现在分词

现在分词

一、现在分词的定义

现在分词是动词的另一种非限定形式。它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。现在分词和宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。

二、现在分词的基本形式

现在分词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。现在分词有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有

注意：现在分词的否定形式：not放在分词的前面，构成“not + 分词”结构。

三、现在分词的句法功能

现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、补足语和状语。

1. 作定语

a burning candle 一只燃烧的蜡烛

a moving report 一场动人的报告

the teacher teaching physics 教物理的老师

注意：（1）单个的现在分词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面；现在分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰词的后面。

This is a very interesting book.

The girl standing there is our English teacher.

(2 ) 及物动词的现在分词一般含有主动的意义。不及物动词作谓语没有被动语态，其现在分词通常不表示主动的概念，而是强调动作正在进行.

The boy standing under the tree is a classmate of mine.

= The boy who is standing under the tree is a classmate of mine.

The girl playing the piano every day teaches himself English.

=The girl who plays the piano every day teaches himself English.

(3) 现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：

Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing)

Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished)

The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us) (4) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：

Those being busy don’t have to go. (应改为Those who are busy don’t have to go.)

His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is)

2. 作表语

现在分词作表语时，多表示主语所具有的特征。一般接在连系动词be﹑get﹑become﹑

look﹑sound﹑feel﹑keep﹑remain﹑seem﹑appear等后面。

The story sounds moving.

The question is puzzling.这个问题不好解答。

现在分词作表语，常见的有：interesting, moving, disappointing, encouraging, exciting, frightening, pleasing, puzzling, surprising, tiring，amazing, boring, discouraging等。

3.作补足语

现在分词常可用在see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, have等后面作宾语不足语。Someone saw the little boy playing by the river. 有人看见这男孩在河边玩。

They have kept me waiting for a long time. 他们让我等了很长时间。

I caught him reading a novel in class. 我发现他在上课时看小说。

上面句子结构变为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，现在分词的位置保持不动，但变成了主语补足语。如上面的句子可变为：

The little boy was seen playing by the river.

I have been kept waiting for a long time.

He was caught reading a novel in class.

注意：“with +宾语+现在分词”结构

Mary left with the machine running.

Tom stayed with his parents helping him.

4. 状语

现在分词短语作状语修饰整个句子，其作用相当于状语从句。表示时间、原因、条件、让步和伴随等情况。当我们使用现在分词作状语时，要特别注意句子的逻辑主语与分词的关系。若动作是主语发出的，分词与主语的逻辑关系为主谓关系时，应使用现在分词表主动。（1）表示原因

Being badly ill, she was sent to hospital. = As she was badly ill, she was sent to hospital.

因为病的很严重，她被送进了医院。

Seeing nobody at home,I decided to come again. = Because I saw nobody at home,I decided to come again.

Not having enough money, I didn’t buy the computer. = I didn’t buy the computer, because I had not enough money.

（2）表示时间。

Arriving at the station, he found the train had left.

= When he arrived at the station, he found the train had left.

Standing on the church tower, we can see the whole town below us.

=When we stand on the church tower, we can see the whole town below us.

注意：①如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when 或while.

Be careful when crossing the street.

While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jack.

②如果现在分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，此时现在分词则用完成式。Having finished his work(= After he finished his work), Henry went home.

③on 接-ing 分词，表示时间，“一……就”

On seeing a policeman, the thief ran away. = As soon as he saw a policeman, the thief ran away. On arriving at the railway station, I bought a return ticket for Beijing.

= As soon as he arrived at the railway station, he bought a return ticket for Beijing.

他一到车站，就买了一张往返北京的车票。

（3）表示条件

Going straight down the road, you will see the post office on your right.

=If you go straight down the road, you will see the post office on your right.