英文学术report中introduction的写作范例
英语作文讲座报道范文格式
英语作文讲座报道范文格式Title: A Report on Lecture FormatIntroduction:Today, in the fast-paced and information-driven world, attending lectures is an integral part of educational institutes. Lectures provide a platform for professors, experts, and industry leaders to share their knowledge and experience with a large audience. This report aims to discuss the format of a lecture, highlighting its four key components: the introduction, the main body, the question and answer session, and the conclusion.1. The Introduction:The introduction is a vital part of a lecture, as it sets the tone and captures the attention of the audience. The speaker typically begins by introducing themselves and providing a brief background of their expertise. Additionally, they may share some personal anecdotes, facts, or statistics related to the topic to create intrigue and engage the audience. The main objective of the introduction is to form a connection with the listeners and create a positive atmosphere for the upcoming discourse.2. The Main Body:After the introduction, the lecture moves into the main body, which is the core part of the discourse. In this section, the speaker presents the main ideas, concepts, and arguments related to the topic. They may use multimedia tools, such as PowerPoint presentations, videos, or graphs, to enhance understanding and engagement. It is crucial for the speaker to organize the information logically, using subheadings and transitions tomaintain a smooth flow of the lecture. The main body should be comprehensive, informative, and insightful to provide the audience with a deeper understanding of the subject matter.3. The Question and Answer Session:Following the main body, a well-planned question and answer session allows the audience to interact with the speaker and seek clarification or further information on the topic. The speaker may encourage the audience to ask questions or provide their input on the subject matter. This session promotes active learning, as it allows the audience to engage in critical thinking, analysis, and discussion. Moreover, it provides an opportunity for the speaker to gauge the level of understanding of the audience and address any misconceptions or doubts.4. The Conclusion:The conclusion serves as a summary of the lecture, reinforcing the key points discussed during the main body. The speaker should highlight the key takeaways and provide a concise and memorable ending. They may also share additional resources, references, or recommendations for further study on the topic. The conclusion essentially wraps up the lecture, leaving the audience with a sense of fulfillment and a desire to explore the subject matter in more depth.Conclusion:In conclusion, lectures are an essential and effective mode of knowledge dissemination in educational institutes. The format of a lecture consists of four key components: the introduction, the main body, the question and answer session, and the conclusion. A well-structured lecture ensures a meaningful exchange of information and ideas between the speaker and the audience, enhancing the learning experience for all involved.5. Variation in Lecture Formats:While the traditional lecture format described above is commonly used in educational institutions, there are variations and adaptations that can be employed to make the lecture more interactive and engaging. These include:a) Flipped Classroom Approach: This approach involves students reviewing lecture materials outside of class, such as watching pre-recorded videos or reading assigned texts, and using class time for active learning activities. In these sessions, students can engage in discussions, group work, and problem-solving exercises related to the lecture content. This format encourages students to take ownership of their learning and promotes a deeper understanding of the material.b) Panel Discussions: Instead of a single speaker delivering the lecture, a panel discussion format involves multiple speakers with different perspectives discussing a specific topic. This format allows for a multi-dimensional exploration of the subject matter and encourages healthy debate and exchange of ideas among the speakers. The audience can also participate by asking questions and providing input during the discussion.c) Case Studies and Simulations: Incorporating case studies or simulations into a lecture allows students to apply the concepts and theories learned in a practical context. The lecturer can present a real-world scenario or problem, and the students can workindividually or in groups to analyze the situation and propose solutions. This interactive format promotes critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and the application of knowledge.d) Multimedia Presentations: To enhance engagement and understanding, speakers can incorporate multimedia elements, such as videos, animations, and interactive graphs, into their presentations. These visuals help to illustrate complex concepts, capture the attention of the audience, and make the lecture more dynamic and visually appealing.6. Advantages of the Lecture Format:Despite the availability of alternative teaching methods, the lecture format continues to be widely used due to several advantages it offers:a) Knowledge and Expertise: Lectures are an opportunity for students to access the knowledge and expertise of subject matter experts, who possess a deep understanding of the field. The speaker's experience and insights can provide valuable perspectives and enhance the students' understanding of the subject matter.b) Efficiency: Lectures allow information to be disseminated to a large number of students simultaneously. This makes it a time-efficient method for instructors to deliver information to a large audience, such as in a university lecture hall.c) Structure and Organization: The lecture format provides a structured approach to learning, presenting information in a logicaland organized manner. This helps students grasp complex concepts by breaking them down into manageable segments.d) Simplicity: Lectures require limited technological resources, making them easily accessible and cost-effective for educational institutions. They can be delivered using simple tools such as a whiteboard, projector, or slide show.7. Limitations and Potential Challenges:While lectures have their benefits, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations and potential challenges associated with this format:a) Passive Learning: Lectures can sometimes promote passive learning, where students play a more passive role as recipients of information rather than active participants in the learning process. This can hinder engagement and knowledge retention.b) Lack of Individualization: Lectures often cater to a large audience, which means that individual student needs and learning styles may not be adequately addressed. Students with different levels of prior knowledge or varying learning preferences may struggle to fully engage with the lecture content.c) Attention Span: Lectures can be lengthy, and it can be challenging for students to maintain focus and concentration for extended periods. This can result in diminished comprehension and retention of information.d) Evaluation and Assessment: Assessing student learning andunderstanding based solely on lecture attendance and note-taking may not provide a comprehensive measure of their knowledge and skills. It is crucial to incorporate additional assessment methods, such as assignments, quizzes, or practical applications, to effectively evaluate student learning.8. Conclusion:In conclusion, lectures remain an integral part of educational institutes, providing a platform for the transfer of knowledge and expertise. While the traditional lecture format offers a structured approach to learning, incorporating variations and adaptations can make lectures more interactive, engaging, and effective. It is essential to recognize the advantages and limitations of the lecture format and actively seek ways to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. By leveraging technology, incorporating active learning strategies, and considering individual student needs, lectures can continue to be a valuable tool for educational institutions in the future.。
英文报告格式范文
英文报告格式范文Title: Sample Format for an English ReportIntroduction:An English report is a formal document that presents objective information on a specific topic. This sample format aims to provide guidelines for structuring an English report effectively.1. Cover Page:The cover page should include:- Title of the report- Name of the author- Date of submission- Affiliation or organization2. Table of Contents:The table of contents lists the sections and subsections of the report, along with their corresponding page numbers. It helps readers navigate through the document easily.3. Executive Summary:The executive summary provides a concise overview of the report's main points, including the purpose, methodology, key findings, and recommendations. It should be written in a clear and objective manner.4. Introduction:The introduction section introduces the topic and aims of the report. It provides background information, context, and sets the stage for the subsequent sections.5. Methodology:The methodology section outlines the research methods, data collection techniques, and approaches used to gather information for the report. It emphasizes the reliability and validity of the data.6. Findings:In this section, the findings of the study are presented in a logical and organized manner. It may include graphs, charts, or tables to support the data. Each finding should be supported by relevant evidence and properly cited.7. Analysis and Interpretation:The analysis and interpretation section interprets the findings in the context of the research objectives. It uncovers patterns, trends, and relationships within the data. Critical thinking and logical reasoning should be employed to draw meaningful conclusions.8. Discussion:The discussion section provides an opportunity to elaborate on the implications of the findings. It explores the significance and relevance of the results, compares them with existing literature, and discusses any limitations or potential areas for further research.9. Recommendations:Based on the findings and analysis, the recommendations section suggests actionable measures to address the identified issues or improve the situation. Each recommendation should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).10. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key points discussed in the report without introducing any new information. It reinforces the main message and emphasizes the importance of the research.11. References:The reference section lists all the sources cited within the report. It should follow a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, and include the necessary information for readers to locate the original sources.12. Appendices:Any supplementary materials, such as raw data, survey questionnaires, or additional graphs, may be included in the appendices. Each appendix should be labeled and referenced appropriately in the main text.Note:- Ensure that the report adheres to the prescribed word count and page limit.- Use a clear and concise writing style, avoiding jargon or technical terms whenever possible.- Proofread and edit the report thoroughly to maintain high standards of grammar, spelling, and punctuation.By following this sample format, you can create a well-structured and professional English report that effectively presents your research or analysis.。
开题报告自述英文范文
开题报告自述英文范文I. IntroductionThis research report provides a detailed account of the objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions of a study conducted on [insert topic/subject]. The purpose of this study was to [briefly state the main objectives of the research]. The insights gained from this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of [insert the significance/importance of the research topic].II. ObjectivesThe primary objectives of this research were:1. To explore [objective 1].2. To investigate [objective 2].3. To analyze [objective 3].III. MethodologyTo achieve the aforementioned objectives, a mixed-methods approach was adopted. Firstly, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather existing knowledge and identify research gaps. This served as the foundation for developing the research framework.Next, primary data collection was carried out through [state the data collection method] involving [number] participants [describe the participant selection criteria]. The data collection tool used was [state the tool], comprising of [state the components, e.g.,questionnaire, survey, interview guide]. The data collection phase was followed by data analysis, which involved both quantitative and qualitative techniques.IV. FindingsThe findings of this study revealed several key insights:1. [Present and discuss the findings related to objective 1].2. [Present and discuss the findings related to objective 2].3. [Present and discuss the findings related to objective 3].These findings shed light on [insert the implications/significance of the results] and contribute to the academic knowledge in the field of [insert the relevant field of study].V. DiscussionThe findings of this research were analyzed and interpreted in the context of relevant theoretical frameworks and existing literature. This section highlights the key insights derived from the findings and discusses their implications. Additionally, any discrepancies or limitations encountered during the research process are acknowledged and addressed.VI. ConclusionBased on the findings and discussions presented above, it can be concluded that [summarize the main findings and their implications]. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insightsfor [describe who can benefit from the research findings] and have implications for future research in this area.VII. RecommendationsDrawing from the conclusions, the following recommendations are suggested for further research or practical applications:1. [Recommendation 1].2. [Recommendation 2].3. [Recommendation 3].Implementing these recommendations may lead to further advancements and improvements in the field of [insert relevant field].VIII. References[List the references used throughout the report, following the appropriate citation style].。
英语作文学术简介范文模板
英语作文学术简介范文模板英文回答：Academic Abstract Template。
An academic abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. It provides an overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions of the work. Abstracts are typically 150-250 words in length and are written in a clear and concise style. They are often used by researchers to disseminate their findings to a wider audience and to attract potential readers to their work.Structure of an Academic Abstract。
The following is a typical structure for an academic abstract:Introduction: The introduction provides a briefoverview of the research topic and the research question being addressed.Methods: The methods section describes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques used in the study.Results: The results section presents the key findings of the study, including any statistical tests or other analyses that were conducted.Conclusions: The conclusions section summarizes the main findings of the study and discusses their implications.Tips for Writing an Effective Abstract。
Academic_writing_Introduction 引言的写作
Writing An Introduction of A Research PaperI. Some conventions(一些规则)Every professional paper should have at least one or two introductory paragraphs. In the Introduction the writer sets the stage for the main topic. It provides information for the reader about the paper, without giving the details of the work and conclusions. Often the Introduction is used to put the research into perspective, by stating how it relates to other technical and institutional work. The Introduction can range from half of a page to two pages.The purpose of the Introduction is to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without referring to previous publications on the topic. The introduction should also provide the rationale for the present study. The writer should state briefly and clearly his purpose in writing the paper. Much of the Introduction should be written in the present tense because the writer will be referring primarily to the problem and the related established know-ledge at the beginning of the work.(i) It should present the nature and scope of the problem investigated. Since there might be many perspectives from which the writer can approach the problem, narrowing down the scope of work and de-limiting the boundary of the study becomes necessary.(ii) The Introduction is the proper place to define any specialized terms or abbreviations intended to be used.(iii) The Introduction should also inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of the research.(iv) It should review the pertinent literature to orient the reader. In science and engineering studies the literature is reviewed for several reasons, for example, to learn from the work of others, to give credit to similar and relevant studies, to help the reader in further study to the topic, problem or theory. In professional work it is essential to make it clear what contributions have been made by others, and what the cur-rent work has achieved and contributed to further understanding. The reader must never be in doubt what has already been established in the literature before, and what the reported study has contributed. (v) The Introduction may also talk of the arrangement of the writing at the end of the Introduction. In long papers, the mention of the arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the pa-per more easily, and can make the reader feel convenient in further reading.II. Stabilized structure(固定的结构)1．Establishing the scope of research(表示研究／讨论范围)Step l Claiming centrality(表明讨论中心话题)and／orStep 2 Making topic generalization(s)(总括所研究话题的现状)and／orStep 3 Reviewing previous research(综述前人研究)2．Establishing a niche(确立研究／讨论话题)Step l A Counter—claiming(反驳前人观点)OrStep l B Indicating a gap(表明前人研究空白)OrStep l C Question—raising(提出问题)OrStep l D Continuing a tradition(继续前人研究)3．Occupying the niche(研究／讨论具体切人点)Step l A Outlining purposes(表明研究目的)OrStep l B Announcing present research(表明当前研究重点)Step 2 Announcing principal findings(表明主要发现)Step 3 Indicating the research article structure(表明文章结构)1．Establishing the scope of research(确定研究／讨论范围)Step 1 centrality claims: In the introduction, centrality claims are typically expressed in one sentence, but can also be in two or more sentences. Typically, they are put at the beginning of the Introduction. The author can introduce centrality claims by claiming interest or importance, referring to the main character of the issue, or claiming that there are many other investigators active in the area.Some typical examples are:~ Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to...~ In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly interested in...~ The possibility...has generated interest in...~ Recently, there has been wide interest in...~ The time development ...is a classic problem in fluid mechanics.~ The well-known...phenomena...have been favorite topics for analysis both in...~ Knowledge of ...has a great importance for...~ The study of...has become an important aspect of...~ The effect of...has been studied extensively in recent years.~ Many investigators have recently turned to...~ The relationship between ...has been studied by many authors.~ A central issue in...is the validity of...The Introduction can also begins with step 2Step 2: making a topic generalization. Statements of topic generalizations generally fall into two categories: statements about knowledge or practice, or statements about phenomena. Typical examples of the first group are:~ There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that...~ The ...properties of...are still not completely understood.~ A standard procedure for assessing has been...~ Education core courses are often criticized for...Typically these statements express in general terms the current state of knowledge, of technique, or of current requirements for further progress.The second group of topic generalizations refers to phenomena:~ ...is a common finding in patients with...~ An elaborate system of...is found in the ...~ English is rich in related words exhibiting "stress shifts".~ There are many situations where examination scripts are marked and then re-marked by another examiner.Step 3 Reviewing previous researchWhen reviewing previous research, the author needs to relate what has been found (claimed) with who has found it (claimed it). There are generally two forms of citation: integral and non-integral. In the text of a report, integral citation usually names the author in text and the year of publication in parentheses. Non-integral citation puts references at the end of a sentence or paragraph inside parentheses. If there is just one author, the integral citation form is Jones (1987), and the non-integral citation form is (Halliday, 1987). If there are two authors the citation should be Jones and Smith (1987) or (Jones and Smith 1987). And when there are three or more authors, the citation should be Jones et al. (1987) or (Jones et al., 1987). It should be noted that there is no period after the word "et". If there are two or more references by the same authors and from the same year, they are marked with an "a" and "b" etc. (Jones, et al., 1987a; Jones, et al., 1987b). A semicolon (;) is used between references when you refer to more than one at the same time.A literature review should not be a laundry list, meaning that it should not be listing of unrelated items.A literature review should be a coherent review of the main ideas and results of published materials, as they relate to the topic or problem of the report being written. The length of Literature Review is highly variable, from a paragraph to a few pages.The main patterns are illustrated with the following examples: Examples of integral citation forms (直接引用方式)~ Bile (1988) showed/shows that the moon is made of cheese.~ The moon's cheesy composition is established by Bile (1988).~ Brie's theory (1988) claims/claimed that the moon is made of cheese.~ Brie's (1988) theory of lunar composition has general support.~ According to Brie (1988), the moon is made of cheese.Examples of indirect citation forms (间接引用方式) ..~ Previous research has shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ It has been established that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ The moon is probably made of cheese (Bile, 1988).~ The moon may be made of cheese (of. Rock, 1989).2. Establishing a niche (确定研究/讨论话题)To establish a niche, the author usually starts with an adversative sentence-connector, most commonly with however but also with such signals as but, nevertheless, yet, and unfortunately. Step l A Counter-claiming e.g. However, the use of... results in such a degree of ... that ... has become necessary.OrStep 1B Indicating a gap e.g. However, the use of...results in a significant amount ofOrStep 1C Question-raising e.g. However, it is not clear whether the use of...can be modified to OrStep 1D Continuing a tradition e.g. The remaining issue is to find a way of better controlling In this part, the author most typically starts with step 1B, indicating a gap. The author does not counter-claim that the previous work is hopelessly misguided, but rather "suffers from some limitations". Typical sentence patterns used to indicate a gap are listed below:~ No research has been done on ...~ Little effort has been spent on the study of...~ (Very) few researchers have investigated...~ The nature of...is overlooked.~ Researchers have failed to notice that...~ The result is misleading/questionable/inconclusive/limited.~ The result off. _has several limitations.~ The research can rarely cover...3. Occupying the niche (研究/ 讨论具体切入点)Step 1A outlining purposesOrStep 1B Announcing present researchStep 2 Announcing principal findingsStep 3 indicating the research article structureIn this part, step 1 is the obligatory element. In other words, either Step 1A or Step 1B must occur in the Introduction. Step 1A indicates the author's main purpose or purposes. Step 1B describes what the author considers to be the main features of his research.Typical examples are:~ This paper reports on the results obtained...~ The aim of the present paper is to give...~ The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to...~ This study was designed to evaluate...~ This paper aims to report the interaction of...Most research article introductions end with Step 1. However, some may also end with Step 2 or Step 3. If Step 3 occurs, it always occurs at the end of the introduction.Examples are:~ We have organized the rest of this paper in the following way...~ This paper is structured as follows...~ The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections. Section II describes...III. Example outline structures (结构范例)Outline structure 1Recently, there has been a considerable interest in...Yet, there is a dearth of information. (2 direct questions) Recent studies have begun to explore these questions at...level. The existence of... may be inferred from recent studies by ...The work of these researchers sheds light on ...However, understanding ...in the context of... is as yet unexplored territory. This study attempts to enter this territory by...Our focus will be on...The changes that...show a skilled novice learning of...Outline structure 2Recently, the relationships between ...have been explored by scholars from a number of disciplines. However, the precise nature of...has not been delineated a considerable amount of research has been made into.., but little research...As a result, no comprehensive theory appears to exist. (review previous researches) Taken together, these studies indicate...The purposes of the present study were two-fold: one is...; the other is... The study thus extends the findings of previous work by examining...Outline structure 3Despite the announced importance of... few researchers have experimentally tested... Many studies have examined...No study, however, has used an experimental design. In the light of this absence of experimental work, we conducted a pilot study (Rosen, 1985)...We subsequently designed the present study,an experiment to test... Our two research questions were...IV. Distinction of Abstract and Introduction (摘要和引言的区别)Generally there are three distinctions between Abstract and Introduction:(1) Discussions of previous research are rarely found in abstracts, whereas it is an important part of the research article introductions.(2) Indication of methodology, experimental procedures, data collection, etc. used for present research is considered crucial in research abstracts, but rare in article introductions.(3) Reporting of results or findings of research is considered as an important part of abstracts, but it is rare in article introductions.V. An example introduction (引言范例)During the past 50 years, the United States has experienced the integration of the computer into society. Progress has been made to the point that small, inexpensive computers with expanded capabilities are available for innumerable uses. Many schools have purchased and are purchasing microcomputers for infusion into their directed learning programs.Most individuals seem to agree that the microcomputer will continue to hold an important role in education. Gubser (1980) and Hinton (1980) suggested phenomenal increases in the numbers of computers both in the school and the home in the near future. There are always problems with a sudden onslaught of new technology. Like any new tool that has not been fully tried and tested, the role of the computer is in question. How should the computer be used in the classroom? Should the computer be the teacher or a tool in the classroom in the same way as an overhead projector? Can teachers do a better job of teaching certain types of materials with the microcomputer than with conventional teaching methods? Will the microcomputer have different effects on students with varying levels of experience? Schmidt (1982) identified three types of microcomputer use in classrooms: the object of a course, a support tool and a means of providing instruction. Foster and Kleene (1982) cite four uses of microcomputers in vocational agriculture: drill and practice, tutorial, simulation and problem solving.The findings of studies examining the use of various forms of computer-assisted instruction (CAI have been mixed. Studies by Hickey (1968) and Honeycutt (1974) indicated superior results with CAI while studied by Ellis (1978), Caldwell (1980) and Belzer (1976) indicated little or no significant effect. Although much work has been done to date, more studies need to be conducted to ascertain the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in teaching various subjects in a variety of learning situations.The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of using micro-computer-assisted instruction as compared to a lecture-discussion technique in teaching principles and methods of cost recovery and investment credit on agriculture assets to graduate students in agricultural education (Rohrbach, 1983). This topic was identified as being of importance to teachers in providing them the necessary background to teach lessons in farm records.ExerciseThe following two excerpts are taken from the same academic article. Which is the Abstract and which is the Introduction? Why?Excerpt 1The continental terrace of Israel consists of a 1-2-km-thick Pliocene-Quaternary sediment wedge that narrows (from 60 to 16 km), steepens (2.5-3 to 6-8 ) and deepens (900-1200m) from south to north. Thecontinental terrace is the combined product of Nile-derived sedimentation whose bulk and rate of deposition decrease with increasing distance from the Nile Delta, and vertical tectonic uplift of Israel and Lebanon vs the subsidence of the adjacent submarine Levantine Basin. The tectonic influence increases while the sedimentary influence decreases from south to north (Neev et al., 1976; Almagor & Hall, 1984). Halokinetic slumping caused by extensive mass movement over deep strata of Messinian (Late Miocene) evaporites scarred and steepened the entire continental terrace of northern Israel and southern Lebanon (Almagor& Garfunkel, 1979; Garfunkel & Almagor 1985, 1987; Almagor 1993). In the south, a balance between continuous hemipelagic sedimentation and episodic dispersal of sediment, mostly by earthquake-induced slumping, creates a smooth gentle bathymetry (Almagor, 1980, 1984, 1986; Almagor & Michaeli, 1985). Along the steep slope north of Mount Carmel promontory mass transport processes have shaped a scarred and canyon-fur-rowed morphology. These processes were described in detail by Almagor(1992, 1993).The present study deals with the small-scale sedimentary structures as found in more than 60 sediment cores taken along the entire continental margin of Israel (Fig. 1) with special emphasis and greater sampling density on the more dynamic northern continental slope (Fig. 2)Excerpt 2The continental terrace of Israel consists of Nile-derived sediments. They are classified into three major groups, according to their structures: (1) irregularly too wavy laminated, coarse-grained sediments (quartz and skeletal debris) of the flat outer shelf and upper bend of the slope (10-20% of the bulk) which are influenced by currents. These sediments are bioturbated to various degrees. Smectitic silty clays (80-90%) form two structural groups: (2) laminated, turbiditic sediments which accumulate on the slope, particularly in the canyons of the northern slope. Irregular, wavy, thickly laminated, coarse-grained sediments of the up-per slope and canyon heads merge down-slope with parallel, thinly laminated, fine-grained sediments. Toward the foot of the slope and on the adjacent deep-sea floor lamination becomes indistinct and sediment is visually homogeneous. (3) Slump-generated mud lumps of various sizes, which accumulate on the lower slope, and along the transport axes of the canyons. These are the most visible evidence for large-scale slumping mass movement.Transportational and depositional processes are far more intensive over the steep northern continental slope of Israel, and especially in its canyons than over the gentle southern slope.Very stiff over-consolidated sediments unconformably overlain by the ubiquitous recent silty-clayey sediment were cored on steep sections of the middle continental slope and along the canyon walls. Their pre-consolidation stress values suggest that these sections were formerly overlain by more than 40m of sediment and now are exposed by slumping. The down-sliding slabs usually disintegrated into small fragments although several huge fragments could be indentified along the canyon axes.。
英文作文报告模板英语
英文作文报告模板英语英文回答：Report Template for Academic Writing。
I. Introduction。
Introduce the topic of the report.State the purpose of the report.Provide background information.II. Methods。
Describe the methods used to gather and analyze data. Explain the rationale for choosing these methods.Discuss any limitations of the methods.III. Results。
Present the findings of the study.Use tables, graphs, and other visuals to support the findings.Discuss the implications of the findings.IV. Discussion。
Interpret the findings in the context of previous research.Consider the strengths and weaknesses of the study.Draw conclusions about the topic of the report.V. Conclusion。
Summarize the main findings of the report.State the implications of the findings.Recommend further research.VI. References。
List all sources used in the report.VII. Appendices。
英语论文引言的写作
引言的写作技巧学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。
引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。
本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。
1 引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。
它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；（此部分可以单独成章作为论文第二部分）指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；说明自己研究课题的目的；概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。
如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。
经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。
这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。
我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。
第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述（此部分可以单独成章作为论文第二部分）；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。
引言的结构布局之一值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。
这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样。
而在引言中，第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅。
对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。
研究目的可能会比较简短。
引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出，而在引言中(如果摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写，这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results)，不必在引言中重复。
学术英语写作Unit-6.Introduction
9
➢Background (sentences 1-4) ➢Literature Review (sentences 5-6) ➢Unresolved Question (sentence 7) ➢The Present Paper (sentences 8-10)
In sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
In sentence 8 the writer describes the paper itself. In sentence 9 the writer gives details about the
Unit 6 How to Write the Introduction
1
Teaching Procedures
1
Lead-in
2
Sample Analysis
Building a Model
4
Grammar and Writing Skills
2
Lead-in 1. What information should be contained in the Introduction?
13
➢ The Present Paper
8. The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9. On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI). 10. This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility .
英文科技学术论文Introduction
大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓 Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。
这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。
好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。
Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。
先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。
因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。
第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。
研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。
The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understan ding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。
这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。
在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。
… however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated p reviously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。
学术论文写作报告(英文版)
学术论文写作报告（英文版）Title: An Analysis of Expository Writing in Academic Research PapersAbstract:This report presents a comprehensive analysis of expository writing in academic research papers. The objective of this study is to identify the key components of effective academic writing and provide recommendations for researchers, especially novice writers, to enhance their writing skills. Various sources, including published academic papers and books on the topic, were reviewed and analyzed to support the findings. The report suggests that an organized structure, clear language, logical reasoning, proper citation practices, and adherence to academic writing conventions are essential elements of successful academic writing.1. Introduction:Academic research papers serve as a means of communication among scholars in various disciplines. It is crucial for researchers to present their ideas and findings in a clear and concise manner to facilitate effective knowledge exchange. This report aims to explore the characteristics of expository writing in academic research papers and provide guidelines for researchers to improve their writing skills.2. Organization and Structure:Academic research papers should have a well-organized structure to convey ideas in a systematic manner. The introduction should provide background information and clearly state the research objectives. The body paragraphs should present the mainarguments in a logical and coherent way, supported by relevant evidence. Finally, the conclusion should summarize the findings and provide implications for further research.3. Clarity of Language:Clear and concise language is fundamental in academic writing. Researchers should aim to convey their ideas in a straightforward manner, avoiding jargon and unnecessary complexity. Using simple and precise language helps readers understand the content more easily and efficiently.4. Logical Reasoning:Academic research papers should exhibit a clear and logical flow of thoughts and arguments. Each paragraph should be logically connected to the previous and following ones, and the overall structure should guide readers through the research process. Using appropriate transitions and connecting phrases can improve the coherence and readability of the paper.5. Citation Practices:Proper citation practices are crucial in academic writing to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers and avoid plagiarism. Researchers should meticulously cite all the sources they have referred to using a recognized citation style, such as APA or MLA. Failure to properly cite sources can result in academic dishonesty and reputational damage.6. Adherence to Academic Writing Conventions:Academic writing follows specific conventions, such as using the third person, avoiding personal opinions, and maintaining a formaltone. Researchers should familiarize themselves with these conventions and ensure their papers adhere to them to maintain the integrity and credibility of their research.7. Conclusion:Effective academic writing requires attention to various elements, including the organization and structure of the paper, clarity of language, logical reasoning, proper citation practices, and adherence to academic writing conventions. Novice researchers can benefit from understanding and implementing these key components, ultimately enhancing the quality and impact of their research papers. Continuous practice and seeking guidance from experienced researchers can further improve their writing skills. 8. Recommendations:To further improve academic writing skills, researchers should actively engage in peer-review processes, attend writing workshops and conferences, and seek feedback from their mentors and colleagues. Writing groups and online forums dedicated to academic writing can also provide valuable support and guidance. In conclusion, this report highlights the importance of expository writing in academic research papers and provides recommendations for researchers to enhance their writing skills. By adhering to the identified key components, novice researchers can produce high-quality academic papers that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.9. Key Components of Effective Academic Writing:9.1. Organization and Structure: A well-organized structure is a key component of effective academic writing. It helps readersnavigate through the research paper and understand the flow of ideas. Researchers should ensure that their papers have a clear and logical structure, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide the necessary background information and context for the research, as well as clearly state the research objectives. The body paragraphs should present the main arguments or findings supported by relevant evidence and analysis. Finally, the conclusion should summarize the key findings and provide implications for future research.9.2. Clarity of Language: Clarity of language is crucial in academic writing. Researchers should strive to communicate their ideas in a clear and concise manner to ensure that readers can easily understand the content. The use of jargon and unnecessary complexity should be avoided. Instead, researchers should use simple and precise language to convey their ideas effectively.9.3. Logical Reasoning: Logical reasoning is a fundamental component of academic writing. Researchers should present their arguments in a logical and coherent manner, providing evidence and analysis to support their claims. Each paragraph should flow logically from one idea to the next, and there should be a clear connection between different sections of the paper. The use of appropriate transition words and phrases can help improve the coherence and readability of the paper.9.4. Proper Citation Practices: Proper citation practices are essential in academic writing to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers and avoid plagiarism. Researchers should carefully and accurately cite all the sources they have referred to intheir papers. This includes both in-text citations and a comprehensive reference list at the end of the paper. Different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, have specific guidelines that researchers should follow. Failure to properly cite sources can have serious consequences, including academic misconduct and damage to one's reputation.9.5. Adherence to Academic Writing Conventions: Academic writing follows certain conventions and standards that researchers need to adhere to. These conventions include using the third person, maintaining a formal tone, and avoiding personal opinions unless specifically requested in certain types of papers, such as opinion or reflection pieces. Researchers should familiarize themselves with the specific conventions of their field or discipline and ensure that their writing aligns with these expectations. Adhering to academic writing conventions helps maintain the integrity and credibility of the research.10. Recommendations for Enhancing Academic Writing Skills: 10.1. Seek Peer Review: Peer review is a valuable process for improving academic writing skills. Researchers should actively seek feedback from their peers and colleagues. They can join writing groups or engage in peer review exchanges to receive constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement. Peer review provides an opportunity to identify areas of weakness or confusion in the writing and make necessary revisions.10.2. Attend Writing Workshops and Conferences: Writing workshops and conferences offer researchers the chance to learn from experts in the field and gain insights on effective academicwriting techniques. These events often provide practical tips, strategies, and resources for improving writing skills. Researchers should take advantage of these opportunities to enhance their writing abilities.10.3. Seek Feedback from Mentors and Colleagues: Seeking feedback from experienced mentors and colleagues can be incredibly helpful in improving academic writing skills. These individuals can provide valuable insights and guidance based on their own experiences. Researchers should actively seek their feedback on drafts and revisions to refine their writing.10.4. Practice Regularly: Like any skill, academic writing requires regular practice to improve. Researchers should set aside dedicated time for writing and make it a habit. Regular practice allows researchers to develop their own writing style, become more comfortable with academic writing conventions, and refine their ability to convey complex ideas clearly.10.5. Utilize Writing Resources: Various writing resources are available to researchers to enhance their writing skills. Academic writing books, online tutorials, and writing guides can provide guidance on grammar, style, and organization. Researchers should take advantage of these resources to expand their knowledge and improve their writing.10.6. Seek Guidance from Writing Centers: Many universities and institutions have writing centers or writing support services that offer individualized assistance to researchers. These centers provide guidance on various aspects of academic writing, such asstructure, language, and citation practices. Researchers should utilize these resources to receive specialized support and feedback on their writing.In conclusion, effective academic writing requires attention to various key components, including organization and structure, clarity of language, logical reasoning, proper citation practices, and adherence to academic writing conventions. Novice researchers can enhance their writing skills by implementing these components and by actively seeking feedback, participating in workshops, and practicing regularly. With time and effort, researchers can improve their ability to communicate their ideas effectively through well-crafted academic research papers.。
英文学术report中introduction的写作范例
Research Question
Missing Information
As we all know, there have been a great many people to research the
use of fly-ash and scrubber-ash or mixtures. However , To the best of our knowledge, little information is available on how best to recycle the
Waste glass is a very useful resource and can be recycled in many
ways. The use of waste glass in recycling MSWI fly- and scrubber-ash may not be cost-efeasibility, it would be advantageous to identify cheap sources of SiO2 other than waste glass. This is the motivation behind this study.
Conditioned MSWI ash-slag-mix as a replacement for cement in cement mortar
Basic knowledge
MSWI 城市固体垃圾焚烧
ash-slag-mix
灰与炉渣的混合物
cement mortar 水泥砂浆
Part One Background
Part Two Literature Review
Part Three Research Question
学术英语writing introduction
Your company slogan
Simple Future Tense
Sometimes, in the sentence including the objective of the research, Simple Future Tense is recommended.
e.g. “In summary, previous methods are all extremely inefficient. Hence a new approach is developed to process the data more efficiently.” The later sentence should be — “In this paper, a new approach will be developed to process the data more efficiently” or “This paper will present a new approach that process the data more efficiently”.
Your company slogan
ould I put in my introduction?
Do not try to pack everything into the introduction. It would then not be an introduction at all! An essay introduction does not need to do more than tell the reader the topic of the essay, describe how the body of the essay is organized, and explain the thesis that you argue for in the essay.
scientific reports 投稿模板
scientific reports 投稿模板全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：科学研究报告（Scientific Reports）是一家国际性的开放获取期刊，涵盖了各个科学领域的研究成果。
如果你准备向Scientific Reports投稿，那么你需要按照他们的投稿模板来准备和撰写你的研究报告。
以下是一个关于Scientific Reports投稿模板的指南，希望能够对你有所帮助。
1. 标题在你的研究报告中，你需要创造一个具有吸引力且能够准确反映你研究主题的标题。
标题应该简明扼要，概括你研究的要点，吸引读者的兴趣。
在Scientific Reports中，标题应该尽量避免使用专业术语或缩写，以便更容易被广大读者理解。
2. 摘要接下来是撰写摘要部分。
在这一部分，你需要简要介绍你的研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
摘要应该具有逻辑性，语言简洁明了，让读者能够快速了解你的研究内容和主要发现。
在Scientific Reports中，摘要通常不超过250字。
3. 引言在你需要介绍研究的背景、目的和意义。
你应该指出你的研究填补了什么知识空白，解决了什么问题，并对你的研究做出科学价值的解释。
确保引言部分清晰明了，逻辑性强，让读者对你的研究感兴趣。
4. 方法在方法部分，你需要详细描述你的研究设计、实验流程、数据采集和分析方法。
确保你的方法描述清晰明了，让读者理解你的研究方法，并能够重复你的实验。
在Scientific Reports中，方法部分应该尽量避免使用专业术语，以便更广泛的读者能够理解。
5. 结果在结果部分，你需要呈现你的研究结果，包括数据、图表和统计分析。
确保你的结果呈现清晰、准确，表达方式简洁明了，能够有效地展示你的研究成果。
在Scientific Reports中，结果部分通常采用图表和表格来辅助说明。
6. 讨论在讨论部分，你需要对研究结果进行解释和分析，探讨其科学意义，并与前人研究进行比较。
确保你的讨论部分论证严谨，结论清晰，对你研究的价值和局限性有充分的认识。
学术英语作文模板引言
学术英语作文模板引言Academic English Essay Template Introduction。
Introduction。
In the field of academic writing, it is crucial to have a clear and effective essay structure that allows for the coherent presentation of ideas and arguments. This essay template aims to provide a framework for organizing and presenting academic English essays, ensuring that the content is logically structured and effectively communicated to the reader. By following this template, writers can enhance the readability and impact of their academic essays, ultimately contributing to the overall quality of their work.Thesis Statement。
The thesis statement is a critical component of any academic essay, as it serves to establish the main argument or central idea that the essay will explore and support. It should be concise, clear, and specific, providing a roadmap for the reader to understand the focus and direction of the essay. Additionally, the thesis statement should be placed at the end of the introduction to effectively transition into the body of the essay.Body Paragraphs。
introduction学术论文写作如何写介绍
Noun phrase
Other forms
occupying the niche
• a. by outlining purposes/aims, or stating the nature of the present research or research questions/hypothesis √ • b. by announcing principal findings/stating value of research (optional) • c. by indicating the structure of the thesis and providing mini-synopses (previews) of each subsequent chapter √ • d. by outlining the theoretical position • e. by describing the methods used in the study
• Metadiscourse in introduction is likely to take the from of forward reference to what is still to come. For the thesis, metadiscourse refers to chapters or to the thesis is distinctive. • This thesis /study +describes, develops, studies, discusses, examines, introduces, aims (to), reports, explores, shows, focuses, presents… • The verbs tend to be in the present tense
学术英语writing introduction
Significance
The purpose of an introduction is to prepare the reader for the body of writing that comes after it.
You know what you are writing about and why. But unless you inform your readers of this in an introduction, they will feel lost and judge your essay to be an unclear piece of work! Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your readers to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper.
Your company slogan
Frequently asked questions
What is an introduction for? Is it a summary?
An introduction is not a summary. A summary repeats the main ideas of an essay. An introduction introduces the reader to the topic of the
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英语学术英语写作
下面我们将引言部分的写作，引言释意为introduction。
2.1引言是学术论文写作的起始部分，是论文的导语，也是对全文结构内容的总体规划。
一个好的引言能够引人入胜，激起同行甚至一些非专业人士对文章的阅读兴趣，因而，引言是学术写作中的一个重要部分，也是最难写的部分之一。
所以如果想要写好引言，首先要开门见山，不绕圈子。
第二要言简意赅，第三回顾历史要有重点，第四尊重科学实事求是。
第五就是前言的内容部应该与摘要相同。
The introduction is the initial of academic paper writing is the lead .But also on the content and structure of the overall outline. If you want to write the preface, the first thing is to clarify the goals and tasks of this part of writing. Simple and clear explanation of the author of the study. The purpose of the work scope the theoretical basis research methods. experimental design. expect results meaning and so on. Now pay attention to the following five points. First, come to the point ,do not beat around the bush. Second concise and comprehensive Third, review the history and the focus of attention, Forth respect for science, seek truth from facts, Fifth the content should not be the same with the summary.2.2引言部分的功能室引导读者对作者所研究的领域从概括性了解深入到具体问题，引言的导航作用体现在要让读者理解作者的写作目的，以及论文将要涉及的范围，理解当前研究的课题的意义和价值。
学术英语写作Unit 6.Introduction
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
➢ Background ➢ Literature Review ➢ Unresolved Question ➢ The Present Paper
3
2. What is the purpose of writing the Introduction? 3. How does the Introduction differ from the Abstract? 4. How do writers normally start the Introduction? 5. What type of information should be included in the Introduction, and in what order? 6. How do writers normally end the Introduction?
7
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
In sentence 1 the writer establishes the importance of this research topic.
In sentence 2 the writer provides general background information.
In sentence 3 the writer does the same as in Sentence 1 and2, but in a more specific/detailed way.
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Part Two Literature Review
Part Three Research Question
Part Four
Purpose
Background
Gneral Area
Most municipal solid waste (MSW) is incinerated in Taiwan. Municipal
Author Prominent types of byproducts of used foundry sand in the manufacture of controlled low strength materials and concrete .The results revealed that this approach is not only economical but also helps to reduce the disposal problem. Siddique et al. further evaluated the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which the fine aggregate was partially replaced with used foundry sand .The test results indicated that used foundry sand creates good quality concrete and construction materials.
Research Topic
Signal Word
Purpose
The Orientation Towards The Research Activity Past Tense
In this study, the fly-ash of foundry sand, which is rich in SiO2, was used to supplement the SiO2 of MSWI fly- and scrubber-ash for successful melting into slag. It has been reported that, by vitrification, heavy metals can be immobilized in the amorphous Si–O network to form a highly stable slag; hence, these toxic metals are not easily leached . This was the reason why we used a melting process and applied the slag as a partial cement replacement for molding mortar specimens in this study.
Informatio n sands. Fly-ash in waste foundry sand is collected from the air pollution Prominent control equipment in the foundry. Around 6 kg of fly-ash is produced per ton of cast iron produced, and 21,000 tons of foundry fly-ash is produced annually in Taiwan. Both waste foundry sand and foundry Author sand fly-ash are hazardous and need to be carefully processed. Prominent Guney et al. investigated the reuse of foundry sand modified mixtures for sub-based layers of highways. The resistance of foundry sand-based specimens to winter conditions is generally better than that of typical sub-base reference materials. Siddique et al. used several
Research Question
Missing Information
As we all know, there have been a great many people to research the use of fly-ash and scrubber-ash or mixtures. However , To the best of our knowledge, little information is available on how best to recycle the fly-ash of foundry sand.
Subarea solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in Taiwan produce about 250,000 tons of
fly-ash and scrubber-ash annually. The resulting ash waste contains hazardous heavy metals. A chelating agent and 20 wt% cement are added to the ash, which is then solidified for safe disposal in landfill sites. However, leaching of heavy metals is still possible in the long term.
General to specific
Author Prominent
Author However, it is extremely difficult to vitrify MSWI scrubber-ash due to Prominent its high concentration of CaO and insufficient SiO2. Lee et al. added waste glass to a mixture of fly-ash and scrubber-ash to successfully vitrify these substances and investigated a mortar that featured 20 wt.% cement replacement with slag powder .Heavy metals were barely detected in Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests of the modified slag-cement mortar, and the compressive strengths were reported to be acceptable after curing for more than 28 days.
Waste glass is a very useful resource and can be recycled in many ways. The use of waste glass in recycling MSWI fly- and scrubber-ash may not be cost-effective. For the sake of economical feasibility, it would be advantageous to identify cheap sources of SiO2 other than waste glass. This is the motivation behind this study. Foundry sands are typical foundry industry wastes. They are classified into waste wet molding sand, water glass sand, resin sand and ceramic shell molding sand. Collectively, they are commonly called waste foundry
Conditioned MSWI ash-slag-mix as a replacement for cement in cement mortar
Basic knowledge
MSWI ash-slag-mix
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
城市固体垃圾焚烧 灰与炉渣的混合物
cement mortar 水泥砂浆
Part One Background
Literature Review
To reuse fly-ash, Al-Rawas et al. investigated the effects of Informatio various replacement ratios of sand or cement in a cement mortar n Prominent using MSWI fly-ash . Water-permeable pavement bricks can be made from the molten slag of MSWI fly-ash(Nishigaki,2000) . Partial substitution of cement in mortar by using molten and pulverized slag has recently been of interest due to the ease with which fly-ash can be vitrified .