《雾都孤儿》的文献综述
《雾都孤儿》中作者天真乐观主义论文
《雾都孤儿》中作者天真乐观主义论文摘要：在《雾都孤儿》这部作品当中，查尔斯·狄更斯展现了自身的天真乐观主义哲学，同时也在书中表现出了人性当中的真善美，充分地表现出查尔斯·狄更斯对于美好社会和人性的向往。
作品中传达了以诚相待、善良终将战胜邪恶的美好愿望。
通过阅读作品我们能够体会到查尔斯·狄更斯对于人性本善的坚信，人类的内心深处会有着纯洁的泉水，会洗涤掉心灵上的污秽。
《雾都孤儿》这部作品的作者查尔斯·狄更斯，出生于19世纪的英国的普斯茅斯，父母是公司的普通职员。
查尔斯·狄更斯幼年曾经在学校接受过教育，但在十几岁的时候，因为父亲负债进了监狱，家庭经济进入困境。
为了能够生存下去，查尔斯·狄更斯不得不前往伦敦成为一个鞋店作坊的学徒，在这一时期，查尔斯·狄更斯尝尽了生活的艰难困苦，同时也通过在社会底层的生活看尽了人世间的人情冷暖，虽然他接受教育的时间十分短暂，但是却凭借着自己的努力最终成为英国历史上一位非常伟大的作家。
查尔斯·狄更斯一生笔耕不辍，并且凭借着自身的才华和努力写出了很多在英国家喻户晓的经典作品，同时他的作品也对英国的文学发展有着非常积极的影响。
查尔斯·狄更斯去世于1870年，安葬于英国的西敏市，他的墓碑上写着：查尔斯·狄更斯是一个受到压迫、贫穷、受苦人民的同情者，世界上从此失去了一位非常伟大的作家。
在英国文坛，查尔斯·狄更斯被誉为英国当时最为著名的现实主义批判作家，但是也有些学术专家认为查尔斯·狄更斯的許多作品都有着非常浓重的浪漫主义色彩，这种浪漫主义也可以被定义为一种写实的浪漫主义。
查尔斯·狄更斯童年的遭遇和生活状态对于他的作品有着非常重要的影响，我们从他的作品内容中可以发现，他的很多作品主要表达的都是对于社会底层人民生活状态的描写，他十分关注社会当中的弱势群体，通过故事来表现人类内心深处的真善美，所以我们能够发现他的很多作品都有着非常强大的感染力。
雾都孤儿 论文
Key words:Charles Dickens；Critical Realism;Characterization;Typical Literary Image
Contents
2.2.1 Social Background…………………………………………………………………………………..4
2.2.2IdeologicalBackground…………………………………………………………………..…………6
Chapter 1Introduction
SinceOliver Twistwas published, critical realism has become a main stream in literary history. It reflects the people who liveat the bottomof society.These critical realistsof the mid-19thcentury were all honest people and real artists in spite of their limitations in their general point of view on life. By exposing the social injustice and the vices of the upper class, they put their hearts into depicting the miserable existence of the common people; they gavearuthful picture of capitalist England of the time. They followed the fine tradition of their great literary predecessors of 18thcentury realism and early 19th century romanticism. They showed their warm sympathy on those people who suffered a lot.The greatest of the critical realists was Charles Dickens. In his early years, hedid a lot ofwork, these experiencesgave him a good knowledge of the political life of England at that time and it had a far reaching effect upon his lifelong contempt for all the political institutions.
论《雾都孤儿》中人性的善与恶文献综述
论《雾都孤儿》中人性的善与恶文献综述论《雾都孤儿》中人性的善与恶文献综述——以南希为例摘要：《雾都孤儿》是由十九世纪英国批判现实主义小说家狄更斯所著，在该小说中主要是将奥利弗设置为主角，但是笔者认为在本书中刻画得最深刻的人物是却是极具悲情色彩的小人物———南希。
作者在小说中运用了很多精炼的语句来描写南希的性格特征，特别是在人物塑造方面，狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中塑造了一个充满“矛盾”的南希。
本文仅此对南希的身世、性格及爱情观进行论述。
关键词：小说《雾都孤儿》南希双重性格善与恶一、前言《雾都孤儿》一书出版于1938 年，当时的狄更斯仅仅才25 岁，这也是他个人的第二部长篇小说年轻的狄更斯敢于直面当时伦敦社会中冷酷的现实，在小说中对当时的伦敦进行了真实的还原，让读者了到了在这样一个繁华都市的背后，生活在贫民窟的人们的悲惨状态。
本书先介绍了儿童主人公奥利弗特维斯特是狄更斯笔下善良的化身，他拥有许多难能可贵的性格特征。
再次，充分暴露了费金和塞克斯的罪恶形象。
最后，分析了性格复杂的南茜，陷入了良心的发现和对爱人忠诚的两难境地。
为了帮助小奥利弗恢复身份，南希愿意冒着生命危险去通风报信，结果南希被窃贼所抓住，最后被塞克斯无情的杀害。
二、人物形象分析2.1身世对于南希的身世，作品并未进行详实的描述，在南希4、5 岁的时候，她就已经在饿死或者做贼求生两者中进行选择，当南希求助无门的时候，最终被盗贼头子费金所发现并抓了回去。
费金是一个专门训练儿童做扒手的魔鬼，在南希还是个孩子的时候，费金就要求她到街上去行窃，南希在成长的过程中总是以寒冷肮脏的街道为家，她凄凉的身世直接决定了她未来性格的形成，而性格在最后决定了她的悲惨命运。
她在小说中首次出现时已有十七八岁，且早已沦为二号贼首塞克斯的情妇。
例如在南希施计找回行窃意外失踪的小奥利弗后，费金对其一顿暴打，此时南希不顾一切，夺下棍子扔进火堆，并与贼首费金进行了激烈对话。
此时南希触景生情，痛苦不已，哭诉着自己悲惨而不堪回首的童年往事：“……你这个无赖!”她说，“……我不到他一半年纪的时候就替你去偷，打从那时起干这个臭行当十二年了……”主人公小奥利弗年仅9岁，可见如今正处在花一般年纪的她，在如此恶劣的环境下为了生存为虎作伥已达十几年之久。
雾都孤儿
《雾都孤儿》之简略见解中文摘要：《雾都孤儿》是本世家名著，作者是查尔斯·狄更新，它讲述的是发生在19世纪的一个动人的故事。
书中的主人翁奥利弗·特威斯特是一个孤儿，他出生在济贫院，出生不久他的妈妈就死了。
后来，他被当作一件物品被送来送去，受尽折磨，直到最后遇到一位善良的布朗洛老先生，这位先生收留了他，从此过上了好的生活。
读完这本书，我的心情久久不能平静。
可怜的奥利弗在已经失去亲人的痛苦下，受了这么多折磨。
真不知道在他瘦弱的身体下，有着怎样的意志，能使他坚持不懈，使他在饥饿、寒冷、孤独下顽强斗争，向美好的生活前进。
最令我感动的是奥利弗遇到强盗集团的那段经历。
奥利费在路上走上了七天七夜，饥饿难忍，疲倦不堪。
他遇到杰克一个小偷。
杰克把奥利弗带到了贼窝，小偷们想把奥利弗训练成一个小偷。
但奥利弗受尽折磨也不愿意，逃了出来。
读到这，我心中油然而生敬佩之情。
关键词：奥利弗人性真善美一，《雾都孤儿》之简介（一）《雾都孤儿》之背景简介狄更斯在文学创作中所表现出的仁爱思想有其深刻的生活、社会和宗教根源。
首先,狄更斯艰难的现实生活经历奠定了他仁爱思想的生活基础。
1812年,狄更斯出生在英国朴兹茅斯的一个小职员家里,12岁时父亲因债务入狱,家庭陷入困境。
生活所迫的他开始在鞋油作坊当学徒,曾经坐在橱窗里包装鞋油罐,为老板当活动广告。
后来,狄更斯又先后做过律师事务所的实习生、民事法庭的访员、报馆的新闻记者,为谋生历尽艰辛和磨难。
青年时的苦难经历使他有机会广泛接触英国社会生活,了解下层人民的疾苦,年轻的作家心中初步萌发仁爱思想。
艰辛的现实生活赋予了狄更斯仁爱的思想,为其日后文学创作奠定了爱的基调。
（二）《雾都孤儿》之人物简介小说的主人公奥利弗·退斯特，是一名生在济贫院的孤儿，忍饥挨饿，备受欺凌，但他始终保持着一颗善良的心。
奥利弗、南希、罗斯小姐都是善良的代表，他们都出生于苦难之中，在黑暗和充满罪恶的世界中成长，但在他们的心中始终保持着一偏纯洁的天地，一颗善良的心，种种磨难并不能使他们堕落或彻底堕落，发而更显示出他们出污泥而不染的光彩夺目的晶莹品质。
雾都孤儿论文
雾都孤儿论文1. 引言《雾都孤儿》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯创作于19世纪的一部小说，被广泛认为是维多利亚时代小说的典范之作。
该小说以浓厚的社会现实主义风格展现了工业革命时期伦敦的贫困和社会不公。
本论文旨在对《雾都孤儿》的主题、人物塑造、社会描写等方面进行分析和探讨。
2. 主题分析《雾都孤儿》的主题主要集中在对贫困人民的关注和对社会不公的揭示上。
狄更斯通过描写贫民窟中的孤儿奥利弗的遭遇和奋斗，展现了工业革命时期贫穷无助的人们所面临的艰辛生活。
小说通过奥利弗的经历，呼吁社会对贫困阶层给予关注和援助，并对社会不公进行了深刻的揭示。
3. 人物塑造《雾都孤儿》中的人物形象鲜明丰满，对于不同社会阶层的人物进行了精细的刻画。
其中，奥利弗这一主角形象是整部小说的核心。
他是一个单纯善良的孤儿，对待他人总是充满了善意和正直。
奥利弗的形象反映了社会中受压迫的弱势群体的纯真和正义感。
与奥利弗形成鲜明对比的是小偷首领费金。
费金是一个狡猾聪明、阴险狠毒的人物，他与奥利弗的对比反映了社会中的善与恶的斗争。
狄更斯通过费金刻画了社会中那些不择手段追求个人利益的人物。
4. 社会描写《雾都孤儿》通过对伦敦社会的描写，展现了工业革命时期的社会现实。
小说中的伦敦被描绘为一个充满恶劣环境和不公平现象的城市。
贫民窟的贫困和犯罪氛围对比明显，显示了社会的不平等。
小说中描写的孤儿院，则体现了工业革命时期对弱势群体的冷漠和漠视。
孤儿院的管理者对于孤儿们缺乏关爱和呵护，在小说中形成了鲜明的对比。
5. 主题的现实意义《雾都孤儿》所展现的社会现实问题在当今社会仍然存在着。
贫困与社会不公是全球范围内面临的严重问题。
小说中对贫困人群的关注和呼吁为我们提供了借鉴和启示。
本书通过塑造奥利弗的形象，唤起人们对于社会弱势群体的关注与关心，促使读者思考我们对于社会不公的态度和行动。
在当代社会中，我们也可以通过捐赠、志愿者服务等方式，为贫困人群提供帮助和支持。
从雾都孤儿看狄更斯的人道主义文献综述
Foreign Studies on Oliver Twist:Dickens is such a great writer that a good many important studies of him and his Oliver Twist have appeared. These studies approach Dickens from various perspectives. Some scholars concentrate on Dickens's life, represented by Edgar Johnson's Charles Dickens:His Tragedy and Triumphs in which the writer consider his life is just like the life in his novels,full of tragedy and comedy. Other scholars have explored Dickens's writing features,characters and techniques in Oliver Twist. For example, George Gissing published Charles Dickens:A Critical Study in 1898. There are also some scholars who have studied the relation of Dickens works to the political, moral, and social realities of the Victorian Age, like in George Newlin's Everything in Dickens:Ideas and Subjects Discussed by Charles Dickens in his Complete Works.Domestic Studies on Oliver Twist:In recent years a good many important studies of Dickens's Oliver Twist have appeared. These studies have approached Oliver Twist from the diverse points of view, though there has been generally an implicit agreement that the novel represents Dickens's critical realism idea. One can distinguish several different modes of approach in these recent studies, though there is of course a good deal of overlapping. Some scholars have examined the fact that the creation of the children characters has a close relationship with both Dickens's personal background, especially his childhood experience, and social background. Some scholars have explored Dickens's wish for social reform. Other scholars have examined Dickens's humanitarianism. Still others have explored Dickens's criticism of British industrialization and the New Poor Law.However, so far, few scholars pay close attention to children's education and federation in the novel. There is also no papers talk about the image of person that Dickens created to show his humanity. Dickens throws tremendous energy into his creation of children, most of whom are deserted children. Dickens appeals to the common experience of the reader, to arouse the sympathy of the readers and led them to the thought of moral issues such as humanity.。
雾都孤儿论文
雾都孤儿论文引言《雾都孤儿》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）于1859年出版的一部小说。
故事以维多利亚时代的伦敦为背景，展现了工业化时代底层社会的贫困、孤儿的辛酸命运以及社会不公平的现象。
本论文将从几个方面分析《雾都孤儿》的主题和呈现手法，探讨狄更斯在本书中对于社会问题的关注和批判。
1. 伦敦工业化背景下的贫穷与社会不公《雾都孤儿》的故事发生在伦敦的底层社会，对于当时的工业化城市伦敦来说，社会问题非常突出。
贫困、失业、犯罪等问题随处可见，形成了一幅底层社会的真实写照。
2. 孤儿命运的描绘与抗争小说中的主要角色奥利弗·特威斯特（Oliver Twist）是一个孤儿，他的出生和成长经历展示了当时贫苦孤儿的悲惨命运。
无论是被迫偷窃，还是深陷黑暗的犯罪活动，奥利弗都在对抗辛酸的人生，追求自己的真正目标。
3. 家庭与友情的力量虽然在故事中奥利弗身处困境，但他也结识了一些真挚的朋友和寄养家庭，这些人的帮助不仅仅给予奥利弗生活上的支持，更注入了他战胜困境的力量。
4. 人性的光明面与黑暗面小说中的人物形象丰满多样，既有善良正直的人，也有恶毒自私的人。
通过对人性的刻画，作者展现了人性中光明面和黑暗面的斗争。
同时，他也用一些道德高尚的角色，如奥利弗和布朗罗先生（Mr. Brownlow），来传递人性美好的力量。
5. 社会底层人民的团结与斗争《雾都孤儿》中底层人民团结一心，进行反抗和斗争的描写让读者感受到了底层人民的力量和无畏精神。
狄更斯通过这样的描写来强调社会底层人民应该团结起来，共同面对不公正的现象，争取自己的权益。
结论通过对《雾都孤儿》主题和呈现手法的分析，我们可以看到狄更斯在这部小说中对于工业化时代伦敦底层社会问题的关注和探讨。
小说以其真实的描写和引人深思的故事情节引起了社会的广泛关注，为改善社会底层人民的生活条件增加了一份力量。
同时，本书也成为了狄更斯最具代表性的作品之一，为英国文学史留下了浓墨重彩的一笔。
雾都孤儿小论文
雾都孤儿小论文众所周知，狄更斯是十九世纪英国著名的小说家，他在英国文学史上享有非凡的胜誉。
他是他所处的那个时代的犀利的社会批评家。
«雾都孤儿»是他的代表作之一。
«雾都孤儿»中南希这个人物有无比丰富复杂的内心世界，又是一个矛盾的集合体，她兼有了善良与邪恶，美德与丑陋，正是这种矛盾的性格给她带来了不幸。
在这部小说中，她是一位悲惨的可怜的人物，是伤感的典型代表。
她是一个失去父母双亲的孩子，被费金收留后并从此迫使成为了小偷。
后来，在她长大成人之后，她又被转手给了赛克斯这样一个野蛮粗俗的强盗做了情妇。
她的整个一生，都被牢牢地攥在这些男人手中。
尽管在这部小说中南希不是主要人物，但是她却扮演了一个关键的角色。
她和我们的英雄主人公—奥利佛的命运息息相关。
奥利佛的最终获救都要归功于她的行动：送信给露丝并且与露丝和布朗罗会面。
另一方面，她又是邪恶团伙当中的一员，并忠于她的组织。
在贯穿整部小说的过程当中，她都没有一条清楚的界线。
她那身份和性格的复杂性使得她形成了独一无二的个性特。
尽管南希下手参与了绑架奥利佛，但是她对奥利佛示以同情并尽其所能来保护他：对于奥利佛，她是绑架奥利佛犯罪集团的主要同谋。
在街上截获并劫持了奥利佛，然后把他带回到了洞穴里。
从某种程度上来说，正是南希又把奥利佛送到了抢劫犯的手中。
费金正是通过南希的帮助才重新得到了奥利佛，从此奥利佛的悲惨生活从新开始了。
然而，在把奥利佛带回到费金的住处之后，她又竭尽所能地来保护他。
因为奥利佛想逃跑，所以费金就用一根棍棒来鞭打他，这时南希就象一个姐姐那样，她毫不顾及她自己的安危来保护着奥利佛，因为看到他，她就仿佛看到了他那个年纪的自己。
南希有一个营救奥利佛的好的愿望想法，但是她又始终报有对邪恶团伙的忠诚，她所做的一切都是为了保证奥利佛的安全——当他被坏蛋虐待的时候做他的保护神，窃听孟可司和费金之间的谈话，拜访露丝，与露丝和布朗罗会面。
雾都孤儿——正文、结论和参考文献
1IntroductionCharles Dickens, the greatest representative of English critical realism. He is particularly famous for his vivid comic characterizations and his forceful social criticism. By exposing the social injustice and the vice of the upper classes and by depicting the miserable existence of the common folks, Dickens gives a truthful picture of capitalist England of the time, shows his warm sympathy for the suffering board mass of people and voices popular discontent. Charles Dickens had the gift of imagination insight, a playwright’s ear for dialogue and, above all, an ability to sum up a scene or a character in a wholly original but startling exact image.(Peters,2007,201) Oliver Twist is one of his most typical works.Like many of his later novels, its central theme is the hardship faced by the dispossessed and those of the outside of society. Oliver Twist provides insight into the experience of the poor in 1830s England. The passion behind Oliver Twist touched his contemporary readers.2 Nancy’s Love and Sorrow in Oliver Twist2.1Goodness and Love in Nancy's Soul2.1.1 Kindness towards Oliver TwistNancy is a character who has both good and evil sides. Before she meets Oliver, she is a prostitute and is immersed by her society. Oliver’s arrival inspires her inner goodness.She doesn’t want her own today become O liver’s tomorrow. In order to help the poor boy, Nancy does her best to resist Sikes, despite Sikes is her lover.“You’ve got the boy , and what more would you do? Let himbe —let him be. I won’t stand by and see the poor boy be punished,”said Nancy(Dickens,2007:92)Eventually, Nancy has been trying to prevent Oliver from being kidnapped a second time, but she has managed to keep Sikes’s name out of it. Sikes thinks that Nancy has informed on him, so Sikes kills the poor girl. Nancy risks her life to help Oliver which isthe most noble acts of the kindness in the story.2.1.2 Love towards Bill SikesNancy’s love for Sikes exemplifies the moral ambiguity of her character .In her opinion, devotion to a man can be “a comfort and a pride” under the right circumstances. But for Nancy, such devotion is “a new means of violence and suffering”. Nancy is Sikes’s lover, though Sikes let Nancy do many evil things, Nancy loves Sikes sincerely. In order to stay with Sikes, she gives up the chance to escape.“I must go back,” said Nancy with tears in her eyes,“Because I can’t leave one of them. He will die withoutme”(Dickens,2007:180)When the moment that Sikes wants to kill her comes, she still believes in their love. She hopes Sikes can feel her affection and give up doing evil things. However, Sikes kills her at last.“Bill, dear Bill, you won’t kill me, will you? Bill, for God’ssake, for your own , and for mine, don’t kill me for Ihave been true to you.”(Dickens,2007:208)2.2 Degeneration and Evil in Nancy’s Behavior2.2.1 Degeneration in her BehaviorsNancy starts to steal when she is very young and later she becomes Sikes’s lover. What’s more, She is immersed in the vices condemned by her society. She also likes drinking. Many signs indicates that Nancy’s behavior is degenerating. Maybe it is the dark living environment that causes Nancy’s degeneration in her behaviors. Though she grows up in such complex environment, she has a pure heart.“I stole things for you when I was a child not half as old asthis boy! I have been a thief for twelve years since.”(Dickens,2007,85)2.2.2 Evil in her BehaviorsNancy is a thief. She helps Sikes do many evil things. She succeeds in takingOliver out of the police to make Oliver become thief again. What’s more, when Oliver wants to move her and flees away, she warns Oliver not to have this kind of ideas.“You see he knows me!” cried Nancy. “Who can make himcome home? There’re good people, or he’ll kill his motherand father, and break my heart!”(Dickens,2007:102)2.3Tragedy of her LifeWith Fagin and Bill Sikes, she is evil and corrupt, yet she cares for Oliver so profoundly that it results in her death. In reality, Nancy has been trying to prevent Oliver form being kidnapped a second time, but she has managed to keep Sikes’ name out of it. Fagin, furious at what she has done, lies to Sikes, and makes it sound as if she informed on him, knowing that this will probably result in her being murdered and thus silenced. Nancy commits one of the most noble acts of kindness in the story when she ultimately risks her life to help Oliver. Her character represented Dickens’s view that man, however tainted by society, could still retain a sense of good.Though Nancy died, her nature of goodness is one of the most necessary character for a person. As the famous sayings goes, the fragrance always stays in the hand that gives the rose.ConclusionNancy comprehends and is capable of both good and evil. Her kindness towards Oliver Twist and her love towards Bill Sikes reflect her beauty in the soul. However, there is much degeneration and evil in Nancy’s behaviors. She likes to drink and helps Sikes do many evil things and so on. Eventually she risks her life to save Oliver’s life and she is killed by her lover. She is kind-hearted, but her ending is a tragedy.‘Goodness, of all virtues and dignities of the mind, is the greatest, being t he character of the Deity, and without it, man is a busy, mischievous, wretched thing, no better than a kind of vermin.’ (Francis,2004:208) Nancy is a noble people, she helps others and also helps herself.References[1] Dickens,Charles. Oliver Twist. [M] London: Tom Doherty Associates,LLC, 1998.[2] 董学文,《西方文学理论史》。
雾都孤儿文学介绍
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他笔下的人物形象丰富多彩，充满
生命力
《雾都孤儿》中的奥利弗、费金、
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邦布尔等角色，都以其鲜明的个性
和生动的表演，深入人心
狄更斯通过这些人物，展现了社会
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的善恶与矛盾，激发了读者对社会
公正的深思
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叙事风格
叙事风格
狄更斯的叙事风格独特而引人入胜，
01
他以其幽默、讽刺和感人的笔触，
成功地吸引了大量读者
着深远的影响
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结语
结语
《雾都孤儿》是英国文学的 一部经典之作，它以其生动 的描绘、深入的社会剖析和 鲜明的人物形象，成为了世 界文学的瑰宝。这部小说展 示了19世纪英国社会的各种 问题和不公，挑战了当时的 道德价值观，并激发了人们 对社会改革的思考。它不仅 展示了狄更斯的卓越才华， 也展现了英国文学的独特魅
2
3
以下是对《雾都孤儿》及其所代表的英国文学的一些深入介绍
1
查尔斯·狄更斯
查尔斯·狄更斯
1
查尔斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens)是英国维多利亚 时代最著名的作家之一， 被誉为"英国文学的灵魂"
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他以对社会现象的敏锐观察和批判 而闻名，用生动的人物描绘和极富 表现力的叙事风格，揭示了19世纪
雾都孤儿文学介绍
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1 查尔斯·狄更斯 3 小说主题 5 叙事风格 7 社会影响
2 《雾都孤儿》的故事背景 4 人物塑造 6 英国文学特色 8 结语
雾都孤儿文学介绍
1
《雾都孤儿》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯的一部深具影响力的作品
这部小说深刻地描绘了19世纪英国社会的底层生活，以其生动的人 物塑造和细腻的社会环境描绘，赢得了读者和评论家的一致好评
雾都孤儿研究背景
研究背景狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》自问世以来就引起了巨大反响，对其进行的研究不一，但多数都是被其深刻的人物描写和美好愿望的表达所震撼。
至今，与它有关的研究依然层出不穷。
研究现状国外研究现状：在国外学者如Gilbert Keith Chesterton 在1911年曾发表过Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens文集，George Gi ssing 曾发表过Parentage and Inheritance in the Novels of Charles Dickens,还有一些外国大学的文学课堂也不断地在深入研究着狄更斯的作品，其中最有名的可以数美国的加州大学。
他们有着专业的教授对狄更斯的作品进行透彻的分析，同时每年举办一次有关狄更斯的年会探讨最新的研究成果。
国内研究现状：我了解到目前国内有许多院校对《雾都孤儿》进行着研究。
20世纪80年代对《雾都孤儿》的作者研究已经有了相当的发展，例如：上海译文出版社1989年出版的罗经国的《狄更斯评论集》本书选译了欧美一些著名作家和评论家对狄更斯的评论这些评论文，按照发表的年代，大致可以分为三个时期。
第一个时期是狄更斯在世时人们对他的评论。
第二个时期是从1870年狄更斯逝世到20世纪40年代。
狄更斯的好友和遗嘱执行人约翰·福斯特所写的狄更斯传记中关于狄更斯童年时代的两章，也作为附录译出，附在本书最后。
第三个时期是第二次世界大战以后英、美作家和评论家的文章。
各派评论家对狄更斯的评价很不相同。
20世纪90年代，中南民族大学刘精香的“《雾都孤儿》中南希形象剖析”一文从《雾都孤儿》的一个次要人物南希入手，对她的性格特点进行了全面分析，并指出这个人物在整个故事发展中的作用。
同时，文章根据南希的遭遇，深入探索了她的心路历程。
这不但能引起读者对这位迷途知返的“女贼”的同情，更有助于我们认识她所处的那个社会的真面目。
论文--《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义
《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义摘要：查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪维多利亚时期英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家，《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯的一部批判现实主义的杰作。
在《雾都孤儿》中狄更斯以奥利弗·退斯特的经历为线索，向人们展示当时穷人们的悲惨生活并揭露和批判济贫法的虚伪和童工制度的残酷，并向穷人表达深切的同情，这些值得我们现代人仔细品读和反思。
本文从《雾都孤儿》创作的历史背景及作家的生平出发，分析了维多利亚时期批判现实主义的特征及其在《雾都孤儿》中的具体体现。
关键字：查尔斯·狄更斯《雾都孤儿》维多利亚时期批判现实主义Critical Realism in Oliver TwistAbstract: Charles Dickens is one of the greatest representatives of English critical realism writers in the 19th century. Oliver Twist is a masterpiece of critical realism of Charles Dickens. In this novel Char les Dickens took Oliver’s experience as a clue showing the miserable life of the poor, exposing and criticizing the hypocritical Poor Law and the cruel child labor institution, as well as showing sympathy to the poor and appealing the upper to help the poor. This novel is worth to be read and researched，the phenomenon that was criticized by Charles Dickens are worth to be reflected upon by modern people. This paper will analyze the historical background, the life of the author and the features of critical realism in Victorian age as well as how did those features showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.Key Words: Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Victorian age Critical RealismContentsIntroduction (1)1 Critical realism in the age of Victoria (1)1.1 The historical background (1)1.2 Introduction of critical realism (2)2 Charles Dickens and Oliver Twist (3)2.1 Introduction of Charles Dickens (3)2.2 Introduction of Oliver Twist (3)3 Critical realism in Oliver Twist (4)3.1 Criticism on the hypercritical Poor Law (5)3.2 Criticism on the child labor institution. (6)3.3 Criticism on the crime (7)3.4 Sympathy to the poor (8)Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Critical Realism in Oliver TwistIntroductionCharles Dickens, the greatest representative of English critical realism, was born in 1812.At that time, a great many of corruptive institutions and a lot of injustices appeared. Charles Dickens was not satisfied with the society and attacked the social reality with his pen. Oliver Twist is the production of this period and reflects the time. Oliver Twist is the second novel of Charles Dickens, and also his masterpiece of critical realism. In this novel Charles Dickens used the way of critical realism to reveal a dark corruptive society which caused a lot of poor and crimes and took Oliver’s experience s as a clue showing the miserable life of the poor, exposing and criticizing the hypocritical Poor Law and the cruel child labor institution. At the same time, Charles Dickens showed his sympathy to the poor and appealed the upper to help the poor. It is worth to be read and researched，the phenomenon that was criticized by Charles Dickens are worth to be reflected upon by modern people. This paper will analyze the historical background, the life of the author and the features of critical realism in Victorian age as well as how did those features were showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.1 Critical realism in the age of VictoriaMarxism believes in that works always exists in time and space, the history and the society, and it must have social dimension and the mark of the historical period in which the work was created. So firstly this paper should tell the history background, then, the features of the critical realism will be understood better.1.1 The historical backgroundThe intensifying of Market competition caused a large number of the poor, the inequality and poverty phenomena appeared in the society of England. In the heyday of laissez-faire capitalism bourgeois despised human rights and treated the employees and poor people inhuman. They believed in that poverty was caused by personallaziness, so the responsibility should be taken personally. With such ideas as a guide, in the year of 1834, driven by the industrial bourgeoisie, the government established a Poor Law. According to this law the government built workhouses everywhere in the country and people, whoever without source of income, and needed social relief, were forced to enter into the workhouse.H owever, the helped were forced to do numerous hard physical labors. Furthermore, the living conditions inside was extremely harsh. Bourgeois believed that if the living condition of relieved people was equivalent to the people who earn one's own living, then, the relief system would fundamentally make all the people lose motivation to work hard and diligently. If this system was really carried out and established as the supplement, an organized labor system to force those without the portrait of independence to work like a dog was needed. It was visible, that these methods actually bring “relief for the poor”into “means punishing the poor”.The ultimate goal was to get rid of burden of poor rate and provide sufficient labor source for the capitalism production. Capitalists, in order to seek the maximum profit, always increased the labor hours, improved labor intensity, and reduce wage, and e ven hired women and children by giving lower wages. Various savage scenes in coal mines: women and children worked under the cruel condition of long hours with no safety facilities and under bad health conditions that was extremely sickening.Critical realism was just the production of the social background.1.2 Introduction of critical realismWith changing of relations and the intensifying of the Social conflicts between the labor and the capital, reality is so far removed from the belief of utopia of Enlightment age. A lot of insight writers popped up using their pens to re-examine the relations between class and the social institution, and mercilessly exposed and criticized corruptive system and overflowed egoistic moral values and sins. From a humanitarian standpoint expected deep sympathy to the unfortunate people. Under the circumstance critical realism was raised up and became the main stream of Victorian age in the field of literature. Generally speaking, the features of the critical realism are: 1) exposing and criticizing the social darkness and corruption, 2) showing sympathytowards the poor, and appealing the society to help the poor, and 3) coming up with some improvement measures to solve the contradictions, which often can not solve the problem thoroughly. Those features are the reflection of the social background of Victorian age. So, how those features showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens?2 Charles Dickens and Oliver TwistBefore analyze that how the critical realism showed in Oliver Twist, this paper will tell the life of the writer’s that makes him witness the true life of the poor and the whole society and put them in the story of the Oliver Twist. Then we can easily understand the reason of the forming of critical realism writing style of Charles Dickens.2.1 Introduction of Charles DickensCharles Dickens born Feb. 7, 1812, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng.-died June 9, 1870, Gad's Hill, near Chatham, Kent is considered the greatest of the Victorian period and an outstanding writer of critical realism in the history of English literature. He is regarded by Marks as the top one in the list of ‘the splendid novelists in modern Engl and’. The defining moment of Dickens's life occurred when he was 12 years old. With his father in debtors' prison, he was withdrawn from school and forced to work in a shoes-polish factory in London. He was forced to work 10 hours a day.This experience in his childhood let him witness the misery life of the low. In Oliver Twist Dickens told the story following the step of and from the view of Oliver Twist’s to reflect and criticize the contemporary society and show Dickens’ sympathy to the poor.2.2 Introduction of Oliver TwistOliver Twist was born Orphaned for his mother’s death in child-birth and his father’s conspicuous absence, and he is brought up in workhouse by little food, where Oliver breeched regulations by requesting more gruel, and was sold to an undertaker after an abuse as a punishment. While in the service of the undertaker, Oliver was abused by Noah Claypole, and ill-treated by the undertaker’s for attacking Noah whoinsulted the orphan’s late mother. The orphan decided to flee from the un dertaker. And he arrived in London, finally.Oliver encountered Jack Dawkins, therefore, unwittingly stumbled into the thieves association leaded by a Jewish criminal named Fagin. When, Oliver goes out for a pick-pocketing with two of Fagin’s underlings wi thout knowing of what they would do. Oliver was accused of stealing by misunderstanding. He was eventually freed from accusation and put under the nurturing custody of an old gentleman named Mr. Brownlow (an old friend of Oliver's father), who he was previously thought to have stolen, after falling ill in court. Oliver resided with Mr. Brownlow in great happiness. His bliss, however, was interrupted when Nancy kidnapped him according to the order of Fagin and Oliver was employed in an illegal operation which was carried by Bill Sikes, a violent thief uses the boy to break into a house via a small window. Oliver intentionally went wrong to inform the host of the house where Sikes wanted to rob, however, Oliver is shot. After being abandoned by Sikes, wounded Oliver ended up under the care of the people he had attempted to rob: Rose Maylie and the elderly Mrs. Maylie.Meanwhile, a mysterious man named Monks (half brother of Oliver) had found Fagin and was plotting with him to destroy Oliver's reputation for the grabbing the heritage which was belonged to Oliver Twist. Nancy, fearing their intentions, went to Rose Maylie and Mr. Brownlow to reveal their plot. Angry at the notion of his plot being foiled, and believing that she has betrayed him, Sikes murdered Nancy in a fit of rage, and then he accidentally hanged himself. Monks was forgiven by Oliver and be given half of the heritage, however, he died finally by his bed nature. Fagin is arrested and hanged for his misdeeds. Rose Maylie turned out to be the long-lost sister of Oliver's mother.Rose is therefore Oliver's aunt. She marries her long-time sweetheart Harry, and Oliver lives happily with his saviors.3 Critical realism in Oliver TwistOliver Twist is one of the most important social novels in Dickens’ early works. It was the first time that Dickens led readers into a very sad world. This novel whichhad deep effected on the society of that time in England was very popular and admitted by people. The novel mainly talked about little Oliver who suffered a lot in his childhood, and exposed the hypocrisy and cruelty of parish workhouse through the description of the little Oliver’s childhood in it. Dickens drew a realistic picture of the horrible existence in workhouse. One of the important characteristics of the novel is the real and specific description of people who lived at the bottom of society. Their miserable lives are just the vivid reflection of the dark sides of British society. This made a lot of readers at that time get interested in social reform. People started to think about social reasons for all of those criminal phenomena.3.1 Criticism on the hypercritical Poor LawAfter Oliver’s mother’s death in child-birth, Oliver was brought up in a branch of the workhouse, for the children under nine.”the female to whose protecting care Oliver Twist was delivered over, at the very moment when the child had contrived to exist upon the smallest possible portion of the weakest possible food, it did perversely happen in eight and a half cases out of ten, either that it sickened from want and cold, or fell into the fire from neglect, or got half-smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the miserable little being was usually summoned into another world. No one really care whether the life of those children, what the society care was only to save money to feather her nest on the cost of the health and even life of those orphans.Oliver was taken to the workhouse after he was nine, where also ladled the gruel at mealtimes. Of this festive composition each boy had one porringer, and no more--except on occasions of great public rejoicing, when he had two ounces and a quarter of bread besides. The bowls never wanted washing. The boys polished them with their spoons till they shone again; and when they had performed this operation (which never took very long, the spoons being nearly as large as the bowls), they would sit staring at the copper, with such eager eyes, as if they could have devoured the very bricks of which it was composed; employing themselves, meanwhile, in sucking their fingers most assiduously, with the view of catching up any stray splashes of gruel that might have been cast thereon. Lots fell to Oliver Twist, askedfor more gruel for a new comer, a stronger one, who threatened to eat boy, if he could n’t get more.“'Please, sir, I want some more.'The master was a fat, healthy man; but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to the copper. The assistants were paralyzed with wonder; the boys with fear.'What!' said the master at length, in a faint voice.'Please, sir,' replied Oliver, 'I want some more.'The master aimed a blow at Oliver's head with the ladle; pinioned him in his arm; and shrieked aloud for the beadle.”(Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English literature, 2007.)A hungry boy just wanted more gruel, was treated as he committed an impious and profane offence. Oliver remained a close prisoner in the dark and solitary room. As for exercise, it was nice cold weather, and he was allowed to perform his ablutions every morning under the pump, in a stone yard, in the presence of Mr. Bumble, who prevented his catching cold, and caused a tingling sensation to pervade his frame, by repeated applications of the cane.They by any excuse ill-treating these orphans both physically and psychologically while announced that they were doing those for the benefit of those orphans, hypocritically. The experience in the workhouse of Olive Twist, for anyone in this world, even those with stony heart would drop sympathetic tears and the most dignity one will swear the parish beadle. By telling the miserable life of those orphans in the workhouse, Dickens criticized the Poor Law.3.2 Criticism on the chi ld labor institution.After the impious and profane offence for asking more, the workhouse wanted to send him out by cost 5 ponds.At the beginning, Oliver was narrowed to be chimney-sweeping boy. The conversation between the head Mr. Limbkins and Gamfield, chimney-sweep “'Young boys have been smothered in chimneys before now,' said anothergentleman.'That's accuse they damped the straw afore they lit it in the chimney to make 'em come down again,' said Garfield; 'that's all smoke, and no blaze; whereas smoke aren’t no use at all in making a boy come down, for it only sends him to sleep, and that's volt he likes. Boys is very obstinate, and very lazy, Gentlemen, and there's nothing like a good hot blaze to make 'em come down with a run. It's humane too, gentlemen, accuse, even if they've stuck in the chimney, roasting their feet makes 'em struggle to extricate their selves. '’’ (Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English literature, 2007.) This plan failed, then, the workhouse wanted to send him to sea without delay, because the skipper would flog him to death, in a playful mood, some day after dinner, or would knock his brains out with an iron bar; both pastimes being, as was pretty generally known, very favorite and common recreations among gentleman of that class. Young man of great families had such a fate.Finally, Oliver was sent to the undertaker. At there not mention the living place, even the food that nobody will have a notice even dog.These showed that the society ignored the child labor and took them inhuman. For money or for fun the child labors were dead, by accidence or murder, nobody will care and ask. The capitalist took these child labors just as the tool which could make money, but not a living. Dickens showed the reality of the living condition of the child labor to his cotemporary, to appeal to the society to care and help the poor child and criticized the constitution of the child labor.3.3 Criticism on the crime.Fagin, the master mind among the criminals, is as ugly in appearance as he is disgusting in feature. He is not a figure of unmixed simplicity. In Fagin, Dickens has attempted to describe a character displaying some of the complexities of normal human nature. When he is angry, the old man may conform to savage rage, but on ordinary occasions he is satisfied in a critical humor, which earns him the nickname of "the merry old gentleman” Fagi n is outstanding among the thieves. For money, he made lot of younger people steal or rob. It was Fagin who taught the waifs to steal,and brought Oliver Twist back to the thieves den again from Bronlow’s. It was also he who was doing evil things in collusion with Monks, wanted to maintain Oliver among the thieves or hoped Oliver was hanged some day. And it was still he who made the Sikes killed kind Nancy, the girl whose childhood was also ruined by him by being abetted theft. Finally this evil man failed and fell into the jail and sentence to be hanged. In the ending Fagin was dead that wretched painful sadly. Fagin was not only himself, but also the synonym for the crimeBy giving him such an ending, Dickens showed us the attitude to the crime that was the crime would always ended with pain and punishment, people should pursue kind and hate crime.3.4 Sympathy to the poorWhen Oliver worked in the workhouse, they offered service for a poor family. A woman tottered towards the undertaker and said “'She was my daughter,' said the old woman, nodding her head in the direction of the corpse; and speaking with an idiotic leer, more ghastly than even the presence of death in such a place. 'Lord, Lord! Well, it _is_ strange that I who gave birth to her, and was a woman then, should be alive and merry now, and she lying there: so cold and stiff! Lord, Lord!--to think of it; it's as good as a play--as good as a play!’ As the wretched cre ature mumbled and chuckled in her hideous merriment, the undertaker turned to go away. 'Stop, stop!' said the old woman in a loud whisper. 'Will she be buried to-morrow, or next day, or to-night? I laid her out; and I must walk, you know. Send me a large cloak: a good warm one: for it is bitter cold. We should have cake and wine, too, before we go! Never mind; send some bread--only a loaf of bread and a cup of water. Shall we have some bread, dear?' she said eagerly: catching at the undertaker's coat, as he once more moved towards the door.” (Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English literature, 2007.) Death is no longer a desperately pain for the poor, but a normal and a thing that could get bread and a temporarily worm given by cloak from the parish, which would get back after the funeral. What a terrible and terrified reality when death had become common and inevitable to the poor and people care food more than the life of theirclose kin. It was a Human tragedy. It was a profound sympathy to the poor.ConclusionDickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism. The historical background and the experiences in his childhood were all influence his literature creation. His masterpiece Oliver Twist is just the production and reflection of that time. He told a story of the miserable life of Oliver Twist, the orphans who was ill-treated in the workhouse, as child labor or in London slums and even to be taught as thief. It was the reflection of the real social reality witnessed by Charles himself. It aimed at exposing and criticizing the black and the hypocritical society and the institution, and showing his sympathy to the poor and appealing to the upper to help the low. It is a masterpiece of critical realism. It is worth to be read and researched，the phenomena that were criticized by Charles Dickens were worth to be reflected upon by modern people.Bibliography[1]Grebanier Bernard D. N. The Essentials of English Literature. [M] StanfordCA: Stanford UP, Volume 271, 1980.[2]Johnson E. D. H. Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels. RandomHouse Study in Language and Literature Series [M].New York: Random House, 1969.[3] Kaplan, Fred. Dickens: A Biography [M]. New York: Morrow, 1988.[4]Slater, Michael. Dickens and Women [M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1983.[5]Smith, Grahame Charles Dickens: A Literary Life[M]. New York: St.Martin's, 1996.[6]Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English literature [M] Beijing: Foreignlanguage and research press, 2007.[7]安德烈·莫洛亚，朱延生译.《狄更斯评传》[M].太原:山西人民出版社,1984.[8]陈嘉.《英国文学史》( 第三卷 ) [M].北京:商务印书馆 1986.[9]刘炳善.《英国文学简史》[M].郑州：河南人民出版社，1993.[10]王治国.《狄更斯评传》 [M].上海:上海文艺出版社 1991.[11] 赵炎秋.《狄更斯长篇小说研究》[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社 1996.。
雾都孤儿论文 (2)
雾都孤儿论文引言《雾都孤儿》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯于1859年出版的一部小说。
这部小说以维多利亚时代伦敦为背景，讲述了主人公奥利弗·特威斯特（Oliver Twist）在贫困与不公正中成长的故事。
本论文将对《雾都孤儿》中的主题和故事情节进行分析，并探讨其中所揭示的社会问题。
通过对狄更斯的刻画手法和人物形象的研究，我们可以更好地理解这部经典作品对当时社会的批判和影响。
主题分析贫困与阶级《雾都孤儿》中的主要主题之一是贫困与阶级。
小说通过描绘奥利弗作为贫困孤儿的艰辛生活，向读者展示了当时伦敦贫困阶层的困境。
狄更斯通过细腻入微的描写，让读者感受到贫困对人们生活的限制和压迫。
他展示了贫困孤儿们在社会中的边缘化和被剥夺权益的现实。
社会不公与腐败另一个重要的主题是社会不公与腐败。
小说中的人物形象生动地揭示了社会的不公正和腐败现象。
例如，孤儿院院长与贼团头目的勾结，揭示了官僚体制中的腐败问题。
狄更斯借助这些形象，向读者展示了当时社会中的不公平现象，并呼吁改革。
故事情节分析奥利弗的成长与艰辛生活小说以奥利弗的成长经历为主线，通过描写他在孤儿院的生活、逃离孤儿院后的艰苦生活以及后来与贼团的冲突，让读者深入了解了他所经历的困境和考验。
奥利弗的成长故事展示了他对抗不公与贫困的勇气和坚持。
通过奥利弗的生活经历，读者可以看到当时贫困阶层的真实面貌。
人物形象的刻画狄更斯在小说中塑造了一系列丰满的人物形象，使这些角色更具代表性和真实性。
例如，著名的坏蛋比尔·西柏林（Bill Sikes）代表着社会的黑暗面，他的残忍和邪恶展示了贫困和社会不公的恶果。
另一方面，奥利弗的善良和纯洁成为了小说中的亮点，他代表着人性中的光明。
狄更斯的刻画手法描述细腻入微狄更斯的刻画手法以描绘细节精准入微而著称。
他在小说中对人物和环境进行了生动而细致的描写，使读者能够身临其境地感受到故事的场景和情感。
这种描述使小说更加生动，同时也增强了读者对作者所展示社会问题的共鸣和思考。
世界名著简介——雾都孤儿
世界名著简介——雾都孤儿《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯的第一部社会批判小说。
富人的弃婴奥利佛在孤儿院里挣扎了9年，又被送到棺材店老板那儿当学徒。
难以忍受的饥饿、贫困和侮辱，迫使奥利佛逃到伦敦，又被迫无奈当了扒手。
他曾被富有的布莱罗先生收留，不幸让小扒手发现又入贼窝。
善良的女扒手南希为了营救奥利佛，不顾贼头的监视和威胁，向布莱罗报信，说奥利佛就是他找寻已久的外孙儿。
南希被贼窝头目杀害，警察随即围剿了贼窝。
奥利佛终于得以与亲人团聚。
作者风采查理狄更斯(18121870)是19世纪英国最杰出的小说家。
他于1812年2月7日出生在英国南部朴茨茅斯一个小资产阶级家庭。
1832年开始从事文学创作，先后写了歌剧、笑剧、随笔、长篇小说和短篇小说，以长篇小说最为成功。
《雾都孤儿》是这一时期的代表作，此外还有《匹克威克外传》。
从1842年到1848年，是他的创作走向成熟的时期。
这时期他先后到过美国、意大利、瑞士、法国旅游考察。
作品有中短篇小说集《圣诞故事集》和长篇小说《董贝父子》。
从1849年到1870年，是狄更斯创作取得辉煌成就的时期。
他的重要代表作，都是在这一时期写成的。
先后写的《大卫科波菲尔》、《荒凉山庄》、《艰难时世》、《双城记》、《孤星血泪》等长篇小说，这些作品把揭露与批判的矛头直接指向英国的国家制度、政治机构和建立在金钱基础上的社会关系，同时对劳资冲突和工人命运给予了极大的关注。
狄更斯不知疲倦地从事文学创作活动30余年，最后在写作长篇小说《艾德温杜鲁德之谜》的过程中，因劳累过度而猝然逝世，那一天是1870年6月9日。
名人趣闻狄更斯替友还赌债狄更斯有一个面之交的朋友詹姆堂森。
詹姆堂森有次赌钱欠了查利德五千英镑，查利德限他一个星期内还清。
詹姆堂森十分为难，想起了那位一面之交、却待人友善的朋友，就求助于狄更斯，狄更斯满口答应替他还债。
詹姆堂森带了查利德去找狄更斯，只见室内空空荡荡，只有一张床和一张堆满稿纸和酒瓶的桌子，查利德用一种怀疑的口吻问道：詹姆堂森欠我的债你来替还他，是吗?狄更斯答道：是的。
《历史与现实的交织：《雾都孤儿》中的社会问题》
《历史与现实的交织：《雾都孤儿》中的社会问题》1. 引言：1.1 概述：《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯创作的一部经典小说，该作品以维多利亚时代伦敦为背景，通过对社会问题的揭示展现了当时英国社会的现实困境。
小说中所呈现出来的历史与现实的交织，给读者带来了深刻的思考。
1.2 文章结构：本文将以主题“历史与现实的交织：《雾都孤儿》中的社会问题”为线索展开论述。
首先，我们将介绍英国维多利亚时代社会特点，并探讨工业革命给社会带来的问题。
接着，我们将重点探讨小孤儿院中存在的问题，并回顾底层人物生活状况对社会问题的反映。
然后，我们将着眼于富豪和贫穷之间的冲突与对立，分析富人对待贫穷者缺乏同情心与尊重态度引发的问题。
最后，在结论中总结《雾都孤儿》揭示的社会问题对今天仍然具有现实意义，并提出解决这些问题所需的努力。
1.3 目的：本文旨在通过对《雾都孤儿》中所呈现的社会问题进行探讨和分析，揭示维多利亚时代英国社会的现实困境。
同时，我们希望通过这一文学作品，激发人们对当今社会问题的关注与思考，并为解决这些问题提供一些启示。
2. 历史背景:2.1 英国维多利亚时代社会特点:在19世纪的英国，维多利亚时代标志着大规模的工业化和城市化进程。
这个时期以女王维多利亚统治而得名，并持续了整整六十四年。
在这段时间里，英国经历了从传统农业社会到现代工业社会的转变。
维多利亚时代的社会结构极为复杂，不同阶层之间存在巨大差异。
上层社会主要由贵族、地主和富商组成，拥有巨额财富和特权地位。
他们享受着各种优待和特权，过着奢华舒适的生活。
同一时期内，中产阶级也逐渐崛起并取得了相对的社会地位。
其成员包括产业资本家、商人以及一些知识分子。
这部分人群通过努力工作和商业经营积累了财富，并声称其成功是靠个人自愿努力获得的。
然而最底层的民众却遭受极度贫困和剥削。
在城市中，工厂工人面临着恶劣的工作条件、低廉的工资和长时间的劳动。
大量家庭陷入了贫困，生活在拥挤不堪和卫生条件恶劣的贫民窟之中。
《雾都孤儿》：19世纪伦敦社会的贫困与伦理问题
《雾都孤儿》：19世纪伦敦社会的贫困与伦理问题1. 引言1.1 概述《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯创作的一部著名小说，出版于19世纪中叶。
该作品以19世纪伦敦为背景，揭示了社会的贫困问题和伦理难题。
本文旨在深入探讨《雾都孤儿》这部文学作品对于我们理解19世纪伦敦社会贫困与伦理问题的意义。
1.2 文章结构本文将分为五个部分进行阐述。
首先是引言部分，在这一部分中，我们将对文章进行概述，并明确文章的目的。
第二部分将介绍《雾都孤儿》的背景与情境，包括19世纪伦敦社会贫困的概况以及社会道德伦理问题的存在。
第三部分将重点探讨《雾都孤儿》中贫困题材所呈现出来的内容，从主角奥利弗身世、其他角色形象和贫困背景交织等方面进行深入剖析。
第四部分将揭示并思考《雾都孤儿》如何反映了当时的伦敦社会道德伦理问题，并探讨社会对待弱者和穷人态度的反思和呼吁。
最后一部分是结论，总结研究目的的实现，回顾19世纪伦敦社会贫困与伦理问题的重要性，并探讨《雾都孤儿》在当代社会中的启示和价值。
1.3 目的本文旨在通过对《雾都孤儿》这部作品进行深入分析，展示19世纪伦敦社会贫困与伦理问题。
通过阐述小说中所描绘的贫困现象以及对道德伦理问题的反思，我们可以更好地理解当时社会面临的挑战和紧迫性。
此外，我们还将探讨小说中对于解决当代贫困与伦理难题可能性的启示，并提出一些建议。
通过这篇长文，希望读者能够深入思考并关注当代社会中存在的类似问题，为推动更公正、平等、人道主义的社会做出贡献。
2. 雾都孤儿的背景与情境2.1 19世纪伦敦社会贫困概述在19世纪的伦敦，贫困问题一直存在于社会之中。
工业革命的发展加剧了城市化进程，导致大量农民涌入城市寻求就业机会。
然而，由于缺乏教育和技能，在城市中找到稳定工作变得困难。
这使得很多人沦为贫困阶层的一部分。
伦敦的贫民窟和饱受疾病、恶劣生活环境和不公正待遇之苦。
2.2 伦敦社会的道德伦理问题除了经济上的贫穷外，19世纪的伦敦也面临许多道德和伦理问题。
《雾都孤儿》：生存与道义的挣扎
《雾都孤儿》：生存与道义的挣扎1. 引言：1.1 概述：《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）创作的一部经典小说，在19世纪的伦敦工业化背景下，展现了贫富悬殊、人性善恶、道义挣扎等主题。
这部小说通过描述主人公奥利弗·特维斯特从孤儿到成年人的成长经历，揭示了社会对待弱势群体的冷漠和道德观念与个人利益之间的冲突。
1.2 文章结构：本文将以如下结构进行论述。
首先，我们将介绍《雾都孤儿》背景设定，包括伦敦工业化社会的特点、孤儿问题以及道德观念与价值观之间的冲突。
其次，我们将重点讨论主要角色奥利弗·特维斯特、纳金斯·瑞布尔先生和桶子店老板夫妇，并探索他们在艰难环境中求生存活的经历。
然后，我们将深入探讨小说中呈现的道义挣扎和道德困境，包括对抗贫困与追求公正的冲突、隐藏身世与寻找亲情的矛盾，以及人性善恶的较量与抉择。
最后，在结论和启示部分，我们将总结生存、道义和人性等主题，以及在现实中寻找《雾都孤儿》的影子，并探讨道德坚守与人性拯救的希望。
1.3 目的：本文旨在通过对《雾都孤儿》这部经典小说的深入剖析，探讨其中所涉及到的生存与道义之间的挣扎。
通过分析主要角色在伦敦工业化社会中所面临的种种困境和抉择，我们可以更加深入地思考现实社会中类似问题以及个体面对困境时所做的选择。
同时，本文也意在引发读者对于道义价值观和人性善恶之间关系的思考，并为当代社会提供一些积极向上的启示。
2. 雾都孤儿的背景设定2.1 伦敦工业化社会《雾都孤儿》这部小说发生在19世纪的伦敦，一个正在经历工业化转型的城市。
当时，伦敦正处于迅猛发展的机器时代，各种新兴工厂和繁忙的交通使城市常年笼罩在煤烟中弥漫的浓雾之中。
这些浓雾给城市带来了污染和不可忽视的健康影响，也为本书赋予了鲜明的环境特点。
同时，这个时期伦敦也是社会阶层分化和贫富差距悬殊的大时代。
新兴资本主义经济模式推动着工业革命和城市化进程，但同时也导致了劳动者们生活水平下降、工作条件恶劣以及贫困问题进一步加剧。
《雾都孤儿》写作背景分析雾都孤儿写作背景
《雾都孤儿》写作背景分析雾都孤儿写作背景摘要：查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870)是一位杰出的英国批判现实主义代表者，《雾都孤儿》是他的杰作之一，它揭示了真实可怕的伦敦地狱般的生活。
善良和虚伪在这篇小说中得到了完整的表达，它公开了最黑暗的现象。
此外，根据不同的背景，我们可以知道查尔斯·狄更斯的价值观。
关键词:查尔斯·狄更斯；批判现实主义；社会背景；思想背景：I106 ：Ａ：1005-5312（xx）24-0065-01《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯的杰作，它在文学上发挥了重要作用。
为了更好地了解查尔斯·狄更斯的作品，以及他独特的写作风格，我们应该关注的是他所处在的社会背景和他的个人经历。
一、时代背景它兴盛于十九世纪四五十年代。
杰出的现实主义者娴熟生动地描述了英国社会的主要特征，并对资本主义体系进行了批判。
19世纪的英国批判现实主义者的不仅对资产阶级和所有的 __进行了讽刺，而且也显示了他们对普通百姓的深刻同情。
在作品中，虚伪和残酷的统治阶级与仁慈和诚实的底层阶级形成对比。
通过对各种反面的人物进行的刻画，批判现实主义揭示了道德败坏的资本主义体系。
通过揭露社会不公和上层阶级的恶习，他们细致描绘普通百姓的悲惨人生。
然而，批判现实主义没有找到一种方法来带领人们脱离苦难。
虽然同情苦难的人们，但他们不知道如何去帮助人民改变资产阶级社会，也不知道谁该为这一切负责。
二、社会背景《雾都孤儿》是英国小说家查尔斯·狄更斯在维多利亚时代的作品。
资本主义的发展，使英国成为世界超级大国。
但繁华之下，是贫穷和不幸。
这种繁荣孕育在危险和肮脏的工厂和煤矿里。
阶级冲突越发明显，终于在1836年到1848年中接连爆发。
19世纪末期，大英帝国国力逐渐下降。
作为一个时代的产物，文学日趋多样化，许多伟大的作家出现在那个时代。
19世纪，《雾都孤儿》写于《济贫法》通过之时。
英国正经历一场转变，从一个农业和农村经济向城市和工业国家的转变。
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关于“腐朽社会中的纯洁品质-《雾都孤儿》中人物
的分析”的文献综述
学生：赵丽莉
指导老师：李艳
淮南师范学院外语系
前言
经过了资本主义社会的过渡，世界已然迎来了新的时代，而当今时代的主题正是和谐与发展。
和谐社会需要人们有纯洁的思想，要有善良的美德，但俗话说“有阳光的地方就会有阴影”，人性中负面的情绪也无处不在。
可虽说如此，现如今这种“阴影”的范围却变得越来越大了。
邪恶、残忍的事例也屡见不鲜，最令人震惊的是2011年10月，2岁的小悦悦相继被两辆车碾压，7分钟内，18名路人路过都视而不见，最终导致小悦悦因抢救无效而死亡的事件。
我们心中本该保留的那一份纯洁的助人为乐的精神不见了，见死不救，麻木不仁控制了人们的思想和行为。
除此之外，老人假摔倒讹诈好心人，拖欠农民工工资等等，各种形式的违背道德良知的事件层出不穷，这些足够给我们敲响警钟了！我们的道德品质需要纯洁，我们的和谐社会需要纯洁。
《雾都孤儿》作为19世纪英国最著名的批判现实主义小说家的一部伟大的小说，它的主题是宣扬善，认为善一定能战胜恶，纯洁的品质能够荡涤恶的土壤。
本文将主要以《雾都孤儿》中的纯洁品质战胜腐朽社会现实的过程以及从中得到的对现代社会有益的启示两个方面的文献资料进行综述。
研究背景
狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》自问世以来就引起了巨大反响，对其进行的研究不一，但多数都是被其深刻的人物描写和美好愿望的表达所震撼。
至今，与它有关的研究依然层出不穷。
研究现状
国外研究现状：在国外学者如Gilbert Keith Chesterton 在1911年曾发表过Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens文集，George Gissing 曾发表过Parentage and Inheritance in the Novels of Charles Dickens,还有一些外国大学的文学课堂也不断地在深入研究着狄更斯的作品，其中最有名的可以数美国的加州大学。
他们有着专业的教授对狄更斯的作品进行透彻的分析，同时每年举办一次有关狄更斯的年会探讨最新的研究成果。
国内研究现状：我了解到目前国内有许多院校对《雾都孤儿》进行着研究。
20世纪80年代对《雾都孤儿》的作者研究已经有了相当的发展，例如：上海译文出版社1989年出版的罗经国的《狄更斯评论集》本书选译了欧美一些著名作家和评论家对狄更斯的评论这些评论文，按照发表的年代，大致可以分为三个时期。
第一个时期是狄更斯在世时人们对他的评论。
第二个时期是从1870年狄更斯逝世到20世纪40年代。
狄更斯的好友和遗嘱执行人约翰·福斯特所写的狄更斯传记中关于狄更斯童年时代的两章，也作为附录译出，附在本书最后。
第三
个时期是第二次世界大战以后英、美作家和评论家的文章。
各派评论家对狄更斯的评价很不相同。
20世纪90年代，中南民族大学刘精香的“《雾都孤儿》中南希形象剖析”一文从《雾都孤儿》的一个次要人物南希入手，对她的性格特点进行了全面分析，并指出这个人物在整个故事发展中的作用。
同时，文章根据南希的遭遇，深入探索了她的心路历程。
这不但能引起读者对这位迷途知返的“女贼”的同情，更有助于我们认识她所处的那个社会的真面目。
21世纪初，对于《雾都孤儿》的研究有了新的发展。
例如：华中师范大学的乔国强在其发表的期刊“从《雾都孤儿》看狄更斯的反犹主义倾向”中，从种族主义立场出发,认为犹太人"人种"生来就带有恶魔般的品性,不应该属于人类文明社会中一员的偏见传统.狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中对犹太人费金的刻画、描写,分析和探讨狄更斯在作品中表现出来的反犹主义倾向.
21世纪10年代，对于《雾都孤儿》的研究层出不穷。
如：有从资本主义弊端方面做研究的。
长江职业学院的郝露在湖北成人教育学院期刊上发表的“狄更斯《雾都孤儿》中的批判资本主义”一文中，狄更斯批判抨击社会的邪恶、不公、虚伪、腐化、拜金等丑陋现象。
《雾都孤儿》中狄更斯刻画了一连串的人物：邪恶的费金，塞克斯，班布尔等等，还有良心未泯的南希，善良的罗斯、奥利弗、梅里夫人等等。
狄更斯对这些人物栩栩如生的描写深刻的反应出当时社会的黑暗，从而讽刺和抨击资本主义社会制度下人性的丑恶和黑暗。
还有从
小说的善恶斗争方面研究的。
哈尔滨师范大学西语学院的郑美娜在学理论期刊上发表的“《论<雾都孤儿>中的善与恶》”，文章中从伦理学的角度详细分析了善与恶的标准。
通过分析《雾都孤儿》中仁爱与暴虐在人物性格上的体现，把社会最黑暗、最丑陋的现象暴露出来。
从而体现狄更斯写作的一大特点，邪恶的人只是风光一时，最终都会恶有恶报；好人即使经历了很多的苦难，但是最后也会善有善报。
狄更斯作为19世纪英国最著名的批判现实主义小说家之一，其作品也淋漓尽致的展现了当时的时代背景，反映了善必定战胜恶的历史必然，给我们的未来指明了道路。
研究趋势
回顾不同时期人们对于这一课题的研究，无论是国内还是国外，人们对于纯洁与邪恶的理解是不断加深的，从最初单纯的把小说中人物分成纯洁的、邪恶的两类，到能够全面的认识书中人物，从最初大多人只看到书中的善与恶到现在人们能够从多个方面来阐释这部小说，人们对于《雾都孤儿》的理解在不断的加深，它的各方面的价值也不断的被挖掘出来了。
作为一部伟大的批判现实主义小说，它潜在的价值随着时间的推移会更加丰富，因此，对于这一课题的研究在未来很长一段时间内仍然需要我们去探讨和研究的。
总结
通过以上分析，可见无论是国内还是国外，无论是从童话色彩、
善于恶、狄更斯的反犹主义倾向还是对资本主义的批判等各方面，各界学者对于《雾都孤儿》的研究都是比较翔实和完备的，相信在未来这部小说更多的价值会被发掘出来。
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