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最新外文文献翻译格式范例

最新外文文献翻译格式范例

外文文献翻译格式范例本科毕业设计(外文翻译)外文参考文献译文及原文学院信息工程学院专业信息工程(电子信息工程方向)年级班别 2006级(4)班学号 3206003186学生姓名柯思怡指导教师 ______ 田妮莉 _ __2010年6月目录熟悉微软SQL Server (1)1Section A 引言 (1)2Section B 再谈数据库可伸缩性 (4)3Section C 数据库开发的特点 (7)Get Your Arms around Microsoft SQL Server (9)1Section A Introduction to SQL Server 2005 (9)2Section B Database Scalability Revisited (13)3Section C Features for Database Development (17)熟悉微软SQL Server1 Section A 引言SQL Server 2005 是微软SQL生产线上最值得期待的产品。

在经过了上百万个邮件,成百上千的规范说明,以及数十次修订后。

微软承诺SQL Server 2005 是最新的基于Windows数据库应用的数据库开发平台。

这节的内容将指出SQL Server 2005产品的一些的重要特征。

SQL Server 2005几乎覆盖OLTP及OLAP技术的所又内容。

微软公司的这个旗舰数据库产品几乎能覆盖所有的东西。

这个软件在经过五年多的制作后,成为一个与它任何一个前辈产品都完全不同的产品。

本节将介绍整个产品的大部分功能。

当人们去寻求其想要的一些功能和技术时,可以从中提取出重要的和最感新区的内容,包括SQL Server Engine 的一些蜕变的历史,以及各种各样的SQL Server 2005的版本,可伸缩性,有效性,大型数据库的维护以及商业智能等如下:●数据库引擎增强技术。

SQL Server 2005 对数据库引擎进行了许多改进,并引入了新的功能。

毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R.SemenovDepartment of Economics,University of Nijmegen,Nijmegen(荷兰内梅亨大学,经济学院)这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时,我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致,并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。

一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。

金融发展水平的差别(例如,相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度),在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中,企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。

然而,经济理论表明市场摩擦,诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵,并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素,例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性,共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料(可参考,例如Fazzari(1998)、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman(1996)、Samuel(1998)).大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。

这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。

很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本,减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置(参看Levine(1997)的评论文章)。

因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。

毕业设计外文翻译译文

毕业设计外文翻译译文

1 工程概论1.1 工程专业1.2 工业和技术1.3 现代制造业工程专业1 工程行业是历史上最古老的行业之一。

如果没有在广阔工程领域中应用的那些技术,我们现在的文明绝不会前进。

第一位把岩石凿削成箭和矛的工具匠是现代机械工程师的鼻祖。

那些发现地球上的金属并找到冶炼和使用金属的方法的工匠们是采矿和冶金工程师的先祖。

那些发明了灌溉系统并建造了远古世纪非凡的建筑物的技师是他们那个时代的土木工程师。

2 工程一般被定义为理论科学的实际应用,例如物理和数学。

许多早期的工程设计分支不是基于科学而是经验信息,这些经验信息取决于观察和经历,而不是理论知识。

这是一个倾斜面实际应用的例子,虽然这个概念没有被确切的理解,但是它可以被量化或者数字化的表达出来。

3 从16、17世纪当代初期,量化就已经成为科学知识大爆炸的首要原因之一。

另外一个重要因素是实验法验证理论的发展。

量化包含了把来源于实验的数据和信息转变成确切的数学术语。

这更加强调了数学是现代工程学的语言。

4 从19世纪开始,它的结果的实际而科学的应用已经逐步上升。

机械工程师现在有精确的能力去计算来源于许多不同机构之间错综复杂的相互作用的机械优势。

他拥有能一起工作的既新型又强硬的材料和巨大的新能源。

工业革命开始于使用水和蒸汽一起工作。

从此使用电、汽油和其他能源作动力的机器变得如此广泛以至于它们承担了世界上很大比例的工作。

5 科学知识迅速膨胀的结果之一就是科学和工程专业的数量的增加。

到19世纪末不仅机械、土木、矿业、冶金工程被建立而且更新的化学和电气工程专业出现了。

这种膨胀现象一直持续到现在。

我们现在拥有了核能、石油、航天航空空间以及电气工程等。

每种工程领域之内都有细分。

6 例如,土木工程自身领域之内有如下细分:涉及永久性结构的建筑工程、涉及水或其他液体流动与控制系统的水利工程、涉及供水、净化、排水系统的研究的环境工程。

机械工程主要的细分是工业工程,它涉及的是错综复杂的机械系统,这些系统是工业上的,而非单独的机器。

本科毕业设计外文翻译(中文)

本科毕业设计外文翻译(中文)

本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译外文原文题目:Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles中文翻译题目:高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作毕业设计(论文)题目:阵列光镊软件控制系统设计姓名:任有健学院:生命学院班级:06210501指导教师:李勤高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作Peter John Rodrigo Vincent Ricardo Daria Jesper Glückstad丹麦罗斯基勒DK-4000号,Risø国家实验室光学和等离子研究系jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dkhttp://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm摘要:本文论证一种对于胶体的实时交互式光学微操作的方法,胶体中包含两种折射率的微粒,与悬浮介质(0n )相比,分别低于(0L n n <)、高于(0H n n >)悬浮介质的折射率。

球形的高低折射率微粒在横平板上被一批捕获激光束生成的约束光势能捕获,捕获激光束的横剖面可以分为“礼帽形”和“圆环形”两种光强剖面。

这种应用方法在光学捕获的空间分布和个体几何学方面提供了广泛的可重构性。

我们以实验为基础证实了同时捕获又独立操作悬浮于水(0 1.33n =)中不同尺寸的球形碳酸钠微壳( 1.2L n ≈)和聚苯乙烯微珠( 1.57H n =)的独特性质。

©2004 美国光学学会光学分类与标引体系编码:(140.7010)捕获、(170.4520)光学限制与操作和(230.6120)空间光调制器。

1 引言光带有动量和角动量。

伴随于光与物质相互作用的动量转移为我们提供了在介观量级捕获和操作微粒的方法。

过去数十年中的巨大发展已经导致了在生物和物理领域常规光学捕获的各种应用以及下一代光学微操作体系的出现[1-5]。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译院系:财务与会计学院年级专业:201*级财务管理姓名:学号:132148***附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。

The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。

Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。

The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。

Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。

As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。

【Key Words】Financial risk,Risk management,YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。

毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译

毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献翻译计算机科学与信息工程系系(院)2008 届题目企业即时通Instant Messaging for Enterprises课题类型技术开发课题来源自选学生姓名许帅专业班级 04计算机科学与技术指导老师王占中职称工程师完成日期:2008年4 月 6 日目录I NSTANT M ESSAGING FOR E NTERPRISE (1)1. Tips (1)2. Introduction (1)3. First things first (2)4.The While-Accept loop (4)5. Per-Thread class (6)6. The Client class (7)企业即时通 (9)1.提示 (9)2.简介 (9)3.首先第一件事 (10)4.监听循环 (11)5.单线程类 (13)6.用户端类 (14)Instant Messaging for Enterprise1. TipsIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a tr aditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional standalone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web. What is the Web?The Web can seem a bit of a mys tery at first, with all this talk of “surfing,”“presence,” and “home pages.” It’s helpful to step back and see what it really is, but to do this you must understand client/server systems, another aspect of computing that is full of confusing issues. The primary idea of a client/server system is that you have a central repository of information,some kind of data, often in a database。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

毕业设计外文资料翻译学院:信息科学与工程学院专业:软件工程姓名: XXXXX学号: XXXXXXXXX外文出处: Think In Java (用外文写)附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂,而且极易出错。

程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节,有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。

一般地,我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”(Layer)。

而且对于每个连网库,一般都包含了数量众多的函数,分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包;这些块的来回运输;以及握手等等。

这是一项令人痛苦的工作。

但是,连网本身的概念并不是很难。

我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息,并把它们移到这儿;或者相反。

这与读写文件非常相似,只是文件存在于远程机器上,而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。

Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。

有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去,并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。

我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型;事实上,网络连接(一个“套接字”)已被封装到系统对象里,所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。

除此以外,在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候,Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。

本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。

15.1 机器的标识当然,为了分辨来自别处的一台机器,以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器,必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。

早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。

但Java面向的是整个因特网,这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。

为达到这个目的,我们采用了IP(互联网地址)的概念。

IP以两种形式存在着:(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS(域名服务)形式。

我自己的域名是。

所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机,它的域名就可以是。

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
1.引言
重金属污染存在于很多工业的废水中,如电镀,采矿,和制革。
2.实验
2.1化学药剂
本实验所使用的药剂均为分析纯,如无特别说明均购买自日本片山化工。铅离子储备液通过溶解Pb(NO3)2配制,使用时稀释到需要的浓度。HEPES缓冲液购买自Sigma–Aldrich。5 mol/L的HCl和NaOH用来调整pH。
附5
华南理工大学
本科毕业设计(论文)翻译
班级2011环境工程一班
姓名陈光耀
学号201130720022
指导教师韦朝海
填表日期
中文译名
(1)巯基改性纤维素对葡萄糖溶液中铅的吸附(2)黄原酸化橘子皮应用于吸附水中的铅离子
外文原文名
(1)Adsorption of Pb(II) from glucose solution on thiol-functionalized cellulosic biomass
2.5分析方法
铅离子的浓度用分光光度计在616 nm波长处用铅与偶氮氯膦-III络合物进行分析。葡萄糖含量采用苯酚—硫酸分光光度法测定。所有的实验均进行三次,已经考虑好误差。
3.结果和讨论
3.1FTIR分析和改性脱脂棉对铅(II)的吸附机制
图1是脱脂棉、改性脱脂棉在400-4000 cm-1(A)和2540-2560 cm-1(B)范围内的红外光谱图。可以看出,改性后改性脱脂棉的红外光谱图中在1735.71 cm-1处出现了一个新的吸收峰是酯基C=O的拉伸振动峰,可见改性脱脂棉中已经成功引入巯基官能团。同时,在2550.52 cm-1出现的一个新吸收峰代表的是S-H官能团的弱吸收峰,更深一层的证明了巯基已经嫁接到脱脂棉上。图1(b)是2540-2560 cm-1光谱范围的一个放大图像,可以清楚的观察到S-H官能团的弱吸收峰。进一步证明了酯化改性脱脂棉引入巯基是成功的。而从吸附后的曲线可以看到,2550.52cm-1处S-H的吸收峰消失,证明了硫原子和Pb(II)络合物的形成,同时1735.71cm-1处C=O的吸收峰强度看起来有轻微的减弱可能也是和Pb(II)的络合吸附有关。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】

南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系:机械系专业:车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处:EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件:1。

外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文.附件1:外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本:在NT 和Unix上:脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。

CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。

0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。

在NT 平台上:自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。

ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。

在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。

这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。

CATIA V5 自动化:介绍(仅限NT)自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上:接口COM:Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说),Visual Basic 为应用(适合前:Word/Excel ),Visual Basic。

COM(零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。

Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。

ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。

OLE(对象的链接与嵌入)意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑).在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别:Visual Basic(VB)是全部的版本。

它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。

它可以被编辑。

VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。

软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译

软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译

软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译1000字本文将就软件工程专业毕业设计的外文文献进行翻译,能够为相关考生提供一定的参考。

外文文献1: Software Engineering Practices in Industry: A Case StudyAbstractThis paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process, practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The software engineering practices were identified through a survey questionnaire and a series of interviews with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.IntroductionSoftware engineering is the discipline of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software products. There are a number of software engineering practices that are used in industry to ensure that software products are of high quality, reliable, and maintainable. These practices include software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management. Software engineeringpractices have evolved over the years as a result of the growth of the software industry and the increasing demands for high-quality software products. The software industry has developed a number of software development models, such as the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which provides a framework for software development organizations to improve their software development processes and practices.This paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The objective of the study was to identify the software engineering practices used by the company and to investigate how these practices contribute to the production of quality software.Research MethodologyThe case study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study was conducted over a period of six months, during which a survey questionnaire was administered to the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. In addition, a series of interviews were conducted with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers to gain a deeper understanding of the software engineering practices used by the company. The survey questionnaire and the interview questions were designed to investigate the software engineering practices used by the company in relation to software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management.FindingsThe research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company’s software development process consists of five levels of maturity, starting with an ad hoc process (Level 1) and progressing to a fully defined and optimized process (Level 5). The company has achieved Level 3 maturity in its software development process. The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The software engineering practices used by the company include:Software Configuration Management (SCM): The company uses SCM tools to manage software code, documentation, and other artifacts. The company follows a branching and merging strategy to manage changes to the software code.Software Testing: The company has adopted a formal testing approach that includes unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The testing process is automated where possible, and the company uses a range of testing tools.Requirements Engineering: The company has a well-defined requirements engineering process, which includes requirements capture, analysis, specification, and validation. The company uses a range of tools, including use case modeling, to capture and analyze requirements.Project Management: The company has a well-defined project management process that includes project planning, scheduling, monitoring, and control. The company uses a range of tools to support project management, including project management software, which is used to track project progress.ConclusionThis paper has reported a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process,practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company uses a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.外文文献2: Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and PracticesAbstractAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. The Agile Manifesto represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. This paper presents an overview of agile software development, including its principles, patterns, and practices. The paper also discusses the benefits and challenges of agile software development.IntroductionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases.Agile Software Development PrinciplesAgile software development is based on a set of principles. These principles are:Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.Deliver working software frequently, with a preference for the shorter timescale.Collaboration between the business stakeholders and developers throughout the project.Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.Working software is the primary measure of progress.Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not done – is essential.The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams.Agile Software Development PatternsAgile software development patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems. The following are some typical agile software development patterns:The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)The Open/Closed Principle (OCP)The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)The Model-View-Controller (MVC) PatternThe Observer PatternThe Strategy PatternThe Factory Method PatternAgile Software Development PracticesAgile software development practices are a set ofactivities and techniques used in agile software development. The following are some typical agile software development practices:Iterative DevelopmentTest-Driven Development (TDD)Continuous IntegrationRefactoringPair ProgrammingAgile Software Development Benefits and ChallengesAgile software development has many benefits, including:Increased customer satisfactionIncreased qualityIncreased productivityIncreased flexibilityIncreased visibilityReduced riskAgile software development also has some challenges, including:Requires discipline and trainingRequires an experienced teamRequires good communicationRequires a supportive management cultureConclusionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. Agile software development has many benefits, including increased customer satisfaction, increased quality, increased productivity, increased flexibility, increased visibility, and reduced risk. Agile software development also has some challenges, including the requirement for discipline and training, the requirement for an experienced team, the requirement for good communication, and the requirement for a supportive management culture.。

毕 业 设 计(英文翻译)

毕 业 设 计(英文翻译)

附录G:英文翻译参考(要求学生完成与论文有关的外文资料中文字数5000字左右的英译汉,旨在培养学生利用外文资料开展研究工作的能力,为所选课题提供前沿参考资料。

)毕业设计(英文翻译)题目系别:专业:班级:学生姓名:学号:指导教师:一位从事质量管理的人约瑟夫·朱兰出生于圣诞夜,1904 在罗马尼亚的喀尔巴阡山脉山中。

他青年时期的村庄中贫穷、迷信和反犹太主义甚是猖獗。

1912年朱兰家搬到了明尼阿波尼斯州,虽然充满了危险,但是它却让一个男孩充满信心和希望。

从如此多了一个在质量观念的世界最好改革者之一。

在他90年的生活中,朱兰一直是一个精力充沛的思想者倡导者,推动着传统的质量思想向前走。

因为九岁就被雇用,朱兰表示在他的生活工作上永不停止。

记者:技术方面如何讲质量?朱兰:技术有不同方面:一、当然是精密。

物的对精密的需求像电子学、化学…我们看来它们似乎需要放大来说,和重要的原子尘的有关于质量。

要做到高精密具有相当大的挑战,而且我们已经遇见非常大的挑战。

另外的一个方面是可信度-没有失败。

当我们举例来说建立一个系统,同类空中交通管制的时候,我们不想要它失败。

我们必须把可信度建入系统。

因为我们投入很大的资金并依赖这些系统,系统非常复杂,这是逐渐增加的。

除此之外,有对公司的失败费用。

如果事物在领域中意外失败,可以说,它影响民众。

但是如果他们失败在内部,然后它影响公司的费用,而且已经试着发现这些费用在哪里和该如何免除他们。

因此那些是相当大的因素:精密、可信度和费用。

还有其它的,当然,但是我认为这些是主要的一些。

记者:据说是质量有在美国变成一种产业的可能?朱兰:资讯科技当然有。

已经有大的变化。

在世纪中初期当质量的一个想法到一个检验部门的时候,这有了分开的工作,东西被做坏之后。

检验是相当易错的程序,实际上。

而且无论如何,资讯科技在那天中相当花时间,直到某事已经被认为是否资讯科技是正确的。

应该强调计划,如此它不被错误首先订定。

华南理工大学 毕业设计 外文翻译

华南理工大学  毕业设计 外文翻译

华南理工大学本科毕业设计(论文)翻译班级土木工程三班姓名王剑锋学号 200930132042指导教师骆冠勇填表日期 2013年4月21日中文译名一种用于预测拉森钢板桩弯曲强度的数值模型外文原文名 A numerical model for predicting the bending strength of Larssen steel sheetpiles外文原文版出处Journal of Constructional Steel Research 58 (2002) 1361–1374译文:一种用于预测拉森钢板桩弯曲强度的数值模型R.J. Crawford, M.P. Byfield摘要拉森桩为U形横截面并通过可滑动的接头连接在一起组成码头岸壁,围堰,和其他类型的挡土墙。

由于滑动接头位于桩墙的中心线上,相互连接桩的桩间滑移可能导致桩墙70%的弯曲强度折减。

这种桩间滑移可以通过安装成对的带有卷曲的锁头的桩来部分阻止。

然而,像非卷曲桩一样弯曲强度很难被预测,因为这种联锁桩依然存在桩间滑移。

本文提出了一种用于预测联锁拉森桩弯曲应力以及压应力的数值方法。

通过测试1:6比例大小的铝制拉森桩微缩模型的数据与数值模型计算结果进行比较,结果表明数值模型所预测的应力与实际实验结果接近一致。

同时本数值模型也可用于钢板桩的设计生产,以达到使用最少的材料来达到最大的弯曲强度的目的。

C 2002爱思唯尔股份有限公司保留解释权利关键词:行业规范;组合结构;拉森桩;桩结构;挡土墙;钢结构1.介绍钢板桩被广泛运用于全世界。

工程上经常使用的两种钢板桩是U型拉森钢板桩和Z型钢板桩。

两种类型的钢板桩桩都是利用沿着构件长度方向的锁头连接成有缝的连续墙结构。

根据欧洲标准化委员会引入的欧3标准第五部分,U型钢板桩锁头连接部分的下滑位移的影响不能忽视(见图1 步骤1)。

如果钢板桩单肢的相对滑移严重,则钢板桩的弯曲强度会下降到整体强度的70%,我们将其称为钢板桩模量下降。

毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别:专业:班级:姓名:学号:外文出处:附件: 1. 原文; 2。

译文2013年03月附件一:A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。

J。

Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown,Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools,allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system,namely,the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System (RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。

1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。

Forexample,a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore,to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。

外文文献翻译范例

外文文献翻译范例
正如建筑师和工程师Bruce Graham,Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.(SOM)的芝加哥办公室设计,结构为(225 x为一整体225英尺)一个“绑定圆管状造型”的九个方面的75英尺广场系统,嵌装在一个深色玻璃幕墙。五十层以上,有的就离开广场的塔上升到创建更小的地板加强板和独特的剪影。
StatusComplete
Type:Office
Location:Hong Kong
Construction started:18 April 1985
Completed:1990
Opening:17 May 1990
HeightAntenna spire:367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
2011年6月8日
外文文献翻译(译成中文1000字左右):
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇,译文后附注文献信息,包括:作者、书名(或论文题目)、出 版 社(或刊物名称)、出版时间(或刊号)、页码。提供所译外文资料附件(印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等,网站类的请附网址及原文)
原文网址:/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_sears.htm
译文
建筑师:Bruce Graham, design partner, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
地点:Chicago
甲方:Sears Roebuck and Company
工程师:Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.项目年份:2008
香港1985年4月18日开工建设1990年完成1990年5月17日开幕高度天线尖顶三百六十七点四米2418英尺屋顶三百一十五点米10335英尺顶层二百八十八点二米九百四十五点五英尺技术细节地上楼层数724层楼建筑面积一十三点五万平方米1450000平方英尺电梯数45由奥的斯电梯公司生产的设计与施工主要承建商香港建设控股有限公司引文需要熊谷组香港贝聿铭建筑师事务所建筑师事务所谢尔曼西贡有限公司sl的托马斯博阿达莱斯利罗伯逊结构工程师协会rllp参考文献对中国塔简称中银大厦银行是中环香港最知名的摩天大楼之一

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文学生姓名:院(系):油气资源学院专业班级:物探0502指导教师:完成日期:年月日地震驱动评价与发展:以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码:1099——1108出版日期:NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位:PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术,在玻利维亚冲积盆地,我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。

通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。

这些方法包括盆地模拟,联井及地震叠前同时反演,岩石性质及地震属性解释,A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴,光谱分解。

联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。

迄今为止,在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。

基质和区域地质。

Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部,部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。

许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现,目前正在生产。

另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争,如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。

最近发现气田就是这种情况。

接下来,我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。

图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。

基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。

地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。

该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上,该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开(图1),圈闭类型是上盘背斜,它存在于连续冲断层上,Aguja有两个主要结构:Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。

毕业设计外文文献翻译

毕业设计外文文献翻译

毕业设计外文文献翻译Graduation Design Foreign Literature Translation (700 words) Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market Introduction:Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to revolutionize various industries and job markets. With advancements in technologies such as machine learning and natural language processing, AI has become capable of performing tasks traditionally done by humans. This has raised concerns about the future of jobs and the impact AI will have on the job market. This literature review aims to explore the implications of AI on employment and job opportunities.AI in the Workplace:AI technologies are increasingly being integrated into the workplace, with the aim of automating routine and repetitive tasks. For example, automated chatbots are being used to handle customer service queries, while machine learning algorithms are being employed to analyze large data sets. This has resulted in increased efficiency and productivity in many industries. However, it has also led to concerns about job displacement and unemployment.Job Displacement:The rise of AI has raised concerns about job displacement, as AI technologies are becoming increasingly capable of performing tasks previously done by humans. For example, automated machines can now perform complex surgeries with greaterprecision than human surgeons. This has led to fears that certain jobs will become obsolete, leading to unemployment for those who were previously employed in these industries.New Job Opportunities:While AI might potentially replace certain jobs, it also creates new job opportunities. As AI technologies continue to evolve, there will be a greater demand for individuals with technical skills in AI development and programming. Additionally, jobs that require human interaction and emotional intelligence, such as social work or counseling, may become even more in demand, as they cannot be easily automated.Job Transformation:Another potential impact of AI on the job market is job transformation. AI technologies can augment human abilities rather than replacing them entirely. For example, AI-powered tools can assist professionals in making decisions, augmenting their expertise and productivity. This may result in changes in job roles and the need for individuals to adapt their skills to work alongside AI technologies.Conclusion:The impact of AI on the job market is still being studied and debated. While AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and potentially lead to job displacement, it also presents opportunities for new jobs and job transformation. It is essential for individuals and organizations to adapt and acquire the necessary skills to navigate these changes in order to stay competitive in the evolvingjob market. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of AI on employment and job opportunities.。

毕业设计英文 翻译(原文)

毕业设计英文 翻译(原文)

编号:毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)院(系):桂林电子科技大学专业:电子信息工程学生姓名: xx学号: xxxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师单位:桂林电子科技大学姓名: xxxx职称: xx2014年x月xx日Timing on and off power supplyusesThe switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipment, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields.IntroductionWith the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and people's work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipment without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology .Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics technology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power compared to both the cost and growth with the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply technology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development.The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.classificationModern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply.DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter.Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forward (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC converter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC converter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type DC / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output.Power switch voltage and current rating, the converter's output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large,single-tube output power of only four 1/4.A combination of non-isolated converters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power from the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the transmission power.DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter, such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit.the switching power supply.People in the field of switching power supply technology side of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of development of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized by the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply.Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer.Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into pulse-width-modulated and pulse amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage stability. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technological production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added tothe collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signal, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation.technology developmentsThe high-frequency switching power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more than two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET.SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applications, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET.Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on bothsides, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products.Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 redundant power system, and the parallel capacity expansion. For this shortcoming of the switching power supply running noise, separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will also increase, while the use of part of the resonant converter circuit technology to achieve high frequency, in theory, but also reduce noise, but some The practical application of the resonant converter technology, there are still technical problems, it is still a lot of work in this field, so that the technology to be practical.Power electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To accelerate the pace of development of the switching power supply industry in China, it must take the road of technological innovation, out of joint production and research development path with Chinese characteristics and contribute to the rapid development of China's national economy.Developments and trends of the switching power supply1955 U.S. Royer (Roger) invented the self-oscillating push-pull transistor single-transformer DC-DC converter is the beginning of the high-frequency conversion control circuit 1957 check race Jen, Sen, invented a self-oscillating push-pull dual transformers, 1964, U.S. scientists canceled frequency transformer in series the idea of switching power supply, the power supply to the size and weight of the decline in a fundamental way. 1969 increased due to the pressure of the high-power silicon transistor, diode reverse recovery time shortened and other components to improve, and finally made a 25-kHz switching power supply.At present, the switching power supply to the small, lightweight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-oriented terminal equipment, communications equipment, etc. Almost all electronic equipment is indispensable for a rapid development of today's electronic information industry power mode. Bipolar transistor made of 100kHz, 500kHz power MOS-FET made, though already the practical switching power supply is currently available on the market, but its frequency to be further improved. Toimprove the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the switching losses, the need for high-speed switch components. However, the switching speed will be affected by the distribution of the charge stored in the inductance and capacitance, or diode circuit to produce a surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Which, in order to prevent the switching Kai - closed the voltage surge, RC or LC buffers can be used, and the current surge can be caused by the diode stored charge of amorphous and other core made of magnetic buffer . However, the high frequency more than 1MHz, the resonant circuit to make the switch on the voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, which can reduce switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surges. This switch is called the resonant switch. Of this switching power supply is active, you can, in theory, because in this way do not need to greatly improve the switching speed of the switching losses reduced to zero, and the noise is expected to become one of the high-frequency switching power supply The main ways. At present, many countries in the world are committed to several trillion Hz converter utility.the principle of IntroductionThe switching power supply of the process is quite easy to understand, linear power supplies, power transistors operating in the linear mode and linear power, the PWM switching power supply to the power transistor turns on and off state, in both states, on the power transistor V - security product is very small (conduction, low voltage, large current; shutdown, voltage, current) V oltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss.Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by "chopping", that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage.The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulse-width conversion unit.Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transformand boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications.the circuit schematicThe so-called switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two component performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to complete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semi-attentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cut-off, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the high-frequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the base-emitter voltage is 0.65-0.7V is the zoom state, 0.7V These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity state-0.1V-0.3V in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation frequency of the output pulse amplitude, and vice versa on the small, which determines the size of the output voltage of the power regulator. Transformer secondary output voltage regulator, usually switching transformer, single around a set of coils, the voltage at its upper end, as the reference voltage after the rectifier filter, then through the optocoupler, this benchmark voltage return to the base of the oscillating tube pole to adjust the level of the oscillation frequency, if the transformer secondary voltage is increased, the sampling coil output voltage increases, the positive feedback voltage obtained through the optocoupler is also increased, this voltage is applied oscillating tube base, so that oscillation frequency is reduced, played a stable secondary output voltage stability, too small do not have to go into detail, nor it is necessary to understand the fine, such a high-power voltage transformer by switching transmission, separated and after the class returned by sampling the voltage from the opto-coupler pass separated after class, so before the mains voltage, and after the classseparation, which is called cold plate, it is safe, transformers before power is independent, which is called switching power supply.the DC / DC conversionDC / DC converter is a fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as the DC chopper. There are two ways of working chopper, one Ts constant pulse width modulation mode, change the ton (General), the second is the frequency modulation, the same ton to change the Ts, (easy to produce interference). Circuit by the following categories:Buck circuit - the step-down chopper, the average output voltage U0 is less than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Boost Circuit - step-up chopper, the average output voltage switching power supply schematic U0 is greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, the inductance transmission.Cuk circuit - a buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, capacitance transmission.The above-mentioned non-isolated circuit, the isolation circuit forward circuits, feedback circuit, the half-bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit, push-pull circuit. Today's soft-switching technology makes a qualitative leap in the DC / DC the U.S. VICOR company design and manufacture a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converter, the maximum output power 300W, 600W, 800W, etc., the corresponding power density (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3 efficiency (80-90)%. A the Japanese Nemic Lambda latest using soft-switching technology, high frequency switching power supply module RM Series, its switching frequency (200 to 300) kHz, power density has reached 27W/cm3 with synchronous rectifier (MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes ), so that the whole circuit efficiency by up to 90%.AC / DC conversionAC / DC conversion will transform AC to DC, the power flow can be bi-directional power flow by the power flow to load known as the "rectification", referred to as "active inverter power flow returned by the load power. AC / DC converter input 50/60Hz AC due must be rectified, filtered, so the volume is relatively large filter capacitor is essential, while experiencing safety standards (such as UL, CCEE, etc.) and EMC Directive restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA) in the AC input side must be added to the EMC filter and use meets the safety standards of the components, thus limiting the miniaturization of the volume of AC / DC power, In addition, due to internal frequency, high voltage, current switching, making the problem difficult to solve EMC also high demands on the internal high-density mountingcircuit design, for the same reason, the high voltage, high current switch makes power supply loss increases, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, and therefore must be used to power system optimal design method to make it work efficiency to reach a certain level of satisfaction.AC / DC conversion circuit wiring can be divided into half-wave circuit, full-wave circuit. Press the power phase can be divided into single-phase three-phase, multiphase. Can be divided into a quadrant, two quadrant, three quadrants, four-quadrant circuit work quadrant.he selection of the switching power supplySwitching power supply input on the anti-jamming performance, compared to its circuit structure characteristics (multi-level series), the input disturbances, such as surge voltage is difficult to pass on the stability of the output voltage of the technical indicators and linear power have greater advantages, the output voltage stability up to (0.5)%. Switching power supply module as an integrated power electronic devices should be selected。

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毕业设计外文翻译范例
毕业设计外文翻译范例
如今,随着世界经济的高速发展,人们越来越重视教育的重要性。

因此,在高等教育中,毕业设计已经成为了一项不可或缺的重要环节。

而在毕业设计中,撰写中英文文献翻译是必不可少的一步。

本文将为
大家提供一份毕业设计外文翻译范例。

范例:The Importance of E-commerce in Modern Business
E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is a term used to describe business transactions that take place over the internet. E-commerce has become increasingly important in modern business as more and more customers turn to the
internet to buy products and services.
One of the main benefits of e-commerce is that it
enables businesses to reach a global audience. By selling products and services online, businesses can tap into markets that were previously out of reach. This has led to many small businesses being able to compete with larger companies on a more level playing field.
E-commerce also offers a range of benefits for customers. It provides a convenient way for customers to shop from anywhere with an internet connection, and eliminates the need to physically travel to a store. Additionally, e-commerce
often offers prices that are lower than those in traditional brick-and-mortar stores.
However, there are also challenges that businesses face when conducting e-commerce. One major issue is security, as customers are often required to input sensitive information such as credit card details. Therefore, businesses must
invest in secure systems to protect their customers' data.
In conclusion, e-commerce has become an indispensable part of modern business. It offers businesses the opportunity to expand their reach into global markets, and provides customers with convenience and affordability. However, businesses must also be aware of security concerns and take adequate measures to protect their customers' information.
以上是一份关于电子商务在现代商业中的重要性的英语外文翻译范例。

通过此范例,我们可以看出翻译中文文献的要点在于要保证准确性,同时还要注意表达方式,以保证翻译出的文件能够和母语文件达到同样的效果。

在实际的毕业设计中,我们需要通过大量的中英文文献翻译,来实现对研究课题的深入了解和探究,为整个毕业设计的顺利开展提供有力的支持。

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