专业英语 汉译英(2)
英语专业八级经济发展2-参考译文
经济发展汉译英2——参考译文自入世以来，中国积极推进贸易投资自由化便利化，有力维护争端解决机制法律地位，全力支持发展中国家融入多边体系，维护多边贸易体系的权威性和有效性。
Since acceding to the WTO, China has played an active role in liberalizing and facilitating trade and investment, effectively safeguarded the dispute settlement mechanism, vigorously supported the integration of developing members into the multilateral trading system, and firmly upheld the authority and efficacy of the multilateral trading system.中国旗帜鲜明反对单边主义和贸易保护主义，在APEC第22次领导人非正式会议、20国集团领导人杭州峰会和金砖国家领导人第9次会晤期间，推动将反对贸易保护主义写入会议成果文件。
中国支持WTO上诉机制独立公正发挥作用，已会同60多个成员联署提案，推动尽快启动法官遴选程序。
中国全面参与多哈回合各项议题谈判，推动多国完成《贸易便利化协定》的国内批准程序。
中国设立“最不发达国家及加入世贸组织中国项目”，已帮助6个最不发达国家加入世贸组织。
China explicitly opposes unilateralism and trade protectionism. During the 22nd APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, the G20 Hangzhou Summit, and the 9th BRICS Summit, China secured statements on opposing trade protectionism in the outcome documents of these summits. China supports the independent and impartial role of the WTO Appellate Body, and joined more than 60 members in submitting a proposal on starting the selection process at the earliest possible date. China participated fully in the Doha Round negotiations, and encouraged a number of countries to complete their domestic ratification procedures of the Trade Facilitation Agreement. The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Accessions Program, established by China, has helped six LDCs accede to the WTO.自入世以来，中国快速融入世界经济，加速改革开放，已成为世界经济增长的主要稳定器和动力源。
2019年6月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试二级口译实务真题（人事部CATTI考试）
2019年6⽉全国翻译专业资格（⽔平）考试⼆级⼝译实务真题（⼈事部CATTI考试）2019年6⽉全国翻译专业资格（⽔平）考试英语⼆级《⼝译实务》试题Section 1: English-Chinese translation(英译汉)(50points) Passage 1When I came here last year, it was 9 months after the agreement was signed by OPEC members and non-OPEC countries. Now we have been out of 3 years of recession. cooperation between 25 countries has helped bring back stability, having a positive impact on world economy and trade. In the past 20 months, the change in the situations is like day and night. However, it’s not the time for us to rest on the success. We should continue to build a healthy and stable market. Despite the recovery, there are still factors that are out of our control: geopolitical crises, disputes between countries and natural disasters. It is important for us to handle these risks and it is crucial to the market in the short term and in the long term.We are in support of the Paris Agreement, which is the most important document about climate change and sustainable energy. Historically, people think renewable energy is the only choice for the future, but I think this idea is misleading. Actually, we need a diversity of energy sources, rather than just one source.New renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are developing rapidly and the share of hydroelectric power remains stable. By 2040, renewable energy will account for 19% in the global energy mix. Nuclear power will represent 6%. That means 3/4 of the energy supply will have to be found elsewhere. So oil is still important.Global energy demand is predicted to increase by 30%, in order to meet the needs of economic development and increased population. 3 billion people need energy for cooking, and there are still 1 billion people lacking electricity. Energy supply can have no holidays. It is a 24h service. Energy supply has to be reliable, stable and sustainable.Passage 2What is human resources capital index? It is a statistic tool for measuring how a country prepares its people for the challenges in the future. We can’t wait any more,though I know some countries may not feel happy about its ranking.In the past years, many countries have invested much in infrastructure, such as roads, bridges and airports. This is because the social and political benefits of investment in infrastructure are apparent. However, it takes years to see the benefits of investment in human resources, so there is a great gap in countries’ investment in human resources capital, and the gap is likely to widen.The focus of our index is to ask 3 questions: first, how many children in a country can live to 5 years old? second, after reaching the age of 5, how many children go to school? third, when these young people go to the job market, how many have received sufficient training, which lays a good foundation for live-long learning. If children are provided with nutritious food and good health care, they will then request advanced education. However, in many countries, children face chronic lack of nutritious food, health care and school. If their brains don’t develop fully, later when they enter the job market they will be in a disadvantageous situation.If a country doesn’t invest in human resources capital, its economic output cannot increase, and it cannot compete with other countries. Most of my life has been spent on investment in human resources capital in developing countries, and I have seen how the lack of investment in human resources capital has brought miseries. We call on donors to contribute more to these developing countries. However, we should also recognize that the huge needs cannot be met just by foreign aide. It is more important that the developing countries improve their own ability.Investment in human resources capital is important. Developing countries should improve air quality, provide clean water, school bus service, health care and social security.Section 2: Chinese-English translation(汉译英)(50points) Passage 1改⾰开放40年来，中国的经济发展取得了巨⼤成就，已经成为世界第⼆⼤经济体。
专业英语
单词：Self-motivated 自我激励Compensation 补偿、赔偿Fatality 不幸、灾祸Traumatic 外伤的、创伤的Respiration 呼吸、呼吸作用Insurance premium 保险费ROPS(roll-over protective structure)翻车安全防护措施VTL（vertical turret lathe）立式转塔车床Grinding machine磨床Lubricant润滑物、润滑油、润滑剂GNP(gross national product)国民生产总值Scaffold 脚手架Jackhammer 手持式风钻、风镐mine fire 矿井火灾silicosis 硅肺病chronic 慢性的，延续很长的suffocate 使……窒息respiratory tract 呼吸道lethal 致命的，致死的BLEVE 沸腾液体膨胀气化爆炸hidden fire spread 暗藏的火种，暗藏的火灾隐患explosion occupancies identified 爆炸危险性用房的辨识terminology 术语学句子：The amount left was estimated to be again as much as all the zinc that has been mined。
当时估计，剩余锌储量是已开采量的两倍。
The new equipment will reduce the error probability by seven times。
新设备的误差概率将降低6/7。
The voltage has dropped five times. 电压降低了4/5.The pressure will be reduced to one-fourth of its original value。
压力将减少到原来数值的四分之一Friction can be reduced and the life ofthe machine prolonged bylubrication。
数学专业英语翻译2-3
S，我们记为。
如果方便，我们可以用在大括号中列出元素的方式来表示集合。 例如，小于10的正偶数的集合表示为{2,4,6,8}，而所有正偶数 的集合表示为{2,4,6,…}, 三个圆点表示 “等等”。
The dots are used only when the meaning of “and so on” is clear. The method of listing the members of a set within braces is sometimes referred to as the roster notation.
In fact, the empty set contains no elements, whereas the set has one element. Sets consisting of exactly one element are sometimes called one-element sets.
一个给定的集合S可以产生新的集合，这些集合叫做S的子集。 例如，由可被4除尽的并且小于10的正整数所组成的集合是 小于10的所有偶数所组成集合的子集。一般来说，我们有如 下定义。
In all our applications of set theory, we have a fixed set S given in advance, and we are concerned only with subsets of this given set. The underlying set S may vary from one application to another; it will be referred to as the universal set of each particular discourse. （35页第二段）
综合专业英语试题
专业英语试题一、词语翻译1.Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应2.Broadcasting 广播3.发射机Transmitter4.Encoder 编码器5.光电阴极Photocathode6.像素Pixel7.Harmonic structure 谐波结构8.多路器Mutiplexer9.电离层Ionosphere10.Deterministic 确定的11.功率谱密度power clensity spectrum12.信噪比signal-to-noise ratio13.Demodulation 解调，检波14.Nonlinear 非线性的15.Vacuum-tube 真空（电子）管16.Modulation coefficient 调制系数17.Upper side frequency 上边频18.调制信号modulation signal19.直流电源DC power suply20.Quadrature 正交21.振荡器resonator22.Inversion 倒置23.差分difference24.Cascade 串联，级联25.Deemphasis 去加重1.field-effect 场效应管2.oscilloscope 示波器rmation 信息，消息，情报4.optical fiber 光纤5. signal-to-noise 信噪比6.bandwidth 基带7.vocal tract 声带8.bipolar 双极（线）的9.decoder 解（译）码器10.Fourier series 傅里叶级数11.decibel 分贝12.modulation 调制，调节13.amplifier 放大器，扩音机14. transformer 变压器15.resonator 振荡器16.prescribe 指示，规定17.difference差分，差别18.frequency modulation调频19.frequency divider分频器20.viewpoint 观点21.impurity杂质，混合物22.nanometers纳米23.packaging封装24.very large integration 超大规模集成电路25.digital signal processing数字信号处理26. baseband 基带27.binary二进制编码28.mainframe 主机，大型机29.electronic mail电子邮件30.mobile telephone service移动电话业务二、英译汉1.A serial link is often used to attach a computer to a modem.答案：串口通常用来将计算机和调制解调器连接起来。
专业英语八级汉译英(记叙文类)强化练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级汉译英（记叙文类）强化练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 5. TRANSLATIONPART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHDirections: Translate the following text into English.1．书籍到了我的手里，我的习惯是先看序文，次看目录。
页数不多的往往立刻通读，篇幅大的，只把正文任择一二章节略加翻阅，就插在书架上。
除小说外，我少有全体读完的大部的书，只凭了购入当时的记忆，知道某册书是何种性质，其中大概有些什么可取的材料而已。
什么书在什么时候再去读再去翻，连我自己也无把握，完全要看一个时期一个时期的兴趣。
正确答案：As soon as a new book comes to my hand, I always read the preface first and then the table of contents. If it happens to be a thin one, I often finish reading it at one sitting. Otherwise, I often browse through one or two chapters or sections before putting it onto my bookshelf. I seldom read a thick book from cover to cover unless it is a novel. By dint of the first impression it made on me at the time of buying, I have a rough idea of what a book is about and what useful materials in it are available to me. But I have little idea which book is to be read or looked over again at what time. It is completely subject to the whims of the moment.解析：1．第一句主句的主语“我的习惯”不宜直译为英语的主语，因为后面的成分“先看序文，次看目录”都是动词词组，发出动作的逻辑主语是“我”。
(完整版)电子技术专业英语
1、汉译英1)直流电路direct current circuits2)放大器（扩音器）amplifier3)模拟电子技术analog electronics4)半导体二极管semiconductor diode5)晶体管效应transistor effect6)微处理器microprocessor7)电气工程electrical engineering8)能源工程（或电力工程）power engineering9)通信工程telecommunications engineering10)内部器件internal devices11)电子元件electrical components12)欧姆定律Ohm law13)限制电流limit current14)分压器voltage divider15)晶体管偏置电路transistor biasing circuits16)阻碍电流block DC current17)存储点能store electrical energy18)感抗inductive reactance19)绝缘材料insulating material20)交流阻抗AC resistancea)通用仪表general-purpose meterb)模拟仪表analog meterc)交换测试笔reverse the test leadsd)机械调节mechanical adjuste)测量电阻measure resistancef)正向电压positive voltageg)测量电流measure currenth)电压幅度voltage amplitudei)双踪示波器dual-trace oscilloscopej)信号发生器signal generator21)PN结PN junction22)三极管bipolar transistor23)电子和空穴electron and hole24)稳压电源electronic power supply或steady DC voltage source25)桥式整流器bridge rectifier26)脉冲直流电pulsating DC27)二极管的正极anode of diode28)峰值电压peak voltage29)电容滤波器capacitor filter30)充电和放电charge and discharge31)稳压管Zener diode32)电器电子工程师学会IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)33)专业技术组织technical professional association34)基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s V oltage Law35)电压源voltage sources36)电荷守恒定律the law of conservation of electric charge37)在每一瞬时at every instant of time38)元件两端的电压voltages across elements39)无线电传输radio transmission40)频率调制或调频frequency modulation41)频域the frequency domain42)线性电阻linear resistor43)调幅波形amplitude modulation wave44)专用集成电路（ASIC）45)快速时间响应fast response time46)有效信号valid signal47)十进制数字系统decimal system48)逻辑运算logic operation1)控制信号线the control bus2)中断线interrupt lines1)结构化语言structured language2)局部变量local variables3)副作用side effect4)汇编语言指令assembly language instructions1)静止图像still image2)阴极射线管，显像管CRT or the cathode ray tube3)像素pixel4)电子束electron beam2、英译汉1)assembler language汇编语言2)alternating current circuits交流电路3)passive electrical circuits无源电路4)three phase circuits三相电路5)digital electronics数字电子技术6)logic gates逻辑门7)3D virtual reality image三维虚拟图像8)computer programming计算机编程9)major in（在大学里）主修10)advanced programming techniques高级编程技术1)known as capacitive reactance称为容抗2)with units ohms单位为欧姆3)prevent device from burning out防止器件烧掉4)has an AC resistance to AC current对交流电流由阻抗5)adjustment with a screw用一个螺丝调节6)in the shape of a cylinder 呈圆柱形式7)block DC current，but pass AC current阻直流通交流8)to vary the inductance改变电感9)be given by the formula 由公式给出10)the RF amplifier 音频放大器1)analog multimeter模拟万用表2)extended range扩展范围3)specific meters特殊仪表4)includes the function and range switches具有功能及范围选择旋钮5)present an electronic picture呈现一幅电子图像6)display the voltage waveform显示电压波形7)appear on the screen在屏幕上出现8)phase relationships相位关系9)an example例如，作为一个例子10)in series with the circuit串连接入电路1)Semiconductor material半导体材料2)forward biased正向偏置3)depend on the external circuit resistance取决于外部电路的电阻4)excessive reverse-biased voltage过高的反偏电压5)is directly proportional to the amount ofbase current是正比于基极电流6)may even appear almost as a short几乎可看成是短路7)cause stability problems for a transistorcircuit引起晶体管电路的稳定性问题8)digital technology数字技术9)the most popular technology最常用的技术10)use two complementary typeset oftransistors N-channel and P-channel用两种互补型的晶体管——N沟道和P沟道1)equipment operation设备的运行2)device that converts AC into DC把交流电转换成直流电的器件3)the power lines电源线4)depending on the value of DC voltageneeded 根据所需要的直流电压值5) a half-wave rectifier平波整流器6)so as to produce a constant DC output从而产生一个稳定的直流输出7)in the negative side of the capacitor在电容的负极8)flow through the load流过负载9)in the forward-biased condition在加正向偏置电压的条件下10) a series（current-limiting）resistor一个串联（限制电流）电阻1)current source电流源2)under this circumstance在这种情况下3)present the second of Kirchhoff’s laws给出基尔霍夫第二定律4)introduce the concept of a “loop”引入“回路”的概念5)An alternative statement of KVLKVL的另一种表述法6)voltages algebraically sum电压代数和7)sinusoidal steady-syate response正弦稳态响应8)ordinary household voltage日常用电的电压9)time-invariant circuit时不变电路10)percentage of modulation调制百分比reduce the power consumption减小消耗功率flip-flop 触发器the octal and hexadecimal systems当时钟脉冲信号来到时改变状态①直流电路direct current circuits②放大器（扩音器）amplifier③欧姆定律Ohm law④正极positive electrode⑤充电与放电Charge and discharge⑥无线电传输Radio transmission⑦模拟仪表Analogue Meters⑧模拟电子技术analog electronics⑨半导体二极管semiconductor⑩晶体管效应transistor effect⑪微处理器microprocessor⑫通信工程telecommunications engineering ⑬汇编语言assembler language⑭电子元件electrical components⑮限制电流limit current⑯分压器voltage divider⑰偏置电路biasing circuits⑱阻碍电流block DC current⑲感抗inductive reactance⑳容抗capacitive21正向电压positive voltage22扩展范围extended range23电压波形voltage waveform24连接入电路in series with the circuit25PN结PN junction 26三极管bipolar transistor27电子与空穴electron and hole28半导体材料semiconductor material29正向偏置forward biased30数字技术digital technology31桥式整流器bridge rectifier32稳压管Zener diode33电源线the power lines34在电容的负极in the negative side of the capacitor 在加正向偏置的条件下in the forward-biased condition一个串联电阻 a series (current-limiting)resistor35电压源voltage sources36在每一瞬时at every instant of time37无线电传输radio transmission38频率调制或调频frequency modulation39快速时间响应fast response time40有效信号valid signal41结构化语言structured language42局部变量local variables43副作用side effect44静止图像still image45阴极射线管pixel46电子束electron beam1.resistors are used to limit current flowing to adevice ,thereby preventing it from burning out, as voltage dividers to reduce voltage for other circuits, as transistor biasing circuits, and to serve as circuit loads.电阻常用做限流器，限制流过器件的电流防止烧坏器件，电阻也可用作分压器，以减小其他电路电压，还可以用在晶体管偏执电路中和作为电路负载。
英语专业期末考试翻译试题(2),汉译英
翻译下列词语。
（1)雪中送炭help a lame dog over a stile(2）好好先生yes-man(3)一寸光阴一寸金an inch of time is an inch of gold（4）西部大开发western development（5)破产have/wear a green bonnet二．。
翻译下列句子。
（1）幽默是智慧、学识、机敏的结晶，幽默在我们社会、家庭、工作、学习、生活中不可或缺。
Humor is the crystallization of wit, knowledge，and resourcefulness. It is also indispensable to our work，study ,family ,society ,and life in general.(2) 她使我知道人间的温暖;她使我知道爱与被爱的幸福.It was to her that I owed my awareness of the fact that there is warmth in the world—that to show love is no less happiness than to be loved.(3）中国有两点是靠得住的,一是讲原则,二是说话算数。
（邓小平）China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.(4）月光如水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上.薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里,叶子和华仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦.Moonlight cascaded like water over the locus leaves and flowers，and a light blue mist floating up from the pool made them seem washed in milk or caught in a gauzy dream。
专业英语
专业外语一、词汇1.氧乙炔焊(OAW)Oxyacetylene welding2.电弧焊Arc Welding。
3.熔化极气体保护焊gas metal arc welding 4熔化极惰性气体保护焊metal inert gases arc welding (MIG)5.活性气体保护焊metal active gases arc welding (MAG)6.钨极气体保护电弧Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or tungsten inert gas arc welding (TIG)7.埋弧焊Submerged arc welding (SAW)8.激光束焊接Laser beam welding (LBW)9.电子束焊Electron beam welding (EBW)10.压力焊Pressure welding。
11.电阻焊resistance welding。
12.冷压焊Cold pressure welding。
13.摩擦焊接 Friction welding。
14.超声波焊接Ultrasonic welding。
15.高频焊接High frequency welding。
16.钎焊焊接Brazing welding。
17.黑色金属nonferrous metal。
18.杂质impurity。
19.不锈钢stainless steel 。
20.焊区welding zone。
21.表面硬化case hardening。
22.临界点critical point。
23.渗碳carburizing 24.淬透性hardenability。
25.体心立方body-centered cubic。
26.面心立方face-centered cubic。
27.奥氏体austenite。
28.铁素体ferrite。
29.马氏体martensite。
30.渗碳体cementite。
专业英语汉译英
碳：carbon 氢：hydrogen氧：oxygen氮: azote铜： cuprum铁：iron铝：aluminum银：silver阴离子:anionic阳离子：cationic氢离子：hydrogen ion 硫酸：sulphate氯化氢：hydrogen chloride硝酸：Nitric acid氢氧化钠：Sodium hydroxide硫酸铜：Copper sulfate碳酸钾：Potassium carbonate过氧化氢：Hydrogen peroxide氰化钾：Potassium cyanide 碳酸氢铵：Ammonium bicarbonate硫化钠：Sodium sulfide氯化铵：ammonium chloride二氧化碳：Carbon dioxide三氧化二铁：Ferric oxide次氯酸钠：Sodium hypochlorite碱式碳酸铜：The alkali type copper carbonate甲烷：methane环己烷：cyclohexane异丙基：isopropyl丁烯：butene2-庚烯-5-炔：2 - heptene - 5 - acetylene对二甲苯：paraxylene甲醇：methanol 巯基乙醇：mercaptoethanol乙酸：Acetic acid乙酸乙酯：Ethyl acetate乙醚:ether 乙腈：acetonitrile正丁胺：N-butyl amine丙酮：acetone二氯甲烷：Methylene chlorideN，N-二甲基亚砜：N, N dimethyl sulfoxideN,N-二甲基甲酰胺：N, N - dimethyl formamide试管：In vitro漏斗：funnel烧杯：A beaker烧瓶：A flask原子结构：Atomic structure共价键：Covalent bond同位素：isotope质量数：Mass number化学方程式：The chemical equation合成：synthetic半衰期：The half-life通风厨：Ventilated kitchen反应物：The reactants百分收率：The percentage yield无机化学：Inorganic chemistry结构式：structured分子轨道：Analysis of track分析化学：In analytical chemistry滴定法：titration溶解性：solubility有机化学：Organic chemistry催化剂：catalyst卤素：halogen物理化学：Physical and chemical3.576（科学计数）：3.576 count (science)晶体：crystal聚合物：polymer。
《英汉汉英笔译2》教学大纲
《英汉/汉英笔译2》教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程类别专业课程课程性质理论课程属性必修课程名称英汉/汉英笔译2课程英文名称E-C/C-E Translation 2课程编码F11ZB15C适用专业英语考核方式考试先修课程英汉/汉英翻译1总学时32学分2理论学时16实验学时/实训学时/ 实践学时/上机学时实践学时：16开课单位外国语学院二、课程简介《英汉/汉英笔译2》是本科高等学校英语专业一门重要的专业必修课程，是后续毕业论文写作，以及进一步提高英语综合运用能力的重要基础。
《英汉/汉英笔译2》是笔译课程的汉译英部分，介绍汉英翻译的基本理论与方法，培养和提高学生汉英转换能力和技巧，包括词、句、篇章层面的汉英转换。
该课程是笔译的高级阶段，是对学生汉语原文理解及其英语再现能力的全面训练和提升，课程教学关注汉英语言对比，强调汉英翻译是意义表达方式的改变，而非字面形式和意义的简单替换的翻译理念，并引导学生关注文化、语境、以及修辞因素对翻译过程的影响，从而形成关于对语言交际和翻译本质的更为全面的认识，提高基于汉英语言对比分析能力的汉译英能力。
三、课程教学目标知识目标目标1：学生对翻译的本质有全面、深刻的认识，即，翻译是源语意义在目标语中的再表达，是不同语言间的意义表达方式的转换，而非字面意义和结构的简单替换，不仅是语言意义的再表达，更是文化和意识形态意义的再表达。
以汉英两种语言的词汇、语法知识为基础，掌握汉英两种语言在词和句层面的语言对比的知识；基于语言对比的知识，充分认知英语词类及其语法功能，以句子为基本的翻译单位，掌握词和句子汉译英的基本方法和技巧；以词、句的汉英比较和翻译为基础，了解汉英篇章的主要形式差异，掌握汉英篇章的翻译的基本理论和方法。
以语料的掌握、翻译操作、语感、以及语言的敏感性为基础，充分了解语境、文化、文体修辞因素对汉英翻译的影响，汉英语言的知识与汉英翻译知识互为支撑和拓展。
能力目标目标2：掌握10000-12000个英文单词，涉及日常生活、政治、经济、中国国情等方面，以及这些单词组成的常用搭配；正确、熟练使用其中5000-6000个单词及其最常用的搭配，并能运用到汉英翻译中；以扎实的汉英语言、文化知识为基础，熟练掌握词、句层面的汉英翻译方法和技巧，英语译文语言规范，表达准确、达意；以词、句汉译英能力为基础，能借助词典等工具，将中文报刊的一般性描写、论说、应用文译成英语，能较好地运用英语衔接和连贯手段，译文忠实原意，语言通顺，语意连贯，每小时写译250到300单词。
专业英语第一章(英译汉+汉译英)
第一单元（HB纯手工出版）(1-1)Many of the products and services in modern society are based upon the work of electrical engineers and computer scientists. The tremendous reduction over the last decade in the cost of digital electronic devices has led to an explosive growth in the use of computers and computation. At the same time, our increased understanding of computer science has made possible the development of new software systems of increased power, sophistication, and flexibility.现代社会的许多产品和服务都是以电气工程师和计算机科学家的工作为基础的。
在过去的十年里，数字电子设备成本的大幅降低导致了计算机和计算的爆炸性增长。
与此同时，我们对计算机科学的理解不断加深，使得开发更强大、更复杂、更灵活的新软件系统成为可能。
(1-2) In November 1971，Intel introduced the world's first commercial microprocessor, the4004，invented by three Intel engineers. Primitive by today' s standards, it contained a mere 2, 300 transistors and performed about 60, 000 calculations in a second. Today, the microprocessor is the most complex mass- produced product ever, with millions of transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second.1971年11月，英特尔公司推出了世界上第一台商用微处理器,代号4004，由三位因特尔工程师发明。
专业英语八级翻译分类真题汉译英(二)
专业英语八级翻译分类真题汉译英(二)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}TRANSLATION{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}CHINESE TO ENGLISH{{/B}}(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.朋友关系的存续是以相互尊重为前提的，容不得半点儿强求、干涉和控制。
{{U}}彼此之间，情趣相投、脾气对味则合、则交，反之，则离、则绝。
朋友之间再熟悉、再亲密，也不能随便过头、不恭不敬，这样，默契和平衡将被打破，友好关系将不复存在{{/U}}。
{{U}}每个人都希望拥有自己的一片私密空间，朋友之间过于随便，就容易侵入这片禁区，从而引起冲突，造成隔阂。
待友不敬，有时或许只是一件小事，却可能已埋下了破坏性的种子。
维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节，互不干涉，久而敬之才能天长地久{{/U}}。
（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：([直译] The continuation of friendship is on the premise that one respects the other. It does not allow any bit of forcing, interference or control. {{U}}If one shares interest, taste, and value of the other, they will come together and relate to one another; otherwise, they stay away from one another and discontinue their relations. No matter how familiar friends may be and how close their relations are, they shall not be too casual to show disrespect and impoliteness. Otherwise, their harmony will break, their balance will be lost, and the friendly relationship between them will come to an end{{/U}}. {{U}}Every one wants a personal space, a forbidden space one may call one's own. If friends are too casual to one another, they may unconsciously invade the other's personal space, so that conflicts may arise, and separation may result. Treating friends with disrespect may seemingly be a small matter, but in fact, it has already sown a destructive seed. We keep a friendly relation best if we relate to one another with due respect and politeness, each not interfering the other's business. Always respect your friends, and your friendship will last{{/U}}. [意译] Mutual respect is the basis of friendship. Any bit of forcing, interference or control will only help to break up this relationship. {{U}}People who share the same interest and taste, who have the same value, come together to form good relationships, whereas people who do not stay away from each other and end their relationships. Familiar though friends may be to one another, and close as their relations, if one is too casual, the other may feel that he is not treated with due respect and politeness. As a result, the harmony may break, the balance may be lost, and their friendly relationship may be finished{{/U}}. {{U}}We all want to have a personal space, a space of our own. If we the friends are too casual to each other, we may unconsciously invade this forbidden space, causing conflicts and making us split up. Casual behavior among friends may seem a small matter. In fact, it is a destructive seed. Don't interfere with your friends' business, and always respect your friends. It is mutual respect and politeness that best keeps a friendly relation and makes it last{{/U}}.)解析：[解析] 首先，这是一篇典型的中国文人写的散文，酷似中国画和书法，洋洋洒洒，读起来使人难免有些飘飘然的朦胧感觉。
建环专业英语课后翻译(汉译英)
10.翻译：1.Vapor compression refrigeration system is composed by compressor，condenser，expansion valve andevaporator，connected with pipe line to form an enclosed system. Refrigerant changes heat with substance to be cooled in evaporator. Refrigerator absorbs heat from substance to be cooled and evaporated. The compressor draws the low pressure vapor in its suction side and then compressed it to high pressure before discharge.2.During the cycle, compressor, which is heart of the system, plays a part in compressing and transportingrefrigerant vapor and causing low pressure in evaporator and high pressure in condenser. Flow control valve throttles refrigerant flow to reduce its pressure and regulates refrigerant flow rate of entering evaporator.Evaporator, which is an equipment of refrigerating effect output, refrigerant absorbs heat form substance to be cooled to realize refrigerating. Condenser, which is an equipment of heat output, coolant in it takes away heat from refrigerant and heat from the work consumed by compressor.3.In liquid evaporating refrigerating systems, refrigerant is required to evaporate at low temperature. It absorbsheat from objects to be cooled. Then condenses at higher temperature and discharges heat to environment meanwhile. Therefore, only those evaporate and condense within range of working temperature can be used as refrigerants. Most refrigerants are in gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure.4.Mixed refrigerant is composed by two kinds or more pure refrigerants. Due to limitation to type andperformance of pure refrigerants, mixture of refrigerant offers more freedom to modulate performance and amplify choice of refrigerant.9翻译1. Boiler is a kind of heat exchange device which turns chemical energy and excess heat from industrial production process or other heat source into steam or hot water with certain temperature and pressure.2. According to heat transfer features of boiler, industrial boiler heat surface can be divided into radiant heat surface and convection heat surface. Radiant heat surface is that portion of surface of being located in combustion chamber and receive radiant heat. Manly means water cooled wall. Convection heat surface, located in boiler flue, is that portion of surface swashed directly by high temperature flue gas to transfer heat by convection.3. Boiler heat efficiency is an important technique index of boiler. Boiler heat efficiency means when boiler operating with rating load, how many percent of the heat from fully burning of fuel sent into boiler per hour to produce steam or hot water.4. Boiler has broad applications and various types. Some common criteria used in classifying them are: structure of boiler, application of boiler, fuel or energy used by boiler, type of combusting, ventilation mode, circulation mode and arrangement of boiler drum8 翻译1. HV AC means to realize regulating and controlling of temperature, humidity, cleanliness and air velocity for certain room or space, providing adequate fresh air meantime. HV AC is called Air conditioning for short. Air conditioning can realize overall controlling to heat and humidity environment and air quality in buildings, or to say it contains partial function of heating and ventilation.2. All -air system is a system that cooling or heating load in room is undertaken completely by air. An all-air system supplies sensible heat cooling capacity and latent heat cooling capacity by delivering cold air into room. Processes of cooling down and dehumidification of air are accomplished by air handling unit which locates completely in air conditioning machine room. Supplemental cooling in room is no more required, yet heat of supply air can be achieved either in air conditioning machine room or in individual room. Air treatment for all-air system is mainly centralized in air conditioning machine room, so it is commonly called central air conditioning system.3. Air -water system is a system that cooling or heating load in room is undertaken by both air and water. Besides supplying treated fresh air to room, terminal unit with circulation media of water installed in room heats and cools indoor air.7 翻译1. Ventilation is main approach to ensure indoor air quality. That is, displacing indoor air of higher contaminant concentration with outdoor air of much lower contaminant concentration. Ventilation rate needed should be determined by principle of diluting indoor contaminant to reach concentration specified by standard. Main contaminant source is people in people occupied buildings. So the requisite ventilation rate –fresh air rate is ascertained by people. That is, fresh air rate is ascertained by diluting carbon dioxide released by people. In order to take into account diluting other contaminant and odor aroused by people’s activity at the same time, many countries control carbon dioxide at 0.1%, while suggestion value of WHO is 0.25%.2. Air condition buildings are commonly well airtight. If no reasonable exists, indoor air quality in it is not better than common building with well ventilating. Ventilation issues are accomplished by air conditioning system except special treatment for hazardous gases released by technique process in air conditioning buildings. Special fresh air system is installed in air-water system to supply fresh air to individual room to fulfill task of ventilation and improve air quality. Outdoor fresh air should be introduced into all-air system and mixed with return air, and then the mixture is delivered to room to dilute indoor contaminant after been treated.3. Local air exhaust is a kind of local ventilation which removes contaminant directly from contaminant source. When contaminant occurs centrally in somewhere, local air exhaust is the most effective way to treat harm of contaminant to environment. If overall ventilation is adopted in such situation, contaminant may spread in rooms. When contaminant occurs in large amount, ventilation volume needed to dilute it can be too much to realize in practice. Local air exhaust system consists of exhaust hood、fan、air cleaner、air ducts、exhaust outlet.4. Nature ventilation caused by heat pressure or wind pressure is widely used ventilation. Common residential building, office building, industrial workshop depend on nature ventilation to ensure indoor air quality. Otherwise,natural ventilation is a kind of ventilation which is difficult to be controlled effectively. Only by understanding its basic principle and taking certain measure can we get nature ventilation going on according to out preset mode.5. Ventilation rate is always self-balanced practically when a room is ventilated. Air balance we referred to here means designing balance in the light of willing of designer or occupier. If balance designed has not performed, ventilation requirements may not be satisfied when system practically operates in balanced state. For example, a set of local exhaust system is installed to eliminate contaminant emitted by contaminant source in room. But the system doesn’t work well when operating and ventilation rate does n’t reach the need. The problem lies in that the room is in basement and has good air permeability performance. Meanwhile, absence of air intake system and passage gives rise to higher negative pressure and reduces ventilation rate of air exhaust system.6 翻译1. nature gas is generally divided into four kinds: gas exploited from gas well of gas field is called pure natural gas or gas of gas well; gas exploited accompanying with petroleum is called petroleum gas or petroleum accompanied gas; gas which has light fraction of petroleum is called condensate gas of gas field; gas drawn from coal bed of coal well is called coal mine well gas.2. Density variation should be taken into account when computing gas flow in pipes. Density of gas reduces with declining of pressure along the pipe line. Only in low pressure pipes the change in density of gas can be omitted.3. For the sake of making distribution system with very high economical index, optimal gas pipeline route is selected and number of gas pressure regulating room and distribution center is determined besides correct choice of pipe diameter. There are generally many kinds of design schemes to be encountered during the process of designing, therefore an optimal scheme should be picked out from them.5 翻译1. Heating by convection which is major type of heat transfer is called convection heating. Heat emitting equipment in the system is radiator, so this kind of system is also called radiator heating system. It supplies heat to room by heat convection. Radiant heating is a kind of heating type mainly by radiant heat transfer. Main heat emitting equipment of radiant heating system is metal radiant panel or part of ceiling、floor、wall of building as radiant surface.2. C irculating system can be divided into gravity circulating system and forced circulating system according to circulating power. System circulating by water density difference is called gravity circulating system. System circulating by mechanical force is called gravity circulating system. The force of gravity heating system depends on change of water temperature of the loop3. There are many factors influence heat transfer coefficient of radiator: manufacture condition of radiator (material, geometric dimension, structure form, spray coating of surface etc.) and application condition of radiator (media, temperature, flow rate, indoor air temperature and velocity, fitting type and combined piece etc.). They all synthetically influence heat emitting performance of radiator.4翻译1．Main issue of fluid dynamics is space distribution of velocity and pressure, velocity is more important between the two, inertia force and viscous force have close relationship with velocity. In the two forces, inertia force occurs with velocity variation of mass point itself while viscous force is caused by velocity difference between flow layers and mass points.2. Law of variation of viscosity coefficient with temperature is different between water and air. Viscosity of water reduces with increasing of temperature while increases for air. This is because viscosity is result of attractive force between articles and irregular thermal motion to arouse momentum exchange of articles. When temperature rises, attractive force between articles decreases and momentum increases. Conversely, when temperature decreases, attractive force between articles increases and momentum decreases.3. Heat transfer caused by density difference and gravity is called natural convection. Heat transfer coefficient of natural convection is generally lower than that of forced convection, therefore, when computing total heat gain or heat loss, the main point is radiant heat should not be ignored. Radiant heat transfer and natural convection may have the same order of magnitude even under indoor temperature conditions, because indoor wall temperature affects comfortable sensation of human body.3翻译1. Heat conduction is thought as heat transfers from high temperature zone to low temperature zone in object by gradually energy exchange with particles of substance. During the conduction, there is no specific displacement of articles. But for mental, motion of free electrons is greatly helpful to heat conduction.2. Fluid directly connected with the surface is heated and becomes less-dense by heat conduction and moves upwards due to density difference with adjacent fluid. This motion is hindered by viscosity of fluid. The heat transmission is affected by the following factors：（1）gravity caused by heat expansion；（2）viscosity （3）heat diffusionThis heat transmission is regard as depending on acceleration of gravity、coefficient of thermal expansion、coefficient of motion viscosity and coefficient of thermal conductivity.3. As for surface with different geometric shape, radiant characteristic and direction, when heat transfer rate is evaluated, assumptions are: (1) all surfaces are gray or black; (2) radiation or reflective diffuse reflection; (3) the whole surface parameters are homogeneous. (4) emissivity is equal to absorptivity and has no relationship with temperature of project source. (5) objects between two radiant surfaces neither emit nor absorb radiation. These assumptions are used due to providing simplification to large content, although the results are only thought as approximate.2 翻译1. Energy transfers between system and environment under temperature difference is called heat. Heat transfer of system and environment stops when system and environment are in thermal equilibrium. Once heat enters system through boundary, it turns into a part of system storage energy, that is, internal energy. It is obvious that heat is process factor relevant to process, while internal energy is state factor depending on thermodynamic state.2. T he Carnot cycle and Carnot theorem have important theoretical and impractical meaning in the research of thermodynamics. It provides upper limits on efficiency of heat engine and theoretically proposes the approach to increase efficiency. The efficiency of other impractical cycle is always less than the efficiency of the Carnot cycle operating between the same two reservoirs.3. The meaning of the increase of entropy principle：(1) estimate the direction of a process by the increase of entropy principle of an isolated system；（2）the increase of entropy principle can serve as judgment of system equilibrium-when entropy of an isolated system reaches maximum value，system is under equilibrium state. （3）the increase of entropy principle has close relationship with the irreversibility of a process. The more irreversible，the more increase of entropy. So it is used to evaluate perfect of thermodynamical performance of a process。
专业学位通用英语教程汉译英参考译文
Unit 0neIn the United States most people are simultaneously consumers and producers; they are also voters who help influence the decisions of the government. The mixture among consumers, producers, and government changes constantly, making a dynamic rather than a static economy. In the last decade consumers have made their concern known and government has responded by creating agencies to protect consumer interests and promote the general public welfare. In another development, the population and the labor force have moved dramatic from farms to cities, from fields to the factories, and above all to service industries, thus providing more personal and public services. In today’s economy these providers of services far outnumber producers of agricultural and manufactured goods.Unit TwoPsychotherapists warn that people are now spending up to one quarter of their waking lives either talking or texting on the telephone or e-mailing, at the expense of face-to-face conversation. Amongst the most extreme cases were a teenage boy who spent 6,000 pounds compulsively texting people he didn’t even know and a married couple who could only communicate by text message, even when they were sitting side by side. “The concern is that too much ‘techno talk’ makes us uncomfortablewith more intimate face-to-face conversations and means we stop communicating effectively with each other,” psychologist David Lewis said.Unit ThreeThere is no question that today e are under constant pressure to work longer hours, to produce more, to possess more, and to become a success. Workaholism, a modern addiction, has thus arisen. The cause of workaholism is the perception that by working longer hours and completing more projects, we will enhance our self-worth. Many women today feel the same stress to produce and get ahead and, at the same time, to nurture their offspring and shoulder a variety of domestic responsibilities. Research shows that workaholism tends to distance us from our immediate families. It forces us to labor longer and longer hours, leaving a minute fraction of time to be physically and emotionally available to our loved ones. Intimacy among family members is doomed to die in the process.Unit FourYour partners should be a person who likes you and is interested in you, and therefore pays close attention to you. Attention is a matter of listening, asking and confirming understanding. Through your partners attention you are confirmed in your personality and you acquire the self-esteem that equips you to deal with the rest of the world. Your interaction with your partner should give you new insights that strengthenyour self-knowledge, and provide confirmation that you are a worthwhile person.The dialogue between partners builds people. It is an active process, and without it your relationship would just tread water, or sink, and your personality would be dull. The potential for mutual discovery and self-development is a rich sea running through every long-term relationship. It holds both sustenance and excitement, the ingredients for committed and erotic love.Unit FiveMore than most people, scientists pursue their calling for its own sake. The public acknowledge for a lifetime dedicated to research may be a footnote in a scientific journal. But for those who change the face of science through their work, they are the Noble laureates. The Noble prizes are not only prestigious but carry an award that may go as high as $124,000. So meticulous is the selection process that scientists have seldom disagreed over the choice of the more than 200 who have been picked since 1901. Noble once pointed out “Don’t take the nationality of those candidates into consideration.” The winners “should be those who have brought the human being the greatest benefit.”Unit SixWhat do you do when someone says something unfair or unkind? Do you suffer in silence, not knowing what to say? Do you speak up, not to wish you hadn’t? It’s natural to take offense if someone is rude. But blurring out how you feel sets an adversarial words.In almost every controversy each side has legitimate points, so agreeing to disagree is one of graceful exits from a no-win discussion. If it’s obvious that you won’t change the other person’s mind and he or she won’t change yours, stop. Before you do irreparable harm, remember the Russian proverb: “A spoken word flies; you won’t catch it.”No matter what the situation is, arguments are a waste or, at best, a misuse of time. By avoiding fruitless arguments, everybody wins.Unit SevenChildren who cannot solve problems without violence are likely to drop out of school, do drugs, become isolated and are likely to have problematic interpersonal skills as an adult. Further there is a correlation between family violence and the incidence of adolescent dating violence that will possibly lead to domestic violence in adulthood. Hence the patterns of violence continue from one generation to the next. Children who are exposed to adults who cope with problems by becoming violent destroy themselves and those they love.Unit EightEvery year 80,000 Chinese die from antibiotics abuse, making China one of the worst offenders in the world. Statistics show that among the country’s15 best-selling medicines, 10 are antibiotics. More than 50 per cent of the medical expenses for Chinese in-patients goes to cover different kinds of antibiotic, while the figure I Western countries is just 15 to 30 per cent.The side effects of antibiotics use can damage organs, cause disorders in the body’s normal bacteria and increase the resistance of disease causing germs. Many Chinese believe the myth that antibiotics can diminish inflammation, so they use them to treat toothache to fever. A story from the Xinhua News Agency said that more than 80 per cent of Chinese families have antibiotics stored on shelves at home in case of different kinds of infections.Children have become the biggest victims of antibiotics abuse where the drug kills normal bacterial leading to damage of children’s still growing organs. Statistics in Guangzhou showed that some 17 per cent of local residents now suffer from antibiotics-resistant disease while the figure was 50 per cent for children, according to data from the local children’s hospital. The marked increase of asthma in children recently has a lot to do with antibiotic abuse..Unit NineIn a hundred years’ time, great progress will have been made in medicine, too. In a hundred years’ time, a cure for the common cold will have been found. Perhaps a cure will have been discovered for the most terrible f all diseases---cancer and AIDS.Now let’s think about the environment. Pollution is a problem we must solve. In a hundred years’ time we will have controlled all kinds of pollution, water pollution, air pollution, white pollution, what not?In a hundred years’ time, we will have used up most of the earth’s land to build our cities, so we will build floating cities. The Japanese already have plans for cities of this kind. And we will build cities under the sea.Many people didn’t think about the future. When you mention it they say, “I don’t care. I’ll be dead.”B ut it is our duty to care because the world in a hundred years will be the world of our children’s children and their children after them.Unit TenAlthough the United Stateshas been shaped by successive waves of immigrants, Americans have often viewed immigrants as a problem. Established Americans often look down on new immigrants. The cultural habits of immigrants are frequently targets of criticism, especially when the new arrivals come from a different country than those in the established community. Despite such tensions, economic needs havealways forced Americans to seek immigrants as laborers and settlers, and economic opportunities have beckoned foreigners. The vast majority of immigrants to the United States have become in search of jobs and the chance to create a better life for themselves and their families. In all of American history, less than 10 per cent of immigrants have come for political or religious reasons. Regardless of the reasons they come to the United States, new immigrants typically work in menial, labor-intensive, low-paying, and dangerous jobs---occupations that most other Americans shun.Unit ElevenMany critics question the appropriateness of targeting children in Internet advertising and press to require that children be treated as a “special case”by advertisers. Because the children lack the analytical abilities and judgment of adults, they may be unable to evaluate the accuracy of the information they view, or understand that the information they provide to advertisers is really just the data collected by an advertiser. Children generally lack the ability to give consent to the release of personal information to an advertiser, an even greater problem for children when they are offered incentives for providing personal information, or when personal information is required before they are allowed to register for various services. Children may not realize that in many cases these characters provide hotlinks directly to advertising sitesUnit TwelveTelevision news reports and programs bring about both positive and negative influence. From the news reports, people get to know the great events that have happened, and are happening or will happen in the world, such as wars in the Middle East and famines in Africa. As a result they broaden their mind. By watching television programs people also get to know other peoples and their cultures. However, television news reports and programs may mislead people. Violence and drug problems are harmful to young people. Political scandals, illegal campaign contributions and illegal financial manipulation greatly damage the nation’s image. Things go worse especially when international audiences lack context and frame of reference.。
数学专业英语翻译2-4
New Words & Expressions:
irrational number 无理数 the order axiom 序公理 ordered 有序的 product 积 quotient 商 rational 有理的 rational number 有理数 reasoning 推理 scale 尺度，刻度 尺度， sum 和
This property of P forms the logical basis for a type of reasoning that mathematicians call proof by induction, a detailed discussion of which is given in Part 4 of this introduction.
现在我们来定义正整数，就是属于每一个归纳集的实数。 现在我们来定义正整数，就是属于每一个归纳集的实数。
Let P denote the set of all positive integers. Then P is itself an inductive set because (a) it contains 1, and (b) it contains x+1 whenever it contains x. Since the members of P belong to every inductive set, we refer to P as the smallest inductive set. 表示所有正整数的集合。 用 P表示所有正整数的集合。那么 本身是一个归纳 表示所有正整数的集合 那么P本身是一个归纳 集 ， 因为其中含1， 满足(a)； 只要包含x就包含 因为其中含 ， 满足 ； 只要包含 就包含x+1, 就包含 满足(b)。由于P中的元素属于每一个归纳集 因此P 中的元素属于每ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้个归纳集， 满足 。由于 中的元素属于每一个归纳集，因此 是最小的归纳集。 是最小的归纳集。
专业英语
专业英语翻译重点汉译英：一、持久性有机污染物1.持久性有机污染物是一类有毒的物质。
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of chemicals with toxic properties.2.持久性有机污染物在工农业方面有广泛的应用。
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widely used in agricultural and industrial practices.3.持久性有机污染物通过很多人为活动无意排放进入环境。
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are unintentionally released from many anthropogenic activities around the globe.三句话合起来的表述：Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of chemicals with toxic properties that are widely used in agricultural and industrial practices, as well as unintentionally released from many anthropogenic activities around the globe.二：电子垃圾1.发展中国家人力成本低廉，对原材料需求量大The labor cost in the developing world is low.The demand for raw materials in the developing world is strong. 2.这一现象催生了许多小作坊加入电子垃圾回收行业These have encouraged small operators to recover valuable materials from e-waste.3.这一现象还加剧了电子垃圾的跨境传输These have stimulated the trans-boundary flow of e-waste.4.这些小作坊没有响应的污染处理设施small operators have no proper pollution control equipment and technology.四句话合起来的表述：Low labor cost and strong demand for raw materials in the developing world have encouraged small operators, without proper pollution control equipment and technology, to recover valuable materials from e-waste, further stimulating the trans-boundary flow of e-waste.英译汉：1.The weight has been reduced by 80 kg．体重已经减了80公斤。
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自相矛盾
The above-mentioned group of chemical substances do not dissolve in alcohol，only
one of which dissolves in ethanol.
上面提到的一组化学物质除一种可溶于乙醇外，其余都不溶于醇。
自相矛盾
组员：尹曼力 冯晓玉
汉译英翻译的要求
01
概念清楚，条理分明
02
语言表达符合英语习惯， 力避”Chinglish”
03
逻辑正确， 专业术语、 公式、 数据准确无误， 尤
其是专业术语应采用标准的、通用的，且在同篇文章 中应统一
主语问题
变换主语，使其符合英语的表达方式 ● 我认为顺利操作这种设备必须注意三点。 In my opinion, three points should be in mind to operate this equipment smoothly. 汉语有些无主句，译成英语时，可用不定代词作主语，也可用“ It is ……to ……”，“ There is ……”等结构。 ● 不是因为不存在故障，而是以为看不见故障。 It is not because the trouble is not there, it is just not visible. ● 有异常噪音就有毛病。 Where there is abnormal noise there will be some defect.
改译为:
The above-mentioned group of chemical substances do not dissolve in alcohol except
that one of them can do in ethanol.
概念歧义
The high rate of glucoamylase cDNA containing clones in the cDNA bank of strain
that在句中指什么？
意思不完整或不明确
问题： 这个that只能代替the division of frequency，因为它是主语，而protoplasts是定语, 不能代
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
替protoplasts。
改译为: The division frequency of protoplasts was lower in the liquid medium than that of those embedded in the medium containing agarose.
汉语中强调接受动作的人或事的重要性时，英译时多用被动语态 ● 这场粉尘爆炸是由斗提机电机爆出的火花引起的。
The dust explosion was started by sparks from the motor of a bucket elevator
“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等以及具有“据…”之类的句子， 译成英语时多半用被动语态。 如： ● 人们发现，有很多工业废弃物都可以用做饲料原料。
“ because” 、“ after” 、“ as” 等）来表示分句以及主句与从句之间的各种关系。 故在汉译英时应
注意句子类型的转换。
句子类型的转换
汉语单句转换为英语主语从句 ● 再把这些数字核对一遍是没有害处的。
It is no harm that we have to recheck the figures.
They are working carefully in the laboratory now.
语序的处理
汉语状语虽一般前置，但表示目的地、结果、持续的状语，一般都和英语一样， 动词之后。 ● 他已经去饲料厂的仓库了。 放在
He has gone to the warehouse of the feed mill
时态的处理
现在完成时用来介绍已经完成的研究和试验，并强调其对现在的影响。此时态将过去时
间发生的事情与现在的情况联系起来，强调过去对现在的影响和作用。
小鼠模型没有概括出进行性听力损失以及甲状腺肿患者的表型 Mouse models have not recapitulated the human phenotype of progressive hearing loss and thyroid goiter
语序的处理
语序的处理的重点是定语和状语
汉语修饰动词时， 汉语与英语的共同规律是： 离动词最近的状态（ 方式）状语，其次是地点状语，再次 是时间状语。只是汉语的一般语序是向前推，而英语是向后推。
即：汉语状语的语序一般是： 时间状语→地点状语→方式状语→动词
英语状语的语序一般是： 动词→方式状语→地点状语→时间状语 ● 他们现在正在实验室里认真地工作。
● 物质有三态：固体、液体和气体。
There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas
时态的处理
一般现在时用来叙述研究的目的以及具体的研究内容，实验方法以及研究结果等，通常 表示现在存在的状态、客观事实或普遍真理 听力障碍是先天性缺陷的最常见症状，仍然难以治疗。 Hearing impairments are the most common symptom of congenital defects, and they generally remain intractable to treatment.
主语问题
汉语的主语转换成英语的地点状语
● 自然界有各种不同的元素。
There are different elements in nature 汉语的主语转换成英语的宾语
● 他们工厂的现代化车床安装得相当多。
Their factory has installed considerable modern lathes 汉语的主语转换成英语的定语
概念转移
改译为: By using this program, experimental time can be saved, while RAPD patterns remain unchanged, and thus the efficiency of RAPD-analysis is heightened.
并列平衡关系失衡
During digestion in the enzyme solution some spontaneous fusion of protoplasts could be observed and the fused protoplasts were generally large， cytoplasmic dense and varied in
汉语句中若有两个或两个以上的时间或地点状语， 通常是单位越大越在前，单位越小 越在后；而英译时，单位越小的越在前，单位越大的越在后。
语序的处理
汉语定语前置，译成英语时后置。被修饰的名词是由some, any, every, no 等词构成的复合代词时，定语 可后置。 ● 你必须好好掌握一些基本的东西。 You must have a god command of something fundamental. 某些以 –ible 或 –able 结尾的形容词作定语时，一般后置，尤其是在所修名词之前有最高级或every, the only 等修饰语时更是如此。 ● 唯一可利用的材料是铝。 The only material available is aluminum
shape.
在酶的解液中进行消化期间，可以观察到一些原生质体自然融合，融合的原生质体体积 大、胞质浓、形状各异。
并列平衡关系失衡
改译为:
During digestion of material in the enzyme solution, some spontaneous fusion of protoplasts could be observed and the fused protoplasts were generally large in size, dense in cytoplasm, and different in shape.
语态的转换
● 人们（有人、大家）认为… It is considered (or thought) that … ● 大家知道（有人说，众所周知） … It is well-known that … ● 据说（有人说） … It is said that … ● 必须承认… It must be admitted that …
汉语单句转换为英语宾语从句 ● 我希望很快就进行另一次试验。 I wish another experiment would be made soon 汉语单句转换为英语定语从句 ● 不影响物质化学成分的一切变化都是物理变化。 Any change that does not affect the chemical composition of matter is a physical change.
句子类型的转换
汉语和英语在句法结构方面有许多相似之处，但汉语常用“意合法”即主要借助词序、以及词与短语
（如“和”、“或者”、“因为”、“当……时”等） 之间的内在逻辑关系来连接复句和偏正结构的复 句； 而英语则是采用各种连词、关系代词和关系副词（如 “ and”、“ or”、“ which” 、“ when” 、
● 必须指出… It must be pointed out that …
● 由此可见… It will be seen from this that … ● 无可否认… It cannot be denied that … ●可以肯定… It may be confirmed that …
语态的转换
概念转移
Using this program, experimental time is reduced, while RAPD patterns is not changed,