人教版 高中英语选修7 Unit 1 Living well Period three grammar 动词不定式的用法学案

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Period Two Learning about Language 动词不定式的用法

学案

动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时to可以省略。动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能作谓语,但它可以有自己的宾语和状语,在一起构成不定式短语。动词不定式(短语)具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,其句法作用如下:1.作主语

To build the Great Wall took them many years.

建成万里长城花费了他们许多年时间。

To play tricks on others is wrong.

捉弄别人是不对的。

作主语用的动词不定式(短语)常常用it替代,是先行主语或形式主语,真正的主语——动词不定式(短语)放在后面。上面两句可改写为:

It took many years to build the Great Wall.

It is wrong to play tricks on others.

2.作宾语

在begin,continue,hope,decide,want,wish,try,learn,afford,agree,determine,expect,fail,manage,offer,refuse等动词后通常用不定式作宾语。

Doctors tried to save his life.

医生们试图挽救他的生命。

某些及物动词后不能接动词不定式作宾语,只能用动词的-ing形式作宾语,这样的动词有avoid,advise,admit,consider,escape,enjoy,finish,mind,miss,risk,suggest,practise,excuse,imagine,keep等,词组can’t help,put off,give up,look forward to 等。

Have you finished writing the English novel?

你写完那本英文小说了吗?

The old man enjoys listening to music.老人喜欢听音乐。

某些动词既可用动词不定式作宾语,又可用动词的-ing形式作宾语,意义区别不大。

It started to rain/raining.天开始下雨了。

有的及物动词,如like,love,prefer,dislike,hate等后接动词不定式作宾语指一次的、一时的具体动作,接动词-ing形式作宾语指经常性的动作和情况。例如:

Though his income is small,he loves buying/to buy books.

尽管他收入少,却爱买书。

I’d like to have something to drink.

我想喝点东西。(would/should like后只能接动词不定式作宾语,因为想做的是一次的、一时的具体动作)

He preferred staying in the house when it rained.

天下雨时他宁愿呆在屋里。(指经常情况,所以用动词-ing 形式作宾语)

I prefer to stay at home this afternoon.

我宁可今天下午呆在家里。(指具体的、一时的情况,所以宾语用动词不定式)

有几个动词如forget,remember,regret等后面用动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语,意义不同。

Remember to lock the door when you leave the room.

离开房间时记住锁门。(记住去做某件尚未做的事)

I remember seeing him somewhere.

我记得曾在哪儿见过他。(记得自己曾做过某事)

3.作宾语补足语

有些动词如ask,tell,order,cause,allow,want,like,advise,force,permit,prohibit,get等用名词或代词作宾语,后面可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语。

Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.

露西请他把收音机音量开小一点。

It’s no use ordering me to rest when the wounded are waiting.在伤员们等着我的时候,命令我休息是没有用的。

You must get your friends to help you.

你应让你的朋友帮助你。

有些动词如make,let,have,see,hear,watch,observe,notice,feel等需要不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。

The sun makes everything grow.太阳使万物生长。

He will have someone open the door for you.

他会找人替你开门的。

Would you please help me (to) look after Lily?

请你帮助我照顾一下莉莉好吗?(help后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语可带to也可不带to。)

上述各句若变为被动语态,宾语变为主语,宾语补足语则变为主语补足语。动词不定式作主语补足语时,一定要带动词不定式符号to。

He was asked to turn down the radio.

他被要求将收音机音量开小。

They were made to work day and night.

他们被迫日夜工作。

The boy was seen to enter the room.

有人看见小男孩走进房间。

并非所有及物动词都可以后接名词、代词作宾语再加动词不定式作宾语补足语。

I hope you will succeed.我希望你成功。

(不可说:I hope you to succeed.)

I suggested/suggest that he leave at once.

我建议他马上离开。

(不可说:I suggested him to leave at once.)

有些动词如think,consider,believe,know,find,expect等用“to be+形容词或名词”作宾语补足语,to be有时可省略。

We consider you (to be) the best man for the job.

我们认为你是最适合做这项工作的人。

He thought the answer (to be) interesting.

他认为回答有趣。

They found her (to be) an able woman.

他们发现她是个能干的女人。

4.作表语

动词不定式作表语,和连系动词一起构成谓语,表示主语的内容。

To Dr.Bethune,the most important thing is to save lives.

对白求恩大夫来说,最重要的事是挽救生命。

The boy’s wish is to become a scientist.

男孩的愿望是成为一名科学家。

当不定式短语作表语用来解释前面从句中含有do/does/did的精确含义时,to常省略。

What we need to do is reduce our use of energy and use natural forms of energy.

我们所要做的事是减少能源消耗和利用各种天然能源。

The only thing (that) you have to do is (to) press the button.

你所要做的惟一一件事就是按一下按钮。

5.作定语

动词不定式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词或代词的后面。

Let us give him something to eat.

让我们给他一些东西吃。

We have much homework to do tonight.

今晚我们有许多家庭作业要做。

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