also point out Tess‟s reasons for pain and misfortune. Tess is brave t hat she dares to fight against traditional morality and seek her happiness, but also she can not get herself out of that traditional morality, which also shows the weak side of her character. She is badly hurt by the public opinions and traditional morality, at the same time; she should look at herself clearly with moral standards, which makes her tragedy sadder and deeper. Tess knows that she is the victim of violence and she is innocent. However, when criticized by villagers, she thinks she is guilty. She is threatened by those customs and traditional morality. She also regards herself as an incarnation of evil. So it must lead to her inner self-torture and self-condemnation, which deepen her pain and misfortune. As Tess measures her innocence in a traditional way, she can not forget her shame forever. Several years later, most of villagers have forgotten her misfortune, but Tess herself still feels sad. In order to forget her past, she leaves her family. However, she then meets Clare, whose love makes her feel happy. Nevertheless, when experiencing happiness, she feels more horrible, uneasy and shamed, which shows that Tess can‟t forget her past, and she can‟t get rid of the spiritual burdens. She seems to be born with guilt, and is doomed to suffer from torture and pain forever. Such kind of …”guilty” makes her guilty and self-blamed. Even when abandoned by Clare heartlessly, she still thinks that it‟s her sin. Therefore, when she suffers from the persecution of public voice and traditional morality, she is also subjected to her moral ethics even blames herself mercilessly. When she boldly fights against traditional morality, she is still its defender. From a deeper lever, this just shows the persecutionof traditional morality to Tess‟s humanity and heart, which make the book‟s power more forceful and Tess‟s tragedy more stirring. The destruction of Tess‟s sublime character is the result of social elements, but it can not be inseparable with Tess‟s inner characteristic conflicts. Consequently, in the premise of social tragedy, Tess‟s tragedy is also her characteristic tragedy. So her tragedy is much more profound and more moving.3.2 The Fate TragedyTess‟s tragedy is not only a social tragedy, a characteristic tragedy, but also a fate tragedy. The fate trage dy originates in ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks can‟t understand people‟s misfortune in a scientific way. They explain people‟s fate with the original religious concept that the fate depends on God and people can not get rid of it. From Hardy‟s view of fate, Tess‟s tragedy is the performance of those limitations of Hardy‟s pessimistic view of the society and the world. Hardy‟s pessimism is a product of the era. Hardy‟s novels are written in the age of the 1880s and 1890s. In the period of the Victoria, the British Empire begins to decline. As the monopoly capital takes the place of the free competition, it drags English to the abyss of crisis. As a realist, Hardy can describe a vivid picture of reality. However, as a thinker, Hardy does not know the discipline of social development. In his opinion, the real crisis and insurmountable contradiction are mysterious and unpredictable universal will, or human beings who are regarded as all kinds of evils. Hardy does believe neither the eternal preaching of the capitalist bourgeois, nor the covering of real contradictions and crisis between religion and traditional morality. Confronting with the powerful universe, he thinks that human beings are so insignificantly small creatures that they are affected by the fate and are quite weak when in conflict with the environment. As a result, the awareness of capitalize crisis contribute to Hardy‟s pessimism and fatalism. In Hardy‟s novels, many occasional misfortunes happen to those heroes when they are close to happiness, because of the fate or the universe will.Tess is born in a poor family with seven sisters. This has determined her tough and miserable life. As the oldest daughter, Tess has to help her father because her father often drinks very much. However, the God of fate seems to torment her. Occasionally, when she is driving a lorry, it collides with a coach and the old horse dies because of the accident, which has constituted the only source of the family income. Just at the time, her father learns that he is a descendant of the ancient noble D‟Urbervilles family, and then sends Tess to “claim kin” with the distant relative. Tessis not willing to go, but as she is guilty for the dead horse, she has to go to Alec‟s farm against her will. There, she is seduced by Alec. Then, the unlucky girl leaves for Talbothays (塔布篱) because of the sad experience. She desires to live a peaceful life but she meets Clare and falls in love with him. She tries to suppress her love for Clare and refuse his proposal. However, the fate and love make her promise to marry Clare. Tess does not want to deceive Clare, so she writes to him to tell her past life. But it seems that the fate likes to make fun of her. The letter is stuffed into the carpet of Clare‟s room, so Clare does not know her confession before their marriage. Then at the night of marriage, Tess is cast off by Clare when he knows the fact. After that, Tess suffers from disappointment again. She leaves for Emmineter (爱姆寺) to look for Clare‟s parents. She doesn‟t find them but hear Clare‟s brother‟s harsh words. Tess wouldn‟t like to wait and decides to go back to Flintcomb-Ash (棱窟槐). Nevertheless, she happens to meet Alec again on the way to Flintcomb-Ash. Just at the time, her husband doesn‟t come back, and her father dies. What‟s more, her whole family suffers from difficulty and distress. Helplessly, Tess is trapped into Alec‟s snare with his lure and intimidation. Afterwards, Clare wakes up and decides to come back to England, but after he knows something about Tess‟s current situation, he leaves again with melancholy. At this moment, Tess is so disappointed that she can‟t endure Alec‟s mock, and murders him in a fit of despair. After hiding with Clare in a forest for a few days, Tess falls into the claws of laws. She is arrested, tried and hanged.Tess‟s whole life is full of drama. It seems that fate likes to play jokes with her at each period of her life. Because of occasional elements, the fate has pushed her into a tragic ending step by step. In addition, there are many mysterious elements in this novel, such as, the mysterious lorry of the D‟Urbervilles, the frightening cross-road signs. All this shows that Tess is doomed to a tragic life. Tess‟s tragedy has many contingencies. Every occasional turn has made her fall into a deeper abyss. There‟s no doubt that such a kind of contingency is the intersection of society and nature. But the series of inevitability is the crystallization of Hardy‟s idea and trajectory o f his pessimistic fatalism. This is just the limitation of the author‟s ideas. What‟s more, it‟s another means to expose and criticize those social darkness.Chapter 4 ConclusionTo sum up, Tess‟s tragedy is connected with social elements, and also has something to do with her character and the author‟s pessimistic fatalism. What‟s more, all these causes are directly related to the bourgeois society and Tess‟s tragedy is the reflection of it. At the end of the story, the writer writes sarcastically. “‟Justice‟ was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess”. So Tess is doomed to be destroyed, and she can not get rid of such a bourgeois society. The whole story is filled with a feeling of dismal foreboding and doom. Fateful circumstances and tragic coincidences abound in the book. These do not, however, eclipse the chief message of the truthful portrayal of the tragic lot of a poor country girl ruined by the bourgeois society, which is responsible for the miseries and sufferings of the small people whom Hardy describes in his book. Just as Soviet literary critic Alnwick Manchester says, “The real reasons for Tess‟s destruction are the reality, the heroine‟s nature, the dispossession, and the social prevailin g conventions. All these determine the poor lady‟s miserable fate.” It just points that the origin of Tess‟s tragedy is the bourgeois society.Reference［1］Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D‟Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press,2004.［2］Chenxia.. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D‟Urbervilles”［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998.［3］Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing Teachers‟ College, 2005.［4］Zhang Xiaodong. Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.Journal of Chaohu College, 2004.［5］YuYang. From the Spirit of Revolt of the Tragic View Tess. Beijing: ShangWu Press, 1971.［6］陈焘宇编选：《哈代创作论集》，北京，中国社会科学出版社，1982.［7］张中载，《托马斯哈代――思想和创作》，外语教学与研究出版社，1987. ［8］霍恩比着.李北达译：《牛津高阶汉英双解词典》，北京：商务出版社，2002. ［9］张世君，《德伯家的苔丝鉴赏》,重庆出版社, 1986.［10］苏联科学院高尔基世界文学研究所编. 英国文学史1870-1955. 北京：人民文学出版社. 1983.［11］欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义. 中国社会科学出版社. 1980年.［12］秦玲. 苔丝悲剧的形成原因. 南阳师范学院. 2005.［13］姚佩芝，董俊峰.《德伯家的苔丝》——哈代综合悲剧观的完美体现. 湖南师范大学社会科学学报. 2003.［14］杨周翰、吴达之、赵萝蕤，《欧洲文学史》，人民文学出版社，1979年10 月AcknowledgementMy first gratitude goes to the supervisors, Teacher Li, and Assistant Wang. Thanks for the invaluable guidance and indispensable care. Not only did they tell me some experience of doing such a work, but also show me how to do a good research. There is no doubt that their broad knowledge and careful help have a great influence on my study and work.Then, I would like to thank those teachers who have taught me in Jiangnan University. Thanks all for the good teaching so that I can broaden my eyes, and learn more useful things. It‟s no doubt that they have given me such a valuable wealth and enriched my experience. It is those teachers‟ efforts that advance my English level.I also want to thank my classmates and friends. They have given me many favors when I meet troubles. Without them, I may not have made such a progress and be happy everyday. I will never forget their encouragements and supports.Lastly, I must thank for my parents. Without their raising and educating, I couldn‟t have grown up so smoothly. Without them, I can not have such a good study environment. Thanks again for their endless love.Thanks to all people around me.Wish you all happy and healthy every day!。

《德伯家的苔丝》论文：读哈代的《德伯家的苔丝》

《德伯家的苔丝》论文：读哈代的《德伯家的苔丝》内容摘要：苔丝是哈代全方位精心塑造和歌颂的悲剧主人公。

作品反映苔丝的悲剧除各种其他因素外，同时也是性格与社会现实矛盾的悲剧，是理想人格的悲剧。

苔丝内心世界的朴实性、纯洁性、善良性，她对不合理社会的反抗性，她在道德上囿于传统的保守性，这几个方面共同构成苔丝的性格内涵，从而使苔丝的悲剧形象鲜活、感人，成为不朽的艺术形象。

关键词：苔丝性格命运多重性一八九一年，哈代发表了他的代表作《德伯家的苔丝》。

苔丝是哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中全力塑造和歌颂的悲剧主人公，也是英国文学史上一个光辉的被侮辱的反抗的女性形象。

小说以十九世纪末的农村为背景，通过乡村姑娘苔丝的不幸遭遇，谴责了资本家的残酷剥削，抨击了资产阶级的伦理道德与法律，深刻地反映了农村自然经济的破产和农民的悲惨命运。

苔丝的性格系统包含三种要素：纯洁性、反抗性和道德的保守性。

一.苔丝身上始终散发着泥土的芬芳。

苔丝始终坚持是自然的女儿，她第一次出现在读者面前时，是一个天真烂漫的十七岁的姑娘，她生着一双大而天真的眼睛，两片娇艳生动的嘴唇，更使她在容貌和颜色上添了一种动人之处。

苔丝虽然生长在一个充满庸俗气氛的家庭里，但她身上始终保持着劳动人民的美德，厌恶父母的庸俗，鄙视高贵的出身，坚持认为自己是一个农民的女儿，是靠自己的劳动为生的。

她说：“我本是爹妈两个人养的，我的美貌都是我妈给我的，我不过是一个挤牛奶的女工罢了。

”话中流露出这个纯朴的乡村姑娘对自己劳动者身份的热爱和自豪。

苔丝坚持姓自己的平民父亲德北的姓，而不姓贵族祖宗德伯，当克莱提议苔丝改姓德伯，并解释说这样做会使他的母亲更看得起她的儿媳妇时，苔丝不同意并说：“i like the other way rather best.”这些都表现出苔丝的质朴、纯真，鄙视传统门第观念，以劳动为荣的美德。

二.纯洁的苔丝具有吃苦耐劳，善良无私的牺牲精神。

苔丝是维多利亚时代威塞克斯地区的女性，她是在绿草如茵、风景如画的乡野里长大，有着山的灵气、水的柔情。

苔丝的悲剧及其现实意义分析文献综述

苔丝的悲剧及其现实意义分析文献综述苔丝的悲剧是英国著名的文学作品，由莎士比亚所著的莎士比亚悲剧
的代表作，是英国文学史上最令人记忆深刻的悲剧之一、据史料记载，它
是英国著名的女性诗人苔丝·洛伊的作品，于1594年首次上演，由苔丝·洛伊亲自扮演女主角苔丝，而在英国的文学史上留下了深远的影响。

在当今的英国文学中，《苔丝》仍然被写进大学文学课程中，一直吸引着
新的读者认识它。

苔丝的悲剧本身充满了悲剧气氛和哀怨情绪，描绘了苔丝在偏见社会
上挣扎的情况，这也是它的现实意义所在。

主要表现了它在社会上受到的
歧视和歧视的后果，以及它在激烈的社会竞争中被冷落、被忽视的经历。

苔丝就是一个被社会遗忘的英雄，她的遭遇也可以当作一种警示，提醒人
们不要被歧视，尊重和尊重每一个个体的价值。

它还丰富了英国文学的主题，体现了当时社会的现实现象：通过反映女性及其家庭遭受的社会歧视，提出性别歧视的危害，启发人们去倡导和弘扬平等的价值观。

综上所述，苔丝的悲剧及其现实意义已经引起了学术界的广泛关注。

经过调研分析，有一些学者就苔丝的悲剧及其现实意义进行了深入的研究
和评价。

《苔丝》：爱与社会压迫的千回百转

苔丝：爱与社会压迫的千回百转引言《苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代于1891年出版的小说，描绘了主人公苔丝·德弗罗斯特在19世纪英国农村面对爱情和社会压迫的艰辛经历。

这部小说通过情节曲折、人物真实可信的描写，以及对女性地位和道德传统的审视，呈现了一个令人深思的故事。

苔丝的生活背景苔丝生活在19世纪末期英国农村，她出身贫寒，从小就懂得勤劳与毅力。

然而，她亦受到当时社会禁锢与规范束缚，在尊重传统价值观念的同时，也渴望能追求自己内心真正感受到的幸福和自由。

爱情中的挣扎苔丝在爱情方面经历了许多挣扎。

首先，她深深地爱上了一个不拥有财富和地位的男子——安吉尔·克莱尔。

然而，在当时阶级观念盛行的社会背景下，他们之间的差距被视为难以逾越的鸿沟。

苔丝不得不权衡自身幸福与对家庭和社会道德规范的顺从。

社会压迫与道德束缚除了阶级差异带来的压力外，苔丝还受到其他形式的社会压迫。

她曾经遭受性侵犯，并因此失去了工作和声誉。

这使得她深刻地感受到了社会道德观念对女性的限制，尤其是在处理婚姻、贞操和个人选择方面。

苔丝勇敢面对挑战尽管遭受了种种艰辛，苔丝从未放弃追求自己内心真正渴望的幸福。

她展现出坚定的意志，独立思考并采取行动。

无论是为家人工作维持生计还是寻找爱情，她都充满了勇气和决心。

对当代社会的启示《苔丝》通过英国19世纪农村生活的描写，反映出种种社会现象和问题。

它引发了读者对性别不平等、社会阶级观念和道德标准的思考。

这部小说向人们传达了一个重要的信息：个体在面对社会压迫时，应该保持真实和坚定，勇敢地选择并为自己的幸福而奋斗。

结论《苔丝》是一部关于爱情与社会压迫的经典之作。

通过主人公苔丝的艰辛经历，我们看到了19世纪英国社会中存在的种种问题和挑战。

这部小说引起了读者对当代社会中类似问题的思考，并鼓励人们追求真正的幸福和自由。

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Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the D’UrbervillesAbstract: Tes s of the D’Urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy, describes the unfortunate, short life of a poor peasant girl, Tess.It is also a realistic novel which reflects the miserable fate of the individual farmer of England in the late of 19th century. Tess’s tragedy is a true portrayal of the poor of her time. The cause of her tragedy is always a concern of people. Key words: Tess；destiny tragedy；accidental tragedy；psychological determinism What is the dominant force that leads to the tragedy of Tess? Why is inevitable for her to avoid the unfortunate fate? It is a key to analyze this female image. In the novel, the author, Hardy offered the whole society a thoughtful question through the tragic sufferings of Tess. He said: Such a beautiful girl, who is so sensitive like gossamer and at that time so pure like snow. Why did it happen to her fate to be covered with that rough shadow? The profound philosophy from thousands of years is not able to explain the fact according to the traditional concept on order. A series of questions and confusion of the author, all of these just prove the necessity to find out the essential cause of Tes s’ tragedy.The destiny tragedy opinion scholar thought that the unfortunate of Tess’ life results from heredity gene of her noble blood, and the presage of certain inauspicious fate. The scholars prove it by quoting the sight line from the other characters in the novel. The ancestor of Tess is the old knight aristocrats. Although her forefathers had been reduced to poverty, neither rich nor famous any longer, she was still the descendant of the D’Urbervilles family, the noble blood relationship. And it is easily for her to become enamored. Besides, her obedience is also a deadly cause for tragedy. When she was in first sight of Angel Clare, evidently, she was enamored for him, but Clare did not dance with her. At last Tess was raped by this bloodthirsty devil. The destiny tragedy thought that she deserved it. When Clare sleepwalked, he put Tess into a stone coffin in an old temple. All of these facts make the people believe that Tess’ suffering is a trick that the God played on her.The accidental tragedy scholars think that the inevitability of Tess’tragic fate is result from certain occasional incidents. As the novel mentioned, if her horse,the prince had not been crashed to death by the postal car, Tess would not have to go to work for the chicken house of the D’Urbervilles. Then, she would not be raped by Alec and had not had the love baby, and she would not be censured by the others. Namely, if only there was no the first accidental incident happened to her, all kinds of unfortunate and miserable ending would not occur latter. Just because of a little wrong step, it leads to being negative in the latter matters and finally falls into the dark abyss. All of these incidents lead to more unfortunate of Tess. These explanations, obviously, are ridiculous, because the logic of life does not equal with the principles of literature work creation. And the authentic of art dose never contradict with the fortuity of incident. If you want to have endless creative inspiration, as long as the chance will do.”The practice proves that, the necessity of life is presented by certain fortuity. The coincidence in the literature works are an expression skill that the writer refine from all kinds of life materials to make them centralized, well-knit and concise. Both coincidence and fortuity in art are the writer’s special method to comb out images, integration the plots. The aim is to make the literature work dramatically.The psychological determinism scholar considers that Tess’tragedy is determined by the psychology quality of the male character in the novel. Contemporary British critic Leon Waldoff made an explanation for it in 1979. He thought that Tess’ fate is controlled by the men’s paradox attitude towards the women in physical and mental.When his ideal Tess sharply contradicts with the one in real life, he could not accept it. And Clare sent Tess back her home and required she could not go to find him unless he allowed. From then on, they separated. For a few years, they never met each other. Clare once explained to his parson father, he did not wish to become a parson as his brothers because the church was too strict to allow people to think freely. The reason why Clare loves Tess is that Tess is a very beautiful, poetic and industrious simple. She was expected to be his good wife. Seen from the surface, the love between them is a spirit of self-sacrifice of Clare with no minding whether Tess was poor or lowly. In fact, it is totally out of the bourgeois utilitarian socialist. The vindication is a self-exposure of the criteria of choosing life and love. The utility is obvious. Then let’s come back to the psychology. When Clare knew the truth, he abandoned Tess and went to Brazil alone. His change in psychology controlled Tess’fate. It is he who made Tess fall into despair finally. At last, in order to fight against the unfair, she killed Alec, became a murder. This kid of theory is according to the Floyd’s psychoanalysis concept. I think, except Tess’own character factor, her tragedy is mainly decided by her economic status and social situation.Tess and her family went from bad to worse. The novel also is description of the completely collapsing of rural peasant system in the late 19th century, and the collapsing of the free economic structure. It is a process that the old system is replaced and engulfed by the powerful capitalist mode of production. It also helps to bring about her unfortunate circumstances. As a result, Tess’ fate is not an individual accidental tragic incidence but a tragic event of society. The author conveys it in the way of metaphor. Meanwhile, Tess’fate also could be defined as a result of the capitalistic he needn’t be responsible for anyone. Instead, living in a patriarchal society, having impure, Tess was abandoned by her love, family and society. She was a so kind, obedience, pure girl. But the society ignored all her virtue, it only stresses her impurity. Both the personal reason and the social one, finally, force Tess become a murder and joints their forces in bringing about her destruction.Works CitedHardy, Thomas. Tess of D’Urbervilles. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1994. Chen Jia. Selected Readings in English Literature. Beijing: The Commercial Press,2000.Liu Bingshan. A House History of English Literature. Zhengzhou: Henan People’s Publishing House,2002.丁芸. 英美文学研究新视野[M]. 浙江: 浙江大学出版社，2005.刘文荣. 19世纪英国小说史[M]. 上海: 中国社会科学出版社，2004.托马斯哈代. 苔丝[M]. 北京: 北京燕山出版社，2005.张中载. 托马斯哈代――思想和创作[M]. 四川: 外语教学与研究出版社，1987.Lu 7。