2012年11月24日托福阅读真题解析

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TPO 24阅读+答案+解析

TPO 241. The phrase So much in the passage refers toA.the negative effects of overland flow,rain, and evaporation on river waterlevelsB.water that a lake loses to outflowingrivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporationC.the importance of rivers to themaintenance of lake water levelsD.the information given about ways thatwater can enter or exit a lake2. The word gains in the passage is closest in meaning toA.resultsB.increasesC.resourcesD.savings3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake?A.Heavy rain accounts for most of thewater that enters into lakes.B.Rainfall replaces approximately theamount of water lost through evaporation.C.Overland flow into lakes is reduced bythe presence of forests.D.Seepage has a smaller effect on waterlevel than any other input.4. Why does the author use the phrase Note the word "net" in the passage?A.To emphasize the impact of seepage onwater levelsB.To point out that seepage is calculateddifferently from river flows and atmospheric exchangesC.To compare the different methods ofLake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with model s that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference. Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether acalculating seepageD.To emphasize the difficulty of obtainingspecific values for seepage inputs and outputs5. The word Conversely meaning toA.on the other handB.in the same wayC.in other wordsD.on average6. According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes a seepage-dominated lake?A. A lake that is fed by streams but still hasfluctuating water levelsB. A lake with a constant water level thathas no streams or rivers as inputsC. A lake with a stream flowing into it anda stream flowing out of itD. A lake that has surface and undergroundinputs but loses water during dry seasons7. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lakeA.depends entirely upon the averagespeed of a lake' s currentsB.can be measured by the volume of thelake aloneC.can be greater or lesser than theresidence timeD.is similar to the length of time all othermolecules remain in that lake8. According to paragraph 5, Lake Erie's residence time is lower than Lake Ontario's for which of the following lake’s flow i s mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you whi ch of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, whi ch dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at whi ch water leaves the lake. The residence time i s an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time. Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North Ameri ca, namely, Lakes Superior, Mi chigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume i s less than one-thi rd as great because i t i s so shallow-less than 20 metersreasons?ke Erie has a larger area than LakeOntario.ke Ontario is shallower than LakeErie.ke Ontario has a greater volume thanLake Erie.ke Erie receives less rainfall thanLake Ontario.9. Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?A.To demonstrate the extent to whichresidence times vary from lake to lake B.To illustrate how residence times arecalculated for specific lakesC.To argue that the residence time of alake increases with areaD.To emphasize that Lake Tahoe' sresidence time is unusually long10. According to paragraph 5, major ceremonial events were occasions forA.leaders to persuade people from thecountryside to move into a puebloB.farmers to collect information aboutwhere crops could be reliably grown C.people to develop better techniques forproducing pottery and craftsD.people in the early Puebloan era toshare farm and craft products11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following explains the increase in residence northwestern Ontario?A.The amount of water flowing into thelakes has increased.B.The rate of evaporation has decreasedmore sharply than the amount of rainfall.C.The renewal of the lakes' water hasslowed due to changes in climate.D.Plants have required less water from thelakes. on average.A given lake’s residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at whi ch water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at whi ch12. According to paragraph 6, residence time is affected by all of the following EXCEPTA.amount of rainfallB.rate of evaporationC.temperature of surrounding airD.concentration of chemicals in lakewater13. Look at the four squares III that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Of course, a lake may be neither surface-water-nor seepage-dominated if, for example, its inputs are predominantly surface and its outputs are predominantly seepage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Water enters, remains, and eventually leaves a lake in a variety of ways.A.By measuring the water quantities ateach of a lake's inputs and outputs, it can be determined whether water entersthe lake mainly from surface or groundwater sources.B.Changes in lake level and volume arecaused principally by the amount ofevaporation of water into the atmosphere.C.It is sometimes possible to decidewhether a lake is surface water dominated or seepage dominated bysimple observation at different seasons.D.The average period of time thatmolecules of water spend in a lake—the residence time—varies from lake to lake and overtime within a particular lake.E.The residence times ofsurface-water-dominated lakes are usually longer than those of seepage-dominated lakes.F.The residence time of a lake frequently water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life). The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. Thesl owi ng down of water renewal l eads to a chai n of further consequences; i t causes di ssol ved chemi cal s to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. [■] If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. [■] Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. [■] For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the streamdepends on the kinds of organisms to be found in the lake. dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. [■]1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?A.During sleep the diaphragm requiresincreased movement of the rib cage. B.The diaphragm helps with breathing asmovements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.C.The diaphragm requires a great amountof pressure to function properly.D.The diaphragm contributes to theeffective functioning of the rib cage.2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:A.It has its control center in the brainstem.B.It controls breathing for a number ofactivities during wakefulness.C.It is able to bypass the automaticsystem.D.It produces an irregular breathingpattern.3. The word exclusive in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consistentB.perfectC.partialD.sole4. According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?Breathing During Sleep Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Y et because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more diffi cult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automati c, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automati c, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automati c, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automaticA.The automatic, metabolic system mayincrease its dependence on air exchanges.B.Breathing can stop for a short time as aperson falls asleep.C.An increase in the oxygen level in theblood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.D.The level of carbon dioxide in the bloodmay drop suddenly.5. What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?A.To refute the argument that additionaleffort is necessary for breathing during sleepB.To argue that REM sleep is moreimportant than NREM sleepC.To illustrate the difficulty of breathingduring sleepD.To illustrate how blockage of narrowpassages can be prevented during sleep6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPTA.relaxation of the muscles involved inthe respiratory systemB.changes in resistance between the twosides of the noseC.easier airflow in the passages of theupper airwayD.absence of certain complex muscleinteractions metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the effi ciency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in whi ch there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors i s the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles7. According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult? A.There is an immediate, automatic,adaptive increase in breathing effort. B.The sleeping person takes severalinadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.C.The coughing reflex causes thebreathing effort to adjust.D.The airways become cleared as theblood removes irritants.8. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person toA.increase the breathing effortB.wake up and remove the source ofirritationC.cough while still sleepingD.stop breathing temporarily while stillsleeping9. The word considerable meaning toA.significantB.SteadyualD.necessary10. The word resume in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reduceB.stopC.ReadjustD.restart11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Because breathing is more shallow andirregular in REM than in NREM, less that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep. Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more i rregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.paragraph1: Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■] Y et because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■] However, there are many other changes thatair is exchanged in REM.B.Breathing in NREM is less effectivethan breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.C.Because breathing is more rapid inNREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.D.Although REM has brief episodes ofshallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.T o better und erstand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage1.Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.●Wakefulness●SleepAnswer ChoicesA.The role of the rib cage increases andthe role of the diaphragm decreases. B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises andoxygen drops.C.The coughing reflex is extremelycomplex.D. A great deal of effort is used forbreathing.E.Upper airways are resistant to colds andallergies. affect respiration when asleep. paragraph2: [■] During wakefulness, breathing i s controlled by two interacting systems. [■]The first is an automati c, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system i s the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It i s capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.F.There is a drop in the volume of air thatis exchanged.G.Automatic and voluntary respiratorysystems are both involved.1. The word traumatic meaning toA.EssentialB.highly stressfulC.highly unusualD.unwise2. The word intense in the passage is closest in meaning toA.strongB.questionableC.obviousD.deliberate3. According to paragraph 1, before the thirteenth century the people of southwestern North America lived inA.households thatB.occupied dwellings that were built intothe sides of cliffsC.were largely free to conduct their livesas they pleasedD.enforced common standards ofbehavior and cooperative conduct within their communities4. Which of the following best indicates the organization of paragraph 1?A.It presents the conditions that caused achange in a population' s living patterns and then explains why those conditions got worse.B.It identifies certain present-day culturaltraditions and rules and then traces them to their roots in the thirteenth century.C.It casts doubt on one explanation of themove to pueblos and then introduces an alternative explanation that the passage will defend.D.It describes a major change in apopulation' s living patterns and then presents a number of problems that resulted from that change.Moving into PueblosIn the Mesa V erde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens i f not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic.Given all the disadvantages of living in aggregated towns, why did people in the thirteenth century move into these closely packed quarters? For transitions of such suddenness, archaeologists consider either pull factors (benefits that drew families together) or push factors (some external threat or crisis that forced people to aggregate). In this case, push explanations dominate.Population growth i s considered a parti cularly influential push. After several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. Around Sand Canyon, for example, populations grew from 5 -125. According to paragraph 3, which of the following was one of the consequences of increasing population densities?A.People were increasingly crowded intocollections of large housing units.B.People stopped planting crops that haverelatively low yields.C.Domestic buildings were pushedbeyond the canyon limits.D.The natural landscape was destroyed.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Some scholars even claim that theintensification of farmers' various efforts during the 1200s led to further population growth and the consequent need for more arable land.B.Evidence of intensifying agriculture inthe 1200s indicates a need to feed a larger population and so extends the argument that a growing population was the cause of the move to pueblos.C.○During the 1200s, farmers met thedemand for more arable land, but they also succeeded in cultivating existing land more intensively with the help of agricultural construction projects.D.○Some scholars feel strongly that theconstruction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses in the thirteenth century is independent evidence for growth in the number of people.7. The word transition in the passage is closest in meaning toA.change people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 - 50 by the 1200s.As densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s. Competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields.Another important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated with this transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa V erde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always di ffi cult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa V erde and away from higher elevations.In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa V erde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people livingB.climateC.declineD.problem8. Why does the author state that "Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season"?A.To explain why the higher elevationswere always relatively sparsely populatedB.To suggest that any worsening ofconditions would have significant consequencesC.To emphasize how resourceful thepeople growing food at these elevations wereD.To argue that farming was not theprimary source of food at high elevations9. According to paragraph 4, what did farmers do in response to falling temperatures during the Little Ice Age?A.Moved to areas away from Mesa V erdeB.Moved closer to the northeastern part ofMesa V erdeC.Began to cultivate crops adapted to ashort growing seasonD.Gave up the cultivation of thehighest-lying lands10. According to paragraph 5, major ceremonial events were occasions forA.leaders to persuade people from thecountryside to move into a puebloB.farmers to collect information aboutwhere crops could be reliably grown C.people to develop better techniques forproducing pottery and craftsD.people in the early Puebloan era toshare farm and craft products11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was a reason people in the Mesa V erde in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.。

2012年专四真题及问题详解

PART I DICTATION [15 MIN]Listen to the following passage．Altogether the passage will be read to you four times．During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning．For the second and third readings，the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase，with intervals of 15 seconds．The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work．You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more．Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE．PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN]In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow．Mark the best answer to each question on Answer Sheet Two．SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations．Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow．Questions l to 3 are based on the following conversation．At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions．Now, listen to the conversation.l．The Ethical Consumer Research Association will provide information to shoppers onA．product price．B．product quality．C．manufacturers．D．production methods．2．According to the conversation，an ethical shopper shouldA．ask for others’advice before buying things．B．consider the worth of something to be bought．C．postpone buying things whenever possible．D．search for things that are less costly．3．According to the conversation，ethical shoppers can be best described asA．shrewd．B．thrifty．C．extravagant．D．cautious．Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation．At the end of the conversation，you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions．Now,listen to the conversation．4．Which of the following statements is CORRECT about Mary?A．She is enjoying her language study．B．She is enjoying her management study．C．She is not feeling very well at the moment．D．She is not happy about her study pressure．5．What does Mary think of the course initially?A．It is useful．B．It is difficult．C．It is challenging．D．It is interesting．6．What is Mary’s problem of living in a family house?A．She dislikes the food she eats．B．She is unable to sleep well．C．She has no chance to make friends．D．She finds the rent high．7．Which of the following is Mr．Davies’advice?A．To tryto make more friends．B．To try to change accommodation．C．To spend more time on English．D．To stop attending language classes．Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation．At the end of the conversation，you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions．Now,listen to the conversation．8．According to the conversation，the day is special becauseA．many people are surfing the net on that day．B．it is an anniversary of the internet．C．the net brought about no changes until that day．D．big changes will take place on that day．9．We learn from the conversation that peopleA．cannot Jive without the internet．B．cannot work without the internet．C．all use the internet to keep in touch．D．have varied opinions about internet use．10．At the end of the conversation．the speakers talk aboutA．the future of the internet．B．the type of office furniture．C．when changes will come．D．how people will use the internet．SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section，you will hear several passages．Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow．Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage．At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions．Now, listen to the passage．11．In order to open a bank account，you need to produce____in addition to your passport．A．a library card B．a registration formC．a telephone bill D．a receipt12．Which of the following might NOT be included in the‘utility bill’?A．Rent．B．Gas．C．Water．D．Telephone．13．According to the passage，what can one do in the post office?A．Getting contact details．B．Obtaining tax forms．C．Paying housing rents．D．Applying for loans．Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage．At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions．Now, listen to the passage．14．According to the passage，‘scheduling’means that youA．need to be efficient in work．B．plan your work properly．C．try to finish work ahead of time．D．know how to work in teams．15．According to the passage, one of the activities to relax could beA．protecting wild animals．B．spending time with your family．C．learning how to read efficiently．D．learning how to do gardening．16．One of the ways to reduce stress is toA．do better than anyone else．B．fulfill high ambitions in one's work．C．work and have reasonable aims．D．start with a relatively low aim．17．According to the passage，to reduce stress has something to do with the following EXCEPTA．one's position．B．one's interest．C．one's health．D．one's mood．Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage．At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions．Now, listen to the passage．18．According to the passage，new words tend to come fromA．world politics．B．advances in science．C．areas of life．D．all the above．19．The passage explains the larger and richer vocabulary of English mainly from a viewpoint．A．historical B．culturalC．commercial D．colonial20．According to the passage，which of the following statements best describes the English language?A．It is outdated in grammar．B．It accepts new words from science．C．It has begun taking in new words．D．It tends to embrace new words．SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section，you will hear several news items．Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow．Questions 21 and 22 are based OH the following news．At the end of the news item，you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions．Now listen to the news．21．Where was the marble statue found?A．Out in the sea．B．Inside a bath house．C．On a cliff along the coast．D．On the coast outside Jerusalem．22．Which of the following best describes the condition of the statue?A．It was incomplete．B．It was recent artwork．C．It was fairly tall．D．It was in pieces．Questions 23 and 24 are based on the following news．At the end of the news item．you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions．Now, listen to the news．23．The rescue efforts concentrated mainly onA．the U．S．-Canada border B．snow-stricken regions．C．highways．D．city streets．24．According to the news，the last group of people might have been stranded in their vehiclesfor more than ____ hours before being rescued．A．24 B．25 C．40 D．48Questions 25 and 26 are based on the following news．At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions．Now, listen to the news．25．According to the 2006 anti-smoking restrictions，smoking was NOT allowed inA．offices．B．restaurants．C．bars．D．school playgrounds．26．According to the news，which of the following groups reacts negatively to the new law?A．Television producers．B．Hotel owners．C．Medical workers．D．Hospital management．Questions 27 and 28 are based on the following news．At the end of the news item，you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions．Now, listen to the news．27．According to the news，who first discovered the fraud?A．A client．B．A bank manager．C．The police．D．Bank headquarters．28．When did the bank employee hand himself in?A．A month before the fraud was discovered．B．A day before the fraud was discovered．C．A day after the police launched investigation．D．A month after he transferred the money．Question 29 is based on the following news．At the end of the news item, you will be given 5 seconds to answer the question．Now, listen to the news．29．What is this news item mainly about?A．How to open Hotmail accounts．B．How to retrieve missing e-mails．C．New e-mail service by Microsoft．D．Problems and complaints about e-mails．Question30 is based on the following news．At the end of the news item, you will be given 5 seconds to answer the question．Now, listen to the news．30．Compared with 2009，which of the following figures remained about the same in 2010?A．Number of tickets sold．B．Box office revenues．C．Attendance rate．D Number of cinemas．PART III CLOZE 【15 MIN】Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks．Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two．The earthquake of 26th December 2004 resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in living memory．It was a (31) _____ underwater quake and occurred in the Indian Ocean．It (32) ____ coastlines，communities and brought death to many people．Why do earthquakes happen?The surface of the earth has not always looked as it does today；it is moving(33)____ (although very slowly)and has done so for billions of years．This is one(34)____ of earthquakes，when one section of the earth (tectonic plate)(35)____ another．Scientists can predict where but not(36)____ this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line．On one fault line in Kobe，Japan in 1923 over 200,000 people were killed．(37)____，earthquakes do not alwayshappen on fault lines，(38)____ is why they are so dangerous and (39)____．Where do volcanoes happen?Volcanoes happen where the earth's(40)____ is thin：lava，dust and gases(41)____ from beneath the earth．They can rise into a huge cone shape like a mountain and erupt，(42)____ they can be so violent(43)____ they just explode directly from the earth with no warning．There are 1511(44)'____' volcanoes in the world．This means that they may(45)____ be dangerous．In 1985 the Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted．The lava melted a glacier and sent tones of mud(46)____ the town below．Twenty thousand people died．Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions are often unpredictable．We regularly do not know when they(47)____ pen，or (48)____ where they will happen．In the future，scientists may be able to watch and predict(49)____ before they happen．This could(50)____ many lives．31．A．massive B．significant C．great D．grand32．A．changed B．converted C．destroyed D．transformed33．A．frequently B．continuously C．regularly D．periodically34．A．source B．reason C．movement D．cause35．A．collides with B．confronts with C．meets with D．faces with36．A．how B．why C．when D．what37．A．Generally B．However C．Similarly D．Anyway38．A．that B．it C．this D．which39．A．unpredictable B．unaccountable C．inevitable D．irresistible40．A．surface B．appearance C．crust D．cover41．A．flowed out B．burst out C．1eaked out D．trickled out42．A．or B．and C．nor D．but43．A．like B．for C．as D．that44．A．living B．active C．alive D．live45．A．relatively B．hardly C．still D．gradually46．A．down B．on C．across D．beyond47．A．are to B．should C．must D．might48．A．else B．even C．though D．whether49．A．accidents B．incidents C．occasions D．events50．A．rescue B．save C．preserve D．shelterPART IV GRAMMAR ＆VOCABULARY 【15 MIN】There are thirty sentences in this section．Beneath each sentence there are four words, phrases or statements marked A，B, C and D．Choose one word, phrase or statement that best completes the sentence．Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two．51．Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A．Twenty miles seems like a long walk to him．B．No one except his supporters agree with him．C．Neither Julia nor I were going to the party．D．Few students in my class are really lazy．52．Which of the following determiners(限定词)can be placed before both singular count nouns and plural count nouns?A．many a B．few C．such D．the next53．Which of the following reflexive pronouns(反身代词)is used as an appositive(同位语)?A，He promised himself rapid progress．B．The manager herself will interview Mary．C．I have nothing to say for myself．D．They quarreled themselves red in the face．54．My boss ordered that the legal documents ____ to him before lunch．A．be sent B．were sent C．were to be sent D．must be sent55．Which of the following sentences expresses WILLINGNESS?A．By now she will be eating dinner．B．I shall never do that again．C．My brother will help you with the luggage．D．You shall get a promotion．56．Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A．How strange feelings they are!B．How dare you speak to me like that!C．What noise they are making!D. What a mess we are in!57．which of the italicized parts functions as a subject?A．We never doubt that her brother is honest．B．The problem is not who will go but who will stay．C．You must give it back to whoever it belongs to。

2012年11月24日托福写作机经

2012年11月24日托福写作机经综合写作：阅读讲congestion pricing。

说为了缓解交通拥堵，想要在city中的某个区域收费，这样就能缓解一下。

1. 这样做可以improve time(主要就是说节省时间)2. 可以改善环境improve that area's environment3. 收的fee可以用于revennue(这个单词没记住怎么拼大概就) the city 可以再修路，修桥什么的:听力1. 他认为这样做有些司机不愿意花钱走这个区域就得绕路，更浪费时间。

举了个例子：送快递的，他们要省钱，所以送快递的时候会变长。

2. 在收费区里面环境可能会好点，但是周围的车相对就会增多，noise and air pollution就会多。

所以不是整个city都能环境变好3. 有的人不能afford这个费用了，就会去坐subway，政府就得出更多的钱维护subway，这样一来收的那点钱可能还不够维护的，所以也不能起到帮助修桥，修路什么的作用了。

独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier for more people now than in the past to get an education.The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen the development and advancement of many fields and areas of society. Education is an area that has developed tremendously in the past hundred years. The rise of the middle class, the standardization of education, and the opening of many more schools has made it possible for more people now than in the past to get an education.In China specifically, education reform began with the opening up and reform period of the 1980’s. During this time China also opened up its economy and changed from a state run economy to a market economy. A market economy in China has made it possible for the development of the middle class. Historically throughout the world, education belonged to the social elites. People from the lower class, which always outnumbered the upper class, did not have the money or resources to become educated. The middle class is a group of people who are not necessarily the elitesof society, but have the money to pay for education. Since the 1980’s, the middle class has been rapidly growing, increasing ten-fold the number of children who have the opportunity to get an education.With the rise of the middle class, also comes an increase in pressure on the government. Since more people can afford education, more pressure is put on the government to provide teachers and schools for the children of the middle class. The government is then spurred into action to increase funding and resources for education nationwide. This has then prompted the opening of schools in many areas beyond the major cities and the training of many new teachers. More teachers and more schools mean that more people will be educated.The government’s attention on education has helped with the standardization of education in China. This standardization has created nationwide tests that have made it so that every student, no matter his or her background or hometown, has the opportunity to attend high school and apply for college. Not only do more students have the opportunity to attend school, but they also have the opportunity to continue their education further than previous generations.The rise of the middle class, the increased involvement of the government, and the standardization of education has made it so that more people, now than ever, have the opportunity to become educated. (390 words)。

211月18日托福阅读真题解析

2012年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2012年11月18日托福考试阅读部分重复北美2011年8月27日考题。

Topic1: personal trait一篇是心理学说PERSONAL TRAIT的。

说人们觉得性格决定人的行为吧。

然后一个科学家叫Walter Mischel，他做了一些研究，发现性格和人的行为之间的关系没有人们以前认为的那么大，人们在特定的环境下表现出来的行为不一样。

通过儿童实验，Mischel认为人的行为其实更主要的是由当时的SITUATION决定的，性格的作用很小。

Mischel的研究成果挑战了心理学家的研究和心理学在现实生活中的应用（这个是句子改写，要注意一个是挑战了研究，一个是挑战了现实中的应用，看清了可能会少选。

）然后其他科学家就批评Mischel的研究成果，这里有个括号，括号说，但是Mischel也赢得了行为学家的掌声，问为什么提这帮人，我答给出支持Mischel理论人的例子。

批评一指出Mischel的研究局限在LAB中，和EVERYDAY LIFE有距离（有题）。

还有一个批评，暂时想不起来。

但同时，大家也会认可Mischel的研究。

说他至少提出了SITUATION的重要性，可以让人具体情况具体分析吧。

后来大家认为，其实心理学家着重是要分析人们总体的表现，即性格决定这个人在处理事情上的一个总的态度，AGGREGATE BEHAVIOR。

而根据不同的SITUATION，又有不同的INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR。

所以心理学家的研究没有问题，还是有用的。

Trait Theory ①Personality consists of broad dispositions, called traits, that tend to lead to characteristic responses. People can be described in terms of the basic ways they behave, such as whether they are outgoing and friendly, or whether they are dominant and assertive.Basic Five Factors:oEmotional stability - Being calm rather than anxious, secures rather then insecure, self-satisfied than self-pitying.oExtraversion - Sociable instead of retiring, fun-loving instead of sober, and affectionate instead of reserved.oOpenness - Imaginative rather than practical, preferring variety to routine, and being independent rather than conforming.oAgreeableness - Being softhearted, not ruthless, trusting, not suspicious, and helpful not uncooperative.oConscientiousness - Being organized rather than disorganized, careful rather then careless, and disciplined, not impulsive.Criticism to Trait Theory(Walter Mischel (1968))oPersonality and AssessmentoCriticized the trait view of personality, as well as the psychoanalytic approachoBoth emphasis the interval organization of personalityoPersonality often changes according to a given situation - response to personality as consisting of broad, internal traits that are consistence across situations and timeoTrait measure do a poor job of predicting actual behavioroSituationism - personality often varies considerably from one context to another.Trait Situation Interaction TheoryoThey believe that both trait (person) and situation variables are necessary to understand personality. They also agree that the degree of consistency in personality depend on the kinds of persons, situations, and behaviors sampled. (Pervin, 1993, Mischel, 1995)oThe link between traits and situations has been more precisely specified.oThe narrowing and more limited trait is, the more likely it will predict behavior.oSome people are consistent on some traitsoPersonality traits exert a stronger influence on an individual's behavior when situational influence is less powerful.Walter Mischel (1968) - Personality and Assessment, criticized trait view of personality and psychoanalytic approach. Said personality often changes according tosituations, unlike the previous approaches which show consistency. Said trait measures poorly predict actual behavior. Made view of situationism - personality varies considerably from one context to another.Most psychologists today are interactionists, believing in both trait and situation ideas to describe personality. Link between traits and situations specified: more limited and narrower a trait is, more likely it will predict a behavior; not everyone consistent on the same trait; traits give a strong influence on an individual's behavior when situational influences are less likely to affect personality.Walter Mischel ②Walter Mischel (born 1930) is an American psychologist specializing in personality theory and social psychology. He is the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University.Contributions to personality theoryIn 1968, Mischel published the now classic monograph, Personality and Assessment, which created a paradigm crisis in personality psychology that changed the agenda of the field for decades. The book touched upon the problem in trait assessment that was identified by Allport back in 1937. Mischel showed that study after study failed to support the fundamental traditional assumption of personality theory, that an individual's behavior with regard to a trait (e.g. conscientiousness, sociability) is highly consistent across diverse situations. Instead, Mischel's analyses revealed that the individual's behavior, when closely examined, was highly dependent upon situational cues, rather than expressed consistently across diverse situations that differed in meaning.Mischel maintained that behavior is shaped largely by the exigencies of a given situation. That people act in consistent ways across different situations, reflecting an underlying consistency of personality traits, is a myth.[4]Mischel made the case that the field of personality psychology was searching for consistency in the wrong places. Instead of treating situations as the noise or "error of measurement" in personality psychology, Mischel's work proposed that by including the situation as it is perceived by the person and by analyzing behavior in its situational context, the consistencies that characterize the individual would be found. He argued that these individual differences would not be expressed in consistent cross-situational behavior, but instead, he suggested that consistency would be found in distinctive but stable patterns ofif-then, situation-behavior relations that form contextualized, psychologically meaningful "personality signatures" (e.g., "she does A when X, but B when Y").These signatures of personality were in fact revealed in a large observational study of social behavior across multiple repeated situations over time (Mischel&Shoda, 1995). Contradicting the classic assumptions, the data showed that individuals who were similar inaverage levels of behavior, for example in their aggression, nevertheless differed predictably and dramatically in the types of situations in which they aggressed. As predicted by Mischel, they were characterized by highly psychologically informative if-then behavioral signatures. Collectively, this work has allowed a new way to conceptualize and assess both the stability and variability of behavior that is produced by the underlying personality system, and has opened a window into the dynamic processes within the system itself (Mischel, 2004).Topic2: 昆虫的优势还有一篇讲昆虫的。

NPR英语听力2012年11月合辑(文本+翻译)20121110NPRNEWS

From NPR News in Washington, I'm Louise SchiavonePresident Obama has invited congressional leaders to White house next week to discuss the possible solutions to the so called fiscal cliff. As NPR Branda tells president made his first public appearance since winning reelection on Tuesday. Speaking at white house, Mr Obama says he was open to compromise. He said any agreement to reduce the deficit must include raising taxes on wealthy American along with spending cut. He said it was centre question of election. We debate over and over again. On Tuesday night we found out the majority of Americans agreed with my approach that includes Democrats, independents, and a lot of republicans across the country. After president spoke, White house spokesman Je reiterate the administration threat to veto any measures that extend tax cut for wealthy Americans. Republican leader in congress remain automated opposed to raise tax rates. Bran NPR news Washington.Speaker of House John Bener is telling reporters he rejected any fiscal cliff solutions that involved higher tax for upper rank American at same time he says he is already to work with president. We both understand that trying to find way to avert the fiscal cliff is important for our country. And I hopeful, the productive conservation can be in soon we can forge agreement that can pass the congress. President Obama planned to visit New York next week to look at posed super storm Sandy recovery effort. In New York city and along long island, drivers turned out early for gasoline rash. Power outage and supplying interruption have left only a quarter of New York gas station open. At this morning, they are almost a quarter of million people without power in New York City about the same in New Jersey.11,000 Syrians are reported to flee the civil war in their country. Senior UN officials say most crossed into Turkey in just last 24 hours.NPR Peter reports some Syrian military defectors are among those who fled. Turkey officials quoted describing flood of several thousands of Syrians cross into Turkey as clashes continued to rage in Northern Syria. State-run media also reports the arrival of group 71 Syrian all military families including two generals, 11 colonel and several other defeating officers. Earlier this week, several other Syrian general defected. Turkish residents of border area Je hanker down for second day as heavy fighting continued on the Syrian side of border. Turkish media reports straight bullets across turkey wounded at least three civilians and turkey armed vehicles were seen moving closer to the border. Peter NPR news Istanbul.On wall street this hour, the Dow Jones industrial average up 15 points, the NASDAQ up 16.This is NPR.The white house says the treasury secretary Tim will stay on with Obama administration through earlier next year to assess the resolution of nation's fiscal stelmate. Without resolution of less than two month, more than 0.5 trillion dollar worth taxhike and spending cut would log automatically.Thousands of Alta conservative Muslim from Cairo Tahrir square demanding the implementation of Islamic law. Figter reports Coptic Christian are concerned. The Democrats chant with our soul, with our blood we sacrifice for Islam. The protesters comes amid debate over what rules of religion in Egypt new constitution should be. The dressed currently calls the principal of Islamic law to be the primary source of legislation. Alta conservative Muslim said the warding is not strong enough. New leader of Egypt minority Cah community Pose said he is concerned about the demand are already Coptic Christian have dout with tax on the church's community by achor conservative Muslim known as celeface. But he said he is optimistic about the future.NPR news Cairo.The associated press is reporting CIA director David Patres is resuming from his post. It caused extra marital affair.More than 900,000 old model Jeep SUV are being recalled by Chrysler issued the possibility of airbag could inflate while people are driving. They recalled Jeep Grand Cherokee from 2002 to 2004 model.I'm Louise Schiavone, NPR news Washington.。

托福TPO24阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßÐ§±¸¿¼ÍÐ¸££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´ÍÐ¸£TPO24ÔÄ¶ÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎÄ±¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ ÍÐ¸£TPO24ÔÄ¶ÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡Breathing During Sleep¡¡¡¡Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade,changes in respiratory control are most dramatic.Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems,there are even changes in how they function.Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep,making the contractions of the diaphragm more important.Yet because of the physics of lying down,the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job.However,there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.¡¡¡¡During wakefulness,breathing is controlled by two interacting systems.The first is an automatic,metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem.It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide(CO2)and oxygen(O2),and the acid-base ratio in the blood.The second system is the voluntary,behavioral system.Its control center is based in the forebrain,and it regulates breathing for use in speech,singing,sighing,and so on.It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic,metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.¡¡¡¡During NREM(the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement)breathing becomes deeper and more regular,but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate,resulting in less air being exchanged overall.This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic,metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide.Also,during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood.Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep.First,there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms.Second,once sleep is fully obtained,there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.¡¡¡¡But that is not all that changes.During all phases of sleep,several changes in the air passages have been observed.It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing.Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep,especially during REM(the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement).Without this muscular action,inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon¡ªthe narrow passagestend to collapse.Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose.If something blocks the"good"side,such as congestion from allergies or a cold,then resistance increases dramatically.Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.¡¡¡¡Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep.For example,during wakefulness there is an immediate,automatic,adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult(such as breathing through a restrictive face mask).This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep.Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions,resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood,is breathing effort adjusted.Finally,the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing.If the irritation is severe enough,a sleeping person will arouse,clear the airway,then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.¡¡¡¡Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM.The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because,although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular,with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.In addition,breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.¡¡¡¡paragraph1:Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade,changes in respiratory control are most dramatic.Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems,there are even changes in how they function.Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep,making the contractions of the diaphragm more important.Yet because of the physics of lying down,the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job.However,there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.¡¡¡¡¨ ÍÐ¸£TPO24ÔÄ¶ÁPassage2ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1.According to paragraph 1,which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?¡¡¡¡¡ðDuring sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.¡¡¡¡¡ðThe diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.。

托福阅读TPO24答案解析

托福阅读答案1.traumatic受伤的，外伤的，不顺心的，所以正确答案是highly stressful。

原句说改变传统的大家庭居住模式到跟很多人一起住在镇上是怎么样的。

接着下句说没有人有跟很多人住在一起的经验，又说了其他很多问题，所以这个词一定是不好的，所以不是B就是D，而wise是原文没体现出来的，所以正确答案是B。

2.intense强大的，强烈的，紧张的，所以正确答案是strong。

原文说本地资源所受的压力是非常怎么样的，而且住在镇上卫生条件也不好，又是要一个不好的结论，所以questionable和deliberate完全不靠谱；obvious 压力很明显还不够，一定是鸭梨山大才行，所以正确答案是A。

3.如果这道题以十三世纪做关键词定位的话，读完第一句也不知道选哪个，因此用排除法较好。

A的chore做关键词定位至倒数第二句，但原文只是列举了chore，没说选项说的share，A错；B的dwelling和sidesofthecliffs 做关键词定位至第一句，但建在cliff的是pueblo，不是十三世纪之前，所以B错；C在原文中没有明确说明，但看首句会发现十三世纪变化了，十三世纪以后大家一起住，有很多问题，也就是说十三世纪之前大家都是自己住自己的，也就是C说的conduct their lives as they pleased，C正确；D原文完全没说，不选。

4.问全段的题，看头尾。

第一句说十三世纪人们的生活方式发生了变化，很多人都搬到了pueblo；而后半段从倒数第三句到最后都在说这种现象产生的一系列问题，所以是先陈述现象，后说这种现象产生的问题，答案是D。

A 的why those conditions get worse，B的present cultural condition和C的an alternativeexplanation 原文都没说。

5.以density做关键词定位至第二句，说经过若干代人口增长，density实在太大，使得pueblo成为一个不可避免的结果，所以正确答案是A，crowdinto collections of large housing units。

11月4日托福阅读真题解析

2013年11月24日托福阅读真题解析第一篇：主要讲worker mobility的。

解析：本篇内容主要分析了不同地区mobility的不同原因。

属于托福阅读典型的现象因果类的文章，本文的梳理重点为结合不同地区的特点，整理mobility不同的原因。

What Is Labor Mobility?Labor mobility refers to the ease with which laborers are able to move around within an economy and between different economies. It is an important factor in the study of economics because it looks at how labor, one of the major factors of production, affects growth and production.There are two primary types of labor mobility: geographic and occupational. Geographic mobility refers to a worker's ability to work in a particular physical location, while occupational mobility refers to a worker's ability to change job types. For example, a worker moving from the United States to France involves the concept of geographic mobility. An automobile mechanic who changes jobs to become an airline pilot involves the concept of occupational mobility. (For related reading, see Get A Finance Job Overseas.)Why Does Geographic Mobility Matter?From a policy-maker's perspective, geographic mobility can have important implications on the economy of a particular country. This is because easingimmigration requirements can do several things:Increase the supply of labor. As more workers enter the economy, the general labor supply increases. An increase in labor supply accompanied by a static labor demand can decrease wage rates.Increase unemployment. Unless employers demand more workers, an increase in labor supply could lead to a glut in labor. This means that more workers are available than jobs. (For more on this, see Surveying The Employment Report.) Increase productivity. Not all laborers added to the labor supply will be unskilled. An influx in laborers can increase productivity if they bring specialized skills to the workplace, although they might push out existing employees who are less productive. (For related reading, see Economic Indicators: Employee Cost Index (ECI))Obtaining geographic mobility is not a purely economic matter. It can also be an issue of state sovereignty and government control. After all, governments are also concerned with security, and completely open borders mean that governments are not sure who, or what, is coming into their countries. While increased geographic mobility generally has a positive impact on the economy, it is also one of the first targets to incur the wrath of both citizens and their representatives. Immigration is already a hot-button topic, both in the United States and abroad.A reduction in geographic restrictions can be reached in several different ways. Between countries, it is accomplished through treaties or economic agreements. Countries can also increase the number of worker visas available, or reduce the requirements of receiving one. For example, countries that are part of the European Union have fewer restrictions on the movement of labor between members, but can still place tight restrictions on labor movement from non-member countries.The effectiveness of improved geographic mobility will ultimately depend on individual workers. If economic opportunities are not available in a different country or in a different part of one's current country, the likelihood of an employee wanting to make a change will be diminished.Why Does Occupational Mobility Matter?The ease with which employees can move from a job in one particular industry to a job in a different industry determines how quickly an economy can develop. For example, if there was zero occupational mobility we would still be hunter-gatherers, because no one would have been able to become farmers or specialists. (For some economic history, check out The History Of Capitalism.)An easing of occupational mobility restrictions can do several things:Increase the supply of labor in particular industries. Lower restrictions cause laborers to have an easier time entering a different industry, which can mean that the demand for labor is more readily met.Lower wage rates. If it is easier for laborers to enter a particular industry, the supply of labor will increase for a given demand, which lowers the wage rate until equilibrium is reached. (For more insight, see Exploring The Minimum Wage and Examining The Phillips Curve.)Allow nascent industries to grow. If an economy is shifting toward new industries, employees must be available to run that industry's businesses. A shortage of employees means that overall productivity can be negatively impacted because there aren't enough employees to provide the service or work the machines used to make the product.Occupational mobility can be restricted through regulations. Licensing, training or education requirements prevent the free flow of labor from one industry to another. For example, restrictions limit the supply of physicians, since specialized training and licensing is required to work in that particular profession. This is why physicians can command higher wages, because the demand for physicians coupled with a restricted supply increases the equilibrium wage. This funnels unqualified members of the labor force into industries with fewer restrictions, keeping the wage ratelower through a higher labor supply compared to the amount of labor demanded.第二篇：2012.12.2ML讲的是非洲某草原上的食草动物是怎么合作觅食的。

TPO24阅读(含答案和解析)

华联教育Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by ram gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word “net”: measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake's flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs.■If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. ■Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. ■For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. ■By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake's residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie's is thelowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario's, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow—less then 20 meters on average.A given lake's residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life). The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.Q1 The phrase “So much” in the passage refers toОthe negative effects of overland flow, ram, and evaporation on river water levelswater that a lake loses to outflowing rivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporationthe importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levelsthe information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lakeQ2 The word "gains" in the passage is closest in meaning toresultsincreasesresources 华联教育savingsQ3 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake?Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.Rainfall replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation.Overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.Seepage has a smaller effect on water level than any other input.Q4 Why does the author use the phrase “Note the word "net"” in the passage?To emphasize the impact of seepage on water levelsTo point out that seepage is calculated differently from river flows and atmospheric exchangesTo compare the different methods of calculating seepageTo emphasize the difficulty of obtaining specific values for seepage inputs and outputsQ5 The word "Conversely” in the passage is closest in meaning toon the other handin the same wayin other wordson averageQ6 According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes a seepage-dominated lake?A lake that is fed by streams but still has fluctuating water levelsA lake with a constant water level that has no streams or rivers as inputsA lake with a stream flowing into it and a stream flowing out of itA lake that has surface and underground inputs but loses water during dry seasonsQ7 ft can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lakedepends entirely upon the average speed of a lake's currentscan be measured by the volume of the lake alonecan be greater or lesser than the residence timeis similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lakeQ8 According to paragraph 5, Lake Erie's residence time is lower than Lake Ontario's for which of the following reasons?Lake Erie has a larger area than Lake Ontario.Lake Ontario is shallower than Lake Erie.Lake Ontario has a greater volume than Lake Erie.Lake Erie receives less rainfall than Lake Ontario.Q9 Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?To demonstrate the extent to which residence times vary from lake to lakeTo illustrate how residence times are calculated for specific lakesTo argue that the residence time of a lake increases with areaTo emphasize that Lake Tahoe’s residence time is unusually longQ10 The word “further” in the passage is closest in meaning toexpectedadditionalseriousunfortunateQ11 According to paragraph 6, which of the following explains the increase in residence timeof some lakes of northwestern Ontario?The amount of water flowing into the lakes has increased.The rate of evaporation has decreased more sharply than the amount of rainfall .The renewal of the lakes' water has slowed due to changes in climate.Plants have required less water from the lakes.Q12 According to paragraph 6, residence time is affected by all of the following EXCEPTamount of rainfallrate of evaporationtemperature of surrounding airconcentrat ion of chemicals in lake waterQ13 Look at the four squares■that indicate where the follow ing sentence could be addedto the passageOf course, a lake may be neither surface-water- norseepage-dominated if, for example, its inputs are predominantlysurface and its outputs are predominantly seepage.Where would the sentence best fit?Once all this information has been gathered , it becomes possible to judge whether a lake's flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs.■If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. ■Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. ■For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated . Conversely , a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.■更多TPO最新下载，尽在华联教育Q14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that expressthe most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Water enters, remains, and eventually leaves a lake in a variety of ways.1 By measuring the water quantities at each of a lake’s inputs and outputs, it can be determined whether water enters the lake mainly from surface or groundwater sources2 It is sometimes possible to decide whether a lake is surface water dominated or seepage dominated by simple observation at different seasons.3 The residence times ofsurface-water-dominated lakes are usually longer than those ofseepage-dominated lakes 4 Changes in lake level and volume are caused principally by the amount of evaporation of water into the atmosphere.5 The average period of time that molecules of water spend in a lake—the residence time—varies from lake to lake and over time within a particular lake.6 The residence time of a lake frequently depends on the kinds of organisms to be found in the lakeBreathing During Sleep 华联教育Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. ■Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. ■However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.■During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. ■The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (C02) and oxygen (02), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.Q1 According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease duringsleep.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.Q2 According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:It has its control center in the brain stem.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.It is able to bypass the automatic system.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.Q3 The word "exclusive" in the passage is closest in meaning toconsistentperfectpartialsoleQ4 According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges. Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained. The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.Q5 What is the author's purpose in stating that “Inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon"?To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleepTo argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleepTo illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleepTo illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleepQ6 All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPTrelaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory systemchanges in resistance between the two sides of the noseeasier airflow in the passages of the upper airwayabsence of certain complex muscle interactionsQ7 According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.Q8 It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person toincrease the breathing effortwake up and remove the source of irritationcough while still sleepingstop breathing temporarily while still sleepingQ9 The word "considerable" in the passage is closest in meaningsignificantsteadyusualnecessaryQ10 The word "resume" in the passage is closest in meaning toreducestopreadjustrestartQ11Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, althoughbreathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air isexcha nged in REMBreathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregularepisodes of rapid breathing during NREM.Because breath ing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breath ing, breathing ismore rapid than in NREM.Q12 Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageTo better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpfulto first understand how respiration works in general.Where would the sentence best fit?Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in resp iratory cont rol are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the funct ioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they funct ion. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep , making the contractions of the diaph ragm more important.■Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job . ■However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep .■During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. ■The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose contro l is centered in the brain stem . It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (C02) and oxygen (02), and the acid-base ratio in the blood . The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system . Its control center is based in the forebra in, and it regulates breathing for use in speec h, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capab le of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.Q14 Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. Thisquestion is worth 3 points.1 The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.2 Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.3 The coughing reflex is extremely complex.4 A great deal of effort is used for breathing.5 Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.6 There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.7 Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.华联教育Moving into PueblosIn the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. ■ And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. ■For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. ■The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic. ■Given all the disadvantages of living in aggregated towns, why did people in the thirteenth century move into these closely packed quarters? For transitions of such suddenness, archaeologists consider either pull factors (benefits that drew families together) or push factors (some external threat or crisis that forced people to aggregate). In this case, push explanations dominate.Population growth is considered a particularly influential push. After several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. Around Sand Canyon, for example, populations grew from 5-12 people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30-50 by the 1200s. As densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s. Competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields.Another important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated with this transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populationstoward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed in the thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.Q1 The word "traumatic" in the passage is closest in meaning toessentialhighly stressfulhighly unusualunwiseQ2 The word "intense" in the passage is closest in meaning tostrongquestionableobviousdeliberateQ3 According to paragraph 1, before the thirteenth century the people of southwesternNorth America lived in households thatshared daily chores with neighboring householdsoccupied dwellings that were built into the sides of cliffswere largely free to conduct their lives as they pleasedenforced common standards of behavior and cooperative conduct within theircommunitiesQ4 Which of the following best indicates the organization of paragraph 1?It presents the conditions that caused a change in a population's living patterns and then explains why those conditions got worse.It identifies certain present-day cultural traditions and rules and then traces them to their roots in the thirteenth century.It casts doubt on one explanation of the move to pueblos and then introduces an alternative explanation that the passage will defend.It describes a major change in a population's living patterns and then presents a numberof problems that resulted from that change.Q5 According to paragraph 3, which of the following was one of the consequences of increasing population densities?People were increasingly crowded into collections of large housing units.People stopped planting crops that have relatively low yields.Domestic buildings were pushed beyond the canyon limits.The natural landscape was destroyed.Q6 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways orleave out essential information.Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arableland to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs,terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s.Some scholars even claim that the intensification of farmers' various efforts during the1200s led to further population growth and the consequent need for more arable land.Evidence of intensifying agriculture in the 1200s indicates a need to feed a larger population and so extends the argument that a growing population was the cause of the move to pueblos.During the 1200s, farmers met the demand for more arable land, but they alsosucceeded in cultivating existing land more intensively with the help of agricultural construction projects.Some scholars feel strongly that the construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces,and field houses in the thirteenth century is independent evidence for growth in thenumber of people.Q7 The word "transition" in the passage is closest in meaning tochangeclimate。

托福TPO24阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

托福TPO24阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO24阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

▉托福TPO24阅读Passage1原文文本：Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from,and how does water leave it?Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers,from underwater seeps and springs,from overland flow off the surrounding land,and from rain falling directly on the lake surface.Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers,by soaking into the bed of the lake,and by evaporation.So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered:how much water enters and leaves by each route?Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river.Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain,as measured(rather roughly)by rain gauges,and the losses by evaporation,measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss.For the majority of lakes,certainly those surrounded by forests,input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect.Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater.Note the word"net":measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.Once all this information has been gathered,it becomespossible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs.If the former are greater,the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake;if the latter,it is a seepage-dominated lake.Occasionally,common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies.For example,a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated.Conversely,a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other,which dries up when the stream dries up,is clearly surface water dominated.By whatever means,a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water:its water does not just sit there,or,anyway,not for long.This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time.The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake,and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake.The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of thefastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.Residence times vary enormously.They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones;Lake Tahoe,in California,has a residence time of 700 years.The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America,namely,Lakes Superior,Michigan,Huron,Erie,and Ontario,are,respectively,190,100,22,2.5,and 6 /doc/7b4002097.html,ke Erie’s is th elowest:although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’s,its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than20 meters on average.A given lake’s residence time is by no means a fixed quantity.It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake,and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate.Climatic change(the result of global warming?)is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario,Canada.In the period 1970 to 1986,rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum,while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate(the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life).The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period.The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences;it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated,and this,in turn,has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.paragraph1:Where does the water in a lake come from,and how does water leave it?Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers,from underwater seeps and springs,from overland flow off the surrounding land,and from rain falling directly on the lake surface.Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers,by soaking into the bed of the lake,and by evaporation.So much is obvious.▉托福TPO24阅读Passage1题目：1.The phrase So much in the passage refers to○the negative eff ects of overland flow,rain,and evaporation on river water levels○water that a lake loses to outflowing rivers,to the lakebed,and to evaporation○the importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levels○the information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lake。

托福TPO24阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßÐ§±¸¿¼ÍÐ¸££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´ÍÐ¸£TPO24ÔÄ¶ÁPassage3Ô-ÎÄÎÄ±¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ ÍÐ¸£TPO24ÔÄ¶ÁPassage3Ô-ÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡Breathing During Sleep¡¡¡¡Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade,changes in respiratory control are most dramatic.Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems,there are even changes in how they function.Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep,making the contractions of the diaphragm more important.Yet because of the physics of lying down,the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job.However,there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.¡¡¡¡During wakefulness,breathing is controlled by two interacting systems.The first is an automatic,metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem.It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide(CO2)and oxygen(O2),and the acid-base ratio in the blood.The second system is the voluntary,behavioral system.Its control center is based in the forebrain,and it regulates breathing for use in speech,singing,sighing,and so on.It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic,metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.¡¡¡¡During NREM(the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement)breathing becomes deeper and more regular,but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate,resulting in less air being exchanged overall.This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic,metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide.Also,during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood.Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep.First,there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms.Second,once sleep is fully obtained,there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.¡¡¡¡But that is not all that changes.During all phases of sleep,several changes in the air passages have been observed.It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing.Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep,especially during REM(the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement).Without this muscular action,inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon¡ªthe narrow passagestend to collapse.Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose.If something blocks the"good"side,such as congestion from allergies or a cold,then resistance increases dramatically.Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.¡¡¡¡Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep.For example,during wakefulness there is an immediate,automatic,adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult(such as breathing through a restrictive face mask).This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep.Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions,resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood,is breathing effort adjusted.Finally,the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing.If the irritation is severe enough,a sleeping person will arouse,clear the airway,then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.¡¡¡¡Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM.The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because,although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular,with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.In addition,breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.¡¡¡¡paragraph1:Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade,changes in respiratory control are most dramatic.Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems,there are even changes in how they function.Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep,making the contractions of the diaphragm more important.Yet because of the physics of lying down,the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job.However,there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.¡¡¡¡¨ ÍÐ¸£TPO24ÔÄ¶ÁPassage3ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1.According to paragraph 1,which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?¡¡¡¡¡ðDuring sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.¡¡¡¡¡ðThe diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.。

托福阅读TPO24（试题+答案+译文）第2篇：BreathingDuringSleep

托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:BreathingDuringSleep为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep，希望大家喜欢!托福阅读原文【1】Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.【2】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.【3】During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and moreregular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.【4】But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.【5】Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparentlycease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.【6】Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning ofthe rib cage.2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:A.It has its control center in the brain stem.B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.C.It is able to bypass the automatic system.D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.consistentB.perfectC.partialD.sole4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.5.What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4)A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep.B.To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleep.C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep.D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can beprevented during sleep.6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPTA.relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system.B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose.C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway.D.absence of certain complex muscle interactions.7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?A.There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.8.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person toA.increase the breathing effort.B.wake up and remove the source of irritation.C.cough while still sleeping.D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping.9.The word considerable (paragraph 5)meaning toA.significant.B.Steady.ual.D.necessary.10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.reduce.B.stop.C.readjust.D.restart.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.paragraph1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■]【A】 Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■]【B】 However, there are manyother changes that affect respiration when asleep.paragraph2: [■]【C】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]【D】The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.13.Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex.D.A great deal of effort is used for breathing.E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.F.There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.1 )WakefulneA B C D E F G2 )SleepA B C D E F G托福阅读答案1.以diaphragm做关键词定位至第三句和第四句，说ribcage运动变少，使得diaphragm更重要，但stomach的压力使得diaphragm工作起来更困难，B是正确答案。

2012年阅读真题解析

2012年试题分析Passage One生词释义1. be popular with sb: 在sb中很受欢迎2. to scorn: （动词）轻视，蔑视=look down uponscornful: (形容词）轻视的3. Los Angeles Unified：洛杉矶联合校区4. across the country: 整个国家= throughout the country5. to revise: 修订，修改6. ritual:（名词）1）仪式，*ancient religious rituals 古代的宗教仪式*the importance of religion and ritual in our lives 我们生活中宗教和仪式的重要性*The lady of the house performs the sacred ritual of lighting two candles.女主人点燃了两根蜡烛，举行了神圣的仪式。

2）（文中含义）惯例* the daily ritual of mealtimes 每天吃饭的惯例* He went through the ritual of lighting his cigar.他习惯性地点了一支烟。

7. flexible: 灵活的，可改变的inflexible: 不可改变的8. to mandate: （及物动词）强制规定* These measures were mandated by the IMF. 国际货币组织强制规定了这些措施。

# mandate that ...规定.....;要求....* Justice mandates that we should treat all candidates equally.正义要求我们平等对待所有的候选人。

9. exception: 例外# with the exception of sth: 除….之外= except* We all laughed, with the exception of Maggie.#without exception 无一例外*Each plant, without exception, contains some kind of salt. 每一种植物都无一例外地含有某种盐。

托福TPO阅读24原文+题目+答案

小编为托福考生们准备了托福阅读TPO24原文,希望各位考生们在TPO真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。

Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it?Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs,from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly onthe lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into thebed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water areconsidered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering theinputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of everyinflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphereare calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, asmeasured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation,measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For themajority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overlandflow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level notexplained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to thenet difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and whatleaks into the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts ofgroundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicatedmatter than merely inferring their difference.Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judgewhether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to itsunderground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakesup to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.。

2012年11月24日托福阅读机经

2012年11月24日托福阅读机经TOPIC 灰草原猴发声(Vervet Monkeys Vocalization)版本一：猴子的vocalization。

三种方式，分别是：1、针对?(忘了是什么动物)，当听到这种alarm call的时候，猴子会爬到树上去;2、针对eagle，当听到这种alarm call的时候，猴子会先向上看天空，然后会躲到丛林里，因为eagle能够从树上抓到猴子，所以猴子是不会爬到树上来避险的;3、针对蛇，这种情况下，猴子们群起而攻击蛇。

然后讲科学家们对猴子的vocalization的研究观察，有说即使没看到predator，猴子们听到alarm call也会做出相应的反应的。

最后讲年轻的小猴子们是怎么学会vocalization的，老猴子们不会特意去训练小猴子们。

一开始，小猴子不会识别友善的还是敌对的动物，比如它们可能误以为鹰是友善的小鸟什么的，但是当它们发出alarm时，老猴子们一般会再巡视下周围，确定是什么predator，然后老猴子会发出正确的alarm，这样，小猴子们也就慢慢学会了正确的vocalization了。

版本二：讲velvert(应该是这么拼吧) monkey，怎么用vocalization传递捕食者的信息，然后对应不同的应对措施，(1。

地上的什么动物(忘了啊。

)，然后它们就躲到树上面2。

天上飞的老鹰，这个就不会像碰到第一种predator那样躲到树顶，3。

草地里的蛇，说如果召唤到足够的帮手就attack 蛇。

)后面还讲那些young monkey使用这种vobal不专业和它们怎么学习这种技巧。

版本三：bio一种猴子Vervet monkey在遇到各种捕猎者时候的向同伴发出的求救信号-大猫-老鹰-蛇还有小猴子学习大猴子模仿;某种猴子会发出三种声音,一种是对付大猫,一种是蛇,一种是鹰,然后说了baby monkey是怎么学会用这种voice alarm的。

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2012年11月24日托福阅读真题解析TOPIC 灰草原猴发声(Vervet Monkeys Vocalization)版本一：猴子的vocalization。

然后讲科学家们对猴子的vocalization的研究观察，有说即使没看到predator，猴子们听到alarm call也会做出相应的反应的。

最后讲年轻的小猴子们是怎么学会vocalization的，老猴子们不会特意去训练小猴子们。

版本二：讲velvert(应该是这么拼吧) monkey，怎么用vocalization传递捕食者的信息，然后对应不同的应对措施，(1。

地上的什么动物(忘了啊。

)，然后它们就躲到树上面2。

天上飞的老鹰，这个就不会像碰到第一种predator那样躲到树顶，3。

草地里的蛇，说如果召唤到足够的帮手就attack 蛇。

)后面还讲那些young monkey使用这种vobal不专业和它们怎么学习这种技巧。

这篇文章的主要部分与2002年5月SAT阅读真题内容基本一致，真题原文请见下。

Vervet Monkey Vocalizations[1]TOPIC 古埃及战后的社会变化和外来文化的影响版本一：埃及在经历独立解放战争和领土扩张战争后，社会的一些变化。

一是关于艺术和宗教的变化，外来的god和本地的god不同(有说god的问题比较好解决，因为都是关于natureforce;还有说本地的god 影响会变小);二是关于权利拥有者的变化(temple 宗教势力获得了大量的战争reward从而财富增加，另外士兵军事势力的增大)，三是具有争议的，king 是代表god独立行使权利(central)，还是king需要教士、宗教势力的辅助来管理国家?版本二：Egypt被外来文化的影响，什么temple，milirary，它们的god的地位的变化，，，云云。

没怎么理解。

版本三：历史类，Egypt的战争扩展领土后对社会的影响;埃及的文化以及国王;埃及自从别的国家扩张以来,各种文化艺术power都被影响。

Ancient Egypt[3]New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, and Late PeriodThe first king of the 18th Dynasty, Ahmose I, completed the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt, which his brother Kamose had begun. Once again, the south united a fractured land, giving rise to the New Kingdom (about 1550-1070 bc). During Ahmose’s reign, which lasted from about 1550 to 1525 bc, the central government was reestablished, the economy improved, and Egypt’s borders were extended to the south and east. H is reign set the stage for the continuing expansionist activities of the kings who followed. During the 18th Dynasty, Egyptians began using the term pharaoh (literally “great house,” a reference to the palace) to refer to their king. At its zenith, Egypt under the 18th Dynasty controlled an area that extended south into what is now Sudan and east into the Middle East. Much of this imperial expansion is credited to Thutmose III, the dynasty’s fifth king, who extended Egyptian control farther than had any other ruler. Thutmose III began his reign as a coregent in 1479 bc but ruled alone after the death of Hatshepsut, his stepmother, who ruled from 1473 to 1458 bc. As a daughter of a pharaoh (Thutmose I) and the wife of one (Thutmose II), Hatshepsut took full control of the throne as the ruling pharaoh during her reign. The relationship between her and Thutmose III apparently was one of mutual coexistence. However, late in his reign as sole king, Thutmose III began removing Hatshepsut’s name and images from all painted or carved surfaces, thus expunging her memory for posterity.Amenhotep III, the ninth king of the 18th Dynasty, had a long and fairly peaceful reign of almost 40 years (1391-1353 bc). It was marked by unprecedented wealth, cultural creativity, internal strength, and prominence in the ancient world. The king built a magnificent pleasure palace at Thebes, constructed and decorated huge temples throughout the land, and encouraged a flowering of the arts. The influence and power of the priesthood of Amun also increased in Egypt at this time, but the stature of the ruler remained supreme. In fact, Amenhotep III emphasized his own divinity with a focus on divine birth, as seen in reliefs on the walls of Luxor Temple (portions of which he built) at Thebes and in statues bearing his divine name.Amenhotep IV, the son and successor of Amenhotep III, reigned for less than 20 years (1353-1335 bc). However, his reign represented a focal point in history. He introduced the concept of a single supreme deity, Aton (Aten), the disk of the sun, radically changing the belief systems that had been in place in Egypt for more than 1,000 years. The somewhatmonotheistic religion that he developed was the first yet known. In addition, there are indications that the new religion focused even more on the divinity of the king than ever before. Along with the religious changes came modifications in other areas, such as art, language, and architecture. Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton (“The one who is beneficial toA ton”). He abandoned Thebes and built a new capital at Akhetaton, between Thebes and Memphis. The new capital had innovative plans and structures. For example, temples had no roofs, to let the sunlight in. The art used to decorate its walls displayed a more natural style, and texts composed there used a unique hybrid grammar. Akhenaton's revolution, sometimes known as the Amarna period (after the site of modern excavations of Akhetaton), wasshort-lived, however, and his successors quickly restored the traditional beliefs. Tutankhamun, who some scholars think may have been the king’s son by a minor wife, married the princess Ankhesenamun and succeeded to the throne. He is known to history not so much for reestablishing order after this chaotic period as for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, filled with magnificent treasures.The last pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, Horemheb, was a general under his predecessors. He reigned from 1319 to 1307 bc and set the precedent for the military pharaohs who ruled during the 19th Dynasty, which lasted from 1307 to 1196 bc. The ability to command troops became critical for Egypt’s survival, since rival powers in Asia and elsewhere created difficulties in the coming years. Ramses II, the third king of the 19th Dynasty, ruled for about 67 years, from 1290 to 1224 bc. He battled the Hittites from Asia Minor. The conflict, which at best was a draw, resulted in the first recorded peace treaty. Ramses III, of the 20th Dynasty, was the last of the military pharaohs. He ruled from 1194 to 1163 bc. He had to contend with incursions by both the Libyans from the west and invaders from the Aegean region, known as the Sea Peoples. The remaining kings of the 20th Dynasty were less able to maintain Egypt’s place in the ancient world. During their reigns, as well as those of the kings of the 21st Dynasty, Egypt’s position was eclipsed.During this period of decline, internal problems arose in the form of a struggle for power between the pharaoh and the priesthood. By the beginning of the 21st Dynasty in 1070 bc, Egypt was in another period of transition, the Third Intermediate Period, which lasted until 712 bc. Rival centers were established. Smendes, the first king of the 21st Dynasty, ruled only in the north near Memphis, while a line of high priests at Thebes controlled the south. The 22nd Dynasty (945-712 bc), centered at Bubastis in the western delta, clearly reflected an earlier Libyan presence in Egypt. Its first king, Sheshonk I, who ruled from 945 to 924 bc, even bore the title of Great Chief of the Meshwesh Libyans. Sheshonk I and his successors were able to reunite the country internally, but rival factions arose again with the 23rd Dynasty (828-725 bc). At the same time, the kingdom of Kush in Nubia had been gaining strength, wealth, and power. Soon it controlled much of Egypt, and the Kushites established the 25th Dynasty (770-657 bc).In the north, the 24th Dynasty (724-712 bc) ruled at Sais in the western delta, but it survived for only 12 years.War with the Assyrians brought about the end of Nubian domination (see Assyria). In the 7th century bc, Psamtik I, ruling at first from Sais, reunited the land in 664 bc, ushering in the 26th Dynasty and the Late Period. His reign and those of his successors brought a revival of the traditions of the past and the recapturing of some of Egypt’s former reputation. Unfortunately, the respite lasted only a short time, for in 525 bc the Persians occupied the country (see Persia). The Persian kings were regarded as the 27th Dynasty. The Egyptians were able to regain control in 404 bc, but their last native dynasties ruled under conditions of internal discord and continual external conflicts. The Persians regained control of Egypt in 343 bc. Then, just 11 years later, in 332 bc, Macedonian king Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and annexed it to his Hellenistic empire. When he died in 323 bc, his friend and general Ptolemy became satrap, or governor, of Egypt. In 305 bc he took the title of king of Egypt, thus founding the Ptolemaic dynasty of pharaohs. This line of Hellenistic rulers held power for almost 300 years. Cleopatra VII, the last of them, committed suicide after the Romans defeated her forces at the Battle of Actium in 31 bc. The next year, Egypt was made part of the Roman Empire.What type of government did ancient Egypt have?[4]The pharaoh was the supreme ruler. Egyptologists believe the people of Egypt considered the pharaoh to be half man/half God. However, the ancient belief in "The Divine Right of Kings" assumed that the first child born to the "supreme ruler" was ordained to be king by God because He had effectively determined the person who would be that child. This obviated the need to elect a head of state and is still one of the main reasons why many modern systems of government continue to use this manner of establishing the Head of State today. It is doubtful that any ancient Egyptian believed the king or pharaoh was God. Likewise, no Englishmen ever thought King Charles I was God even though they believed in the "Divine Right of Kings" as many of us still do today. Certainly King Charles I who believed in God never considered himself to be God. However, he did believe God gave him rights to dismiss Parliament. Only when the king behaved really badly did the people or army overthrow the king e.g., after the death of Akhenaten of Egypt.The pharaoh owned all of Egypt, the land and all the people in it. Also, he could order farmers to build pyramids for him when they didn't work. He taxed everything. According to the Bible, this happened after Montuhotep I of the 11th dynasty installed Joseph of Israel ("Inyotef") to be Prime Minister when Egypt was stricken by the terrible seven year famine the whole world suffered in circa 1900 BC. In gratitude to Joseph, the Egyptian kings Montuhotep I and Inyotef I to II named their successor after Joseph.They used something called the SOCIAL PYRAMID to determine your spot. Kind of like the food chain. Slaves were at the bottom (because there were lots of them) then you hadfarmers, then crafts people, then government officials, then soldiers, then pharaoh (smallest space because one person not millions). This is the norm for most societies and is not necessarily unique to Egypt.It depended on the period. During New Kingdom Egypt, the acquisition of an empire meant that the government or administration of Egypt had to become much more refined, structured and efficient. Pharaoh was still the supreme head, but directly under him ruled the two Viziers, of Upper and Lower Egypt, as well as the High Priest (s) of Amun. By repairing the Egyptian chronology problem, we now view Egypt as having two eras which could be named the Old then New Kingdoms or before the "Hyksos" (Old Kingdom, to 1500 BC) and after the Hyksos (New Kingdom, 1000-600 BC). The "acquisition of empire" came with the conquests of Thutmosis III now dated 930 BC not circa 1420 BC.These Viziers held various titles, and were the overseers of public works, including buildings, quarrying and temple repairs. They were the heads of civil service, the collectors of tribute and tax as well as the chief judges. They were chosen by pharaoh himself; "take the office, watch over everything that has to do with it, for the existence of the entire country depends on it".The High Priests of Amun, Ptah and Re were very influential in Egypt, none more so than the ones of Amun during the New Kingdom period. Temples acted as miniature central governments outside Memphis, and were in charge of the stores, maintenance of temple cults, upkeep of the gods, ceremonies, funerary rites and huge amounts of land, cattle grain and crops. Scribes were also an important part of the religious government as they were responsible for writing the records and official documents.When the 18th and 19th dynasties fell (800-680 BC and at various times from circa 600 BC but under foreign suzerainties (Chaldea, Persia, Greece), priest kings sometimes took power in various regions of Egypt. According to the Bible, they retained their land when Joseph took control over privately-held land in the great famine. Unlike in the England of Henry VIII, the religious orders in Egypt kept control over their land.Following the expulsion of the Hyksos at the beginning of the 18th Dynasty, the military became an ever increasingly important part of Egyptian society. Pharaoh was the head of the military, and this period saw the begging to the "Warrior Pharaoh" (e.g., Thutmosis III), who smote his enemies in the name of Amun wearing the Kpresh. The military had its own hierarchy, there were deputy commanders, one for the north and a second for the south, and officers that served underneath them. The military bureaucracy involved anyone that had a hand in organizing war, and included villages of military veterans and the Garrisons within Egypt. The highest ranked soldiers were usually nobles, and had the job of teaching the young princes, (even princesses) and pharaohs the skills or warfare. At home, pharaoh ruled his country with the same absolute power, efficiency and meticulous attention to detail that characterized his command of the army. Pharaoh's power over the civil government no longerrested on his status as a god, but rather on his 'control of the machinery of government, including the army and police'. The central administration occurred in Memphis, but there were separate administration units in towns, villages and provinces. with town majors, police, viceroys and local councils.The structure of New Kingdom government ensured that, apart from pharaoh, there was no single person of entity whose jurisdiction extended over the whole kingdom, let alone the whole empire. The maintenance of a government operating at peak efficiency and free of corruption required the constant supervision of the king to an extent never before required by an Egyptian Ruler.TOPIC 海胆对褐藻的影响版本一：关于一种海洋生物(动物?)对一种海洋植物(类似海藻)数量的影响。