2012社会语言学课程论文
有关语言学课程的论文范文
有关语言学课程的论文范文语言学是研究语言的性质、功能、结构、运用和历史发展的一门学科。
下面是店铺为大家整理的有关语言学的论文，供大家参考。
语言学的论文范文篇一：《试谈社会语言学视角下的外语教学》一、引言社会语言学是20世纪60年代在美国首先兴起的边缘性学科。
社会语言学是运用社会学和语言学等几门学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学角度来研究语言的社会本质及差异的学科。
社会语言学主要是注重语言的社会性,表现在：首先注重跨学科的实际应用的动态性，其次，侧重于语言的社会功能的表现。
它着重从语言与社会各种因素之间的关系来探讨和研究语言及其运用的规律，为更好地进行语言学的研究开辟了一个更广阔的崭新领域。
同时，给外语教学也带来了巨大而深刻的影响。
二、社会语言学的基本概念社会语言学主要是研究语言社会现象的一门学科。
它关注的不是语言的核心结构体系，而是语言的边缘部分，也就是说，它主要关注的是人们在日常生活中的语言表现。
研究的是语言和社会之间的关系问题，同时，考查社会语境中语言使用的现象，并且从社会语言学角度描述和解释语言使用的各种变化。
那么，根据研究的对象不同，社会语言学大致可以被分为宏观社会语言学和微观社会语言学两大类。
宏观社会语言学主要研究与全局相关的整体性问题，比如，语言规划的制定、语言政策、语言规范化问题、文字改革等等。
而微观社会语言学是研究各种社会条件下的语言变异，比如，民族或种族、阶级、性别、年龄等等社会因素对语言使用所产生的影响、人们对各种变体的态度及评价、各种语言变体的构造特点和社会功能等等。
三、我国的外语教学现状一直以来，我国外语教学重视的是语言教学，而忽视文化教学。
无论是对教师还是对学习者而言，他们都会把自己的大部分时间和大部分注意力用在学习和讲解词汇及语法上，却不注重语言应用功能在文化特征方面和社会实践方面的探究。
因此，使得学生对语言的运用能力整体都不合格，主要表现在不能用外语进行有效而流利的跨文化交际，不能将我国的传统文化真正传播出去。
社会语言学下的语言景观研究论文五篇范文
社会语言学下的语言景观研究论文五篇范文第一篇：社会语言学下的语言景观研究论文摘要：本文介绍了全球化社会语言学及其核心概念——超多元性、移动性和标准性，并用这些核心概念对语言景观中存在的不规范现象进行了解释。
自上世纪末以来，国际上的语言景观已发展成社会语言学中一个热门的研究领域。
本文在已有基础上，着重考察语言景观研究的认识论基础、分析维度以及理论构建情况，进一步阐述这一语言学前沿学科的研究动态。
关键词：全球化社会语言学；语言景观；语言标牌全球化是一种社会现象，在全世界经济、政治、技术、文化整合的综合过程中，语言现象也比以往任何时候都更加复杂和多元。
而“全球化社会语言学”正是为了研究这种新现象而出现的新理论。
语言景观是指某个特定的国家里语言情况的描述与分析，也可以指某一个更大的地理区域内的语言现象和语言使用情况。
一、语言景观研究的概念现实环境中用以陈列展示语言文字物质载体称作语言标牌。
在社会语言学中，对公共语言标牌上语言使用的研究称作“语言景观”研究。
在这些为公众所共享的空间中，标牌语言所构建的语言景观并不是简单的语言陈列或呈现，其背后往往蕴含着一定的创设机制和思想意识。
其实，随着该领域研究的深入，研究范围已从公共空间延伸到室内场所及虚拟空间等。
二、语言景观研究的多维视角语言景观研究可以从很多视角或维度入手，但从已取得的成果来看，其研究重点主要集中在以下一些主题上。
(一)多语言的使用。
Gorter把语言景观看作是研究多语言使用一种新路径，语言景观研究中最多的成果也出现在这一方面。
在多语言使用研究的主要成果中，Ben-Rafael等对以色列的犹太人社区、巴勒斯坦人社区、东耶路撒冷的非以色列——巴勒斯坦人社区的希伯来语、阿拉伯语和英语语言景观的模式进行了调查分析。
他们的研究结果表明，不同族群社区的语言使用具有不同的语言景观模式。
(二)语言政策的实施。
语言景观实际上就是语言政策实施情况的具体体现。
任何一个国家的官方语言政策都会规定在公共空间使用什么样的语言。
社会语言学（五篇范例）
社会语言学（五篇范例）第一篇：社会语言学网络流行语新谈摘要：随着互联网时代的深入发展，一些流行语跳出网络进入了人们日常生活中。
在电视上报纸中以及人们的日常交流中，网络新词随时随地可见，它紧跟着社会热点，贴切地融入人们的语言里，迎合了当下“草根”一代，身后跟着众多的粉丝。
作为社会语言学的一部分内容，流行语同时也对社会媒体和传统文化造成了影响和冲击。
如同网络一样，依附于它的网络语言亦是一把“双刃剑”，有其可取之处也有其不合理、不规范的地方，甚至一些低俗的内容。
因此我们应该辩证地看待这些流行语，给予正确的认识[1]和适当的引导。
关键词：社会语言学网络流行词正确认识对媒体及传统文化的影响随着互联网络的飞速发展和日益普及，国际交流这种交流方式已被越来越多的人接受并逐渐受到欢迎。
网络交际与以往我们交际的方式不同的是，它完全不受任何时空的限制。
真因为它无与伦比的优越性和独特的魅力这种全新的高科技交流方式正在全球风靡。
随着QQ、BBS、网络论坛、虚拟社区等网络载体的出现，网络交流已经逐渐成为现代人生活的一部分。
同时，与之相应出现的网络流行词也极大地影响着信息时代中的人们的生活。
一，顺应时代发展潮流，网络流行语应运而生在我们生活的这个年代，不论是生活、工作、娱乐的脚步都大大加快了。
高效率的追求让我们电脑上的输入速度不得不也跟着变换。
为了高速度的输入，人们逐渐对一些汉语和英语词汇进行改造，对文字、图片、符号等随意链接和镶嵌，创造出了大量的汉字、数字、英文字母混杂组合的新词汇，于是一些完全不符合汉语的规范表达方式的网络语言就这样出现了。
网络语言，代表了一定的网络文化。
它广泛地出现在聊天、网络论坛等各种因特网应用场合，并渗透到现实生活中，对人们的生活产生了一定影响，它来源及其广泛，大多取材于方言俗语、各门外语、缩略语、谐音、误植，甚至以符号合并以达到形象效果等等。
属于混合语言，通常使用注意文字或俗称的“火星文”，而且又由于语言及文化的不同，形成了各种不同的、有地方特色的因特网语言。
关于社会语言学论文
社会语言学诞生的理论前提就是对于结构主义、生成转换理论的批判。
同时,也正是在这个理论批判的前提下确立了社会语言学坚持从语言实际出发,面向活的语言的研究原则。
下面是为大家整理的，供大家参考。
范文一：社会语言学英汉语码转换分析一、引言语码是不同种类的语言或者同一种语言的不同方言变体的总称。
语码转换，又叫语码选择，是在双语体制中，为了适应不同交际对象转换使用不同语码的现象。
[1]在社会语言学文献里，语码或代码code一般作为一个中性词语，指称语言或语言变体。
它强调的是语言系统作为一个抽象的代码由负载意义的成分组成。
这些成分在不同的文体、语域甚至不同的社会群组中有不同的体现。
[2]用社会语言学方法进行语码转换研究揭示了社会因素如种族、性别、年龄、社会经济地位等和语码转换之间的内在关系，而且总结出一些语码转换背后的社会动机。
[3]随着计算机与网络技术的飞速发展，现代交际手段层出不群，人与人之间的交流不仅限于面对面的交流。
网络技术的协助和驱动使得处于“身体缺场”境况下的人们同样可以在“虚拟世界”进行会话。
网络语言是传播网络的重要载体，正越来越强烈地冲击着传统语言文化，影响着社会。
网络语言作为新生事物，记录和折射出网络文化发展的轨迹。
因此，网络语言中的语码转换也呈现了新的特点。
目前，有关语码转换各种功能体现模式，即语码转换的在哪些方面体现哪些功能的系统论述还屈指可数。
作为一种独特的、非传统的语言形式，研究网络聊天中的语码转换现象将会为我们进一步深入探讨语码转换的社会功能提供很好的材料。
二、理论依据自20世纪70年代以来，中外许多学者已经从社会、句法、会话分析、心理以及语用的角度对双语者的语码转换进行了深入透彻的分析。
RonadWardhaugh将语码解释为“一种语言或语言的变体”。
[4]既可用来指某一种语言，又可以指某种方言、文体语言，甚至可以指洋泾浜语和人们为了保密起见私下里设置的密码语言。
他指出交际的参与者、场景、话题是制约“语码转换”的基本因素。
社会语言学论文(基础)Understanding of Sociolinguistics
Understanding of Sociolinguistics1 Introduction (1)2 Some definitions of sociolinguistics (1)3 The scope of sociolinguistic study (2)4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of sociolinguistics (2)5 Conclusion (3)References (3)Abstract：Sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in 1960s．But scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives，and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways．This paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguistic study to point out the lack of comprehensiveness in Fishman’s view on the definition of sociolinguistics．Key words：sociolinguistics；definitions；scope；lack of comprehensiveness1 IntroductionThough the social aspect of language attracted early attention，it was not until the mid 1960s that sociolinguistics became an independent discipline with its representatives William Labor and Dell Hymes．It has become an indispensable course in linguistic study together with syntax，phonetics and phonology, semantics. etc．．But scholars from various disciplines have different answers to the questions：‘What is sociolinguistics?’，‘What does the sociolinguist do?’，‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’，and ‘What methods should be adopted in carrying out sociolinguistic study?’．Fishman argued that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end (cited from Wardhaugh，R．1986：16)．Before we make any comment on this view，it is necessary to have a basic knowledge about the definitions of sociolinguistics and the scope of sociolinguistic study．2 Some definitions of sociolinguisticsSociolinguistics is a cross—disciplinary subject．Linguists and sociolinguists are not the only researchers involved in studies of language in society．Scholars such as anthropologists，psychologists，educators，and planners have an interest too．They study the socio—cultural aspect of language from different angles and come up with different understanding．Peter Trudgill says that sociolinguistics is a science that combines linguistic and social concerns in varying degrees (cited from Fasold，R．1990：FS0)．This view seems to p1ay sociolinguistics at a high level by considering it “a science”, but is vague in the failure to specify the “varying degrees”．William Labov defines sociolinguistics as the secular linguistics．While William Downes sees sociolinguistics as that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which require reference to social，including contextua1 factors in their explanation．To quote Holmes’ view，sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used．Gumperz states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find relations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur．This definition covers a broad range，therefore is more inclusive of the scope of sociolinguistic study．Susan Pinlips in 1980 defines sociolinguistics b riefly as the ‘study of the ways in which a person’s speech conveys social information’．This view manifests that language is a social behavior．People’sdifferent choices of linguistic forms may reflect their different social background．Wolfson expresses his view by saying that sociolinguistics is the study of the interplay of linguistic，social，and cultural factors in human communication．In Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching ＆Applied Linguistics, sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to social factors, that is, social class，educational level and type of education, Age, sex，ethnic origins，etc．(Richard，J．C．1992：425)．It seems that there is no agreement on the exact definition of sociolinguistics，just like what Dell Hymes has claimed：“Different people may have different understanding of the term ‘sociolinguistics’．Therefore，no one has the patent for its definition.”(cited in Fasold．1990：F 12) But however different views scholars hold，they are ready to agree at least one point．That is，sociolinguistics studies the relation between language and society．Whatever sociolinguistics is，it must be oriented toward both data and theory．But still scholars will come up with different answers to the question ‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’．3 The scope of sociolinguistic studyWe can generally divide sociolinguistic study into the broad sense and the narrow sense．The former is also widely called the macro-sociolinguistics，and the latter micro-sociolinguistics．To make the division clear, Wolfson compared sociolinguistic study to a sort of telescope through which language behavior may be studied in its socio-cultural context．In looking through the small end of the telescope，we view speech at the level of face-to-face interaction，and this type of study is called micro-sociolinguistics．By looking through the large end of the sociolinguistic telescope，we are able to see the workings of language contact，choice，use，maintenance，and change at the social level，a field of study called the sociology of language or macro-sociolinguistics．Hudson in 1980 made a distinction between sociolinguistics and the sociology of language in stating that the former is the study of language in relation to society while the later is the study of society in relation to language(cited in Wardhaugh，R．1986：12-13). That is to say．sociolinguistics can be studied either from the perspective of language or from that of society．Hudson further argues that the influence which society exerts on language is the major concern of sociolinguistic study．Some scholars also classify sociolinguistic study into the theoretical research model and the practical research mode1．But no matter how scholars define and understand sociolinguistics，it is generally agreed that sociolinguistic study mainly deals with social variation, language varieties，the differences of language use conventions，and the socio-cultural factors that contribute to the variation, varieties and differences．Social variation in language including the variation of region，social class, register, style，age and sex has been one of the major focuses of sociolinguistics since its formation in the early 1960．Language variety has been and still is the main concern of sociolinguistics，but the scope of sociolinguistic study may be very wide such that it can cover almost everything．Sociolinguistics is an empirical science．it must be founded on an adequate data base．This requires that when we are considering sociolinguistics，we should take the various kinds of research methods Into account．It is better to collect data through observing naturally occurring linguistic events．The ethnomethodology makes one significant contribution to the development of sociolinguistic study．4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of so ciolinguisticsFishman says that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks(or writes)what language (or what language variety)to whom and when and to what end．The American sociolinguist Nessa Wolfson shares the similar view with Fishman in generalizing the scope of sociolinguistics to be‘Who says what to whom，when and how’(cited from Hudson．1980：F14)．Brief as Fishman’s definition is，it includes the major elements in sociolinguistics:“what” representsthe language or language variety．“who”, “whom”, “when”and “to what end”represent those social variables．This may be better understood by considering the four components that influence linguistic choices，namely，the participants，the setting or social context of the interaction．the topic and the function(Holmes，Janet．1997：12)．Hymes’s SPEAKING theory may also be adopted to account for Fishman’s definition to some extent．In spite of its brevity and reasonableness，this definition is not comprehensive enough to inform us the nature of sociolinguistics，the relationship between it and the sociology of language or other disciplines．Neither does it cover the broad range of the scope of sociolinguistic study．It looks at sociolinguistics from the viewpoint of interpersonal interactions，and covers social variation and language variety, thus belongs to the scope of micro-sociolinguistics．To mention only the language variety does not make the whole story．It also fails to mention the research methods and the theoretical base of sociolinguistic study．Therefore，Fishman’s definition can not provide us with an overall and thorough understanding of sociolinguistics．5 ConclusionThough scholars from various disciplines have shown great interest in the socio—cultural aspect of language，different researchers define sociolinguistics differently and come up with different understanding．In fact，sociolinguistic study is characterized by a wide variety or inclusiveness of its research scope．Cf．McGregor argues that as long as we are fully aware of this point，questions like “How to define sociolinguist ics?” and “What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?” seem to be not very imperative and important(quoted in Fasold，R．1990：F12)．References1, Downes, William，1998．Language and Society【M】．2nd edition．Cambridge：CUP．2, Fasold，R．1 990 The Sociolinguistics【M】．Oxford：Blackwell Publishers Ltd．3, Holmes．Janet．I 997．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．4, Hudson，R．A．1 980．Sociolinguistics【M】．2-edition．Cambridge：CUP．5, Richards，C．J．and Platt，J．and Platt，H．1 992．Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching＆Applied Linguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．6, Salzmann，Zdenek．1993．Language．Culture．& Social An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology 【M】．Boulder：Westview Press，Inc．7, Trask，R．L．I999．Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics【M】．London；Routledge．8, Wardhaugh．R．1986．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics：Issues of Society and Schooling 【M】．Oxford：Basil Blackwel1．9, Wardhaugh．R．1998．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．3 edition．Oxford：Blackwel1．10, Wolfson，N．1989．Perspectives．Sociolinguistics and TESOL【M】．Cambridge：Newbury．。
从社会语言学角度浅谈语言教学
从社会语言学角度浅谈语言教学【摘要】社会语言学是研究语言在社会文化背景下的使用和变化的学科，对语言教学具有重要的启示。
本文首先介绍了社会语言学的概念，以及语言教学在培养学生语言能力和跨文化交际能力中的重要性。
然后探讨了社会语言学对语言教学的影响，社会文化背景在语言教学中的作用，以及文化差异对语言教学的挑战。
结合社会语言学理论，提出了在语言教学实践中结合社会语言学的重要性，以及采取相应的语言教学策略。
最后总结了社会语言学对语言教学的启示，以及未来社会语言学在语言教学中的发展方向。
通过深入研究社会语言学，可以更好地指导语言教学实践，提升学生的语言学习效果和跨文化交际能力。
【关键词】社会语言学、语言教学、影响、社会文化背景、文化差异、挑战、实践、结合、策略、启示、发展方向1. 引言1.1 社会语言学的概念从社会语言学的角度来看，语言不仅仅是一种交流工具，更是反映社会文化、传递社会信息和构建社会关系的重要方式。
社会语言学研究语言在社会环境中的使用和变化规律，关注语言与社会、文化、认知之间的互动关系。
在社会语言学的视野中，语言教学不再是简单地传授语言知识和技能，而是通过了解、理解和运用语言所处的社会环境和文化背景，帮助学习者更好地掌握语言，提高语言运用能力。
社会语言学强调语言的社会性和文化性，认为语言的使用受到社会文化因素的影响，语言教学也应该紧密结合社会文化背景，提高学习者的跨文化交际能力和语言意识。
在这个意义上，语言教学不仅仅是传授语法和词汇知识，更是培养学习者的社会交际能力、文化品味和跨文化沟通能力的过程。
社会语言学的概念对语言教学具有重要启示意义，引导我们重新审视语言教学的内涵和目标，推动语言教学向更为深入、全面和有效的方向发展。
通过理解和运用社会语言学的原理和方法，我们可以更好地指导语言教学实践，提高教学效果，满足学习者不同层次和需求的学习目标。
1.2 语言教学的重要性语言教学的重要性不言而喻。
社会语言学论文 关于社会语言学的论文
During the history of language development, people‟s attitudes toward slang have changed a lot. In 1828 Webster defined it as “low, vulgar, unmeaning language.” Slang is very informal language that includes new and something not polite words and meanings and is often used among particular groups of
从社会语言学角度分析美国俚语 一． Definitions of slangs 二． Characteristics of American slangs 三． Social analysis of slangs from the perspective of gender, age, occupation and social settings to use slang 四． Social functions of slang 五． Social reasons for the use of slang
1. Introduction To study slang scientifically,we can take the anthropological tradition of cultural relativism.“According to Bryjak and Soroka (1994:57),„cultural relativism is the belief that there is no universal standard of good and bad or right and wrong and that an aspect of any given culture can be judged only within its own context.‟Cultural relativists appear to suggest that all cultures or institutions are equally valid or fitting and tend to assume that the mere presence of a cultural trait warrants our valuing it”(Lin Dajing,1997). 俚语作为语言的一种，引起特殊性发挥着自己独特的作用，然而很多人并未 对俚语有正确的认识，很多人把俚语作为地俗语对待，笔者认为，语言作为 一种社会现象，尤其存在的合理性，从社会语言学的角度讲，任何语言种类 都是平等的，没有层级之分。本文将从社会语言学的角度对俚语这一语言特 殊现象做一粗浅分析，希望能是大家改变对俚语的歧视态度。俚语常被定义 为粗俗的语言，这种语言有其特定的使用群体，虽然使用者大多为知识水平 不高的人群，但不能因此就对此语言有贬低，正是基于此观点，本文进行了 如下分析。 2. Definition of slang 2.1 definitions During the history of language development, people‟s attitudes toward slang have changed a lot. In 1828 Webster defined it as “low, vulgar, unmeaning language.” Slang is very informal language that includes new and something not polite words and meanings and is often used among particular groups of
社会语言学课程论文genderandlanguage
Language and GenderAbstract:The observations of gender-related linguistic differences and social differences between the genders can help people see how closely language and social variation are related. According to this thesis, avoiding gender stereotyping and gender prejudiced language use is waiting for people to correct.Key words: gender men and women society language differencesIntroductionLanguage and gender is an area of study within sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, and related fields that investigates varieties of speech associated with a particular gender, or social norms for such gendered language use. A variety of speech (or sociolect) associated with a particular gender is sometimes called a genderlect.The field of language and gender is one of the most dynamic in sociolinguistics. It is characterized by a lot of discussion about the pros and cons associated with different ways of conceptualizing the relationship between language and society.The study of gender and language in sociolinguistics and gender studies is often said to have begun with Robin Lakoff's 1975 book, Language and Woman's Place, as well as some earlier studies by Lakoff.ContentSex or genderIn the 1980s, it was not at all unusual for a sociolinguist to describe their interests as being ‘language and sex’. However, in the intervening years, the term sex has largely been replaced by the term gender.There are more principled reasons for gender replacing sex in sociolinguistics, and they reflect many changes in the way sociolinguists go about gathering and analyzing their data. The following is the typical basis for differences of sex and gender.The typical basis for differentiating sex and gender is that sex is a biological category and gender is a social and cultural category. In other words, sex is something you have , and it can be defined in terms of objective, scientific criteria .Gender, on the other hand , is a social property: something acquired or constructed through your relationships with others and through an individual’s adherence to certain cultural norms and proscriptions.Some gender features in language One of the gender features in language is exclusive and preferential. First of all, let us comprehend the concepts of the exclusive and preferential features.A preferential feature is one that is distributed across speakers or groups, but is used more frequently by some than by others. An exclusive feature is one associated solely with a particular user or group of users or solely in a particular context.Y ou can think of some aspects of kinship terminology as being sex-exclusive terms, so for instance the phrase my Auntie Kath tells the listener that the perso n you are referring to is female .On the other hand, the term ’cousin’ might refer to a male or female. Besides, in German Enkel is gender-neutral ,but the English equivalents are the gender-specific terms ‘grandson’ and ‘granddaughter’.Direct and indirect indexing is another gender feature in a language. A linguistic feature directly indexes something with social information is a conventional implicature (e.g. speaker gender is directly indexed by some forms of some adjectives in French) However ,most variables associated with,for example, male vs female speakers only indirectly index gender. Their distribution is sex-preferential not sex-exclusive. They are generally associated with several other social meaning ,e.g. casualness and vernacularity with masculinity.Language and gender(一) V oicePitch, timbre, length are main basic elements of sound, and the gender differences are reflected in these aspects. Voice pitch refers to the voice of the high and low, depending on the vocal cords’ vibration frequency. Under the normal circumstances, adult male’s vocal cords are long and wide .On the contrary, women's vocal cords are short and narrow. When women speak , their vocal cords vibrate very fast , so the tone of their voice is higher than men’s tone. Pitch in speech act is just the tone level and transformation, namely tones. According to the survey, women prefer to use Ultra-high tone and Ultra low tone, and their tone types used are much more abundant, comparing with men. While men generally use moderate tone of voice. This has to do with women’s rich emotion and easily express in words. In order to express emotion, women usually take advantage of their different tone of voice. While men tend to want to establish a serious image in front of others, so they generally use moderate tone of voice to highlight a sedate feeling. Duration is the length of the sound. There exist surveys showing that under the normal speed, the length of women sound is longer than men’s. The reason is that women are usually considering the feelings of others, when they communicate with others. Timbre is feeling characteristics of the voice, which is mainly determined by the method of pronunciation, pronunciation object and the shape of the resonator. Indeed, when everyone is in pronunciation, these aspects could not completely be the same with another people, so everyone's tone is different. However, according to different sexes, timbre may be divided into two categories: male voice is loud and sonorous or low and deep, but female voice is general speak loud and clear or morbidezza. Therefore, this is not only determined by the men's and women's pronunciation organs, but also has a relationship with the men’s and women’s different social status and psychological status.（二）V ocabularies∙Vocabulary is the most sensitive and active element in the language system, and it can most reflect the change of language. Compared with the aspects of gender voices, the differences of men’s and women’ words choices are more direct and obvious. Basically having the following differences:women use more modal particles, interjections and reduplicated words, some adverbs of degree and some deeply emotional adjectives and some words of cutting tone; Men are more use straightforward words and inelegant words and slang ; Men used more certain words, while women using fuzzy words. This is because women pay more attention to emotional expression, while men pay more attention to composed temperament. Women is good at usingreduplicated words to express that they are quite, gentle and cute. They often consider the reactions of others to their words, and don’t often impose their intentions to others, so they will use more euphemism. This also hasrelationship with women status that is submissive, oppressed and despised for a long time, so they always pay attention to your words and deeds and tries to improve their status by their own words and deeds. Deterministic words are words that represent certainty, recognition, firm. Fuzzy words are doubt,uncertain, hesitate words. Men’s and women’s different uses of these wordsrelate to the social and cultural background.（三）Sentence structures∙Women use more exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences, especially a rhetorical question, while men are more use of imperative and declarative sentence. This is because women's affection is more abundant, and exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences can help women express rich and exaggerated emotions, and help to set up the image of gentle andconsiderate, and is good for maintaining communicators’ faces. However, men has been being in a dominant position in the relationship for a long time,which makes men have decision-making power, so when they speak in asmooth, direct and firm way.（四）The use of questions in conversationsMen and women differ in their use of questions in conversations. For men, a question is usually a genuine request for information whereas with women it can often be a rhetorical means of engaging the other’s convers ational contribution or of acquiring attention from others conversationally involved, techniques associated with a collaborative approach to language use. Therefore women use questions more frequently. In writing, however, both genders use rhetorical questions as literary devices. For example, Mark Twain used them in "A War Prayer" to provoke the reader to question his actions and beliefs. Tag questions are frequently used to verify or confirm information, though in women’s language they may also be used to avoid making strong statements.（五）Topic choicesWe found that men and women interested in different topic in the communication between men and women. Men tend to talk about political, military, science and technology, sports and work, whereas women tend to talk about emotion, family, life, fashion, etc. This also relate to the different social expectation to men and women for a long time. For a long time, our society requires men to work out Men are required to be strong, brave, enterprising, struggling in the outside for family support. So, in order to meet the social demands, men tend to choose some more powerful topics to discuss. While women are required to stay at home to keep family and educate children, and they are demanded to be gentle, kind, thrifty, so women are more attention to these problems.All in all, language is a symbol of social convention, and it has the characteristics of variability. Language has a direct reflection of social life. In the language speech practice, we should pay attention to every language speaker, and ensure that womenand men enjoy equality of language speech.参考文献[1] Holmes, J. 1984.Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: Some evidence for hedges assupport structures. Te Reo,27, 47-62[2] Kramer, C 1974. Women’s Speech: Separate but Equal [J] Quarterly Journal of Speech.[3] Lakoff, R 1975. Language and Women's Place. New Y ork: Harper & Row[4]《社会语言学导论》[5]《从顺应论角度看语言性别差异》。
社会语言学论文从社会语言学角度透视网络流行语中英文语码转换现象
社会语言学论文从社会语言学角度透视网络流行语中英文语码转换现象关键词：社会语言学网络流行语语码转换1 社会语言学与网络流行语语言是人类交际的重要工具，是反映人类社会的一面镜子。
作为语言学分支的社会语言学指出，语言与社会共变，二者相互影响，相互制约。
既要从社会生活的变化来观察语言的变化，也要从语言的变化去探讨社会生活的变动和图景。
随着网络技术的迅猛发展和网民数量的急剧上升，网络语言也逐渐成为一种流行语。
网络流行语是指以互联网为载体而广泛传播的反映现实社会生活的鲜活语言形式。
因此，网络流行语的产生不仅有技术方面的因素，也是语言系统对社会现实最直接、最敏感的反应。
在大量网络流行语的频繁使用中，有一类流行语。
如“你out了”也被众多网民争相引用，并被评为2022年度最佳网络流行语之一。
此类流行语有其构成的特征，本文将用社会语言学中的语码转换现象分析此类流行语的成因、色彩新意及对当今社会的影响。
2 语料分析究竟何为“语码转换”我们先来分析以下四组语料：语料1：老师：“上课喝啤酒”学生：“老师，你out了!”语料2：“连这个你都不懂i服了you!”语料3：“2004《时代风采》时尚模特评选活动正在启动ing”语料1中out一词在不同场合具有多种意思，可以作副词、形容词、介词、名词和动词。
“out”选取了在英汉词典中的解释“出外；在外；向外”，如今，这个词被赋予了“落伍了、不能与现行接轨了”的新意。
语料2中，在句内出现了英汉两种语言的转换，其目的是在语用环境下，根据需要进行两种语言的转换，以取得最佳的表达效果。
语料3的特点是通过汉语谓词性成分加英语词尾ing(我们记作某－ing)来表达进行时态，“某－ing”形式有其独特之处：一方面，在汉语中介入英语的语素能给人带来新奇感，引起听觉和视觉上的新鲜刺激。
另一方面，较之于印欧语，汉语是缺乏形态变化的语言，表示进行时态要通过状语和部分助词实现，比如“正在、着、呢”等，英语则是通过词尾的变化来达到其时态以及语法功能的变化。
科研课题论文：从社会语言学角度浅谈语言教学
64186 社会其它论文从社会语言学角度浅谈语言教学[中图分类号]H319 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349（20xx年龄等，而这些信息在英美文化中是在医院或者移民局的信息登记处会问到的，甚至有一些问题会侵犯个人隐私。
4.社会因素：社会语言学家会把语言看作是一种交流工具，因为学习交流是社会化的过程，语言教学不仅包括语法规则和词汇知识，也包括在交流的语境中控制语言形式和行为的社会性规则。
二、语言和语言教学从社会语言学的角度如何看待尽管社会语言学家批判传统观点，认为语言是句子的构建，但是他们并不否认语言有系统性的特点而且和语言教学不可分离，他们强调语法和社会文化方面的总体关系是尤为重要的。
首先，语言和文化不可分，语言不可以和上下文的情景孤立学习，文化是我们生存、思考、感受和向别人陈述的情境，即文化是语言的一部分，语言也是文化的一部分。
语言像一面镜子反映了文化和文化传统，比如在中国我们是区分祖母和外祖母的，但是在西方的文化中二者是一样的，通过了解中国亲属之间的复杂关系可以让我们更好地了解中国文化，学习汉语语言。
对单词的词义我们很容易理解，但是如果提到房子，英美国家的人和中国人在头脑中的影像就是不同的，因为我们不清楚西方人的生活环境；西方人只有到了中国才能感受中国的春节是什么样子；中国人不能理解圣诞节对美国孩子意味着什么；不了解文化的中国人不能深切地体会什么是individualism，privacy，Sunday father。
总之，语言代表文化，只有掌握了文化，了解了历史才能更好地掌握语言。
学习语言不仅是学习一种文化，而且要克服文化差异所带来的障碍。
在英语学习中我们要对文化差异持正确态度，对待问题的理解和处理方式也是有着很大差异的，并不是孰对孰错。
因此我们要学会觉察差异的存在，学会欣赏，学会尊重，珍视每一种文化。
其次，社会语言学家把语言看作是一种交流工具。
当和别人交流的时候我们是在释放一种信息，也就是在特定的社会场合下我们用语言传递信息。
从社会语言学角度浅谈语言教学
从社会语言学角度浅谈语言教学【摘要】本文从社会语言学角度探讨了语言教学的重要性及社会因素对语言教学的影响。
在阐明了社会语言学的定义、语言教学的重要性以及本文的研究对象和目的。
在正文中，分析了语言教学中的社会语言学理论、社会语言学在语言教学中的应用、语言教学实践中的案例分析、影响语言教学的社会因素以及社会语言学对语言教学的启示。
结论部分总结了社会语言学对语言教学的启示、未来研究展望，最后进行结语。
通过本文的研究，可以更好地理解语言教学中的社会因素及社会语言学的重要性，为未来的语言教学实践提供参考和借鉴。
【关键词】社会语言学、语言教学、理论、应用、案例分析、社会因素、启示、未来研究、结语1. 引言1.1 社会语言学的定义社会语言学是一门研究语言与社会之间相互关系的学科。
它关注语言如何受到社会因素的影响，以及语言如何反过来塑造社会。
社会语言学认为语言是一种社会实践，是人们不断交往和互动的产物。
它探讨了语言在社会中的使用规律、社会因素对语言变化的影响，以及语言如何反映和构建社会身份、社会结构和社会关系。
在社会语言学的视角下，语言教学不再是简单地传授语言知识和语言技能，而是将语言教学融入到社会和文化背景中，关注学习者在社会实践中语言的运用。
通过社会语言学的理论和方法，可以帮助教师更好地了解学生的语言学习需求，设计更加贴近学生实际生活和社会交往的教学活动，提高教学效果。
1.2 语言教学的重要性语言教学在人类社会发展中起着至关重要的作用。
语言是人类沟通和交流的主要工具，是文化传承和认同的载体，是思维和表达的方式。
教学是传承知识和文化、培养人才的重要手段。
语言教学的重要性不言而喙。
语言教学是个体发展的基石。
通过语言教学，学生可以掌握语言表达能力，增强沟通技巧，提高自信心。
语言教学还可以促进学生的认知发展，培养思维能力，促进综合素质的提升。
语言教学可以帮助学生了解不同文化背景下的语言和习俗，促进跨文化交流和理解，培养学生的国际视野和全球意识。
“微话题”社会语言学解读[论文]
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“微话题”的社会语言学解读摘要：“微话题”作为微博的“微”领域之一，对语言的使用产生了广泛的影响，值得深入思考。
本文试从社会语言学的角度，对“微话题”进行深入的解读。
关键词：微话题分类语言文化社会一、引言现如今微博已成为人们生活中不可缺少的组成部分，自其产生后，与之相关的“微”领域不断拓展，“微话题”就是其中之一。
每天都有大量“微话题”产生，吸引人们参与讨论，其影响力不断增大。
微话题的左右各有一个“#”，形成#节后综合征#这样的形式，以此作为一个话题，吸引着人们关注，这种形式经过沉淀已经为人们所接受，成为“微话题”特有的表现形式。
我们知道，语言是社会的重要组成部分，是最重要的交际工具和思维工具，语言对社会产生一定的影响，社会的各种因素和个人的不同特征也会对语言产生影响。
[1]如今我国的语言生活不断丰富发展，语言的表达方式不断多样化，这种变化也在“微话题”中有所体现。
因此本文从社会语言学角度对“微话题”进行解读，以更好的从语言、社会等方面了解它带给我们的影响。
二、关于“微话题”的调查本文对“微话题”的调查取材主要是从网上寻找，来源则是新浪等门户网站。
经过统计共搜集“微话题”315条，作为本次调查的材料。
在选取“微话题”时，并不是将网站上所有的材料照单全收，而是遵循一定的原则。
一是微话题的时间，选取时间是2012—2013年。
二是被关注程度，本文所选取的微话题其参与讨论的人数均在一万人以上。
三、“微话题”的分类3.1语言学角度的分类首先从微话题的字数上进行分类：一字的微话题没有。
两字的微话题有36个，例如：晚婚、油价等。
三字的微话题48个，例如：李天一、毒校服等。
四字的微话题60个，例如：公厕分级、震动模式等。
五字的微话题48个，例如：屌丝新标准、杭州拆迁女等。
六字的微话题有44个，例如：雾霾又袭河北、十大重播神剧等。
七字的微话题有30个，例如：配音版还珠格格、热干面又涨价啦等。
八字的微话题有20个，例如：饲养员要考马克思、服务领先科技金融等。
社会语言学期末论文稿
社会语言学期末论文稿语言性别差异对比分析社会语言学是一门研究语言和社会关系的学科，其中包括语言与社会、语言学与文化，语言与思维、语言与性别等诸多方面。
自从20世纪初，关于语言与性别的研究在现代语言学领域受到越来越多的关注。
然而，直到20世纪60年代，随着社会语言学的发展，语言性别差异才成为语言学家研究的重要课题。
社会语言学家逐渐认识到，作为一种言语标记，说话人的心病别应当同其年龄、地位、角色身份这些内容同等对待，因而应当成为社会语言学研究中的一个独立研究变量。
（杨永林）语言性别差异可以分为两类：一类是语言本身性别歧视，说话人的说话方式显示出他们对男性和女性的不同态度。
一类是男女使用语言的差异。
本文主要是针对男女使用语言的差异展开谈论的。
男女使用语言方面的差异主要体现在：词汇的选择、句法和语用方面。
文章的第一部分对社会语言学及语言性别差异作了简要的介绍。
第二部分对语言性别差异的分类及前人研究成果综述。
第三部分集中分析了研究理论框架。
第四部分是关于研究方法的分析。
第五部分从三个方面（言语目的、谈话话题及言语表达方式）讨论男性与女性在使用语言方面的差异。
最后是结论部分。
通过对语言性别差异的分析发现它对外语教学有很大帮助。
一方面，作为将来的英语教育者，我们有必要了解语言性别差异，从而可以教授学生正确的言语形式。
男性与女性语言存在许多差异，了解这些差异对于外语教学领域是十分重要的。
另一方面，我们需要尽可能地了解以英语为本族语的男性与女性的说话方式。
关键词：语言性别差异，社会语言学，分析Contrast Analysis of Gender Differences in LanguageAbstractSociolinguistics is defined as the study of language inrelation to society, it involves many aspects, such as language and society, language and culture, language and thought, language and gender etc. The research of language and gender has been paid more attention to in modern linguistics since the beginning of the 20th century. Yet it is since 1960s that gender differences in language has been an important subject with the development of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguists come to realize that as a speech marker, the gender of the speaker should be treated equally with age, status, and role, so it should be an independent variable in sociolinguistics.Gender differences in language may be divided into two categories. The first category is about sexism in language and the ways in which speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward men and women. The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women.This paper is concerning the differences in the actual speech of men and women. Differences in the speech of men and women may exist in many aspects, such as lexical choice, syntax and pragmatics. The first part makes a brief introduction about sociolinguistics and gender differences in language. The second part mentions categories of gender differences in language and previous study of gender differences in language. The third part concentrates on the approach of the analysis. The fourth is about the data collection and research methodology. The fifth part analyzes the differences of the speech between men and women from three perspectives—the purpose of the speech, the topic of the conversation and the mode of the speech. The final part comes to the conclusion about the gender differences in language.Through the analysis of gender differences in language, Ihave realized that it is useful in teaching foreign language. On the one hand, as language teachers in thefuture, we need to be conscious of gender differences in language so that we can teach our students in an appropriate way. There are differences in the speech of men and women, and we should know what the differences are, it is very important in the field of TESOL. On the other hand, we need to know as much as possible about the speech patterns of men and women who are native speakers of English.Key words: gender differences, sociolinguistics, analysis语言性别差异对比分析 (1)摘要 (1)Contrast Analysis of Gender Differences in Language................................. .2 Abstract.. (2)1. Introduction (5)2. Literature Review (6)2.1 Categories of Gender Differences in Language (6)2.2 Previous Study of Gender Differences in Language (7)3. Theoretical Framework (8)4. Research Methodology (9)4.1 Data Collection (9)4.2 Research Methodology (10)5. Contrast Analysis of Speech of Men and Women in Daily C onversation (10)5.1 The purpose of the speech (10)5.2 The topic of the conversation (11)5.3 The mode of the speech (11)6. Conclusion (14)Reference (16)1. IntroductionLanguage plays a very important role in our daily life, it relates many aspects of human life. We can use language not only to identify things, to think, or to record information, but also to represent all the things around us. In addition, language is a social behavior, we use it as a medium to get along in a community. So it is upon this fact that sociolinguistics is predicated.Sociolinguistics, the study of language in relation to society, language is very important in the profession of TESOL. As the second language teacher, it is important to know language as a system of sounds, meaning units and syntax. Social rules, cultural values and the differences in communicative conventions should also be focused on.Gender differences in language has been an important subject with the development of sociolinguistics since 1960s. Research into language and sex did not really begin in a systematic or serious way until the early 1970s. Lakoff (1973) assumes that language differences caused by different gender is counted as the real reflection of the inequality of men and women in reality. Thorne & Henley(1975) has affirmed that the male dominance theory has great influence on gender differences in language from the sociolinguistic perspective. Male are in higher position in society, so power can be reflected in their speech. Vice versa, gender differences in language strengthens male’s position in society.Another reason which can be regarded as the source of gender differences in language is the different conception of value. Women and men have different conception of value. The value of men consists in what they can do, while women’s value depends on how they appear. Thus we can draw a conclusion thatconception of value of the speaker determines the style of the speech. In general, the speech of men is direct and tough which can show their masculinity. On the contrary, women’s speech should be elegant and implicit which can embody their ladies style.The knowledge of gender differences in language is very helpful for language learners, and gender differences may exist not only one but all languages. As a language learner, we should know the significance of the study of genders in language because in the future after graduation most of us will become a teacher of foreign language. As specialists in language teaching, on the one hand, we need to be conscious of gender differences in language so that we can teach our students in an appropriate way. There are differences in the speech of men and women, and we should know what the differences are, it is very important in the field of TESOL. On the other hand, we need to know as much as possible about the speech patterns of men and women who are native speakers of English.This paper mainly discusses the different styles of speech between men and women in daily conversation, including the purpose of the conversation, the choice of the topics during the conversation, and the mode of the conversation.All in all, gender differences can be reflected in many aspects in our daily life, we should pay more attention to it, thus we can avoid many misunderstandings between men and women.2. Literature Review2.1 Categories of Gender Differences in LanguageAccording to Wolfson, the research about language and sex can be divided into two categories. The first category is about sexism in language and the ways in which speakers demonstratetheir different cultural attitudes toward men and women. Two areas of sexism in English have been well-studied. One is that females are excluded from mention in English because the generic he/man problem. Men are regarded as the representatives of all human beings and their speech is the standard, while women are seen as inferior and secondary in society. The second is that females are give negative treatment in society. Bad words in our daily is always related to female words. Female words are often used to insult a male, whereas male words are usuallyused to compliment female.The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women. The formation of these differences in language may have historical, physiological, social and psychological factors. Lakoff (1973) was one of the early articles t o deal with the issue of differences in men’s and women’s speech. She has concluded six major characteristics of women’s speech: lexical choice, question intonation in statements, hedges which includes tag questions and statement modifiers which remove assertive force, emphatic modifiers and intonational emphasis, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation and superpolite forms.2.2 Previous Study of Gender Differences in LanguageThe research concerning gender differences in language has been an important subject with the development of sociolinguistics since women’s movement started in 1960s. Many scholars have done a lot of researches concerning language and sex.In the west, Robin Fort wrote a book named Histories Nature Morale Desiles Anlilles, which is regarded as the earliest workconcerning the characteristics of women’s speech in the middle of the 17th century. In 1922, linguist Otto Jesperson published Language in which he has expanded the differences of lexical choice and composition of the sentence, meanwhile he has also pointed out that women avoid saying gross and foul language instinctively, yet they are fond of concise, delicate expressions. Up to the late of 1960s, American linguists began to employ the new methods to investigate and scientifically and thoroughly analyze the form of variables of the urban area, and get some more information about gender differences in language. Since 1970s, some linguists, such as Lakoff, Trudgill, Aimmerman, and West have done a lot of research to promote the study of women’s speech.Among them, Lakoff(1973) may well be seen as a forerunner of recent research into language and gender in Western societies. (Wolfson 1989:164) She has concluded six major characteristics of women’s speech: lexical choice, question intonation in statements, hedges which includes tag questions and statement modifiers which remove assertive force, emphatic modifiers and intonational emphasis, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation and superpolite forms. There are subsequent empirical s tudies to test Lakoff’s analysis. Crosby and Nyquist (1977) has tested the existence of “female register” through studies and found that gender differences were due to the different roles in society. Subsequently, O’Barr and Atkins (1980) studied sex-related speech in courtroom to test the similar hypotheses as did Crosby and Anyquist and found that the characteristics of women’s speech which Lakoff has described are not possessed by all women, they also found that the person who has the higher status, whose language must be powerful.Eakins and Eakins (1976) argues that men speak more often longer and interrupted more in faculty meetings. In recent years, the research about language and sex is becoming hotter and hotter and many linguists have proposed some new methods which are more challenging.In china, research about language and gender can date back to the 1980s, those researches are mainly about differences in the form of male and female language. The scholars who took the lead to study the gender differences in language are He Ziran (1979), Wang Wenchang (1979) and Chen Zhongshen(1980). Since the 1990s, various theories and methods are applied in sociolinguistics, pragmatics and inter-cultural communication.All the studies listed above are concerning the differences of the speech between men and women. The scholars, not only abroad but also domestic, have contributed a lot to the study of gender differences in language. I think there will be more and more scholars and learners focusing on gender differences in language.3. Theoretical FrameworkThe contrast analysis of male and female language in daily conversation concerns many aspects, such as the topic of the conversation, the mode of the conversation and so on. The differences of the speech between men and women may result from their conception of value, their hobby and their interest etc. They hold different opinions according to the same matter. So we can refer to the ethnography of speaking in describing the gender differences in language. Ethnography refers to the investigation of cultures using a particular methodology, that of participant observation. The ethnography of speaking proposed by Dell Hymes in 1962.…The ethnography of speaking is concerned with the situationsand uses, the patterns and functions, of speaking as an activityin its own right. (Hymes 1962:101)This ethnographic framework takes into account the various factors that are involved in speaking. An ethnography of a communicative event is a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieves its objectives. (Wardhaugh1998)Conversation means to exchange ideas through interaction, so we can also employ the approach of interactional sociolinguistics—rapport talk proposed by Deborah Tannen (1984,1982) to analyze the gender differences in language. Tannen (1990a) has described the characteristics of men and women’s speech from nine dimensions: intimacy-independence, connection-status, inclusive-exclusive, relationship-information, rapport-report, community-contest, problems-solutions, novice-expert and listening-lecturing. From the description, we can conclude that women’s speech tends to be solidarity, yet men’s speech tends to be independent.4. Research Methodology4.1 Data CollectionThis paper mainly discusses the gender differences in language. Scholars have done a lot of researches concerning language and gender. I will select some useful descriptions to discuss here. The characteristics of the speech of men and women proposed by Tannen are mentioned in Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Analysis, are helpful to me in discussing gender differences in language. I also select someuseful sentences from Family Album, U.S.A to verify my argument.4.2 Research MethodologyThere is a binary distinction between qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is inductive, subjective, ungeneralisable, soft, process and verification oriented, hypothesis-driven, and hypothesis generating research, while quantitative research is deductive, objective, generalisable, hard, outcome and discovery oriented, data-driven and hypothesis testing research.In this paper, I employ the quantitative and descriptive methodology to discuss the differences of the speech between men and women. Firstly, the characteristics of women and men’s speech are collected. Secondly, the differences are described through the collection.5. Contrast Analysis of Speech of Men and Women in Daily ConversationThe speech of women differs from the speech of men in daily conversation. Men and women differ in the kinds of language they use because men and women often fill distinctly different roles in society. We can analyze the differences of the speech of men and women from many aspects, such as the purpose of the speech, the topics of the speech and the mode of the speech. Many of the differences may result from different socialization practices.5.1 The purpose of the conversationWhether men or women have their own purposes in the conversation. Tannen has pointed out that the research on the purpose of women’s speech should be from nine dimensions, which are shown as follows: intimacy, connection, inclusive, relationship, rapport, community, problems, novice and listening.The purpose of the women’s speech is to establish the rapport relationship among the members in the community. They try their best to become a member of the community. They want to keep intimate relationship through interaction. So in their speech, the main purpose is to express their feelings and listen to others. The style of their speech appears more obedient and negative.However, the purpose of men’s speech is task-oriented, they have a more analytical approach, so they try to solve problems and troubles through interaction. They seldom express their intimate feelings to others. T annen has also described men’s speech from nine dimensio n—independence, status, exclusive, information, report, contest, solutions expert and lecturing. They want to give information and solutions through conversation. They also want show their independence in the communication. So it is absolutely different from the purpose of the women’s conversation.5.2 The topic of the conversationThe topic of women’s conversation is different from that of men’s.The topic of the women’s conversation mainly concerns social life, emotion, this can not be separated from their position, profession, social status, and personality. Women’s speech is regarded as trivial and gossip-laden because in the speech community of women, they mainly discuss clothing, love, family, trifles in daily life, experience, emotion, food and drink, life’s troubles. The purpose of the speech is to show the intimate relationship with the addressees, and through the speech they want to reinforce their membership in the community.On the contrast, men show great interest in topics concerning business, politics, legal matters, sports, geography, economy and military etc., these aspects can reflect their solidposition in society.5.3 The mode of the speechAs for the mode of the speech of men and women, we can discuss from three layer s—lexical choice, syntax and pragmatic.Lexical choiceThere are great differences in lexical choice in the speech of men and women. One can be embodied in the usage of color terms. As we know the application of vocabulary of visual color is very important, it can make language more vividly.Women are better users of color terms because they love beauty and they like dressing up to make them beautiful. Their ability to identify color is very strong and they use color terms more frequently than men. They usually use elaborated color terms, such as mauve, azure etc. to describe things. However, because of the effect of culture and psychology, men are not sensitive to the color terms, they often use some restricted color terms.The other can be embodied in using adjectives and adverbs to express complement and appreciation. According to Lakoff, women often use “empty”adjectives, such as divine and cute, which are not only meaningless, but also lack of any connotation of power. Women are more inclined to use adverbs, such as so, really, and very, to strengthen the mood, while by contrast, men’s adjectives, such as great and terrific, sound full of power.Eg. Female: I’m really glad to see you. I mean…my brother’ll be really glad to see you.Female: She’s very pretty.Female: He’s very nice. But I think he was nervous tonight. It was her first date in two years.Women also have more hypercorrect pronunciation thanmen, they tend to use forms of pronunciation which are closer to the prestige norm. In general, women can speak more formally than men do in similar situation.Men use more interjections when they change the topics, such as Hey, Oh, and Listen. In contrast, women often use conjunction to change their topics, such as but, however, and whereas etc.Bloomfield (1933) assumes that women often use interjections differently from men.Eg. A Female: This bacon is great. I love crispy bacon.Male: Oh, what are you doing tomorrow?B Female: I’d like that, but…Male: But what?Female: But Dad is always so busy.C Female: Oh, dear, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.Male: Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.SyntaxWomen often employ question intonation in statements. The usage of question intonation shows that women’s speech is nonassertive, they make suggestions or request agreement from their addressees by using these patterns. In addition, they use tag questions and hedges frequently, such as kind and sort of, it seems more polite because it obeys the polite principles proposed by Leech.Eg. Would you please open the window, if you don’t mind?He is very intelligent, isn’t he?According to Trugill’s study, women are more likely than men to be judged by how they present themselves rather than by what they do, and speech is very much a part of self-presentation.The speech of men is direct and tough, men usually use imperative sentence, their speech sounds like the instruction of the product and is lack of emotion. PragmaticsIn daily communication, the differences of the speech of men and women can be embodied in pragmatics. As we all know, women are considered as talkative, the stereotype associated with women’s use of language has to d o with the issue of verbosity. (Wolfson) But in the fact is different, men are the main speaker in the cross-sex conversation, they tend to take the initiative in conversation, but there seems to be the different purposes in the conversation: men speak less aggressively and competitively and women speak more about their emotion and family.Men frequently interrupt women in cross-sex conversations while women rarely interrupt men, men want to use interruption as a means of dominating and controllinginteraction.The styles that men and women employ in conversation are described as “debate vs. relate”, or “competitive vs. cooperative”. Women tend to establish intimacy by discussing problems and showing concern and empathy in order to reinforce relationships. However, men often try to seek solutions to problems and useful advice from others in conversation. Women pay more attention to details in conversation, while men pay less attention to details.Eg. Male: Where the hell have you been?Female: Well I had to find Foster n’ thenMale: Do you realize what time is it:Female: Uh, yeah, but I couldn’t find FosMale: I’ve been standing around in that cruddy reserve bookroom for the last half hour!Female: Sshush! The whole hall is gonna hear youMale: I don’t care! Next time you wanna “just stop off on campus” you can use your legs.----(杨永林2004)6. ConclusionGender differences indeed exist in all languages The different roles women and women play in social life result in the different skills or strategies they employ in conversation. According to O’Barr and Atkins, what Lakoff has termed “women’s language ” would be more appropriately termed “powerless language”, which means this kind of language is less convincing, less intelligent, less competent, and less trustworthy. On the contrary, men’s language is regarded as power because the controlling status in society.Women’s speech is different from men’s speech in lexical choice, syntax and pragmatics in daily life. Women are more concerned about the emotion, intimacy, food, dress, relationship in conversation, they try to share their happiness and sadness with their friends. However, men are interested in business, military, politics, sport and geography, they communicate with others in order to exchange ideas with them.Through the analysis of the gender differences in language, I realize as a language learner, we should not only learn the basic knowledge about language, but also know the culture of the language. Thus we can avoid misunderstandings as much as possible.As a language teacher in the future, on the one hand, we need to know gender differences in language so that we canteach our students the appropriate forms of the utterances. On the other hand, we need to know as much as possible about the speech patterns or styles of men and women who are native speakers of English. It appears that the field of language and gender research has several important links to the field of TESOL.Reference[1] Nessa Wolfson. Perspectiv e: Sociolinguistics and TESOL, Heinle & Heinle Publishers[2] Ron Scollon & Suzanne Wong Scollon. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press[3] Wardaaugh. Ronald An Introduction to Sociolingutstics[M]. Oxford: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press &Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2000.[4] Greville G. Corbett. Gender. Peking University Press[5] Family Album, U.S.A. Hubei Education Press[6] 陈琳. 《英语中女性特点及其发展趋势探究》.《语文学刊》. 2010年第10期[7] 杨永林. 《社会语言学研究》.上海外语教育出版社2004[8] 赵蓉晖.《语言与性别：口语的社会语言学研究》.上海外语教育出版社[9] 胡文仲.《超越文化的屏障》.外语教学与研究出版社。
社会语言学引论
社会语言学引论全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：社会语言学引论社会语言学是研究语言以及语言和社会之间关系的学科。
它关注的是人类语言的结构、功能以及使用、习得和演变的社会因素。
社会语言学旨在解释语言在社会中的地位和作用，探讨语言与文化、身份、权力、政治等各个方面的关联。
在过去的几十年中，社会语言学已经成为语言学中颇具影响力的分支之一，其研究成果对于理解人类语言和社会交往有着重要的启示作用。
语言是人类社会中最为重要的交流工具之一，它不仅仅是传递信息的工具，还承载着文化、历史、身份等多重含义。
在社会语言学的视角下，语言被视为社会实践的产物，它不仅仅受到语法规则和音系规律的制约，更受到社会因素的影响。
语言的使用者在交流中会根据自己的社会地位、文化背景等因素选择不同的词汇、语法结构和语用方式，这种即使看似细微的选择也会反映出个人身份和社会关系。
社会语言学的研究领域涵盖了语言和社会之间的方方面面。
在语言的习得和演变方面，社会语言学家研究人类语言的起源、发展和变化规律，揭示语言和社会之间相互影响的机制。
在语言的使用和功能方面，社会语言学家关注语言如何随着社会环境的变化而变化，以及语言如何在不同社会群体之间传递信息、构建身份和权力关系等。
社会语言学还关注语言政策、语言权利、语言规范等问题，探讨语言对社会发展和文化传承的影响。
社会语言学的研究方法多样，包括问卷调查、实地观察、语料库分析、访谈调查等。
社会语言学家通过这些方法来收集大量的语言数据，以揭示语言使用的规律和特点。
通过对语言数据的分析和解释，社会语言学家可以发现语言与社会之间的互动关系，识别语言中隐藏的社会意义，并为语言教学、语言政策制定等提供参考和建议。
社会语言学是一门既深刻又广泛的学科，它揭示了语言作为社会现象的独特性和复杂性。
通过社会语言学的研究，我们可以更好地理解语言与社会之间的关系，促进语言教育和跨文化交流，促进多元文化的共存与发展。
社会语言学引论为我们提供了一个全面、系统地认识语言与社会互动关系的基础，帮助我们更深入地探索语言这一重要的社会现象。
社会语言学论文
社会语言学主要是研究语言与社会共变，语言在社会环境中的存在，使用变化的情况以及各种变异现象的学科。
社会语言学主要指运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学的角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异的一门学科。
（英）赫德森(R.A.Hudson)：社会语言学是联系社会研究语言的一门学科。
二社会语言学的研究范围三社会语言学的学科定位与特点大多数研究者认为社会语言学属于应用语言学的分支之一。
就其特点而言，社会语言学是交叉学科（与单纯注重语言相对）应用性学科（与基础理论相对）和语言的应用性（与语言结构相对）。
四社会语言学的类型与流派社会语言学现在已取得了一些明显的进展。
随着60年代以后语言学家对语言异质性的认识的加深，发展出了众多类型和流派。
类型一：社会语言学和语言社会学。
赫德森(1990:8)：区分社会语言学和语言社会学，后者是"联系语言研究社会的一门学科"，两者之间的差异"取决于研究者对语言还是社会感兴趣"。
类型二：宏观社会语言学和微观社会语言学。
宏观社会语言学，研究的是带全局性的、整体性的问题，如语言政策、语言规划、语言关系等。
微观社会语言学，研究个人的、局部的问题，如不同的社会因素造成个人语言变异。
类型三：广义的社会语言学和狭义的社会语言学。
戈洛温(前苏联)：广义的社会语言学，研究语言变异的全部系统。
狭义的社会语言学只研究语言变异的一部分内容，如研究年龄、职业、阶层等造成语言功能与语言结构的差别。
语言社会学流派属于宏观社会语言学范畴，研究的重点是语言和社会之间全局性的相互作用，主要任务是解决社会所面临的重大语言问题，如确立官方语言、发展通用语、实施语言和文字的标准化、规范化、现代化等。
主要代表人物有费什曼（Fishman）、福格森（Ferguson）等。
社会方言学流派以拉波夫、特鲁吉尔（Trudgill）为代表的社会方言学派（亦称变异学派Variationists）主要考察语言变异与社会因素（比如年龄、性别、社会阶层、民族等方面）之间的关系，研究对象是人们在日常生活中所说的话，核心问题是语言变异。
2012社会语言学课程论文
2012社会语言学课程论文本科生课程论文论文题目：Care for Bilingual Children 课程名称：Introducing Sociolinguistics 任课教师：刘承宇专业：英语班级：2012级英语1班学号：222012310032017姓名：魏宗琴2015 年11 月17 日Care for Bilingual ChildrenAbstract: Nowadays, raising bilingual children is more and more appealing to many families, but obviously it is not a easy course.This paper is to present some social linguistic phenomenons concerning some children raised in bilingual families and appeal to care for them.Key Words: individual bilingualism, language interference, language accommodation，bilingual language-planningI. IntroductionHaving more than one language at children’s fingers provides them more accessibilities to another world; therefore, the idea of raising bilingual children is appealing to more and more parents. These parents believe that bilingual kids have the advantage of knowing two cultures, of being able to communicate with a wider variety of people and of possible higher economic status in the future. Nevertheless, i n the planning for children’s bilingual language development, parents should take some social linguistic factors intoconsideration as well as children’s self identity, self esteem,and schooling options etc. .II. The Definition of Individual Bilingualism and A Bilingual The coexistence of two languages used by individuals is referred to as individual bilingualism. Then, Should one get to a certain degree of proficiency in two languages to be called a bilingual? Generally there are two kinds of standards for reference:1.The proficiency of both languages reaches the level of mother tongue.2.The proficiency in one language can get to the degree of mother tongue, while the other language can be used for general communication with i t’s native speakers; in this sense one who learns a foreign language can be also called a bilingual.Further more, according to the degree of proficiency in two languages and their time sequences of acquisition, bilinguals fall into two categories: co-ordinate and compound. The former acquire two languages in different linguistic environments while the latter in the same environment. Most English learners in China belong to the second category.This paper will focus on children as co-ordinate bilinguals, and two typical families are taken for examples.III. Introduction of the two familiesThe Hunan TV variety show，Daddy Where To Go, is well received by audience. Among the six children who are nearly of the same age, little girl Poppy and little boy Noe, both of mixed-blood, have gained wide popularity. These two are typical examples of children raised in bilingual families.Poppy’s father Chris is a Canadian,living in Taipei for more than ten years, and just as his Chinese wife, Jiaqian Huang, he has been known as an actor and a presenter of entertainment TV programs in Taipei. Within the family, English and Chinese are both spoken; moreover, even though for most time of the year, Poppy stays in China, there will be two or three months every year that the whole family spend in Canada, because Chris insists that Poppy should not lose Canadian culture. In such an environment, Poppy becomes a bilingual who can speak both Chinese and English.Noe’s mother Anna is a French, now the wife of Ye Liu who is a film star from Jilin province. Anna started to study Chinese in Paris University when she was 15 years old and has ever been a member of French Embassy to China. She has been also in China for more than ten years and can speak Chinese fluently; thus she is highly identified with Chinese culture. Noe has been raised as a bilingual of Chinese and French.IV. Social Linguistic Phenomenons Happening to These Two ChildrenA. Language interferenceEven though Poppy can shift comparatively freely between English and Chinese, it has been found that Poppy’s proficiency in Chinese is inferior to her Chinese native peers, while proficiency in English inferior to her Canadian native peers.The reason may be that these two languages mutually interfere with each other during the processes of acquisition. As a result, while her peers who speak just one language, either English or Chinese, have formed a relatively complete language system, Poppy has not yet. At least at this stage, she can not get control of the mutual interference of these two languages. Such kind of interference shows up in pronunciation, vocabulary,grammar and language application etc. .E.G.1. “外国人” is pronounced as “歪果仁” by Poppy.2. “ Mother’s Day is interpreted as “ 妈妈的天” by Poppy.3. When Poppy says goodbye to other kids and fathers in the end of each episode of the TV program Daddy Where to Go , she uses the phrase “ 周末开心” or “ 周末愉快” (In English speaking countries , it is a norm to use “ have a nice weekend” as good wishes to others. In Chinese, to say “ 周末愉快” is also acceptable, but native Chinese people seldom use it ).4. Once a time, one worker of Daddy Where to Go asked the six children “ 你觉得什么是爱？”Following are their answers, and it can be seen that compared with the rest 4 children Poppy’s words are a little bit strange, and some pronunciations are not correct. (Noe) 爱就是大家在一起。
英语语音社会语言学论文
英语语音社会语言学论文英语在成为日益普及的世界语言的同时，也在各地域进展着外乡化，从而衍生出不同类型的英语地域变体。
本文旨在运用社会语言学的方法，从民族、语言认同两个方面，对英语语音国别变体特征及其成因进展共时和历时分析，便于中国学生了解英语教学的多样性及英语语音不同的国别变体，方便与不同地区的英语使用者进展交流。
由于英语母语国家的移民殖民、经济崛起、文化科技优势，以及全球化过程中世界对于国际语言的需要，英语从民族性语言逐步开展成为国际通用语言。
不同国家和地区产生的语言变异，凸显带有地方特色的英语变体，尤其是口音的改变，从而形成了各类英语语音的国别变体。
拉波夫提出，语言无论是以共时还是历时的角度进展观察，都是有规律分布的充满变异形式的构造，即“有序异质说”。
语言的共时状态可以从历时层面找出演化的途径和成因。
根据赫德森的变体理论，语言由于其变异性特点的差异，可分为地域变体、社会变体及功能变体。
传统的语音变异研究把重点放在地域差异上，而无视了社会对于语言的影响。
由于语言是一种社会现象，而社会在被语言影响的同时必然对语言造成影响，人们的社会身份、民族、文化认同等方面的差异会造成使用语言的差异，因此运用社会语言学分析地域变体十分必要。
语言学家William Bright认为，社会语言学的任务在于描述“语言和社会构造的共变”。
作为语言学的重要分支，社会语言学不仅研究语言变异，而且探索影响语言变异的社会因素。
英语语音国别变体作为英语地域变体的表现，是在语音上反映具有区别性特征的子系统和分支。
根据美国语言学家Kachru关于世界英语的三个同心圆理论(Three concentric circles of English)，英语可分为三个不同的圈，分别是将英语作为本族语的内圈英语，如英国、美国、加拿大等国家;将英语作为第二语言的外圈英语，如印度、新加坡、马来西亚等国家;将英语作为第一外语的扩展圈英语，如中国、日本、法国等国家。
社会语言学课程论文提纲
社会语言学课程论文提纲《补锅》中语言的社会变异和社会变体——从长沙花鼓戏《补锅》看方言和戏曲语言变体一、前言1、简单介绍湖南花鼓戏（以语言特色为重点）2、补锅的大概情节内容3、自己的选题依据地方戏的语言研究是社会语言学文化语言学研究的重要内容。
地方戏虽用方言土语演唱，但并不与当地口语完全致，这期间有受共同语的影响而求雅的倾向，有戏文的传承，有文字的限制(方言土语有音无字)，还受流传地区语言文化的影响等等。
这些因素使得地方戏语言的性质不是纯粹的方言，而是一种社会方言。
作为一种社会方言的戏曲语言变体有它的保守性，《补锅》中的一些方言词和方言句式正体现了这种保守性的特点。
方言词：满伢子（最小的儿子）、头意（千万）、未必（难道的意思，与普通话表推测义的“未必”不同）、冇年纪（年轻）、吵场伙（吵架）……方言句式：“你那岳母娘为什么会看你不中咧？”中的“看你不中”用的是谓语中心语加宾语再加补语格式。
再比如：“逢年过节你还想吃肉不想啰？”中的正反问式。
这些都是保留得很完整的典型的长沙方言句式。
在具有保守性的同时它向官话和书面语靠拢的倾向也很明显。
很多口语中会用方言词表达的，在剧中用的是书面语词。
（括号内是长沙话说法）比如：女婿（郎）怎么（何事）为什么（何解）招待（招呼）……本文希望通过长沙地方花鼓戏的语言观察对戏曲语言的特点有更深的认识，同时对这种社会方言在官话影响下发生变化的现象有更深的了解。
并试着对以由此变化所反映出的“长沙话为代表的新湘方言向官话靠拢”这一整体发展趋势背后的原因进行探讨。
4、研究方法先将剧长43分钟的《补锅》中的对白及唱词转写成文本形式，然后用海量分词软件对文本进行分词处理。
找出其中的方言词，并与《方言大词典》对照、核实。
将方言词与其他非方言词比率分别进行统计。
（参考苏新春《词汇计量统计研究》）找出非方言词中在长沙话中有方言表达方式的词（即该用方言而用了共同语。
这样的词有很多，上面已简单提到），计算其在总词数中的比率。
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本科生课程论文论文题目：Care for Bilingual Children 课程名称：Introducing Sociolinguistics 任课教师：刘承宇专业：英语班级：2012级英语1班学号：222012310032017姓名：魏宗琴2015 年11 月17 日Care for Bilingual ChildrenAbstract:Nowadays, raising bilingual children is more and more appealing to many families, but obviously it is not a easy course.This paper is to present some social linguistic phenomenons concerning some children raised in bilingual families and appeal to care for them.Key Words:individual bilingualism, language interference, language accommodation，bilingual language-planningI. IntroductionHaving more than one language at children’s fingers provides them more accessibilities to another world; therefore, the idea of raising bilingual children is appealing to more and more parents. These parents believe that bilingual kids have the advantage of knowing two cultures, of being able to communicate with a wider variety of people and of possible higher economic status in the future. Nevertheless, in the planning for children’s bilingual language development, parents should take some social linguistic factors into consideration as well as children’s self identity, self esteem,and schooling options etc. .II. The Definition of Individual Bilingualism and A Bilingual The coexistence of two languages used by individuals is referred to as individual bilingualism. Then, Should one get to a certain degree of proficiency in two languages to be called a bilingual? Generally there are two kinds of standards for reference:1.The proficiency of both languages reaches the level of mother tongue.2.The proficiency in one language can get to the degree of mother tongue, while the other language can be used for general communication with i t’s native speakers; in this sense one who learns a foreign language can be also called a bilingual.Further more, according to the degree of proficiency in two languages and their time sequences of acquisition, bilinguals fall into two categories: co-ordinate and compound. The former acquire two languages in different linguistic environments while the latter in the same environment. Most English learners in China belong to the second category.This paper will focus on children as co-ordinate bilinguals, and two typical families are taken for examples.III. Introduction of the two familiesThe Hunan TV variety show，Daddy Where To Go, is well received by audience. Among the six children who are nearly of the same age, little girl Poppy and little boy Noe, both of mixed-blood, have gainedwide popularity. These two are typical examples of children raised in bilingual families.Poppy’s father Chris is a Canadian, living in Taipei for more than ten years, and just as his Chinese wife, Jiaqian Huang, he has been known as an actor and a presenter of entertainment TV programs in Taipei. Within the family, English and Chinese are both spoken; moreover, even though for most time of the year, Poppy stays in China, there will be two or three months every year that the whole family spend in Canada, because Chris insists that Poppy should not lose Canadian culture. In such an environment, Poppy becomes a bilingual who can speak both Chinese and English.Noe’s mother Anna is a French, now the wife of Ye Liu who is a film star from Jilin province. Anna started to study Chinese in Paris University when she was 15 years old and has ever been a member of French Embassy to China. She has been also in China for more than ten years and can speak Chinese fluently; thus she is highly identified with Chinese culture. Noe has been raised as a bilingual of Chinese and French.IV. Social Linguistic Phenomenons Happening to These Two Children A. Language interferenceEven though Poppy can shift comparatively freely between English and Chinese, it has been found that Poppy’s proficiency in Chinese is inferior to her Chinese native peers, while proficiency in English inferiorto her Canadian native peers.The reason may be that these two languages mutually interfere with each other during the processes of acquisition. As a result, while her peers who speak just one language, either English or Chinese, have formed a relatively complete language system, Poppy has not yet. At least at this stage, she can not get control of the mutual interference of these two languages. Such kind of interference shows up in pronunciation, vocabulary,grammar and language application etc. .E.G.1. “外国人” is pronounced as “歪果仁” by Poppy.2.“ Mother’s Day is interpreted as “ 妈妈的天” by Poppy.3.When Poppy says goodbye to other kids and fathers in the end of each episode of the TV program Daddy Where to Go , she uses the phrase “ 周末开心” or “ 周末愉快” (In English speaking countries , it is a norm to use “ have a nice weekend” as good wishes to others. In Chinese, to say “ 周末愉快” is also acceptable, but native Chinese people seldom use it ).4. Once a time, one worker of Daddy Where to Go asked the six children “ 你觉得什么是爱？”Following are their answers, and it can be seen that compared with the rest 4 children Poppy’s words are a little bit strange, and some pronunciations are not correct.(Noe)爱就是大家在一起。