药学英语课文翻译课后翻译节选中英双语对照第四版
药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译1 5 11 13 16单元原文加翻译
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。
完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。
天然产物，和Ⅲ。
产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译1_5_11_13_16单元原文加翻译
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。
完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。
天然产物，和Ⅲ。
产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）药学英语课后翻译Organic Chemistry Translation1. 没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。
The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. 既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。
Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. 通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。
The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. 幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。
Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. 迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。
So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. 人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. 煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新物质。
药学英语课文翻译
药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品根据他们的产品或来源药物可以被分为三种：Ⅰ、全合成Ⅱ、天然产物和Ⅲ、由部分合成产物（半合成产物）本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物合成。
然而，这并不意味天然产物和其他的药物就不重要。
它们可以被用作有价值的先导化合物，并且它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要合成产物的中间体。
合成而更加经济的。
在过去的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，已经变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和基因的选择结果，导致了微生物高突变体演变的产生，发酵已经变成了对物质广泛围的选择方式。
真核细胞（酵母和霉菌）和原核细胞（单细菌细胞和放线菌）都被用作微生物。
以下为可获得的生产形式:1.细胞原料（单细胞蛋白质）2.酶3.初级的降解产物（初级酶代物）4.次级的降解产物（次级的代物）在次级代物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界围价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。
大约有5000种抗生素已经从微生物中分离出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗使用。
然而，一定知道，那些衍生物通过部分合成被改进用于治疗。
在过去十年中，单单从β-酰胺半合成的就有五万种药物。
发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中进行，避免了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个过程必须在无菌条件下进行。
（倒数第五段开始）大量使用的试剂不仅仅是酸（盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸），还有无机和有机碱（氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶）。
还有辅助化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。
所有这些补充的化学物质（比如中间体）在最终产物中可能是杂志的来源。
在1969年，世界卫生组织出版了关于“药品安全质量保护”的论述。
目录2是有关“药品赔偿和安全保护质量的规定”（世界卫生组织，1969年第418号技术报告，目录2；1975年第567号目录1A）这同时变为众所周知的“药品质量管理规”或GMP规，并且这些规定在现在药品生产中也应遵守。
药学英语Unit 14Text B 注释及译文
Text B How Does FDA Approve New Drugs?Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well as safe, before they can be approved for marketing. But it’s important to realize that no drug is absolutely safe. There is always some risk of an adverse reaction. It’s when the benefits outweigh the risks that FDA considers a drug safe enough to approve.1.outweigh [a u tˊweɪ] vt. 在重量上超过；在重要性或价值方面超过根据现行法规，对于所有新药，只有经确认安全、有效，才会被批准上市。
但是，我们应该意识到没有所谓绝对安全的药物，认识到这一点是很重要的。
任何药物都可能有不良反应。
因此，只有认定某种药物的益处大于其风险时，FDA 才会认为某种药物足够安全，可批准其上市。
In fact, it was only 25 years ago that U.S. drug law first embraced the idea of risk vs. benefit that now the key to new drugs approval. Providing evidence of safety before marketing was first required by Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in 1938, but not until the Drug Amendments of 1962 did firms also have to show a drug’s effectiveness before marketing. Before any drug gets on the market today, FDA decides—as quickly as a thorough evaluation allows—whether the studies submitted by the drug’s sponsor(usually the manufacturer) show it to be safe and effective for its intend use.1.embrace [im'breis] vt. 包括; 包含；接受；信奉, 皈依vt. & vi.拥抱n.拥抱, 怀抱2.cosmetic [kɔz'metik]n.化妆品adj.化妆用的; 美容的；装点门面的Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act联邦食品、药品和化妆法案3.Drug Amendments [ə'mendmənts] 药品法修正案4.thorough ['θʌrəu] adj.彻底的；十足的；考虑周到的5.sponsor ['spɔnsə] vt.赞助, 发起, 主办n. 申办者事实上，直到25年前美国药品管理法才刚刚引入“风险-益处评估”的概念。
药学英语,课后翻译
药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。
IPEC全文译稿中英文对照
FOREWORD 前言The quality of excipients is critical to assure the safety, quality and efficacy of medicines. Excipients have a wide range of applications and are essential components of the drug product formulation. Characteristics that excipients impart to formulated drug products include cosmetic appearance, stability and delivery of the active ingredient. Therefore, applying appropriate Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) principles to excipients is essential. 辅料的质量对保证药品的安全、质量和功效是至关重要的。
辅料的应用范围广泛，是药品生产配方的基本成分。
辅料的特性直接影响药品的配方，包括化妆品的外观、稳定性和活性成分的输送。
因此，应用适当的GMP 规则是辅料的基础。
In contrast to finished dosage forms and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), there are no specific GMP regulations for excipients. In addition, there are a large number of applications of this diverse range of materials which makes the development of excipient GMP guidelines challenging. However, there is a general expectation that excipients are manufactured to recognised GMP principles.与制剂和原料药相比，没有明确的针对辅料的GMP的规则。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译1 5 11 13 16单元原文加翻译
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。
完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。
天然产物，和Ⅲ。
产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
药学英语课文3翻译
Foods That Fight Cancer抗癌症的食物Foods That Fight CancerDiet is now considered a major weapon(武器) against cancer. The National Cancer Institute （协会）estimates that about one-third of all cancers are linked to diet, and recent research indicated（指出）that what you eat may help to significantly reduce your risk.Cancer develops over a long time, which means that you have years-typically decades（数十年）-in which to hinder（阻碍）or promote it. Researchers are finding that what you eat may interfere（妨碍）with cancer growth at various stages. For example, certain foods can block (v.阻碍) the chemicals that initiate（开始）cancer. Antioxidants（抗氧化剂）, found in some vitamins and minerals（矿物）, can snuff（消灭）out oxygen free radicals（基础；原子团）, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible（易受影响的）to cancer, and they can even repair some of the cellular damage that has been done. And some food-wheat bran in particular-has been shown to shrink（收缩）precancerous（癌症前期的）cells.A recent review（评论）of 17 studies from 17 nations reveals that people who eat the most fruits and vegetables have about half the cancer rates of those who eat the least. That includes cancers of the lung, colon（结肠）, breast, cervix（宫颈）, esophagus（食道）, oral cavity（口腔）, stomach, bladder（膀胱）, pancreas（胰腺）and ovary（卵巢）. In fact, some research suggests that frequent consumption（肺痨;消耗）of fruits and vegetables can cut the risk of lung cancer even in smokers. “It is almost mind-boggling（难以理解的）,” says Tim Byers, an epidemiologist （流行病学家）with the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “that ordinary fruits and vegetables can be so effective against such a potent（有效的）carcinogen（致癌物质）as cigarette smoke.”One of the most studied antioxidants in vegetables and fruits thought to protect against cancer is beta-carotene（B-胡萝卜素）, concentrated（聚集）in deep green, yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes and spinach（菠菜）. Fruits high in beta-carotene include apricots （杏）and cantaloupes（哈密瓜）. In test-tube（试管）studies at Harvard University, beta-carotene had a direct toxic effect on cells taken from malignant（有害的）tumors（肿瘤）. It also reduced the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered（改变）the proteins needed for tumors to grow.Research also shows that beta-carotene can change in the body to retinoid acid（视黄酸）, a substance used in clinical trials to treat certain cancers.Here are some of the foods that contain cancer-fighting chemicals.Tomatoes. One of the compounds in tomatoes that is thought to reduce the risk of cancer is lycopene（番茄红素）, the pigment（色素）that makes tomatoes red. Lycopene, an antioxidant that is also found in watermelons and apricots, quenches（结束）certain cancer- triggering oxygen free radicals.Having little lycopene in your blood is associated with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, according in a Johns Hopkins University study. People with pancreatic cancer showed lower levels of lycopene compared with healthy individuals. Those with the least blood lycopene had over five times the risk of pancreatic cancer as healthy people with the most blood lycopene.Lycopene is present in tomato products, including sauces（酱油）, tomato paste and even ketchup（番茄酱）.Green Vegetables. A recent Italian study showed that dark-green leafy vegetables lower the risk of many cancers. Spinach, broccoli（西兰花）, kale（甘兰）and dark-green lettuces（油麦菜）are chock-full of antioxidants, including beta-carotene, folate and lutein，. A good rule ofthumb: the darker the vegetable, the more antioxidants within.Citrus（柑橘类）Fruit. “Eat oranges, grapefruits（葡萄柚）, lemons and limes as often as possible,”says toxicologist Herbert Pierson, a former project officer with the National Cancer Institute. He calls citrus fruit an all-around cancer package because it possesses every class of natural substances (carotenoids（类胡萝卜素）, flavonoids（黄铜）and others) that individually have neutralized（中立的）powerful chemical carcinogens in animals.Citrus fruit may be particularly effective in reducing the risk of pancreatic cancer. One study found that in a group of Swedes, those who ate a citrus fruit almost daily reduced the risk of pancreatic cancer by one-half to more than two-thirds, as compared with eating citrus fruit less than once a week.Cruciferous（十字花科的）Vegetables. Cruciferous vegetables, such as cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, mustard greens and turnips, may reduce the risk of breast cancer. In fact, researchers at Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied diseases at the University of Nebraska at Omaha found that feeding animals cabbage and collard greens (also a cruciferous vegetable), along with a low-fat diet, reduced the incidence（发病率）of mammary（乳腺癌）cancers. Eat cruciferous vegetables raw（生食）or lightly cooked. Overcooking may destroy the indoles（吲哚）, compounds found in these vegetables that may protect against cancer.Cruciferous vegetables may also work to head off stomach and colon cancer. Research conducted in Utah revealed（显示）that men who ate the most cruciferous vegetables had a 70 percent lower risk of colon cancer than those who ate the least of such vegetables.Soybeans. Soybeans contain at least five compounds believed to（抑制）cancer. In fact, one of the compounds is chemically similar to the drug tamoxifen （三苯氧胺）, which is routinely used to treat estrogen-dependent（雌性激素）breast cancer and is now being tested in a large clinical trial to see if it can prevent the disease. In animal studies, soybean constituents have been found to block colon, skin and other cancers by possibly slowing the growth and division（分割）of cancer cells.Wheat Bran. Wheat bran may lower the risk of colon cancer. A double-blind（双盲）study of patients at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center found that two one-ounce servings of wheat bran cereal（谷类）a day caused premalignant colon polyps（息肉）to shrink within six months. Most remarkable, say researchers, is that such a small amount of food could have such an impact within a short period of time, illustrating（图解）that dietary intervention（饮食干预）may work even after precancerous warning signs have appeared.Low-Fat Milk. While the saturated（饱和的）fat in milk seems to promote certain cancers, another substance in milk may deter（阻止）them. Researchers at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, N. Y., discovered, not surprisingly, that drinkers of whole milk had higher odds than non-milk-drinkers of developing cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, bladder, breast and cervix. But they also found that those drinking low-fat milk were less likely than non-milk-drinkers to develop cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, rectum and cervix. Why? Scientists suspect（猜想）that elements（基础）such as calcium, riboflavin, or vitamins A, C, and D (present in whole milk, too, but apparently less effective) may act as anti-cancer agents in ways not yet understood.To get the most cancer-protective compounds from your diet, strive（努力）for five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily, advises the National Cancer Institute. One serving means one-half cup of most cooked or raw fruits or vegetables, one cup of raw leafy vegetables, onemedium（半生的）piece of fresh fruit, or six ounces of fruit juice or vegetable juice. The ideal diet is low in fat and calories, high in fiber, and it includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, seeds, nuts（坚果）and, if desired, low-fat animal proteins.翻译：抗癌的食物现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。
【免费下载】 药学英语,课后翻译
药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。
药学英语Unit4 Text A注释及译文
Unit FourText A The Scope of PharmacologyIn its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.1.entirety [en'taɪərɪti:] n.整体,全面in its entirety作为一个整体2. compounding ['kɑmpaundiŋ] n.配料；组合；复合3. Mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械装置；构造, 机制；办法, 技巧, 途径4. absorption [əb'sɔrpʃən] n.吸收；吸收过程；吸收作用；专注，专心致志；合并；同化5. distribution [,distri'bju:ʃən] n.分发, 分配；散布, 分布6. biotransformation [,baiəu,trænsfə'meiʃən] n.生物转化metabolism [mɪ'tæbə,lɪzəm] n.新陈代谢7. excretion [eks'kri:ʃən] n.(动植物的)排泄,排泄物8. therapeutic [,θerə'pju:tik] adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的9. living ['liviŋ]adj.活(着)的；现存的, 在使用中的；逼真的, 生动的n.生计, 生存之道；生活方式整体而言，药理学包括药学发展的历史，药物的来源、理化性质、配伍，药物对机体的生化过程和生理功能的影响，药物的作用机制，药物的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，药物的治疗作用和其他作用。
药学英语课文翻译
药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品依照他们的产品或来源药物能够被分为三种：Ⅰ、全合成Ⅱ、天然产物和Ⅲ、由部分合成产物（半合成产物）本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物合成。
然而，这并不意味天然产物和其他的药物就不重要。
它们能够被用作有价值的先导化合物，同时它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要合成产物的中间体。
合成而更加经济的。
在过去的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，差不多变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和基因的选择结果，导致了微生物高突变体演变的产生，发酵差不多变成了对物质广泛围的选择方式。
真核细胞（酵母和霉菌）和原核细胞（单细菌细胞和放线菌）都被用作微生物。
以下为可获得的生产形式:1.细胞原料（单细胞蛋白质）2.酶3.初级的降解产物（初级酶代谢物）4.次级的降解产物（次级的代谢物）在次级代谢物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界范畴内价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。
大约有5000种抗生素差不多从微生物中分离出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗使用。
然而，一定明白，那些衍生物通过部分合成被改进用于治疗。
在过去十年中，单单从β-内酰胺半合成的就有五万种药物。
发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中进行，幸免了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个过程必须在无菌条件下进行。
（倒数第五段开始）大量使用的试剂不仅仅是酸（盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸），还有无机和有机碱（氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶）。
还有辅助化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。
所有这些补充的化学物质（比如中间体）在最终产物中可能是杂志的来源。
在1969年，世界卫生组织出版了关于“药品安全质量爱护”的论述。
名目2是有关“药品赔偿和安全爱护质量的规定”（世界卫生组织，1969年第418号技术报告，名目2；1975年第567号名目1A）这同时变为众所周知的“药品质量治理规范”或GMP规范，同时这些规定在现在药品生产中也应遵守。
药学英语课文翻译
药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品依据他们的产品或来源药物可以被分为三种：Ⅰ、全分解Ⅱ、自然产物和Ⅲ、由局部分解产物〔半分解产物〕本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物分解。
但是，这并不意味自然产物和其他的药物就不重要。
它们可以被用作有价值的先导化合物，并且它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要分解产物的中间体。
分解而愈加经济的。
在过去的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，曾经变得极端重要。
经过现代技术和基因的选择结果，招致了微生物高突变体演化的发生，发酵曾经变成了对物质普遍围的选择方式。
真核细胞〔酵母和霉菌〕和原核细胞〔单细菌细胞和放线菌〕都被用作微生物。
以下为可取得的消费方式:1.细胞原料〔单细胞蛋白质〕2.酶3.初级的降解产物〔初级酶代谢物〕4.次级的降解产物〔次级的代谢物〕在次级代谢物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界范围内价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。
大约有5000种抗生素曾经从微生物中分别出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗运用。
但是，一定知道，那些衍生物经过局部分解被改良用于治疗。
在过去十年中，单单从β-内酰胺半分解的就有五万种药物。
发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中停止，防止了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个进程必需在无菌条件下停止。
〔倒数第五段末尾〕少量运用的试剂不只仅是酸〔盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸〕，还有无机和无机碱〔氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶〕。
还有辅佐化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。
一切这些补充的化学物质〔比如中间体〕在最终产物中能够是杂志的来源。
在1969年，世界卫生组织出版了关于〝药品平安质量维护〞的论述。
目录2是有关〝药品赔偿和平安维护质量的规则〞〔世界卫生组织，1969年第418号技术报告，目录2；1975年第567号目录1A〕这同时变为众所周知的〝药质量量管理规范〞或GMP规范，并且这些规则在如今药品消费中也应遵守。
(整理)药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1. 研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c 水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2. 虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c 缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
药学英语第四版课后翻译
Unit One1.A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs.2.Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained.3.The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally.4.Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for their activities.5.As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly.Unit Two1.Biochemistry asks how the thousands ofdifferent biomolecules interact with each other to confer the remarkable properties of living organisms.2.Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its foundation and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.3.One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify an individual chemical component, such as protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity.4.The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc.5.The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits, deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence.Unit Four1.The science of the effects on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand he normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.2.For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy.3.All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused by the abuse of drugs. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particular the elderly is prescribedfrequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur.4.At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because they had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparation.5.The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is termed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology.Unit Five1.To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop aspecialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2.In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3.In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4.A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of container required.5.At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all themolecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit Six1.Plant natural products has had, and continued to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2.Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells.”3.Nevertheless,the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and thesmall percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4.Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5.Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes: (1) bio-activity or mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2) rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3) mechanism of action studies.Unit Seven1.Absorption is the process of a drug entering （现在分词作后置定语）systemic circulation from its site of administration. Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routsof administration involve the transport of cell membrane.2.Drug absorption, especially those orally administered drugs, depends on many factors, such as the intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food, patient age and the like.3.The distribution of a drug in the body is even and is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, that is, it changes constantly with the absorption and elimination of the drug.4.After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma protein, but this binding is loose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium.5.Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage forms which are absorbed and reach the systemic circulation; it is concerned with the intensity and speed of drug action.Unit Eight1.Analytical chemistry aims to resolve twoquestions: what it is and how much it is, that is qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2.Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3.Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4.Qualitative test may be performed by selectivechemical reaction or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5.The first phase in the testing of banned substance is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is adopted for accurate quantification.Unit Nine1. The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2. The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3. Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routes of administering systemically acting drugs involve the absorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood.4. Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco) proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5. In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit Eleven1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceutical firm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must be prepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus thephysician’s judg ment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot require pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit Twelve1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from naturalplant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was based on traditional experiences.2) Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc.3) When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.4) The pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile in model system.5) Chemists and biologists have now attached importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.。
药学英语课文翻译 课后翻译节选 中英双语对照 第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
药学英语课本学习知识翻译课后翻译节选中英双语对照第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
药学英语Unit4 Text A注释及译文
Unit FourText A The Scope of PharmacologyIn its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.1.entirety [en'taɪərɪti:] n.整体,全面in its entirety作为一个整体2. compounding ['kɑmpaundiŋ] n.配料；组合；复合3. Mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械装置；构造, 机制；办法, 技巧, 途径4. absorption [əb'sɔrpʃən] n.吸收；吸收过程；吸收作用；专注，专心致志；合并；同化5. distribution [,distri'bju:ʃən] n.分发, 分配；散布, 分布6. biotransformation [,baiəu,trænsfə'meiʃən] n.生物转化metabolism [mɪ'tæbə,lɪzəm] n.新陈代谢7. excretion [eks'kri:ʃən] n.(动植物的)排泄,排泄物8. therapeutic [,θerə'pju:tik] adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的9. living ['liviŋ]adj.活(着)的；现存的, 在使用中的；逼真的, 生动的n.生计, 生存之道；生活方式整体而言，药理学包括药学发展的历史，药物的来源、理化性质、配伍，药物对机体的生化过程和生理功能的影响，药物的作用机制，药物的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，药物的治疗作用和其他作用。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
美国的出版物、电台或电视台用大量的篇幅报道了有关对细菌的化学战中获得的这些显着功绩。
而它的缺点却被生产和销售抗生素的制药公司通过公关活动掩藏了。
In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of these remarkable drugs are much less widely known. And the lack of such knowledge can be bad, especially if it leads patients to pressure their doctors into prescribing antibiotics when such medication isn’t really needed, or leads them to switch doctors until they find one who is, so to speak, antibiotics-minded2.相比而言，使用这些药物的危险性并不广为人知。
对这种知识的缺乏将更糟糕，特别是当患者要求医生开处方用抗生素而事实并不需要，或患者频繁地更换医生直至找到一个同意开抗生素处方的医生。
Because the good side of the antibiotics story is so very well-known, there seems more point here to a review of some of the immediate and long-range problems that can come from today’s casual use of these drugs. It should be made clear in advance that calamities from the use of antibiotics are rare in relation to the enormous amounts of the drugs administered. But the potential hazards, so little touched on generally, do need a clear statement.因为抗生素的好的一面已广为人知，今天抗生素的滥用导致短期或长期问题。
我们预先应该知道与抗生素的巨大的使用量相比,它产生危害的例子是少见的。
但是，尽管十分少见，需要对这种潜在的危险作一个清楚的说明。
The antibiotics are not, strictly speaking, exclusively prescription drugs. A number of them are permitted in such over-the-counter products as nasal sprays, lozenges, troches, creams, and ointments. Even if these products do no harm there is no point whatsoever in using them. If you have an infectionserious enough to warrant the launching of chemical warfare, you need much bigger doses of the antibiotics than any of the non-prescription products are allowed to contain.严格来讲，抗生素并不全是处方药。
许多抗生素被允许作为非处方药(如鼻喷雾剂、键剂、片剂、软膏和乳膏),尽管它们没有危害，也不能随意地使用。
如果你患了严重的感染，你就得需要比非处方药所允许最大剂量更大剂量的抗生素了。
Over-the-counter products, however, account for only a small percentage of total antibiotics production. It is the prescription dosages that give people trouble.然而，非处方药品只是整个抗生素类产品的一小部分，正是处方药物给人类带来了麻烦。
These drugs—even allowing for the diverse abilities of the many narrow-spectrum ones and the versatility of the broad-spectrum ones—are not the cure-alls they often are billed as being. There are wide gaps in their ability to master contagious diseases. Such important infections as mumps, measles, common colds, influenza, and infectious hepatitis still await conquest. All are virus infections and despite intense efforts, very little progress has been made in chemotherapy against viruses. Only small progress has been achieved against fungi. Many strains of bacteria and fungi are naturally resistant to all currently available antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs.这些药物一即使允许最大能力,很多窄谱抗生素和广谱抗生素也并不是如宣传的那样治疗百病。
它们的能力与治疗传染性疾病间还存在很大的差距。
如腮腺炎、麻疹、普通感冒、流行性感冒和传染性肝炎等严重感染性疾病仍有待解决。
这些都是病毒感染，尽管做出了很大的努力，但是在抗病毒的化疗药物的研究上几乎没有什么进展。
抗真菌药物的研究上只取得一点小成就。
很多细菌和真菌对现有的抗生素和其他化疗药物具有耐药性。
Some microorganisms originally sensitive to the action of antibiotics, especially staphylococcus, have developed resistant strains. This acquired resistance imposes on the long range value of the drugs a very important limitation, which is not adequately met by the frequent introduction of new antimicrobial agents to combat the problem.一些原来对抗生素敏感的细菌，特别是葡萄球菌现在也产生了耐药性，这些获得的耐药性对药物的长期使用产生重要的限制，频繁引人新的抗菌药物也不能完全解决这个问题。
It has been pretty well established that the increase in strains of bacteria resistant to an antibiotic correlates directly with the duration and extent of use of that antibiotic in a given location. In one hospital a survey showed that, before erythromycin had been widely used there, all strains of staphylococci taken from patients and personnel were sensitive to its action. When the hospital started extensive use of erythromycin, however, resistant staphylococcus strains began to appear.现已经确定，在一些地区，抗生素广泛和长期的使用与细菌耐药性增加有直接的相互关系。