1 玄学派诗人The Metaphysical Poets
英国玄学诗歌英语简介
Critical opinion
Critical opinion of the school has been varied. Johnson claimed that "they were not successful in representing or moving the affections" and that neither "was the sublime more within their reach."[8] Generally, his criticism of the poets' style was grounded in his assertion that "Great thoughts are always general," and that the metaphysical poets were too particular in their search for novelty. He did concede, however, that "they...sometimes stuck out unexpected truth" and that their work is often intellectually, if not emotionally stimulating.[9] The group was to have a significant influence on 20th-century poetry, especially through T. S. Eliot, whose essay The Metaphysical Poets (1921) praised the very anti-Romantic and intellectual qualities of which Johnson and his contemporaries had disapproved, and helped bring their poetry back into favour with readers.[10]
英国文学简史期末考试资料
英国文学简史期末考试资料英国文学简史英美文学史名词翻译Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴)Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Classism (古典主义)EnlighteXXXent (启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Aestheticism（美学主义）Stream of consciousness (意识流) the Age of Realism (现实主义阶段) Naturalism (自然主义) Local Colorist (乡土文学)Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)Surrealism (超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批判主义)Feminism(女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity (后现代主义)Realism (现实主义) Allegory (寓言)Romance (传说) epic(史诗)Blank Verse (无韵诗) Essay (随笔)Masques or Masks (假面剧) Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Three Unities (三一.原则) Meter (格律)Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)Elegy (挽歌) . Action/plot (情节)Atmosphere (基调) Epigram (警句)The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学)Aside (旁白) Denouement (戏剧结局)parable (寓言) Genre (流派)Irony (反讽) Satire (讽刺)Lyric (抒情诗) Ode (颂歌)Pastoral (田园诗) Canto (诗章)Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image (意象)Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）Psychological novel (心理小讲)Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism (象征主义) Existentialism (存在主义)Anti-hero (反面人物) Rhyme (押韵)Round Character (丰满的人物) Flat character (平淡的人物)Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步)Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend (传奇)Myth (神话) Pessimism (悲观主义)Tragicomedy (悲喜剧) Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography (传记)Foot (足注) Protagonist (正面人物)Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复)repeated initial(开头的)一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) ―英国诗歌之父（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴阶段文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论讲文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe）《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta ）威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ）四大悲剧: Hamlet（哈姆雷特）、Othello（奥瑟罗）、King Lear（李尔王）、Macbeth（麦克白）四大喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As you like it《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
metaphysical poets
Ben Johnson (1572-1637)
• A prolific dramatist, but he is mainly remembered as the author of following comedy: • Every man in his humor(1598)《人人高 兴》 • Volpone(1606)《狐狸》 • The alchemist(1610) 《炼金术士》
M e ta p h y s ic a l p o e ts a n d C a v a lie r p o e ts
Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）
• the metaphysical poets is a loose group British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them.
Main theme
• They wrote on a variety of religious and secular themes, and to express their ideas, they used startling, highly imaginative comparisons known as conceits. • At the same time, metaphysical poems express an intense awareness of common human feelings and experiences, such as jealousy, the loss of religious faith, the complexities of love and the fear of death. Although the imagery of metaphysical poetry is frequently strained, the language is often as natural and direct as ordinary speech.
英美文学名词解释
Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. The metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.Blank Verse素体诗：V erse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Blank verse has been the dominant verse form of English drama and narrative poetry since the mid-sixteenth century. It was introduced by Henry Howard from Italy, and then Shakespeare transformed blank verse into a supple instrument, uniquely capable of conveying speech rhymes and emotional overtones.Romance传奇文学: it was a long composition ,sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventure of a noble hero. //Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Heroic Couplet英雄双韵体: Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.Epic史诗: An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Sonnet十四行诗: abab cdcd efef gg A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. It was introduced by Wyatt and developed by Surrey and was thereafter widely used, notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It stressed the virtue of self-discipline, thrift, hard work and unceasing labour. It advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many worldly pleasures.Naturalism自然主义: naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life”and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalism writers usually write life of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”, but by giving all the details of life without discrimination, they can only present the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life. Humanism人文主义:Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. According the humanists, both man and world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. They emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Man could mould the world according his desire, and attain happiness by removing all the external checks by the exercise of reason.Aestheticism唯美主义: prevailing at the middle of the 19th century. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. All art creation is absolutely subjective and should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believe art should be unconcerned with controversial issues.Sentimentalism感伤主义: Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent among the enlighteners with social reality. The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed the contradictions in the process of capitalist development at the same time. Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, they appealed to sentiment, “the human heart”.Critical Realism批判现实主义：critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. Hence the use of humor and satire in the realistic novels. But the trend of their works is not of revolution but rather of reformism.Neo-Romanticism新浪漫主义:a literary trend prevailing at the end of the 19th century. Dissatisfied with the drab and the ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions, the neo-romanticists laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the readers.Modernist现代主义：prevailing during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. It was a movement of experiments in new technique of writing. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of character s’psychological activities, and so has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction.Stream of Conscience意识流:a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of conscious” method of novel writing. The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reaction to external events, rather than the events themselves.。
玄学派诗人
玄学派诗人[编辑本段]1 玄学派诗人The Metaphysical Poets指英国17世纪以约翰·多恩为首的一派诗人，还包括赫伯特、马韦尔、克拉肖、亨利·金、克利夫兰、特勒贺恩、沃恩、考利、凯利、拉夫莱斯等。
其中有些诗人在风格和内容上也属于"骑士派"，如克利夫兰、凯利、拉夫莱斯。
他们并不是一个有组织的文学团体，只有在诗歌风格上有共同点。
首先用"玄学派"这名词的是17世纪英国诗人、批评家德莱顿，他指出多恩这一派诗人太学究气，他们用哲学辩论和说理的方式写抒情诗，用词怪僻晦涩，韵律不流畅。
18世纪英国批评家约翰逊进一步分析了这一派的特点，指出"玄学派诗人都是学者"，他们的"才趣"在诗歌中的表现是"把截然不同的意象结合在一起，从外表绝不相似的事物中发现隐藏着的相似点"，"把最不伦不类的思想概念勉强地束缚在一起"（即所谓"奇想"）。
18世纪古典主义诗人重视规范，19世纪浪漫派诗人强调自然，都不重视玄学派诗歌。
20世纪初英国学者格里尔逊先后编选了《多恩诗集》(1912)和《十七世纪玄学派抒情诗和诗歌》(1921)，引起了强烈反响。
美裔英国诗人、批评家艾略特广为传布，并指出玄学派诗人是"把思想和情感统一起来"，是"统一的感受性"的典范。
30年代"新批评派"作了更进一步的研究，英美文学评论界对玄学派的兴趣迄今未衰。
他们之间有意见分歧，但基本态度是肯定的。
玄学派诗歌主要有爱情诗、宗教诗、挽歌、诗简、讽刺诗、冥想诗等。
爱情诗用说理辩论的方式，从科学、哲学、神学中摄取意象，反映出对流行于文艺复兴时期的彼特拉克式的"甜蜜的"抒情诗的不满。
宗教诗和其他诗歌则多写信仰上的苦闷、疑虑、探索与和解。
Donne
Metaphysical Conceit
Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed clichéd comparisons between more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), Metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in A Valediction: 告别辞:请勿悲伤 请勿悲伤》 Forbidding Mourning 《告别辞 请勿悲伤》 (where he compares two lovers who are separated to the two legs of a compass.
In 1615 King James I, his admirer, pressured him to take orders in the Anglican Church. From then on Donne devoted his efforts to devotional writings ─ Holy Sonnets, La Corona series, Meditations, and Sermons. He lost his wife in 1617 and, weary of all worldly ambitions, devoted himself entirely to his sacred duties. In 1621 he was nominated Dean of St. Paul’s cathedral church in London and, as Dr. Donne, he was the most famous preacher of his time.
metaphysical school of poetry
metaphysical school of poetry，玄学派诗歌英国十七世纪诗歌的一派，代表诗人有约翰·邓恩（John Donne）和安德鲁·马韦尔（Andrew Marvell)玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻，揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。
玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视，直到20世纪初，才从历史的尘封中重见天日，对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。
玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻，揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。
玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视，直到20世纪初，才从历史的尘封中重见天日，对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。
十七世纪的玄学派诗歌曾经被德莱顿、约翰逊等人认为取喻怪诞,古奥晦涩,太过学究气和思辨化,而二十世纪盛极一时的新批评理论诸将都不约而同地推崇玄学派诗风,认为玄学派诗歌将思想和情感完美结合,表现了丰富的想象力和艺术独创性,堪称英语诗的最高峰.这与当时的文艺背景有关,也与新批评派的诗学观和文学批评思想有关.邓肯是17世纪英国玄学派诗人的代表，他的诗充满了富有哲理的奇思妙喻，而敏捷活泼的思维活动又与强烈的激情——爱的激情、宗教的激情融为一体，从而制造出一种新颖的和谐。
读邓肯的诗，如同参加一项智力游戏，惟有开动脑筋，方能追赶上诗人飞驰的想像，品味出他精妙的思辨分析一诗玄学派诗歌(Metaphysical school of poetry)作为一种文学倾向流行于十七世纪，但这个称呼最早是英国诗人德莱顿在一六九三年才提出来的。
当时是含有贬义的，他认为以多恩为代表的一些诗人“好弄玄学……爱情诗本应言情，他却用哲学的微妙的思辩，把女性们的头脑弄糊涂了”1。
十七世纪的约翰逊(Samuel Johnson)进一步作出评论，认为十七世纪“涌现出一批可以称之为玄学派诗人的作家”2，从而使这一术语广为流传。
二十世纪的大师艾略特等人(他写过《玄学派诗人》著名论文)更是对该派诗歌大加赞赏。
英美文学选读名词解释
英美文学选读名词解释Metaphysical poets（玄学派诗歌）The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. Their rigorous, energetic verse appeals to t he reader’s intellect rather than emotions, discarding intuition and mysticism in favour of rational discussion. Their inventive, elaborate style was characterised by learned imagery and subtle argumentation, and the "metaphysical conceit", a figure of speech that employs unusual and paradoxical images such as in Andrew Marvell’s comparison of the soul with a drop of dew. Although such devices were not new, these poets managed to make the most of them with their fresh and original approach, infusing new life into English poetry.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry ,the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. the imagery is drawn from actual life.Lake Poets(湖畔诗人)In english literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as william wordsworth, coleridge and southey who lived in the lake District. They came to be known as the lake school or Lakers.Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.Imagism(意象主义)Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known inagist poem.Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s brought the period of buoyant Harlem culture –which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.。
“屈尊的力量”：《砸烂我的心，三位一体的上帝》的男子气概阐释
“屈尊的力量”：《砸烂我的心，三位一体的上帝》的男子气概阐释作者：黄晨阳，吴虹来源：《名作欣赏·评论版》 2018年第4期⊙黄晨阳吴虹［绍兴文理学院外国语学院，浙江绍兴312000］摘要：约翰·多恩，17世纪英国玄学派诗人鼻祖，其神学诗、爱情诗、哀歌等诗作被广大诗歌爱好者大量阅读并研究。
本文将采用张力理论的视角，从“破”与“立”的过程来剖析多恩神学诗《砸烂我的心，三位一体的上帝》，以此来探究诗歌所体现的男子气概。
关键词：约翰·多恩张力破与立男子气概神学诗一、退特的“张力”理论与多恩的“张力诗”约翰·多恩（John Donne,1572—1631）是17世纪英国玄学派诗歌的先驱及代表人物，早年以爱情诗著称，晚年的主要成就是神学诗和布道文。
在其诗作中，许多学者对其诗歌的张力特点表示了很大的热衷，对多恩诗歌中的奇思、悖论也展开了大量的解读。
1937年，艾伦·退特(Allen Tate)根据两个逻辑术语“外延”(extension)和“内涵”(intension)，对其加以改造，去掉两词前缀，于是独创了一个文论术语，即“张力”(tension)。
退特对“张力”一词所适范围雄心极大，想要以此来描述一切好诗的共同特征。
他本人明言：“我们公认的许多好诗——还有我们忽视的一些好诗——具有某种共同的特点，我们可以为这种单一性质造一个名字，以更加透彻地理解这些诗。
这种性质，我称之为‘张力’。
”{1}而在约翰·多恩诗作中的“张力”表现已为诸多学者知晓并加以肯定。
T.S.艾略特曾提出玄学派诗人作品乃是“把材料重新组合在一起成为新的统一体”。
在《玄学派诗人》(The Metaphysical Poets，1921)一文中，他亦曾援引多恩的《告别辞：莫悲伤》(A Valediction：Forbidding Mourning)诗中的比喻，认为在牵强的背后乃是统一。
英国文学名词解释
5.Terms:1.What is critical realism ?English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. They create pictures of bourgeois civilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people. They also showed profound sympathy for the common people.In their best works, the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes are contrasted with the honesty of the obscure ‘simple people” of the low classes. Through the sketches of various negative characters, critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the root of the democratic and humanistic character of the critical realism of the 19th century .2.The Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)About the beginning of the 17th century, there appeared in England a school of poets called "Metaphysical" by Samuel Johnson. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself. The representatives are John Donne and John DrydenFeatures of Metaphysical Poetry1. The excessive use of figures of speech are used.2. It was a poetry of the library, poetry for the few. It is hard for the later generations to imitate.3.Romanticism: it is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism.Romanticism is characterized by the 5 “I”s:1.Imagination2.Intuition3.Idealism4.Inspiration5.Individuality4.Shakespearian sonnetAlso known as the English Sonnet, consists of three quatrains followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.A theme is developed & elaborated in the quatrains, & a concluding thought is presented in the couplet..7.Essay questions一、Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travel, his masterpiece小说通过Gulliver到小人国、大人国、飞岛、巫人岛、马岛等虚构国度离奇旅行和遭遇，集中反映了十八世纪英国社会的各种矛盾，极其尖锐地讽刺和批判了英国君主制度的腐败和丑恶，勇敢揭露了宫廷、议会、军界、司法、文化、宗教等各领域的黑暗和罪恶，狠狠地鞭打了英国统治者所推行的对外疯狂掠夺、对内残酷剥削的血腥政策。
别出心裁的比喻――约翰·邓恩的《跳蚤》赏析
别出⼼裁的⽐喻――约翰·邓恩的《跳蚤》赏析2019-09-18摘要：⽞学派诗⼈出现于⼗七世纪，通常喜欢在他们的诗歌中运⽤别出⼼裁的⽐喻（conceit）。
约翰·邓恩被认为是⽞学派诗⼈的重要代表，其代表作《跳蚤》是被收录次数最多的诗篇之⼀，诗作以诗⼈向情⼈求爱的⼝语体写成，⽐喻出乎通常想象，反映了邓恩式的奇想。
关键词：⽞学派诗⼈奇喻跳蚤⼀、⽞学派诗⼈和奇喻Metaphysics这个词最早出现于John Dryden的著作Discourse Concerning Satire (1693)中，他曾批评邓恩在他的诗作中“affects the metaphysics”。
后来，1779年，Samuel Johnson⼜把“Metaphysical”这个词延伸指⼗七世纪初期的⼀群诗⼈，即“⽞学派诗⼈”（Metaphysical poets）。
这些诗⼈是⼀群博学多才的⼈，他们的诗作以别出⼼裁的⽐喻(conceit)、⼝语化诗体、富于变化的格律等为主要特征。
与此前伊丽莎⽩时代和此后新古典主义时期的诗歌相⽐，此派诗歌内容⽐较复杂，有⽐较浓郁的宗教神秘⾊彩。
他们的诗歌中充满了紧张的⼼情和关于⼈的感情的议论和分析。
这种诗通常⽤词简单，经常采⽤出⼈意料的⽐喻。
句式简略凝缩，多为诗⼈以第⼀⼈称展开的⼀场与爱⼈、上帝及⾃⾝的辩论。
⽞学派诗在18世纪湮没⽆闻，到19世纪晚期及20世纪初⼜重新赢得了诗⼈们的注意，特别受到现代诗⼈T.S.艾略特的推崇。
⽞学派诗⼈的主要代表者是约翰·邓恩（John Donne，1572―1631）、乔治·赫伯特 (George Herbert，1593―1633)、理查德·克拉肖 (Richard Crashaw，1613―1649) 和亨利·沃恩 (Henry Vaugham 1621-1695)等等。
在⽂学史上，约翰·邓恩被认为是⽞学派诗⼈的重要代表。
the flea赏析
the flea赏析
英国玄学派诗人（Metaphysical Poets）的鼻祖约翰邓恩，以绝妙的比喻意象和对事物的独特见解而著称。
在《跳蚤》中，跳蚤叮了“你”和“我”，“在这跳蚤肚里，我俩的血混为一体；”承认这一点就意味着承认两人；否认这一点——捕杀跳蚤——却也证明拒绝结合的无理。
很明显，作者阐明了自己的爱情观。
作者的表达含蓄而直接，“含蓄”在于用“跳蚤”来象征爱以及“饱胀的跳蚤”来象征二者结晶。
而西方诗歌所采用的是直抒胸臆的表现手法，这常常是由情感的不安的运动所决定，他们的情感是探索的，所以他们的表现手法总体上说比较多样和丰富，或夸张，或拟人，或比喻，或直白等，他们的情感往往出于自身运动的需要而“主动”去寻找载体的。
如在《跳蚤》一诗中作者把“跳蚤”来作为载体，表达感情主动直白热烈。
玄学诗派名词解释
玄学诗派名词解释玄学诗派（ Mystic Poetry） 19世纪英国唯心主义诗歌流派，一译“托马斯·阿诺德诗派”。
因“英国唯心主义的领袖”罗伯特·勃朗宁的宗教背景而得名。
代表作家有W·华兹华斯、 A·柯尔律治等。
主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》《序曲集》《古舟子咏》《冬天的猎歌》《诗集》《墓畔哀歌》《彼得·潘书简集》等。
美国诗人赫伯特·斯科特认为，“诗歌的艺术必须源自对于现实事物或意象的精细观察，但不能把这种观察转化成语言，或者停留在这个阶段，因为它已不再具有某种意义。
必须将观察和语言融合起来，这就是玄学诗。
”诗人们在诗中描绘和呈现了与理性相对立的感性世界，将这种非理性的经验上升为一种逻辑化、类型化的表达，这种充满诗意和想象力的形象创造即“玄学”。
玄学诗的产生受到了当时社会浪漫主义运动的影响，文学批评家普遍强调诗人对自然世界的沉思和想象，以及超越语言本身的重要性。
玄学诗的目标不是反对理性，而是借助玄学的力量建立感性秩序，在“新的思维方式与神秘的直觉之间”达到平衡。
玄学诗的创作对象是人类的心灵，诗人通过内心独白来展示内心的体验，达到一种无限广阔的境界。
玄学诗往往运用联想、暗示、比喻、象征等手法塑造形象，并且力图做到富有音乐感和节奏感。
1、唯心主义哲学是18世纪西欧兴起的一种反理性主义哲学思潮，主要由德国哲学家康德创立，强调绝对理念是万物的本原，主张用绝对精神来代替理性进行思考和判断。
2、美国诗人赫伯特·斯科特（ 1874— 1937）是美国早期重要的唯心主义诗人，是哈珀的第一位常驻诗人。
他在美国20世纪的文学史上占有重要地位。
曾任《常青藤》杂志编辑，同时也担任哈珀杂志的出版人。
3、玄学诗是一种诗歌类型，因其作者认为诗应该达到一种神秘的境界而被称为玄学诗。
玄学诗大约产生于19世纪初，因诗人在作品中宣扬神秘主义的唯心主义哲学，带有浓厚的宗教色彩而得名。
英国文学史及选读 2017期末复习-名词解释(最新中英)
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS1singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a2Critical Realism of the 19th centuryof fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in otherthere sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。
John Donne 英国文学史人物简介
——John Donne
an English poet, satirist and priest.
Works: Songs and Sonnets:
Me it sucked first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be… Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, nay more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed and marriage temple is…
你回来会滔滔不绝地讲述 你所遭遇的奇怪事物， 到最后 都赌咒 说美人而忠心，世界上可没有。
你万一找到了，通知我一句 向这位千里进香也心甘； 可是算了吧，我决不会去， 哪怕到隔壁就可以见面； 尽管你见她当时还可靠， 到你写信了还可以担保， her, 她不等 我到门 准已经对不起两三个男人。 （卞之琳译）
歌
A GO and catch a falling star, B Get with child a mandrake root, A Tell me where all past years are, B Or who cleft the devil's foot, C Teach me to hear mermaids singing, C Or to keep off envy's stinging, D And find D What wind D Serves to advance an honest mind.
英美文学选读 4：John Donne
The Flea
Questions for consideration:
• 1. Why does the poet say that “this cannot be said
a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead”? • 2. What do you think the addressee’s parents’ attitude toward the poet’s wooing? • 3. What’s the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea “thou” are actually killing three? 4. Try to identify the rhyme scheme of this poem.
Discussion:
• 1. Do you think it is natural to connect love with a flea?
• 2. What’s special about this poem? How is it
different from that of other love poems? Make some comparisons if you can.
• 13. wherein: 在哪里，在哪方面
• 14. triumph'st: archaic past 2nd-person singular of
TRIUMPH
• 15. say'st: archaic past 2nd-person singular of SAY • 16. find'st: archaic past 2nd-person singular of FIND • 17. yield'st: rchaic past 2nd-person singular of YIELD
17th_Century_English_Literature1作业
• in the form of Greek tragedies, • from the “Book of Judges”, • in the “Old Testament”
《旧约全书》中的《士师记》 旧约全书》中的《士师记》
Samson is Milton himself, fighting for the freedom of his country.
Paradise Regained《复乐园》 Regained《复乐园》
• 1. It tells how Christ overcame Satan’s temptations.
• 2. It is the sequel(续集 of Paradise 续集) 续集 Lost.
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》 Agonistes《力士参孙》
The Image of Satan
Who is the most striking character in the poem? 1. Satan is the real hero of the poem.
2. He is firmer than the rest of the angels. 3. He has an invincible(战无不胜的 heart. 战无不胜的) 战无不胜的
• • • • 1. Milton’s masterpiece. 2. A long epic（史诗） in 12 books. （史诗） 3. taken from the Old Testament. 4. Major characters: Satan, God, Archangel, Adam, Eve… 5. It is about Satan’s rebellion against God and the expulsion(驱逐 of Adam and 驱逐) 驱逐 Eve from the Garden of Eden.
玄学派诗人名词解释
玄学派诗人名词解释
玄学派诗人是指在诗歌创作中倾向于探索哲学、宇宙、人生等深奥主题的诗人。
他们常常通过运用象征、隐喻、比喻等修辞手法，试图使诗歌超越日常的表面意义，进入深层的思考和感悟。
玄学派诗人注重诗歌的内涵和意义，他们试图通过诗歌来探索人类存在的深层意义和宇宙的奥秘。
他们常常使用隐喻和象征，以表达抽象的概念和情感。
他们的诗作常常充满了神秘、哲思和超越性，鼓励读者在阅读中进行思考和感悟。
玄学派诗人的诗作常常借助自然景物来表达内心的感受和情感。
他们常常通过描绘一片寂静的夜空、一朵绽放的花朵或一片飘落的落叶来表达人生的短暂和无常。
他们的诗作往往具有强烈的意境和感染力，引发读者的共鸣和思考。
玄学派诗人还注重诗歌语言的美感和音韵的和谐。
他们常常运用平仄、押韵和修辞等手法，使诗歌的语言更加优美和富有节奏感。
他们追求诗歌语言的韵律和音乐感，使诗歌成为一种艺术形式，能够给读者带来美的享受和思考的启示。
总体而言，玄学派诗人通过诗歌表达深邃的思想和情感，以探索人生的奥秘和意义。
他们运用象征和隐喻等修辞手法，使诗歌具有深度和
神秘感。
他们的诗作常常注重意境和美感，以及语言的韵律和音乐感。
通过阅读他们的诗作，读者可以获得思考和感悟的启示，进而更好地理解人生和宇宙的奥秘。
英国玄学派诗歌形成的历史背景
17世纪的英国充满动荡和不安，以弥尔顿为代表的清教诗歌忠实记录了这一剧变时期的社会情况。
除此之外，17世纪还存在着一个极富特色的诗歌流派——玄学派诗歌（Metaphysical Poetry）。
发端于16世纪末，勃兴于17世纪初的玄学派诗歌，内容复杂，多写信仰和情感上的苦闷、焦虑和思索，充满紧张的情绪，深刻反映了文艺复兴末期人文主义思想与资本主义初期黑暗、冷酷的现实之间的矛盾。
在创作手法上，玄学派诗歌强调理性与激情结合，大量运用似是而非或似非而是的悖论，意象出人意料，诗歌构思新奇，充满独特的哲理思辨。
这些在西方诗艺中被称为“巧智”（wit）的手法给玄学派诗歌带来了一种“严肃的与幽默的，幻想的与平凡的因素相平衡”的怪诞效果。
正是因为这些怪诞效果，使得玄学派诗歌在20世纪之前倍受冷遇和攻击,新古典主义和浪漫主义视其为“异端”。
但是，随着20世纪现代派诗歌的崛起，英美诗坛巨匠给予玄学派诗歌以高度评价，确立了它在英国文学史上的地位。
玄学派诗歌研究的重新提及，反映了文学批评对诗歌创作审美情趣的一种转变。
文本的意象组合意象是构成诗歌境界的基本要素。
意象在西方被称为“image”。
image来源于西方的叙事文学传统，侧重于“形似”之象，具有简洁和说理的特性。
简洁，并不意味着意象在诗歌中只处于一种孤立的状态。
诗歌境界的呈现靠的就是意象的组合。
意象进入作品后，由于组接的方式不同，而呈现不同的意义。
玄学派诗歌的呈现的是“玄”的诗歌境界，源于它自身独特的意象组合，使整个艺术实体显现出全新的美感意蕴。
（一）点面式意象组合运用点面式意象组合的诗歌，往往是在全诗中穿插一个或几个关键的意象，起到以点带面的核心作用，从而凸现诗意的境界。
如安德鲁·马韦尔《爱的定义》一诗：虚伪的爱恰似那条斜线，总能从各个角度致意问好，而我们的爱却是平行线，永远延伸，却绝不相交……诗人所要表达的完美的爱情必然分离永不相交的主题，全都凝结于“平行线”这一意象中，抽象的命题却充满具体可感的形象，达到了出奇制胜的效果，使全诗境界获得了哲理性的升华。
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1 玄学派诗人The Metaphysical Poets
指英国17世纪以约翰·多恩为首的一派诗人，还包括赫伯特、马韦尔、克拉肖、亨利·金、克利夫兰、特勒贺恩、沃恩、考利、凯利、拉夫莱斯等。
其中有些诗人在风格和内容上也属于"骑士派"，如克利夫兰、凯利、拉夫莱斯。
他们并不是一个有组织的文学团体，只有在诗歌风格上有共同点。
首先用"玄学派"这名词的是17世纪英国诗人、批评家德莱顿，他指出多恩这一派诗人太学究气，他们用哲学辩论和说理的方式写抒情诗，用词怪僻晦涩，韵律不流畅。
18世纪英国批评家约翰逊进一步分析了这一派的特点，指出"玄学派诗人都是学者"，他们的"才趣"在诗歌中的表现是"把截然不同的意象结合在一起，从外表绝不相似的事物中发现隐藏着的相似点"，"把最不伦不类的思想概念勉强地束缚在一起"
（即所谓"奇想"）。
18世纪古典主义诗人重视规范，19世纪浪漫派诗人强调自然，都不重视玄学派诗歌。
20世纪初英国学者格里尔逊先后编选了《多恩诗集》(1912)和《十七世纪玄学派抒情诗和诗歌》(1921)，引起了强烈反响。
美裔英国诗人、批评家艾略特广为传布，并指出玄学派诗人是"把思想和情感统一起来"，是"统一的感受性"的典范。
30年代"新批评派"作了更进一步的研究，英美文学评论界对玄学派的兴趣迄今未衰。
他们之间有意见分歧，但基本态度是肯定的。
玄学派诗歌主要有爱情诗、宗教诗、挽歌、诗简、讽刺诗、冥想诗等。
爱情诗用说理辩论的方式，从科学、哲学、神学中摄取意象，反映出对流行于文艺复兴时期的彼特拉克式的"甜蜜的"抒情诗的不满。
宗教诗和其他诗歌则多写信仰上的苦闷、疑虑、探索与和解。
玄学派诗歌反映了17世纪初斯图亚特王朝日趋反动和旧教重新抬头的情况下人文主义传统中肯定生活、歌颂爱情、个性解放的思想遇到的危机。
玄学派诗歌的情绪很符合第一次世界大战后普遍存在的怀疑气氛，符合对维多利亚和爱德华两朝的温情和庸俗道德观念的不满情绪，也符合作家追求新的生活体验和表现方式的要求，因而风行。
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2 玄学派诗人写作特点
玄学派诗人具有强烈的叛逆精神，试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。
诗人的措辞采用简洁的白描法，大大区别于伊丽莎白时期或新古典主义时期的诗歌风格，并反映了普通语言和强弱自然的节奏。
诗中的意象都是从现实的生活中提取。
诗歌的形式经常都是以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。
由于品味的不同，邓恩及其后继者们的作品在18世纪与19世纪初期备受冷落，然而到了19世纪晚期及20世纪初期，越来越多的人开始青睐于邓恩及其他
玄学派诗人的作品。
这种对邓恩的重新承认是由于人们认识到了他们创艺术的严肃性，并对他们的叛逆精神，他们的现实主义以及他们与现代人思想品味的相似非常感兴趣，同时还由于邓恩派诗人们的确创作了绝妙的作品。
T.S.艾略特，约翰·兰塞姆与埃伦·泰特都是深受玄学派影响的现代诗人典例。
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3 代表人物约翰邓恩John Donne.
约翰.邓恩便是“玄学派”的代表人物。
他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与心境。
他的诗歌形式是动态的，语言别致精巧，意象栩栩如生，韵律生动活泼，与其他单纯静谧，乐感十足而平淡无奇的伊丽莎白时代爱情诗相比大相径庭。
邓恩诗作最显著的特点是那强烈的现实主义气息，也就是说诗中的反映不是诗意的世界而是现实的世界。
除了邓恩，玄学派诗人的代表还有赫伯特，沃恩，克拉肖，马韦尔及考利。